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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W5.0.02 - 15 Jun 2022

Title : Cantilever wall example
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions General Parameters Design Parameters Concrete cover

H1 (m) 5 C (m) 0.4 Soil friction f (°) 27 SF Overturning 1.5 Wall (mm) 50
H2 (m) 0.7 F (m) 0.70 Fill slope b (°) 9 SF Slip 1.5 Base (mm) 50
H3 (m) 0.8 xf (m) 3.05 Wall friction d (°) 20 ULS DL factor 1.4
Hw (m) 2.8 At (m) 0.3 r Concrete kN/m3 25 ULS LL factor 1.6
Hr (m) Ab (m) 0.4 r Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 400
B (m) 0.55 x (m) 0.45 fc' (MPa) 19 Soil Poisson u 0.5
D (m) 2.5 fy (MPa) 450 DLFac Slide/Ovt 0.9

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:ON

Horizontal Acceleration (g) 0.02

Vertical Acceleration (g) 0.01
Include Live loads Y

OUTPUT: LOAD CASE Default

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.343

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :5.136
Seismic Active Pressure coefficient Kas :0.363
Seismic Passive Pressure coefficient Kps :5.006
Base frictional constant µ :0.510
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Forces on the wall

Force/weight Lever arm 0.99kN/m

Load Case: Default
Soil weights 2.00
W1 = 59.71 kN 2.34 m
W2 = 45.10 kN 2.29 m
W3 = 1.33 kN 1.20 m 0.99kN
W4 = 1.78 kN 1.07 m
W5 = 6.90 kN 2.48 m
W6 = 2.94 kN 0.28 m
W7 = 0.07 kN 0.57 m 1.00

Concrete weights
Wc1 = 34.15 kN
Wc2 = 5.69 kN
0.98 m
0.73 m
0.50kN w
Wc3 = 34.16 kN 1.72 m
Wc4 = 6.93 kN 3.25 m
W5
Soil forces
Pa = 41.22 kN
Pahor = 31.23 kN 1.40 m
Paver = -11.12 kN 1.56 m W1
Pp = 12.42 kN 0.23 m W3 Pl
Plhor
Pf = 34.03 kN Plver

Line load forces Wc1 Fl

Fl = 0.30 kN Flver Flhor
Flhor = 0.30 kN 2.64 m
Flver = 0.02 kN 1.12 m
Paver Pa
Point load forces W2
Pl = 0.08 kN Wc2
Plhor = 0.08 kN 3.36 m W4 Pahor
Plver = 0.01 kN 1.17 m

Hf = 0.50 kN 5.00 m
W6W7
Fr = 197.72 kN
Pp Wc3

Wc4 Pf

Fr

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width
Note: Single Source Principle applied (EN 1997-1 2.4.2(9) P NOTE)

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 39.688 1.549 11.118 1.561
Seismic component of Pa 0.000 2.520 0.000 1.160
Triangular W-table press Pw 39.128 0.946 0.000 0.992
Hydrostatic pressure on top 58.271 2.200
of rear portion of base
Hydrostatic pressure on top 1.602 0.275
of front portion of base
Seismic component of Pw 0.673 1.680 0.000 1.047
Hydrostatic pressure on bot -23.454 1.725
of base: uniform portion
Hydrostatic pressure on bot -35.181 2.300
of base: triangular portion
As a result of surcharge w 1.455 2.100 0.408 1.079
As a result of Point load P 0.078 3.357 -0.006 1.175
As a result of Line Load L 0.299 2.642 -0.023 1.121
Seismic wall inertia 1.619 1.480

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -12.419 0.229
Seismic component of Pp 0.261 0.420
Weight of the wall + base 80.932 1.469
Weight of soil on the base 117.823 2.248
Point load of 0.99 kN on backfill 0.118 2.000
Line load of 0.99 kN/m on wall 0.990 3.000
UDL of 1.0 kPa 2.128 2.375
Applied horiz. Line Load 0.500 5.000

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

Note: Single Source Principle applied (EN 1997-1 2.4.2(9) P NOTE)

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

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For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 397.35 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 79.98 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 4.968

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 214.73 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 109.41 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 66.23 kN
Passive pressure on base : 22.08 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 197.72 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 82.27 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 34.03 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 116.30 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.700

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

Note: Single Source Principle applied (EN 1997-1 2.4.2(9) P NOTE)
All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 57.255 1.565 15.565 1.561
Seismic component of Pa 0.000 2.520 0.000 1.160
Triangular W-table press Pw 54.995 0.948 0.000 0.992
Hydrostatic pressure on top 81.580 2.200
of rear portion of base
Hydrostatic pressure on top 2.243 0.275
of front portion of base
Seismic component of Pw 0.942 1.680 0.000 1.047
Hydrostatic pressure on bot -32.836 1.725
of base: uniform portion
Hydrostatic pressure on bot -49.254 2.300
of base: triangular portion
As a result of surcharge w 2.329 2.100 0.652 1.079
As a result of Point load P 0.125 3.357 -0.010 1.175
As a result of Line Load L 0.478 2.642 -0.036 1.121
Seismic wall inertia 2.590 1.480

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -11.177 0.229
Seismic component of Pp 0.235 0.420
Weight of the wall + base 72.839 1.469
Weight of soil on the base 106.041 2.248
Point load of 0.89 kN on backfill 0.106 2.000
Line load of 0.89 kN/m on wall 0.891 3.000
UDL of 0.9 kPa 1.916 2.375
Applied horiz. Line Load 0.450 5.000

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

Note: Single Source Principle applied (EN 1997-1 2.4.2(9) P NOTE)

1.Moment Equilibrium
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Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 357.61 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 117.05 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 3.055

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 193.25 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 98.47 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 59.61 kN
Passive pressure on base : 19.87 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 177.94 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 117.77 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 47.64 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 165.41 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.076

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure : 88.98 kPa

Minimum pressure : 35.50 kPa
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO ACI 318 - 2019

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Minimum

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm^2/m) (mm^2/m) (mm^2/m)

0.00 96.26 0.00 715.82 1064.00

0.09 81.34 0.00 605.78 1057.78
0.18 74.63 0.00 557.98 1051.56
0.28 68.24 0.00 512.39 1045.33
0.37 62.24 0.00 469.31 1039.11
0.46 56.62 0.00 428.79 1032.89
0.55 51.36 0.00 390.76 1026.67
0.64 46.46 0.00 355.12 1020.44
0.74 41.90 0.00 321.80 1014.22
0.83 37.67 0.00 290.70 1008.00
0.92 33.75 0.00 261.75 1001.78
1.01 30.13 0.00 234.87 995.56
1.10 26.79 0.00 209.97 989.33
1.20 23.73 0.00 186.96 983.11
1.29 20.93 0.00 165.77 976.89
1.38 18.37 0.00 146.31 970.67
1.47 16.04 0.00 128.49 964.44
1.56 13.93 0.00 112.23 958.22
1.66 12.02 0.00 97.43 952.00
1.75 10.31 0.00 84.02 945.78
1.84 8.77 0.00 71.90 939.56
1.93 7.39 0.00 60.98 933.33
2.02 6.16 0.00 51.17 927.11
2.12 5.07 0.00 42.37 920.89
2.21 4.10 0.00 34.49 914.67
2.30 3.24 0.00 27.42 908.44
2.39 2.50 0.00 21.31 902.22
2.48 1.86 0.00 15.95 896.00
2.58 1.29 0.00 11.13 889.78
2.67 0.79 0.00 6.85 883.56
2.76 0.35 0.00 3.09 877.33
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2.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 871.11

2.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 864.89
3.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 858.67
3.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 852.44
3.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 846.22
3.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 840.00
3.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 833.78
3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 827.56
3.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 821.33
3.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 815.11
3.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 808.89
3.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 802.67
3.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 796.44
4.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 790.22
4.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 784.00
4.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 777.78
4.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 771.56
4.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 765.33
4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 759.11
4.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 752.89

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO ACI 318 - 2019

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Minimum

left(m ) (kNm ) (mm^2/m) (mm^2/m) (mm^2/m)

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1057.78

0.07 -0.27 0.00 1.94 1057.78
0.13 -1.07 0.00 7.76 1057.78
0.20 -2.40 0.00 17.46 1057.78
0.27 -4.27 0.00 31.06 1057.78
0.33 -6.67 0.00 48.57 1057.78
0.40 -9.61 0.00 70.00 1057.78
0.46 -13.08 0.00 95.38 1057.78
0.53 -17.09 0.00 124.72 1057.78
0.60 -21.63 0.00 158.07 1057.78
0.66 -26.70 0.00 0.00 1057.78
0.73 -32.30 0.00 0.00 1057.78
0.80 -32.82 0.00 0.00 1057.78
0.86 90.20 0.00 0.00 1057.78
0.93 81.76 608.98 0.00 1057.78
1.00 77.52 576.57 0.00 1057.78
1.06 73.38 545.10 0.00 1057.78
1.13 69.36 514.58 0.00 1057.78
1.19 65.46 485.00 0.00 1057.78
1.26 61.66 456.34 0.00 1057.78
1.33 57.98 428.60 0.00 1057.78
1.39 54.42 401.79 0.00 1057.78
1.46 50.96 375.88 0.00 1057.78
1.53 47.62 350.87 0.00 1057.78
1.59 44.39 326.76 0.00 1057.78
1.66 41.28 303.55 0.00 1057.78
1.72 38.28 281.22 0.00 1057.78
1.79 35.39 259.77 0.00 1057.78
1.86 32.62 239.20 0.00 1057.78
1.92 29.95 219.50 0.00 1057.78
1.99 27.41 200.67 0.00 1057.78
2.06 24.97 182.71 0.00 1057.78
2.12 22.65 165.61 0.00 1057.78
2.19 20.44 149.36 0.00 1057.78
2.26 18.35 133.97 0.00 1057.78
2.32 16.36 119.42 0.00 1057.78
2.39 14.50 105.73 0.00 1057.78
2.45 12.74 92.88 0.00 1057.78
2.52 11.10 80.86 0.00 1057.78
2.59 9.57 69.69 0.00 1057.78
2.65 8.15 59.36 0.00 1057.78
2.72 6.85 49.86 0.00 1057.78
2.79 5.66 41.19 0.00 1057.78
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2.85 4.59 33.35 0.00 1057.78

2.92 3.62 26.35 0.00 1057.78
2.99 2.77 20.17 0.00 1057.78
3.05 2.04 14.81 0.00 1057.78
3.12 1.42 10.28 0.00 1057.78
3.18 0.91 6.58 0.00 1057.78
3.25 0.51 3.70 0.00 1057.78
3.32 0.23 1.64 0.00 1057.78
3.38 0.06 0.41 0.00 1057.78
3.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 1057.78

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO ACI 318 - 2019

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 101.0 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.30 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.56 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)

Sketch of Wall

Design code: ACI 318 - 2019

Load Case: Default
2.00 1.00kN/m
1.00kN
0.45 1.00
0.50kN 0.30 0.99
0.80

9.00°
20.00°

27.00°
5.00

kh =0.02g
kv =0.01g
2.80
0.70

0.55
0.40 2.50
0.40

3.05 Kas=0.36
0.70

Kps=5.01
µ=0.51
V=101.0kN
35.5kPa v= 0.30MPa
89.0kPa vc= 0.56MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.70
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.08
SFovt = 4.97
SFovt (ULS) = 3.06
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 96.26kNm @ -.400m

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50
Height (m)

2.00

1.50

1.00

.500
20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100
Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = 90.20kNm @ .754m

90.0
80.0
70.0
Bending moment (kNm)

60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
.200
.400
.600
.800
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40

10.0

-10.0
-20.0
-30.0

Position (m)