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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W4.0.04 - 12 Feb 2021

Title : Cantilever wall example
C14
Input Data
Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters
H1 (m) 5.6 C (m) 0.4 W (kN/m2) 15 Soil friction  (°) 30 SF Overturning 1.5
H2 (m) 1.4 F (m) 0 P (kN) 0 Fill slope  (°) 0 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0.2 xf (m) 0 xp (m) 0 Wall friction  (°) 15 ULS DL factor 1.4
Hw (m) -2 At (m) 0.35 L (kN/m) 0  Concrete kN/m3 25 ULS LL factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0.36 Ab (m) 0.35 xl (m) 0  Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 130
B (m) 2.15 Cover wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) fc' (MPa) 25 Soil Poisson  0.5
D (m) 0 Cover base mm 50 x (m) 0 fy (MPa) 500 DLFac Slide/Ovt 0.9
Seepage allowed
Active pressure NOT applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Horizontal Acceleration (g) 0.02

Vertical Acceleration (g) 0.01
Include Live loads Y

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.301

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.977
Base frictional constant µ :0.577

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 76.408 1.800 20.474 2.500
As a result of surcharge w 23.583 2.700 6.319 2.500

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -87.785 0.467
Weight of the wall + base 70.500 1.944
Weight of soil on the base 38.700 1.075
UDL of15.0 kPa 0.000 2.500

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 219.61 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 134.23 kNm
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Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.636

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 135.99 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 78.52 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 87.79 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 166.30 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 99.99 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 99.99 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.663

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 106.972 1.800 28.663 2.500
As a result of surcharge w 37.733 2.700 10.110 2.500

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -79.007 0.467
Weight of the wall + base 63.450 1.944
Weight of soil on the base 34.830 1.075
UDL of13.5 kPa 0.000 2.500

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 197.65 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 197.49 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.001

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 122.39 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 70.66 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 79.01 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 149.67 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 144.70 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 144.70 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.034

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :144.41 kPa

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Minimum pressure : 0 kPa @ 0.62 m from right hand side of base.

Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 14.4 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO ACI 318 - 2014

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Minimum

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm^2/m ) (mm^2/m ) (mm^2/m )

0.00 213.80 0.00 1764.60 812.00

0.10 207.03 0.00 1704.28 812.00
0.21 199.50 0.00 1637.55 812.00
0.31 191.35 0.00 1565.71 812.00
0.42 182.69 0.00 1490.02 812.00
0.52 173.68 0.00 1411.71 812.00
0.62 164.43 0.00 1331.97 812.00
0.73 155.08 0.00 1251.98 812.00
0.83 145.78 0.00 1172.86 812.00
0.94 136.63 0.00 1095.71 812.00
1.04 127.79 0.00 1021.60 812.00
1.14 119.33 0.00 951.09 812.00
1.25 111.23 0.00 884.08 812.00
1.35 103.50 0.00 820.45 812.00
1.46 96.13 0.00 760.08 812.00
1.56 89.11 0.00 702.85 812.00
1.66 82.42 0.00 648.65 812.00
1.77 76.07 0.00 597.38 812.00
1.87 70.04 0.00 548.93 812.00
1.98 64.33 0.00 503.21 812.00
2.08 58.92 0.00 460.11 812.00
2.18 53.82 0.00 419.54 812.00
2.29 49.01 0.00 381.42 812.00
2.39 44.48 0.00 345.67 812.00
2.50 40.22 0.00 312.18 812.00
2.60 36.24 0.00 280.89 812.00
2.70 32.51 0.00 251.71 812.00
2.81 29.04 0.00 224.57 812.00
2.91 25.81 0.00 199.38 812.00
3.02 22.81 0.00 176.08 812.00
3.12 20.05 0.00 154.59 812.00
3.22 17.50 0.00 134.84 812.00
3.33 15.16 0.00 116.75 812.00
3.43 13.03 0.00 100.27 812.00
3.54 11.10 0.00 85.31 812.00
3.64 9.35 0.00 71.82 812.00
3.74 7.78 0.00 59.73 812.00
3.85 6.38 0.00 48.96 812.00
3.95 5.14 0.00 39.46 812.00
4.06 4.06 0.00 31.16 812.00
4.16 3.13 0.00 23.99 812.00
4.26 2.33 0.00 17.90 812.00
4.37 1.67 0.00 12.82 812.00
4.47 1.13 0.00 8.68 812.00
4.58 0.71 0.00 5.43 812.00
4.68 0.39 0.00 2.99 812.00
4.78 0.17 0.00 1.32 812.00
4.89 0.04 0.00 0.34 812.00
4.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 812.00
5.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 812.00
5.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 812.00

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO ACI 318 - 2014

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Minimum

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm^2/m ) (mm^2/m ) (mm^2/m )

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 952.00

0.05 -0.10 0.00 0.67 952.00
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0.10 -0.41 0.00 2.67 952.00

0.14 -0.92 0.00 6.02 952.00
0.19 -1.64 0.00 10.70 952.00
0.24 -2.56 0.00 16.72 952.00
0.29 -3.68 0.00 24.08 952.00
0.34 -5.01 0.00 32.79 952.00
0.38 -6.55 0.00 42.84 952.00
0.43 -8.28 0.00 54.25 952.00
0.48 -10.23 0.00 67.00 952.00
0.53 -12.38 0.00 81.11 952.00
0.58 -14.73 0.00 96.58 952.00
0.62 -17.28 0.00 113.41 952.00
0.67 -20.05 0.00 131.62 952.00
0.72 -23.01 0.00 151.19 952.00
0.77 -26.18 0.00 172.15 952.00
0.82 -29.56 0.00 194.49 952.00
0.87 -33.14 0.00 218.23 952.00
0.91 -36.92 0.00 243.36 952.00
0.96 -40.91 0.00 269.90 952.00
1.01 -45.10 0.00 297.86 952.00
1.06 -49.50 0.00 327.24 952.00
1.11 -54.10 0.00 358.05 952.00
1.15 -58.91 0.00 390.30 952.00
1.20 -63.92 0.00 424.00 952.00
1.25 -69.14 0.00 459.17 952.00
1.30 -74.56 0.00 495.81 952.00
1.35 -80.18 0.00 533.93 952.00
1.39 -86.01 0.00 573.55 952.00
1.44 -92.05 0.00 614.68 952.00
1.49 -98.28 0.00 657.33 952.00
1.54 -104.73 0.00 701.52 952.00
1.59 -111.38 0.00 747.27 952.00
1.63 -118.23 0.00 794.58 952.00
1.68 -125.28 0.00 843.47 952.00
1.73 -132.55 0.00 893.97 952.00
1.78 -140.01 0.00 946.08 952.00
1.83 -147.68 0.00 999.83 952.00
1.88 -155.56 0.00 1055.25 952.00
1.92 -163.64 0.00 1112.34 952.00
1.97 -171.92 0.00 1171.13 952.00
2.02 -180.41 0.00 1231.64 952.00
2.07 -189.10 0.00 1293.90 952.00
2.12 -198.00 0.00 1357.93 952.00
2.16 -207.10 0.00 1423.76 952.00
2.21 -216.41 0.00 0.00 952.00
2.26 -225.92 0.00 0.00 952.00
2.31 -230.07 0.00 0.00 952.00
2.36 0.21 0.00 0.00 952.00
2.40 0.07 0.00 0.00 952.00
2.45 0.02 0.11 0.00 952.00
2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 952.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO ACI 318 - 2014

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 125.4 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.43 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.61 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)
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Sketch of Wall

Design code: ACI 318 - 2014

0.35

0.20
15.00
0.00°

15.00°
30.00°
5.60
1.40

2.15 0.35
0.40

Ka=0.30
Kp=4.98
µ=0.58
V=125.4kN
v= 0.43MPa
144.4kPa vc= 0.61MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.66
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.03
SFovt = 1.64
SFovt (ULS) = 1.00

Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 213.8kNm @ -.400m

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00
Height (m)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

.500
20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

Bending moment (kNm)

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Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = -230.1kNm @ 2.32m

.200

.400

.600

.800

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
Bending moment (kNm)

-80.0
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
-200
-220
-240
Position (m)

Wall Reinforcement

Wall Reinforcement
5.00 Reinf. max = 1765 mm^2/m @ 0.00m

4.50
Nominal
4.00

3.50

3.00
Height (m)

Back
2.50

2.00

1.50

Front
1.00

.500
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800
200

400

600

800

Reinforcement (mm^2/m)
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Base Reinforcement

Base Reinforcement Reinf. max = 1424 mm^2/m @ 2.21m

1400
1300
1200
1100
Reinforcement (mm^2/m)

1000
Nominal
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
.200

.400

.600

.800

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40
Top
Position (m)

Schematic Reinforcement

Y16@200 (Hor)

Y16@200 (Hor)
Y25@250 (NF)

Y16@200 (FF)

1-R10/m2 clips

1-R10/m2 clips

Y16@200 starters
FRONT
Y25@150 starters

Y20@250 (T1)

Y20@200 (B1)

Y20@250 (T2)

Y20@250 (B2)

SECTION