Feasibility Analysis of PV Solar Energy for Electrical-

Mechanical Substation, NEDUET

B.E. (EE) PROJECT REPORT

Batch 21013-14

Presented By

HAFIZA HAZIQAH HAMEED EE-046

PIRAH SIKANDAR EE-086

IQRA SHAHEEN EE-216

Under the Supervision of

SIR ADNAN & SIR MUHAMMAD HAMMAD UDDIN

Electrical Engineering Department

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Karachi 25270
 Abstract

The harnessing of renewable energy resources has been major interest since past
decade. Pakistan is rich in terms of solar irradiation. Being a coastal side city, Karachi
has significant wind speed and solar irradiation required for generating electrical power
from these renewable energy resources. The main motivation of our project is to present
the idea of generating electrical power from optimal Solar PV system for the Electrical-
Mechanical Substation. The proposed design has been tested through the metrological
data of solar isolation, where data from NASA is available from 2005 till date.
Furthermore, the load data is calculated from the previous electricity bills, running
voltage and current rating taken from substation maintenance team of NED University.
The simulations and results give the best optimized sizing for Solar PV array system for
the grid tie system. Furthermore, a calculation for the proposed design has been done
manually to verify the results of simulation of PV SYST software. It is concluded that
the purposed system will provide pay back of initial capital cost within 3 years.

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 Acknowledgement
Thanks to Allah almighty who bless us with the flame of knowledge to complete this
project, after this we want to thank our teachers, friends and all those people who are
very supporting with us to complete this project.

We are highly grateful to our parents and family members for being very supportive and
appreciative throughout the work.

A large number of teachers of NED were kind enough to respond to every enquiry
asked by us and their suggestions and knowledge-sharing were extremely helpful, we’re
very much in their in debt. We are greatly indebted to our internals Sir Adnan [Lecturer
NEDUET] and Sir Muhammad Hammad Uddin [Lecturer NEDUET], their advices and
suggestion were very significant and helpful for us to make this task easy. We are also
thankful to Sir Muhammad Kashif Ali [Asst. Dir. Ser. (Elect), NEDUET], who have
contributed valuable help on specific problems.

We want to express our sincere gratitude to the whole staff of Energy Wise (Pvt) Ltd.
especially to most respectable Engr. Muhammad Ali [Solar System Engineer| Energy
Auditor, EW] and the sincerest and helping person Engr. Sehrish Saleem [ Solar system
Engineer, EW] for being very supporting throughout the work and for providing us
better platform for the completion of this project.

Our acknowledgement is incomplete without mentioning the name of Sir Arshad

Mehmood [Lecturer, Scholars Collegiate] and Engr Waseem Sajjad [Junior Engineer
Electrical, NESPAK]. We are highly thankful to them for taking part in useful decisions
and giving necessary advices and guidance and for arranging all facilities to make
project easier.

Last but not the least we wish to express special thanks to all our friends and class mates
for their encouragement because it is impossible to complete our project without their
moral support.

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Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledegment ....................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures .............................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1
1.1 About the Project ............................................................................................... 2
1.2 About the Concerned Location ............................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ..................................................................................... 8
2.1 Motivation behind the project ............................................................................... 9
2.2 Renewable Energy Potential in World.................................................................. 9
2.3 Renewable Energy Potential in Pakistan ............................................................ 11
2.4 Solar PV System Installed in Different Universities .......................................... 12
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 13
3.1 Steps Description ................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Predictable Yields ................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER 4: SOLAR PV SYSTEM FOR NED ......................................................... 16
4.1 Grid-Tied Solar Systems ..................................................................................... 17
4.1.1 Equipment for Grid-Tied Solar Systems ...................................................... 17
4.1.2 Advantages of Grid-Tied Systems ............................................................... 18
4.2 Off-Grid Solar Systems....................................................................................... 19
4.2.1 Equipment for Off-Grid Solar Systems .......................................................... 19
4.2.2 Advantages of Off-Grid Solar Systems ........................................................ 21
CHAPTER 5: SOLAR PV PANEL & ON GRID INVERTERS ................................. 22
5.1 SOLAR ENERGY .............................................................................................. 23
5.1.2 How Solar Cell Work ................................................................................... 23
5.1.3 Solar PV Panel Efficiency ............................................................................ 24
5.1.4 Solar Technologies available ....................................................................... 24
5.1.5 Solar System Installations Basics ................................................................. 25
5.1.6 Benefits of Solar PV ..................................................................................... 25
5.1.7 Maintenance Costs ....................................................................................... 26
5.1.8 PV Standards ................................................................................................ 27
5.2 INVERTER ......................................................................................................... 27

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 5.2.1 Types of On Grid Inverter ............................................................................ 28
5.3 GRID-CONNECTED PV INVERTER ........................................................... 28
5.3.1 Basic Grid-Connected PV Inverter .............................................................. 28
5.3.2 High-Frequency Transformer PV Inverter ................................................... 29
5.3.3 Transformer-less Grid-Connected PV Inverter ............................................ 29
CHAPTER 6: SOFTWARE COMPARISION AND ANALYSIS .............................. 30
6.1 Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) ...................... 31
6.2 RETScreen .......................................................................................................... 33
6.3 PVSYST.............................................................................................................. 34
6.4 PV*SOL .............................................................................................................. 35
6.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 7 SITE SURVEY AND DATA COLLECTION ....................................... 36
7.1 Site Survey and Considerations .......................................................................... 37
7.2 Solar Insolation Data........................................................................................... 37
7.3 Dimensions of the Roof-top ................................................................................ 37
7.4 Selected Roofs .................................................................................................... 38
7.5 Load Profile and Load Data Calculation ............................................................ 39
7.7 Power graphs obtained from Calculated Data ...................................................... 43
CHAPTER 8 ON GRID SYSTEM SIZING................................................................ 44
8.1 Manual Calculations for PV-On-Grid Inverter ................................................... 45
8.2 On Grid Inverter System Designing for 50KW System ....................................... 46
8.3 Generation Structure ............................................................................................ 47
8.4 Return on Investment Calculations ....................................................................... 47
8.5 Simulation on PVSYSTS .................................................................................... 49
8.6 Cost Analysis ...................................................................................................... 55
8.6 Recommendation for Whole Sub-Station Load .................................................. 56
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION..................... 57
9.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 58
9.2 Future Recommendation ..................................................................................... 58
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................. 59

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List of Tables
Table 7-1 Areas of Corridors ...................................................................................................... 37
Table 7-2 Load Profile of EED/MED S/S For The Month of April And December ................. 41
Table 7-3 Units Consumes in Different Months ......................................................................... 42
Table 8-1 ROI Calculation .......................................................................................................... 49

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1 EED/MED S/S Bill for Aug-17 .................................................................................. 3

Figure 1-2 Satellitia View of Corridors on EED-MED S/S .......................................................... 4
Figure 1-3 SLD of EED/MED S/S ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2-1 Projected Power Demand for Pakistan ...................................................................... 11
Figure 4-1 Grid-Tied Solar System ............................................................................................. 17
Figure 4-2 Off-Grid Solar System ............................................................................................... 19
Figure 5-1 Basic Structure of Solar PV Panel ............................................................................. 23
Figure 5-2 Voltage Characteristic Curve..................................................................................... 24
Figure 7-1 AutoCAD diagram of Roof Plan of Offices & Class Rooms .................................... 38
Frgure 6-1 Power Consumption Curve for April 2017………………………………………….49
Figure 8-1 PV panels arrangement on the roof ........................................................................... 55
Figure 8-2 Cost for Solar PV on Grid System ............................................................................ 55

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 CHAPTER #01

INTRODUCTION
Energy is essential for sustaining life on earth and Electrical energy is the most
important energy. It has also come to be a part of modern life and a world can't be
imagined without it. So, the electrical energy demand has been increasing. The energy
issue is thus equal to ecological and economic issues. The convention energy resources
are limited in supply. Therefore, electricity that is generated by using conventional
energy source is not adequate to suffice the growing demand, an alternative energy
resources is required like solar, wind, hydro, biomass etc.

Many universities are taking keen interest in sustainability of energy system across the
World and in Pakistan; the answer of question that how we can have dealt with problem
of sustainability is subjected to the preferences & the main concerns of the distinct
communities & universities. Application of the renewable energy technologies is
becoming more predominant as current, prospective, and past students involve
universities and encourage others to participate in national programs addressing climate
change and the ‘greening’ of campuses.

Study and research on environmental and business performance show that they are
intricately linked. Careless practices are not sustainable and are not only bad for the
environment but also the bottom line. Developing climate change policies, unstable and
energy prices rising, universal pressure on businesses to cut off costs, and increased
public and investor awareness of environmental problems all demand prudent
management of energy and materials use at the organizational level. In this project, we
try to give a planned and strategic approach to energy management and sustainability to
reduce wastefulness and improve sustainability by managerial and engineered solutions.

1.1 About the Project:

This project reviews the renewable energy potential for ELECTRICAL-
MECHANICAL SUBSTATION of NED University of Engineering and Technology
based on energy cost analysis. Feasibility investigation is carried out to assess to make
the use of solar energy possible at the selected site to meet the power requirements in
combination with the grid connected system. PV System is used in this study for
assessment of technical and economic parameters. The optimization outputs gained
from the study indicates the probability of utilization of Solar PV RES for the
concerned.

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1.2 About the Concerned Location:
The present study is carried out for The Electrical-Mechanical S/S of NED University
of Engineering and Technology. It is a public research university located in the urban
area of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Its graphical location is 24.931364,67.11246 longitude and latitude respectively.

University has 9 substations, each of 500 KVA. The names of the substations are:

• Civil S/S • CS & IT S/S

• Staff Colony S/S • Automotive S/S
• Electrical-Mechanical S/S • Polymer & Petrochemical S/S
• Hostel S/S
• Masjid S/S
• Admission Block S/S
There are 2 other S/S (New Electrical and New Mechanical)

Most of the labs and classes of EED and MED are running on Electrical-Mechanical
S/S. The rest are on New Electrical and New Mechanical

Our concerned area is the ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL SUBSTATION. This

substation has connected load of 396KW. Tariff applied is A1-R, Category W13, Class
Domestic. Attached below is the bill of this S/S for the month of August 2017.

Figure 1-1 EED/MED S/S Bill for Aug-17

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Following is the satellitia view of the corridors of EED and MED that are running on
this substation:

Figure 1-2 Satellitia View of Corridors on EED-MED S/S

(Electrical Chairman corridor, EED teaches’ corridor, 2 MED Corridors adjacent to EED chairman corridor and lab
corridors of both department are running on this S/S)

Survey of Identification of appropriate locations to install the solar technologies was

completed according to the following criteria:

• building/constructability characteristics
• net energy benefit to the university.

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SLD of EED-MED S/S

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Figure 1-3 SLD of EED/MED S/S

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 CHAPTER #02

BACKGROUND

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2.1 Motivation behind the project:
Energy is the backbone for the economic and social stability of a country. The current
demand of energy is increasing gradually due to growing population, the aspiration for
improved living standards and industrialization. Pakistan is meeting its energy needs
through conventional sources of energy (Hydrocarbon Development Institute of
Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, 2012). It is worldwide accepted
that renewable energy technologies (such as wind, thermal, solar photovoltaic (PV),
geothermal, tidal, biomass, waste to energy, etc.) have to play a tactical role in the
accomplishment of the goals of sustainable and economic development and
environmental protection (Kaygusuz, 2001; Wrixon et al., 1993). Of these renewable
sources of energy, wind and solar are being widely used due to their commercial
acceptance; ease of installation, maintenance, and operation; and competitive capital
and maintenance costs (Shaahid and Elhadidy, 2007).

The need of renewable enrgy has developed quick a lot in the past few decades because
of high energy costs, demand increments, and awareness of the fossil fuels energy's
environmental impact. Some renewable sources can be used instead like hydroelectric,
wind solar thermal or photovoltaic.

2.2 Renewable Energy Potential in World

The usage of energy is increasing exponentially in wake of current enormous
technological developments and current economic reforms around the globe. The
energy consumption was increased by 2.1% in 2011 – 2012 and from 2000 to 2012 the
electrical energy use had a increase rate of 2.4%. Total increase in world energy
consumption in between 2010 and 2040 is 56% from 524 quadrillion British thermal
units (Btu) in year 2010 to 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040. Right now the consumption of
energy in the world is 12.5TW while by 2030 it is expected to increase to 16.9TW. Oil
based generation is 32.8%, coal based is 27,2%, natural based one is 20.9% and the
remaining one is based upon nuclear, hydro and others, all these statistics were got from
IEA(International Energy Agency).So by 2030, 13K large and new coal Power Plants
will be needed to fulfill these requirements.

The carbon dioxide emission will also be increased by heavily reliance on fossil fuel
and the largest emission is coming from the electricity sector.

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Study has revealed that; 1700 TW is a total wind potential and solar potential is 6500
TW. However, presently 0.02 TW of wind and 0.008 TW of solar are being employed.
Global concerns and the rising demand for energy have also enhanced worldwide
attention on green energy. the greatest energy potential available is of solar energy.
Solar energy is gained from the solar energy radiated by sun. At the ground level, only
1000Watts per meter square is got and that too in the clear sky conditions within a few
hours of noon, this is called full sun condition. Estimated solar potential of earth is
1575-49837 Energy Joules per year while only 3-100 times is usage today. Today more
than 40 countries are using solar energy systems. Worldwide solar energy generation is
growing rapidly. IEA has assessed the future growth of other renewable energy
potential. By 2030 it is expected, the contribution of renewable energy will be 45billion
kilo watt hour per year. Because of low efficiency and other safety, solar contribution
will be less in comparison to wind and bio-mass due to safety and environmental
concerns. According to IEA estimation, Electricity generation by 20150 will increase by
2572 Tera watt hour (i.e. 11 percent of the global energy production) and thus 2,3 Gt of
carbon dioxide emissions will be there. Another very important to discuss is that the
power plant that based on the capacity factor of solar and wind is smallest among all
renewable and non-renewable sources. How often a generator works for a specified
period is told by capacity factor. The value of capacity factor is 0.16, 0.43 and 0.40, for
solar PV based plant, CSP based plant and wind plant respectively. And so, the
maximum efficiency of these plants should be enhanced. solar energy benefits include
low carbon emissions, no fuel requirements, long term solar energy resources, less
payback time and others. Solar energy has also some safety concerns like other regular
power generation resources. Health and Environmental (SHE) concerns are needed to be
considered, for instance some restricted materials are used in PV solar cells
manufacturing, like cadmium, lead, nickel and other some compounds too. Usage of
these materials on mass scale is not healthy for the locals. Also, like the other sources of
power generation, CO2 and other GHG is also generated by PV modules at some stages
in their lives. In many Pakistani universities, renewable energy system has been
installed too and we are also willing to analyze the feasibility of this system for our
university.

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2.3 Renewable Energy Potential in Pakistan
Energy is a key element in the country development. According to the current studies
there is a direct relation between availability of energy and economic growth and it
shows the importance of energy in financial growth. According to International Energy
Agency (IEA) report, there would be a 53% increase in the global primary energy
consumption up to 2030 and 70% of this value is expected to come from developing
nations. Presently, the contribution of renewable energy is 11 percent of the world's
primary source of energy and this is also expected to increase by 60% till 2070.To cope
with these environmental and energy issues there is a need to explore cleaner and
environmental friendly energy resources.

Pakistan is also confronting with energy deficit of about 4GW like other developing
countries even though Pakistan has huge potential of renewable energy resources. There
is a gap between energy demand and supply and that is increasing. The energy demand
of Pakistan is increasing at an exponential rate as shown in Fig 1, whereas on the other
hand there is hardly any increase in the energy generation capacity of Pakistan. The
supply in Pakistan is stuck on 9 to 13GW while the demand has increased to 21GW.

Figure 2-1 Projected Power Demand for Pakistan

Pakistan can easily cope with the energy crisis by using a huge renewable energy
potential but still the renewable energy resources have scarcely any percentage in the

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energy mix of Pakistan. Our purpose of study is to propose the most feasible and
affordable system to the community who are deprived the electricity. As solar energy is
widely available, for our studies we are focusing on Solar PV array system.

2.4 Solar PV System Installed in Different Universities:

• NED university of Engineering and Technology: 7KW
• UIT 60kW Solar, On-Grid System total load 350KW
• IBA Sukkur 600kW, Solar On-Grid System total load > 1MW

*Data for UIT and IBA is taken from Energy Wise Pvt. Limited

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 CHAPTER #03

METHODOLOGY

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PV systems can be installed in existing buildings, parking lots and empty plots. But a
calculation is necessary of both the electricity requirement area availability for
installation. So, we proceed our work in the given three well-defined steps.

• Step 1. The Pre-Feasibility Analysis. In this we do preliminary study of the concerned

location to give a high-level analysis of the options and feasibility of installing a solar
PV array
• Step 2. Site Survey. In this step, we do a site survey so we get better understanding of
the side and gain the potential issues in the concerned site.

• Step 3. Detailed Study. A detailed study providing clear advice on practicable array
options, installation thoughts and to produce a work-package of installation material.

3.1 Steps Description

Step 1. The Pre-Feasibility Analysis

The Initial Practicability Study will deliver our concerned area with a high-level options
evaluation of the different key considerations to address when installing a solar PV array at roof
top of corridors running on that S/S and either the proposed array(s) will be building integrated
or ground mounted.

This desk based study will incorporate advice on the likely array size, electrical performance and
financial payback while also ascertaining obstructions to the scheme development. The objectives
of the study will be to:

• Recognize site possibilities for potential array configurations

• Assume a constraints analysis to assess the technical, economic and logistical feasibility
of each potential array configuration
• Recognize any problems that may compromise the installation of a solar PV array or
bound its performance, whether these problems are technical, financial or logistical in
nature
Step 2. Site Survey

The attention on the Site Visit will be a walk-over survey and visual examination of the site(s)
and the suggested array locations. It will provide a chance for advisers to obtain a better
understanding of the site(s) and highlight any potential problems.

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The purposes of the study will be to:

• Pursuing potential problems pointed out at the initial feasibility stage.

• Point out problems which may ascend through the installation process.
• Collect site exact details to enable all technical documents to be produced to complete
the installation (eg planning applications, grid connection applications, applications for
finance, hardware procurement)
• Recognize problems that can influence on the array installation(s) or can limit the
working.

Stage 3. Further Details

A detailed study will provide clear guidance for the available array options and will point out
those having the greatest prospects for development. Any prospect hazards will be pointed out
along with the guidance for how they can be diminished and for those which could prove to be
unconquerable. The study should also look for the economic advantages to be achieved and it
should also provide guidance for the potential business models, should signify the strengths and
weaknesses of each. The objectives will be to:

• Follow up the problems pointed out at the last stage.

• Approve the performance data and details of finance.
• Compile a detailed package of installation information.
• Identify any issues that can affect the installation or performance of solar PV array.
• Categorize the stages of risk and provide guidance for how to lighten them.
• Secure all approvals, documents, etc. necessary for the blooming.

3.2 Predictable Yields:

• A practicality analysis report should be provided, covering all the pivots recorded in Stage
1 (Pre-Feasibility Study).

• A site survey report should be provided, discovering all the pivots recorded in Stage 2
(Site Visit).

• A complete study report should be provided, covering all of which is listed in Stage 3
(Detailed Study).

• Installation information (a Design Document) as mentioned in Stage 3.

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 CHAPTER #04

SOLAR PV SYSTEM
FOR NED

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 The PV system proposed of NED is grid-tie. As the NED University, Electrical-
Mechanical Substation has heavy load installed and pretty much is used on the daily
basis so the on-grid system would be preferred due to less cost and some other factors

A brief comparison between off-grid and grid-tie system is given below along with their
properties.

Grid-Tied AND Off-Grid SYSTEM:

4.1 Grid-Tied Solar Systems:

Grid-Tied Solar system is a system that is connected to the utility power grid.

Figure 4-1 Grid-Tied Solar System

4.1.1 Required Components in Grid-Tied Solar Systems

There are some dissimilarities between the elements used in grid-tied, hybrid solar and
off-grid systems. Grid-tied Solar Systems consist of these:

• Grid-Tie Inverter (GTI) or Micro-Inverters

• Power Meter

Grid-Tie Inverter (GTI)

So, what's the job of a solar inverter? Regulating received voltage and current from
solar panels is the job of solar system. Solar panels' output is Direct Current (DC), so it
is converted into Alternating Current (AC), which is mostly used by electric appliances.

Another benefit of grid tie inverters is that it synchronizes phase and frequency of the
current that is fit to the utility nominally 50Hz. The output voltage is kept a little higher
than the power grid one's

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Micro-Inverters
Micro-inverters go on the back of each solar panel, not as central inverter that typically
takes on the entire solar array.

There have been many discussions on micro-inverters are more reliable and better than
central (string) inverters recently.

In many cases we found Micro-inverters are more efficient but they are expensive.
Home owners who want to cover up should consider the micro-inverters, it might be a
better option for them.

Power Meter
Now a day’s homeowners want to replace the current energy meter system with the net
metering. A measure both powers from power grid and PV panels to the house.

To check the availability of net metering options one should consult with the utility for
the net metering system, most of the times they themselves issue that meter and payback
the generation cost.

4.1.2 Advantages of Grid-Tied Systems

1. Save more money with net metering
You will be allowed by a grid-connection to save more dollars with PV panels by better
competence rates, net metering, and less component and installation cost.

Grid-tied solar systems are cheaper and simpler in installation as compare to off-grid
solar system because system requirement is higher like batteries, other stand-alone
equipment, and add to costs as well as maintenance.

More electricity will often be generated by solar panels than what you really need to
consume. By net metering system, home owners can send this excess energy to the
utility grid and not store it in batteries.

Net metering (or fed-in tariff systems in some states) plays a vital role in how solar
power is resourceful. Without giving this incentive, the homeowners might feel it
costly. Most of the utility companies buy and give the energy at same rates.

2. The utility grid is a virtual battery

Electricity saving in the batteries bring problems with it, so a better option is that we
send the excess one to the grid, as grid can be called a virtual battery as well.

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 More often Lead acid batteries are used with PV panel those have efficiency of 80 –
90% but that degrades with time.

Additional benefits of this system are that due to any reason if solar PV can’t provide
energy to the house, grid acts as a backup. Also, when using this Solar generated
electricity, we help the grid by decreasing its peak load a little bit.

4.2 Off-Grid Solar Systems

Off-grid solar systems require battery storage and a backup generator to ensure access
to electricity always. That’s a good option for the ones who are away from the grid like
island homes or tourists' hotel in the rare areas.

Figure 4-2 Off-Grid Solar System

4.2.1 Equipment for Off-Grid Solar Systems

Typical off-grid solar systems require the following extra components:

• Solar Charge Controller

• Battery Bank
• DC Disconnect (additional)
• Off-Grid Inverter
• Backup Generator (optional)

Solar Charge Controller

Solar charge controllers are also called as charge regulators or just battery regulators.
The last term is possibly the best to describe what this device actually does: Solar
battery chargers limit the rate of current being delivered to the battery bank and protect
the batteries from overcharging.

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Good chargers are important to keep the batteries healthy that ensures the lifetime of a
battery bank is maximized. If you have a battery-based inverter, chances are that the
charge controller is assimilated.

Battery Bank
A group of batteries wired together is called battery bank. If battery banks are not used,
it’ll be lights out by sunset

DC Disconnect Switch
AC and DC safety disconnects are mandatory for all solar systems. For off-grid solar
systems, one additional DC disconnect is fixed between the battery bank and the off-
grid inverter. To switch off the current flow between these components DC disconnect
is used. This is significant for maintenance, troubleshooting and protection against
electrical fires.

Off-Grid Inverter
There`s no need for an inverter if you`re only installing solar panels for your boat, your
RV, or something else that runs on DC current. An inverter will be needed to convert
DC to AC for all other electrical appliances.

Off-grid inverters do not have to equal phase with the utility sine wave as opposed to
grid-tie inverters. Electrical current flows from the solar panels through the solar charge
controller and the bank battery bank before it is finally converted into AC by the off-
grid-inverter.

Backup Generator
It takes much money and huge batteries to prepare for numerous consecutive days
without the sun shining (or access to the grid). This is where backup generators come in.

In most cases, using a diesel generator as backup is a better selection than investing in a
huge battery bank that rarely gets to operate at its full potential. Generators can run on
propane, petroleum, gasoline and many other fuel types.

Backup generators typically output AC, which can be sent through the inverter for direct
use, or it can be converted into DC for battery storage.

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4.2.2 Advantages of Off-Grid Solar Systems
1. No access to the utility grid
Extending power lines can be more expensive than off-grid solar systems in certain
remote areas.

The costs of overhead transmission lines range from $174,000 per mile (for rural
construction) to $11,000,000 per mile (for urban construction) if you are more than 100
yards from the off-gird.

2. Become energy self-sufficient

Living off the grid and being self-sufficient feels better. For some people, this feeling is
worth more than saving money. There is another form of security is energy self-
sufficiency. Off-grid solar system is not affected with power failures on the utility grid.

On the flip side, a certain amount of energy can be stored in batteries, and during
overcast times, being connected to the grid is where the security is. You should set up a
generator for backup to be prepared for these kinds of situations.

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 CHAPTER #05

SOLAR PV PANEL &

ON GRID INVERTERS

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5.1 SOLAR ENERGY
Producing energy from the sun through solar photovoltaic technology is one of the most
promising renewable energy sources that are commercially available. Photovoltaics
(PV) transform the solar energy of sunlight into electricity. Like diodes and transistors,
the physics of solar cells is also based on the same semiconductor principles, which
form the building blocks of the entire electronics world. The technology is stable and
fully commercialized. A collection of individual cells makes Solar panels, typically
these panels are made out of mono-crystalline silicon. A chemical reaction occurs when
the cells are introduced to direct sunlight.

5.1.2 How Solar Cell Work:

Figure 5-1 Basic Structure of Solar PV Panel

• It absorbed light generates pairs of charges that forms current.

• Junction field separates charges that is voltage.
• Contacts pass charges to load that is power.

The produced current is dependent upon solar irradiance and area of solar panel and its
voltage reckon on built in field. Efficiency reckons on illumination, semiconductor
material and cell structure. Power availability reckons on load resistance and on cell's
current, this can be seen on voltage characteristic curve.

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 Figure 5-2 Voltage Characteristic Curve

5.1.3 Solar PV Panel Efficiency

Photovoltaic efficiency is limited by:

• Long wavelength light is not engrossed, Shortwave length generates only one
charge pair(thermalization)
• Shadowing by contact, Reflection losses, Partial absorption if cell is thin,
Resistance loss and Charge pair recombination.

The chemical reaction stimulates the electrons within the silicon; Direct Current (DC)
power is created. There are no moving parts in Solar PV modules, operate silently
without emissions, and require minimal maintenance. Direct current (DC) electricity is
generated by Solar PV modules, which will produce alternating current (AC) when fed
through an inverter that can be used to power equipment within a building. Initial high
equipment cost is one of the main barriers to widespread use of solar PV technology.

5.1.4 Solar Technologies available:

There are several sorts of solar photovoltaic technologies that fit in to one of two
categories. They can be produced in several ways and have extensively varying
efficiency and costs per panel. The two groups are: discrete cell technology and
integrated thin film technology. Discrete cell technology is consisted of single- or multi-
crystalline silicon. Commercial single-crystal silicon cells can attain 20 percent or more
efficiency, while multi-crystalline silicon cells are normally nearby 15 percent
efficiency. Amorphous silicon is used by integrated thin film technology that can be
combined into building systems, such as using semi-transparent thin-film modules
instead of tinted glass. Thin-film modules have an efficiency of over 10 percent in

24
commercial systems; therefore, they require more surface area to produce the same
amount of energy as the discrete cell technology.

5.1.5 Solar system installations basics:

How the solar PV array is installed and where it is mounted affect not only the
generation potential for the system, but also the installation costs. Solar PV arrays are
typically fixed on a roof, on a pole, or as part of a shading device. For roof fixed
applications, for securing the solar array to the building or roof structure the amount of
additional roof penetration must be minimized. The kind of existing roof of the building
is critical to determining how to fix the solar array, and the installation costs. Sloped,
standing seam metal roofs offer a fixing solution that associates to the elevated or
vertical portion of the roof, thereby minimizing any roof penetrations. Flat built-up roof
or membrane roofs need a structure that can be associated to the building structure if the
solar array is planned for an optimal angled installation. Examining the existing
building structure and the new structure for the solar array is required, to accommodate
the added weight and loads (wind, snow, etc.) attributed to the solar array system.

A typical solar power support structural design should have the ability to resist wind
gusts from 80 to 120 miles per hour. Manufactured structures that are specifically
designed for solar power applications are available from many manufacturers.
Manufactured solar power support structures, are usually designed to resist higher wind
loads even though they are typically costlier since they are usually manufactured from
stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized steel materials. Typical roof fixed detail is
shown in the figure below and can be used for wood and concrete roof installations.
Roofing contractors are typically accessed to ensure all roof-penetrations are properly
sealed following rack installation. Both wood and concrete standoff support pipe
anchors should be thoroughly sealed with waterproofing compounds in order to stop
water leakage resulting from roof penetration. Each standoff support is fitted with
thermoplastic boots that are in turn thermally welded to roof cover material, such as
single-ply PVC.

5.1.6 Benefits of Solar PV

In comparison, it is certain that Solar PV technology is more beneficial than other
commercially available renewable energy technologies. PV modules can be added to
existing buildings, allowing power to be generated at point of use. Fixed solar PV
25
modules do not have moving parts that can collapse, do not require significant
maintenance, or not noisy. Higher efficiency is achieved by Solar PV systems that use
tracking systems, but also having moving parts is one of reasons that makes the system
complex and increases the maintenance requirements. Current grant chances diminish
the primary cost of installing solar PV systems. Solar PV systems are environmentally
friendly, there are no emissions related with their operation, and can be independent
applications or semi-independent and linked to the utility grid. These systems are nearly
maintenance free, last for decades (installers cite estimated useful lives for PV systems
of 20-40 years), and do not have recurring operating costs. In many cases, solar PV
systems can be added with additional capacity in the future, depending location where
they are installed.

The preliminary cost of installing solar PV systems can be a deterrent from

implementing this renewable technology. Installation costs are included primarily of the
panels themselves, the inverter required, wiring, mounting systems, and the labor to
install the system. Expenses for the materials have cut off over the past 5-10 years, and
the systems are getting more cost effective and efficient. A large area is required to
install Solar PV systems to generate significant energy and a location with good
exposure to the sun. The amount of clouds, obstructions, and the surrounding
environment influence the production of efficiency. The only source of energy
production during daylight hours is solar PV systems, when in direct sunlight.

5.1.7 Maintenance Costs

As mentioned earlier, having immovable parts (excluding solar tracking systems) is one
of the benefits of solar PV systems as a renewable energy technology. From a
maintenance position, this is a wonderful advantage. To keep the panels clean and
remove any dirt that can reduce the efficiency up to 5 percent, manufacturing companies
of PV recommend washing the panels at least once a year. This is especially true for
horizontally fixed PV systems. The panels and related equipment should be visually
reviewed on a regular basis to spot any damage, mainly after major weather events.
Local installers have stated annual maintenance costs for PV systems in the range of
$0.005-$0.015/kWh produced ($600 to $1,000 per year for a 30kW array installed in
Central Illinois).

26
Several solar PV installation companies typically provide one to three years of
maintenance visits as part of the installation contract, with options for extensions.
During these visits, the technician will confirm that the system's electrical connections
are intact and working properly and efficiently. This inspection may also consist of
voltage readings performed on the individual panels to ratify maximum performance
and to point out problems not visible to the naked eye from the ground, like problems
with the seals around the individual panel frames. Ongoing observing of solar PV panels
can provide the real-time voltage readings on individual panels, depending on how the
observing system is set up.

5.1.8 PV Standards
IEC 61215: PV modules – crystalline silicon

BS EN 61646: PV modules – thin film

IEC 61730: PV MODULES-safety qualification

BS EN 61724:1998 PV system performance monitoring

BS EN 61829:1998 Crystalline silicon PV array: on site measurement of I-V’s

BS EN 61194:2005 PV Standalone systems: design verification.

BS EN 61194:1996 PV Standalone systems: characteristics parameters

BS EN 62446:2009 Grid connected photovoltaic systems

5.2 INVERTER
Power inverters are essential for any solar power system that will be employed for a
grid-tied system. Inverters transform the solar panel DC output into alternating current
(AC) power usually used for equipment within a building. Inverter designed is essential
for Grid-connected PV systems to produce a similar voltage of the electric utility
provider (e.g. 240-volt AC output). Grid-tied inverters mechanically employ solar
power when available, and employ grid power when the solar power is not sufficient to
meet the building requirements. Conversely, if the connected solar PV system is
producing excess power, that power is fed back into the grid. The power company then
gives a credit for the power provided to the grid.

27
5.2.1 Types of on grid inverter
Following are the three types of on grid inverter.

1.Micro Inverter:
A single solar panel is connected to the microinverter which converted its DC current
into Ac current. This AC current from each micro inverter is then combined with the
output from other Micro inverters to send it to the grid. Common evaluations for
Maximum DC input control (Pdcmax) Micro inverter are regularly around 250Wp to
300Wp.

2. String Inverter:
String inverter is different from micro inverter as it is connected to a series of solar
panels. AC current from a string inverter can then be joint with output from other String
inverters. A “string” refers here series of solar panels. It's rated Maximum DC input
power (Pdcmax) ranges from 2 – 30kWp.

3. Central Inverter
A Central inverter is connected to a series of strings of solar panels rather to just a
single string as in the String inverter. In this architecture, the generated DC power from
a series of solar panels is connected in parallel with the output from other series of solar
panels at a combiner box. The DC output from a combiner box is then connected to a
single central inverter. It's rated Maximum DC input power (Pdcmax) ranges from 50 –
1MWp

5.3 GRID-CONNECTED PV INVERTER

There are 3 types of grid-connected PV inverters. A brief description of them is given
below:

5.3.1 Basic Grid-Connected PV Inverter

The AC output current is controlled by varying the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
signal to the IGBTS (Insulated-gate bipolar transistors), hence controlling DC Current
& therefore maximum power point tracking.

The 50Hz transformer is heavy and costlier than a high frequency transformer, but
favored by manufacturers due to reduced number of electronic components required.

28
5.3.2 High-Frequency Transformer PV Inverter
By inverting the DC to 20KHz AC, a smaller lighter transformer can be used, the
frequency is carefully chosen to be outside the human audible range, to avoid the slight
high-pitched squealing sound associated with low cost power electronics.

The 20KHz AC is rectified back into DC and then finally rectified into 50Hz AC.
Despite the increased complexity, the build cost is lower than the older design which
used a 50Hz transformer.

5.3.3 Transformer less Grid-Connected PV Inverter

This design avoids the cost, weight and losses associated with a transformer. There is a
risk that an earth fault on the DC side could be transferred through to the AC system, so
a DC rated RCD must be used on the AC side of the inverter.

Whether the inverter has a transformer must also be considered when deciding if the
metal frame of the array should be connected to the main AC earth terminal.

29
 CHAPTER #06:

SOFTWARE
COMPARISION AND ANALYSIS

30
Software toots related to Hybrid system are classified into four categories:

1. Prefeasibility tools: They are mainly used for rough sizing and a complete
financial analysis
2. Sizing tools: Employed for the determination of best suited size of each element
of the system and provide comprehensive information related to flow of among
different elements.
3. Simulation tool: In this, the operator must specify the facts of each component
to get the complete behavior of the system.
4. Open architecture search tool: here user can amend the algorithms and
interactions of the individual components.

The main features of software are developed for RES design is discussed along with a
comparative analysis.

6.1 Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER)

HOMER Legacy is a free computer product that modify the work of evaluating the
design choices for both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for distant, stand-
alone and dispersed generation (DG) purpose. HOMER's set of rules for optimization
and sensitivity analysis allows the user to make judgement for the economic and
technical opportunity of many technology choices and to account for improbability in
technology costs, available resources of energy, and other things that are likely to
change.

The Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (CEERE) provides technical
and cheap ways to solve the environmental issues generating from energy production,
industrial, manufacturing, and commercial actions, and land usages.

As of April 14, 2015, HOMER Legacy is used only for the following tasks:
1 – Many institutions and students that works on teaching and investigations, or on
projects that approaches to energy.
2 - For organizations working on energy access without any profit.

31
Absolutely no free support is available for HOMER Legacy users, including issues with
installation.

This program is also provided in a pro version to purchase "HOMER 2" with advance
aspects and updates.

HOMER is a broadly used, freely available, user-friendly micro power design tool
which is appropriate for carrying out quick practicability, sensitivity analysis and
techno-economic optimization. HOMER is industrialized by National Renewable
Energy Laboratory(NREL) in USA for the simulation and modification of both off-grid
and on-grid power system with any combination of RES. The simulation takes a time
period of one-year using a time-step of minimum 1 min. It takes inputs like many
practical applications, element costs, availability of resources, data of manufacturer etc.
to run different system configurations and generates results in the form of list of
possible configurations decided based on net present cost. HOMER can propose the
design of different systems based on parameters of economics and result is specified in
economic and technical merits. The main limits of Homer are as follows:

1. It allows only one objective function for reducing the Net Present Cost (NPC)
2. It does not include depth of discharge (DOD) of battery bank
3. HOMER does not include intra-hour variability.
4. HOMER does not consider changes in voltage of bus.

32
6.2 RETScreen
RETScreen 4 is based on excel with clean tool of energy project analysis software that
helps the decision makers fast and reasonable ways to determine the technical and
financial feasibility of potential renewable energy, efficiency of energy and
cogeneration projects.

RETScreen is ‘Clean Energy Project Analysis Software’ employ for renewable analysis
for electricity or heat in any size of system. RETScreen is viability study tool,
developed by Ministry of Natural Resources, Canada and is available to download
without any cost. RETScreen employs visual basic and C language as working platform.
It consists of database of global climate data of more than 6000 ground stations (per
month radiations of sun and temperature data for the year), maps of energy resource (i.e.
wind maps), hydrology data, product specifications like solar photovoltaic panel details
and power curves of wind turbines. It also provides link to NASA climate database. The
program is accessible in more than 30 languages and has two separate versions,
RETScreen 4 and RETScreen Plus. RETScreen 4, is a Microsoft excel project analysis
software tool which is based on energy projects and can determine the technical and
financial practicality of renewable energy, energy efficiency and cogeneration projects.
RETScreen Plus is a Windows-based energy management software tool to study the
energy performance. This program needs Microsoft Excell2000, Microsoft Windows
2000 and Microsoft.NETlFramework 2.0 or higher versions and it is also probable to
work on Apple. The main limitations oflRETScreen are:

1. Does not consider the effect of temperature for PV performance analysis.

2. No option for time series datafile Import.
3. Limited options for search, recovery and visualization features.
4. Data sharing problem.
5. Does not support more advanced calculations

33
6.3 PVSYST
One of the oldest photovoltaic software, developed by the University of Geneva.
PVSYST is designed to be employed by architects, engineer and researchers and it is
also a very valuable pedagogical tool. It could be considered as the Swiss knife of
photovoltaic software. Main features:

• Full design of remote PV systems

• Full design of PV systems that are connected to the grid
• Complete database of inverters, PV panels, meteorological data.
• A useful 3D application to simulate near shadings
• Importation of irradiation data from PVGIS, NASA databases
• Importation of PV modules data from PHOTON INTERNATIONAL
• Economic evaluation and payback
• Exportation of calculations to CSV files
• Many tools that are used to simulate the behavior of PV modules and cells
according to irradiation, temperature, shadings

Pv syst comprises a complete contextual Help, which explains in detail methods and
models that are employed, and provides an ergonomic approach with guide in
development of a project. PVsyst can import meteo data from many various sources, as
well as personal data.
PVsyst provides results in the form of a full report, specific tables and graphs, as well as
data exportation for use in other software. Crack version of this software is also
available

34
6.4 PV*SOL
PV*SOL is a multi-product suite of software for the designing, simulation and financial
analysis of photovoltaic systems that can be small off-grid residential systems or large
commercial grid-connected and utility-scale systems. The range of PV*SOLlprograms
include: basics of PV*SOL for the quick designing, financial analysis and generation of
customer proposals for residential and small commercial PV systems up to 300kW.
PV*SOLlPro for the detailed analysis of complicated PV systems of up to 100MW
made up of six different dimensions, each can be designed using different sizes,
orientations, modules, inverters and losses. PV*SOL Expert which contains all the
capabilities of PV*SOL Pro plus the added capability of 3D array design and detailed
near shade analysis. The calculations installers, engineers and designers can make are
based on data generated per hour and results can be presented in 3D.

6.7 Conclusion
We selected PV SYST from the above list of software. Its platform is user friendly and
free of cost. Another plus point of PV SYST is that it also presents the emissions detail
in the result. PV SYST gives both the technical and economic analysis of PV system for
area. PV SYST uses NASA’s weather data according to the location selected of the
proposed site.

35
 CHAPTER #07

SITE SURVEY AND

DATA COLLECTION

36
7.1 Site Survey and Considerations:
The main objective of side survey is to determine the best suited location on the site property for
Solar PV arrays. The maximum available solar energy can be obtained by the optimal location
for PV arrays where there are less solar obstructions so that shading effects on the PV arrays can
be as less as possible. Site survey may have not needed in cases when we have general
understanding that there are clearly no solar obstructions for PV arrays.

7.2 Solar insolation data

Solar insolation data was estimated for the sample site by MAT file in PV Syst. This
software uses NASA's data to see the historical weather data and amount of energy
produced for any given system for a particular location. The production of energy
results also includes the system losses. To estimate the month by month power
generated from Solar energy and the cost analysis this all data is used. No shading effect
was considered during these calculations. The Panels would be facing South i.e the
azimuth angle and 24 degrees from horizontal from April to September to maximize the
solar energy on the panels. And in winter season i.e from October to March it would 40
degrees from horizontal to be safe from winter sun path and maximize the sun radiation
path.

7.3 Dimensions of the roof top:

As mentioned earlier, the corridors running of EED-MED S/S are Electrical Chairman corridor
(1), EED teaches’ corridor (1), (2) MED Corridors adjacent to EED chairman corridor and lab
corridors (3) of both department. Respective corridors and their areas are listed below:

Corridor Length (m) Width (m) Area (m2) Area (ft2)

Lab Corridors 55.6 20.1 1117.56 3666.54

EED Chairman 55.6 12.2 678.38 2225.66

Corridor
EED Teachers’ 55.6 12.2 678.38 2225.66
Corridor
MED Corridors 55.6 12.2 678.38 2225.66
Table 7-1 Areas of Corridors

*Dimensions of all labs corridors and chairman and classes corridors are same. Total number of
corridors are 7

37
Note: the above areas are approximated, actual value is shown in AutoCAD diagram

Total area running of EED-MED S/S = 6066.2 m2 = 19902.23 ft2

7.4 Selected Roofs:

After the site survey, we observed that the roofs of lab corridors are not best suited for the
placement of as they are not flat. So, the selected roofs are the roofs of all other corridors except
the labs corridors. Below is the AutoCAD diagram showing the dimension of selected roof:

Figure 7-1 AutoCAD diagram of Roof Plan of Offices & Class Rooms

38
7.5 Load Profile and Load Data Calculation:
Electrical/Mechanical Sub-station has the following running load profile, it was taken from S/S
maintaince department of NED. They had maintained a register of all the substations voltage
and current readings at two instants in a day. We took only two months’ data that is one peak
month from summer and one peak month from winter season. In our university, there are
capacitor banks for the improvement of power factor. So for finding the power form the given V
and I, we foll0wing formula:

P = 3Vph.Iph.Cosϕ = √3 VL.IL.Cosϕ

Where VL = 400V, Vph = 230V and Cos ϕ = 0.9

The calculations for the determination of power are shown below:

Date Time Red Yellow Blue Red Yellow Blue P(W)

31-Mar 9:40 229 226 233 279 288 218 163159.19
31-Mar 3 228 226 227 276 246 197 149441.34
1-Apr 9:40 228 227 233 261 276 200 153182.57
1-Apr 3 228 226 230 215 241 198 135931.35
2-Apr 9:31 224 225 224 261 221 168 135099.96
2-Apr 3:10 226 227 229 300 262 167 151519.8
3-Apr 9:41 229 228 230 256 238 187 141543.19
3-Apr 2:36 226 227 231 194 164 177 111197.66
7-Apr 9:51 229 230 233 281 264 254 166069.03
7-Apr 3:26 230 230 231 264 251 194 147362.88
8-Apr 10:10 229 227 232 248 236 187 139464.73
8-Apr 2:57 229 228 231 255 249 177 141543.19
9-Apr 9:41 228 227 231 319 332 286 194751.79
9-Apr 2:51 226 227 230 386 388 276 218238.4
10-Apr 9:10 229 226 230 375 338 277 205767.64
10-Apr 2:51 229 226 231 369 309 277 198493.02
11-Apr 9:41 228 227 232 349 322 288 199324.41
11-Apr 3:11 228 227 231 391 401 353 237983.78
14-Apr 9:41 229 226 234 424 401 368 247960.39
14-Apr 2:41 229 225 234 401 379 364 237775.93
15-Apr 9:31 229 225 230 400 386 299 225513.02

39
 15-Apr 3:11 229 226 229 436 428 377 257937.01
16-Apr 10:11 229 226 231 489 398 432 274149
16-Apr 3:51 229 225 232 488 369 426 266666.54
17-Apr 9:41 230 225 230 520 481 397 290568.84
17-Apr 2:56 229 227 232 538 467 388 289529.61
18-Apr 10:11 229 226 234 409 374 388 243387.78
18-Apr 2:51 229 226 231 471 419 456 279760.85
21-Apr 10:15 229 226 231 466 419 387 264380.24
21-Apr 2:36 229 226 230 516 469 468 302000.38
1-Dec 10:10 240 236 232 164 127 159 93530.744
2-Dec 9:10 143 246 246 136 110 131 78357.979
3-Dec 10:10 245 247 250 162 117 111 81059.978
4-Dec 9:40 238 241 242 158 125 127 85216.9
5-Dec 9:50 238 240 241 195 114 81 81059.978
9-Dec 9:30 244 246 246 126 96 58 58196.907
10-Dec 10:10 242 244 244 105 63 55 46349.68
11-Dec 9:20 244 242 244 114 79 84 57573.369
12-Dec 10:10 243 244 241 109 79 67 53000.755
15-Dec 10:10 235 237 237 113 97 84 61106.752
23-Dec 10:10 246 246 245 128 109 116 73369.672
24-Dec 10:10 251 247 245 131 102 98 68797.058
26-Dec 9:40 232 234 234 108 54 72 48635.987
29-Dec 10:10 240 242 242 100 57 57 44479.065

P1(W) P2(W) P3(W) P(W) V avg Amp avg Pavg (W) P(W)
57501.9 58579.2 45714.6 161795.7 229.3333 261.66667 162024 163159.19
56635.2 50036.4 40247.1 146918.7 227 239.66667 146891.7 149441.34
53557.2 56386.8 41940 151884 229.3333 245.66667 152116.8 153182.57
44118 49019.4 40986 134123.4 228 218 134200.8 135931.35
52617.6 44752.5 33868.8 131238.9 224.3333 216.66667 131235 135099.96
61020 53526.6 34418.7 148965.3 227.3333 243 149153.4 151519.8
52761.6 48837.6 38709 140308.2 229 227 140354.1 141543.19
39459.6 33505.2 36798.3 109763.1 228 178.33333 109782 111197.66
57914.1 54648 53263.8 165825.9 230.6667 266.33333 165872.4 166069.03
54648 51957 40332.6 146937.6 230.3333 236.33333 146975.7 147362.88
51112.8 48214.8 39045.6 138373.2 229.3333 223.66667 138494.4 139464.73

40
 52555.5 51094.8 36798.3 140448.6 229.3333 227 140558.4 141543.19
65458.8 67827.6 59459.4 192745.8 228.6667 312.33333 192834.6 194751.79
78512.4 79268.4 57132 214912.8 227.6667 350 215145 218238.4
77287.5 68749.2 57339 203375.7 228.3333 330 203445 205767.64
76050.9 62850.6 57588.3 196489.8 228.6667 318.33333 196539 198493.02
71614.8 65784.6 60134.4 197533.8 229 319.66667 197649.9 199324.41
80233.2 81924.3 73388.7 235546.2 228.6667 381.66667 235641 237983.78
87386.4 81563.4 77500.8 246450.6 229.6667 397.66667 246593.1 247960.39
82646.1 76747.5 76658.4 236052 229.3333 381.33333 236121.6 237775.93
82440 78165 61893 222498 228 361.66667 222642 225513.02
89859.6 87055.2 77699.7 254614.5 228 413.66667 254653.2 257937.01
100782.9 80953.2 89812.8 271548.9 228.6667 439.66667 271450.2 274149
100576.8 74722.5 88948.8 264248.1 228.6667 427.66667 264041.4 266666.54
107640 97402.5 82179 287221.5 228.3333 466 287289 290568.84
110881.8 95408.1 81014.4 287304.3 229.3333 464.33333 287515.2 289529.61
84294.9 76071.6 81712.8 242079.3 229.6667 390.33333 242045.7 243387.78
97073.1 85224.6 94802.4 277100.1 228.6667 448.66667 277006.8 279760.85
96042.6 85224.6 80457.3 261724.5 228.6667 424 261777.6 264380.24
106347.6 95394.6 96876 298618.2 228.3333 484.33333 298591.5 302000.38
35424 26974.8 33199.2 95598 236 150 95580 93530.744
17503.2 24354 29003.4 70860.6 211.6667 125.66667 71818.5 78357.979
35721 26009.1 24975 86705.1 247.3333 130 86814 81059.978
33843.6 27112.5 27660.6 88616.7 240.3333 136.66667 88683 85216.9
41769 24624 17568.9 83961.9 239.6667 130 84123 81059.978
27669.6 21254.4 12841.2 61765.2 245.3333 93.333333 61824 58196.907
22869 13834.8 12078 48781.8 243.3333 74.333333 48837 46349.68
25034.4 17206.2 18446.4 60687 243.3333 92.333333 60663 57573.369
23838.3 17348.4 14532.3 55719 242.6667 85 55692 53000.755
23899.5 20690.1 17917.2 62506.8 236.3333 98 62533.8 61106.752
28339.2 24132.6 25578 78049.8 245.6667 117.66667 78048.3 73369.672
29592.9 22674.6 21609 73876.5 247.6667 110.33333 73779.9 68797.058
22550.4 11372.4 15163.2 49086 233.3333 78 49140 48635.987
21600 12414.6 12414.6 46429.2 241.3333 71.333333 46480.8 44479.065
Table7-1 Load Profile of EED/MED S/S for The Month of April And December

41
From the above data, the power consume in April is higher than the December.

Maximum of power in April is 298612 W

We also performed power calculation to obtained the running load on the EED-MED S/S by
observing the bills for 6 months. Given below are the units consumed in 6 months on that S/S:

YEAR MONTH UNITS

2017 August 40121
2017 July 24994
2017 June 28884
2017 May 35989
2017 April 31943
2017 March 25796
Table 7-2 Units Consumes in Different Months

We also do the survey of EED-MED S/S and get the following reading:

Voltage in Red phase = 350V Average Current =312A

Voltage in Yellow phase = 268V Line Voltage = 425A

Voltage in Blue phase = 320V Power factor = 0.92

The running load at the time of survey: P= 211KW

*time and date of survey: 12:00 PM, Aug 11, 2017

From the above observation, we fund that most of the time the value of running load on ths S/S
is nearly 200KW. So, we design our system according to 200KW.

42
7.7 Power graphs obtained from Calculated data:

Figure 7-2 Power Consumption Curve for April 2017

43
 CHAPTER #08

ON GRID SYSTEM SIZING

(Manually and on software)

44
8.1 Manual Calculations for PV-On-Grid Inverter
The Steps involved in manual calculations are as follows:

1.Selecting of Panel in A String:

STEP:01 STEP:021

Note Down: Note down:

• Vmp of Panel. • Voc of panel

• Total no of panels • Total no. of panel

Multiply them and compare the result Multiply them and compare result with
with MPP range of inverter. max voltage range of panel

2. Selection of No of String Use MPP Inputs

• No of MPP inputs
• Isc of panel
• Compare it with MPP current range

Then calculate total no of string.

3. Inverter Power Range:

• No of strings
• No of panel in string
• Panel Power
• Max Power Range= No of strings*No of panel in string*Panel Power.

Then compare it.

All These calculations are shown in the excel sheet given below:

45
8.2 On Grid Inverter System Designing for 50KW System

System Power 51.2 KW

1. Selection of panel in a string

Step 1
Panel Power 320 W
Vmp of Panel 37.56 V
total no. of panels 18
MPP Voltage range of the system 676.08 V
MPP Voltage range of the inverter 800 V

Compare MPP voltage ranges in range V

Step 2
Voc of panel 45.82 V
total no. of panels 18
Maximum voltage range of system 824.76 V
Maximum voltage range of panel 1000 V

Compare maximum voltage range in range V

2. Selection of number of strings for MPP inputs

No. of independent MPP inputs of

inverter 2
No of independent MPP inputs used
in system 2
no. of strings/MPP 3
No. of strings in system 3
total strings 3
Isc of Panel 8.73 A

MPP current range of system 26.19 A

MPP current range of inverter 33 A

Compare current range in range

3. Installed power range

total strings 3
total no. of panels in string 18
Panel power 320 W

Maximum power range of system 17280 W

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 Maximum power range of inverter 20440 W

Comper max current range in range

For 50000W system 51840 W

8.3 Generation Structure

Peak sun hours for

Karachi 6 Hours
Max power range for
50KW system 51840 W 51.84 KW
1Unit= 1KWH
Generation for a
day 311.04 KWH
Generation for a (Generation for
month 9331.2 KWH a day*30)
Generation for one
year 113529.6 KWH

8.4 Return on Investment Calculations

Savings on Electricity bill per year= Utility Tariff (Rs/KWH) *Energy Generation
(KWH/Year)

Expenses(year) = Present year Expenses * 1.05

Net Saving (per year) = Saving on Electricity bill- Expenses

Total savings= saving up till last year+ Present year Net Savings

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 ROI
Energy Saving on
S Utility Tarrif Expenses Net Saving
Generation Electricity Bill Totalizer
No. (Rs/ KWH) (year) (per year)
(KWh/ Year) (per year)

1 58,226 22 1,280,972 5,000 1,275,972 1,275,972

2 57,818 25 1,462,806 5,250 1,457,556 2,733,528

3 57,414 29 1,670,451 5,513 1,664,939 4,398,467

4 57,012 33 1,907,572 5,788 1,901,784 6,300,250

5 56,613 38 2,178,352 6,078 2,172,274 8,472,525

6 56,216 44 2,487,569 6,381 2,481,187 10,953,712

7 55,823 51 2,840,679 6,700 2,833,979 13,787,690

8 55,432 59 3,243,913 7,036 3,236,878 17,024,568

9 55,044 67 3,704,387 7,387 3,697,000 20,721,568

10 54,659 77 4,230,225 7,757 4,222,468 24,944,036

11 54,276 89 4,830,705 8,144 4,822,561 29,766,597

12 53,896 102 5,516,424 8,552 5,507,872 35,274,469

13 53,519 118 6,299,480 8,979 6,290,501 41,564,970

14 53,144 135 7,193,691 9,428 7,184,263 48,749,232

15 52,772 156 8,214,836 9,900 8,204,936 56,954,169

16 52,403 179 9,380,932 10,395 9,370,537 66,324,705

17 52,036 206 10,712,555 10,914 10,701,640 77,026,346

18 51,672 237 12,233,202 11,460 12,221,742 89,248,088

19 51,310 272 13,969,705 12,033 13,957,672 103,205,760

20 50,951 313 15,952,705 12,635 15,940,070 119,145,830

21 50,594 360 18,217,191 13,266 18,203,925 137,349,754

22 50,240 414 20,803,121 13,930 20,789,192 158,138,946

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 23 49,888 476 23,756,124 14,626 23,741,498 181,880,444

24 49,539 548 27,128,306 15,358 27,112,949 208,993,393

25 49,193 630 30,979,169 16,125 30,963,044 239,956,437

ROI of the system is within is 2 years and 6months

Table 8-1 ROI Calculation

8.5 Simulation on PV SYSTS

These are the results from PV SYSTS, according to this one whole roof can have 161 panel to
provide 51.28KW of power. According to these the solar panel should be oriented in summer
and in winter at different angles.

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50
51
52
53
54
The PV Panels Arrangement:
The PV panels should be arranged in this manner on the rooftop of the corridor of
Electrical Department. As we see the overall power we get from one rooftop
arrangement is of 49.92KW where each solar panel is of 320Watts and size of each one
is 1960 by 991 by 40 mm.

Figure 8-1 PV panels arrangement on the roof

8.6 Cost Analysis

From this table, we can see the total cost of solar system of 51.52 KW is of 161 panels in
quantity of 320 W each with an inverter of 50 KW, 3phase, mounting and other expenses is
3,699,520 PKR.

Figure 8-2 Cost for Solar PV on Grid System

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8.6 Recommendation for whole Sub-station load
As we know the Electrical/Mechanical sub station's total running load is of 200KW so
we can four times this 51.52 KW system, as plenty of area is available for this much
system panels. The approximate cost of that system would be 14,798,080 PKR. The
small system is calculated for the ease of installation.

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 CHAPTER #09

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

RECOMMENDATION

57
9.1 Conclusion
In this project, the feasibility analysis of Solar Energy is studied for the Electrical-
Mechanical Substation. Generation Structure and ROI calculations has been done for
the grid tie Solar PV system. All calculations done manually and on software. The
software use for this purpose is PV SYST. This software is chosen because of its free
availability, user friendly environment and it gives detailed losses and parameter
diagram.

During the surveys, we found that there is much space available on the roof-tops of
corridors that are running on this Sub Station. The available space is also free from solar
obstructions so the shading effects are minimum here. Running load on the concerned
S/S is nearly 200KW. Since all the roof-tops are of same dimensions, so we designed
our system for one roof-top than scaled it up for the whole system.

From the calculations, simulations and results on the chairman corridor’s roof-top, we
found that we can place up to 51.28KW solar PV system. Solar panel selected is JAP6
72/320/3BB. So, if we place 161 panels each of 320 W we get 51.28KW Solar Power.
SMA Core1 50KW, 3 phase inverter is selected. The overall system cost will be
3,699,520 PKR which will pay back within 3 years (as shown in ROI calculations).

For this feasibility study, calculations and analysis were based on the available area.
However, the actual analysis should be based on the availability of funds.

9.2 Future Recommendation

Our study provides a platform to utilize solar energy to generate electrical energy for
electrical and mechanical engineering department. Therefore, it is suggested in future
the results of this study can be applied to other department which can generate
significant amount of electricity to reduce the utility bills.

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REFRENCES
[1] energyinformative.org

[2] www.localenergyscotland.org

[3] photovoltaic-software.com

[4] Mohammad Reza Maghami, Chandima Gomes, Hashim Hizam, Mohammad Lutfi
bin Othman. "Design of 24 Hour Energy Generation from Renewable Energy" , 2015
IEEE European Modelling Symposium (EMS), 2015

[5] Pragya Nema, Sayan Dutta. "Feasibility Study of 1 MW Standalone Hybrid Energy
System: For Technical Institutes", Low Carbon Economy, 2012

[6] irena.org

[7] repository.um.edu.my

[8] Dash, Ritesh, Subash Chandra Sahoo, S.M Ali, and Anoop Kumar Mohanta.
"Performance evaluation and comparision of a grid connected photovoltaic system
based on solar cell modelling: -Part-I", 2015 International Conference on Electrical
Electronics Signals Communication and Optimization (EESCO), 2015.

[9] Aman, M.M., K.H. Solangi, M.S. Hossain, A. Badarudin, G.B. Jasmon, H. Mokhlis,
A.H.A. Bakar, and S.N Kazi. "A review of Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE)
issues of solar energy system", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015.

[10] Ajai Gupta. "Hybrid Energy System for Remote Area - An Action Plan for Cost
Effective Power Generation", 2008 IEEE Region 10 and the Third International
Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, 12/2008

[11] edugrid.pk

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