INTERNSHIP REPORT

KEC 752
Session 2023-2024
Firmware Internship at Delta Electronics
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements award of

Degree Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Rishabh Shaily
2000520320049

Submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Sitapur Road, Uttar Pradesh, India)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Internship Report” submitted by Rishabh Shaily (Roll No:
2000520320049) is completely done by me and submitted during the 2023 – 2024 academic
year, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Institute of Engineering and
Technology (I.E.T.), Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Date: 18/07/2023
Place: Lucknow

Dr. Divya Sharma Dr. Subodh

Wairya
(Course Coordinator) (Head of
Department

CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Training has an important role in exposing the real-life situation in an industry. It was a great
experience for me to work on training at UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION
LIMITED through which I could learn how to work in a professional environment.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of
inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.

I am sincerely grateful to MR. VISHAL SHARMA(S.D.O.) at electricity transmission division

132 KV Substation Balrampur and MRS. SUNITA GOUD(Junior Engineer) at 132 KV
Substation Balrampur whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this training
successfully.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. CHHAVINATH SHUKLA (S.S.O), MR.

KAMLESH KUMAR (S.S.O.), MR. MOHD. IMRAN (S.S.O.), MR. RAM DAS(S.S.O.)
AND MR. AJAY GUPTA(S.S.O.) who rendered me their valuable assistance, constant
encouragement and able guidance which made this training actually possible. I also wish my
deep sense of gratitude to all other staff members whose guidance and encouragement made my
training successful.

I also wish my deep sense of gratitude to DR. SUBODH WAIRYA (HOD: ECE Department)
and my training coordinator DR. DIVYA SHARMA for always encouraging and supporting me
which made my training successful.

Name : Adarsh Srivastava

Branch : Electronics and
Communication
Roll no : 2000520320007
Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Lucknow

INTERNSHIP SUMMARY
This report is the outcome of a 4-week summer training that I have successfully completed from
132 KV Substation(Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited) Balrampur,
Uttar Pradesh from 19.06.2023 to 18.07.2023 as a requirement of my Bachelor of Technology
program in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Lucknow.

During my internship, I had the privilege of working with a dynamic team at UPPTCL. Their
key was to monitor the outgoing and incoming supplies and also to note if any power outages or
faults occur. Apart from this they also conducted regular check-ups of the various equipment
present at the substations. I assisted them in their work and also learned about the different
equipment present there.

One of the most valuable takeaways from this internship was the recognition of substation’s
pivotal role in providing efficient electricity supply and ensuring the substation’s smooth
operation. I also learned the importance of teamwork and effective communication when
tackling complex projects. This internship has ignited my passion for industrial automation, and
I'm eager to apply the knowledge and skills I've acquired in future endeavours, contributing to
the advancement of this technology in industry settings.

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………1-
4

1.1 Power Generation Substation ……………………………………………………….1-

2

1.2 Power Transmission Substation …………………………………………………….2-

3

1.3 Power Distribution Substation ……………………………………………………...3-4

2.0 About 132 KV Substation Balrampur ………………………………………………………5-

6

2.1 Single Line Diagram of 132 KV Substation Balrampur

……………………………….6

3.0 Equipment in a 132 KV Substation ………………………………………………………7-15

3.1 Bus Bar

………………………………………………………………………………..7

3.2 Insulator ………………………………………………………………………………7

3.3 Isolating Switches/Isolators …………………………………………………………..8

3.4 Circuit Breaker …………………………………………………………………….8-

10

3.5 Protective Relay …………………………………………………………………….11

3.6 Instrument Transformer …………………………………………………………11-12

3.6.1 Current Transformer ………………………………………………………11

3.6.2 Potential Transformer

……………………………………………………...12

3.7 Metering and Indicating Instruments

………………………………………………...12
 3.8 Miscellaneous Equipment …………………………………………………………...13

3.9 Transformer ………………………………………………………………………13-

16

3.9.1 Accessories of Transformer …………………………………………….14-

16

3.10 Earthing or Station Transformer ……………………………………………………

16

4.0 Protection Against Lightning ……………………………………………………………16-19

4.1 Earth Screen …………………………………………………………………………17

4.2 Overhead Ground Wire ………………………………………………………………

17

4.3 Lightning Arrestor ………………………………………………………………..17-

19

5.0 Storage Battery ………………………………………………………………………………

19

6.0 Capacitor
Bank……………………………………………………………………………….20

7.0 Wave Trap or Line Trap

……………………………………………………………………..21

8.0 Fire Protection

……………………………………………………………………………….21

9.0 Storage of equipment for the substation …………………………………………………21-23

10.0 Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………….24

11.0 References
………………………………………………………………………………….25
 INTRODUCTION

The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14, 2000 is the result
of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the Power
Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission, distribution
and supply of electricity.

The present day electrical power system is a.c. i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted, and
distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power
station, which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is
delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many
place in the line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency p.f. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished
by suitable apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the
power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to 132KV) for transmission of electric
Power. Similarly, near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to
utilization level. Suitable apparatus called sub-station again accomplishes this job.

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to
change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at
the interconnection of two different transmission voltages

Different types of substation-

1. Transmission substation
2. Distribution substation
3. Generation substation

Power Generation Substation :

Electricity generation is the process of producing electrical energy from various sources to meet
the demand for power. Electricity can be generated from a wide range of sources, including:

● Fossil Fuels: Power plants burn coal, natural gas, and oil to produce steam or combustion

gases that drive turbines connected to generators.

● Nuclear Energy: Nuclear reactors use controlled nuclear reactions to generate heat, which is

then converted into electricity.

● Renewable Energy: Renewable sources like solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal

energy harness natural processes to generate electricity without depleting finite resources.

● Biomass: Biomass power plants burn organic materials like wood, crop residues, and waste

to produce electricity.
A power station, also known as a power plant or generating station, is a facility designed to
generate electrical energy from various sources. These stations play a crucial role in providing
the electricity needed to power homes, industries, and various other applications.
There are various types of power plants in India such as:

1. Thermal Power Station

2. Hydroelectric Power Station
3. Solar Power Plant
4. Wind Power Plant
5. Biomass Power Plant
6. Nuclear Power Plant
Power Transmission Substation:
Power transmission refers to the process of transmitting electrical energy from power generation
sources to various distribution points including homes, businesses, industries, and institutions
and end-users through a network of high-voltage transmission lines and substations. It involves
the transfer of electrical power over long distances and the management of voltage levels to
ensure efficient and reliable delivery to end-users.

Power transmission is a critical component of the electricity supply chain, enabling electricity
generated at power plants to be efficiently transported over long distances and delivered to
consumers. It plays a fundamental role in ensuring a reliable and stable supply of electrical
energy for modern society.

The choice of voltage levels for transmission depends on factors such as the distance of
transmission, the power generation source, and the capacity of the electrical grid. Common
voltage levels used in power transmission include 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV, and 765 kV. Here's
an overview of power transmission at these voltage levels:

2
1. 132 KV Substation: 132 kV transmission lines are typically used to transmit electricity
over relatively short to moderate distances. They are often used for regional transmission
and may connect power generation plants to distribution substations or other regional
substations.
2. 220 KV Substation: 220 kV transmission lines are used for longer-distance power
transmission, connecting major power generation facilities to substations. They are part
of the high-voltage transmission network and are used for interconnecting different
regions.
3. 400 KV Substation: 400 kV transmission lines are part of the extra-high voltage (EHV)
transmission network and are used for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long
distances. They connect major power generation plants to key substations and serve as
the backbone of the transmission grid.
4. 765 KV Substation: 765 kV transmission lines are considered ultra-high voltage (UHV)
and are used for very long-distance power transmission, often spanning entire regions or
connecting different states or countries. They are essential for bulk power transmission.

These various voltage levels in power transmission are part of a hierarchical system designed
to efficiently and reliably transport electrical energy from power generation sources to
substations and ultimately to distribution networks and end-users. The choice of voltage level
depends on the specific requirements and characteristics of the transmission route.

Power Distribution Substation:

Power distribution refers to the process of delivering electrical energy from a power generation
source (such as a power plant) to various end-users, including residential, commercial, industrial,
and institutional customers. It involves the transmission of electricity over a network of power
lines and substations and then distributing it to consumers at appropriate voltage levels.

Distribution substations are key components of the electrical grid responsible for delivering
electricity from the transmission system to end-users, including homes, businesses, and
industries. They step down the voltage from higher levels to lower levels suitable for local
distribution. Distribution substations typically operate at voltage levels of 11 kV, 33 kV, and
440 V, with 11 kV and 33 kV being common in many distribution systems. Here's an overview
of distribution substations at these voltage levels:

1. 11KV Substation: These substations receive electricity from higher-voltage transmission

substations, such as 33 kV or 132 kV, and step it down to 11 kV for further distribution.
Typically, 11 kV substations serve neighbourhoods, small commercial areas, and some
industrial consumers. They are often referred to as primary substations.
2. 33 KV Substation: These substations receive electricity from higher-voltage transmission
substations, such as 132 kV or 220 kV, and step it down to 33 kV for further distribution.

3
33 kV substations serve a larger area compared to 11 kV substations. They may supply
power to multiple neighbourhoods, commercial districts, and some industries.
3. 440 V(Low Voltage) Substation: These substations are the final step in the distribution
process, receiving electricity from 11 kV or 33 kV substations and stepping it down to
440 V or lower for end-users. 440 V substations serve residential, commercial, and small
industrial customers. They are often referred to as secondary substations or distribution
transformers.

Distribution substations are vital for ensuring that electricity is delivered reliably and safely to
consumers at appropriate voltage levels. The specific voltage levels, configuration, and
components of these substations may vary depending on the local distribution network and the
requirements of the served area.
 Fig.1.1 132 KV Transmission Substation Balrampur

4
About 132 KV Substation Balrampur

The 132 KV Transmission Substation Balrampur is located at Fulwariya Bypass Chauraha,

Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the Gonda Division.

TYPE: Transmission substation.

Incoming Line Voltage: 132 KV
Outgoing feeder Voltage: 33 KV,132 KV

The 132 KV Substation Balrampur has four 132 KV feeders:

1. 132 KV Intiyathok - Balrampur
2. 132 KV Utraula - Balrampur
3. 132 KV B.C.M. - Balrampur
 4. Balrampur(220 KV)-Balrampur
& 132 KV Bus Coupler(Spare Bay)

Substation has ten 33 KV Outgoing feeders:

1. Balrampur City
2. Bhagwatiganj
3. Naharbalaganj
4. Bhojpur
5. Court
6. Tulsipur Nagar Panchayat
7. Shivpura Rural
8. Balrampur Power House Rural
9. Tulsipur Rural
10. 10 MVA T/F
& JackBus(Spare bay)

There are two Transformers in the substation:

I. 63 MVA, 132/33 KV
II. 40 MVA, 132/33 KV
And 110 KVA Station Transformer

There are two unit 33KV Capacitor Bank.(10 MVAR*2)

The Substation has 110 V DC Battery.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132 KV SUB-STATION BALRAMPUR

 6
Equipment in a 132KV Sub-Station
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station,
Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. 132KV Sub-Station has the following
major equipment:-

1) Bus-bar :- When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus-bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminium bars (generally of rectangular
X-Section) and operate at constant voltage.
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further
step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line.
There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one, the other can still have
the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance
by a Conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the
other works only if the first is having any fault.

2) Insulators :-The insulator serves two purpose. They support the conductor (or bus bar) and
confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of
insulators is porcelain. There are several types of insulators (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.)
and their use in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement. Post insulators are used
for the bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap, & flanged cast iron
base. The whole cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap. When the line
is subjected to a greater tension, strain insulators are used. When tension in line is exceedingly
high, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Fig 3.1 Insulators

7
3) Isolating Switches :-In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for
general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. An
isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no load, in other
words, isolator Switches are operated only when the line is which they are connected carry no
load. For example, consider that the isolators are connected on both side of a cut breaker, if the
isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first. If an isolator is opened carelessly, when
carrying high current the resulting arc easily causes flashover to earth. This may batter the
supporting insulators & may even cause a fatal accident to the operator, particularly in the high
voltage circuit. The operating principle is manual plus one of the following:-
1. Electrical Motor Mechanism
2. Pneumatic Mechanism
Isolators cannot be opened unless the Circuit Breakers are opened. Circuit Breakers cannot be
closed until isolators are closed.

4) Circuit breaker :- A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under
normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage
other instrument in the station. It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote
control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition. A circuit breaker
consists of fixed & moving contacts, which are touching each other under normal condition i.e.
when breaker is closed. Whenever a fault occurs trip coil gets energized, the moving contacts are
pulled by some mechanism & therefore the circuit is opened or circuit breaks. When circuit
breaks an arc is stack between contacts, the production of arc not only interrupts the current but
generates enormous amount of heat which may cause damage to the system or the breaker itself.
Therefore the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest
possible time so that the heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value. The medium used
for arc extinction is usually Oil, Air, Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) or vacuum.
Circuit breakers can be classified on the basis of medium used for arc extinction:

A. Oil Circuit Breakers:- These are the oldest type of circuit breakers & have the virtues of
reliability, simplicity of construction & relative cheapness. These are mainly of two types:

a. Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers using large quantity of oil are also called the dead tank type
because the tank is held at earth potential.
b. Low oil or Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers are also called the live tank circuit breakers
because the oil tank is insulated from the ground. Such circuit breakers are now available
for all type of voltages (3.6,7.2,12,36,72.5,145,245 & 420 kV) & for the highest breaking
capacities. The MOCB with rated voltage of 12 kV has a single interrupter per phase
without extra support insulator.
8
 Fig 3.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

B. Low Voltage Air Circuit Breakers:- These breakers are designed for use on d.c circuits & low
voltage a.c circuits for the protection of general lighting & motor circuits. These breakers are
usually provided with an over current tripping mechanism which may be of instantaneous or
time delay type or combination of both. Trip devices may be set over a range from about 80 to
160 percent of rating. The breakers may also be provided with over tripping ranges &
arrangements such as low voltage trip, shunt trip connected to ever voltage, reverse current or
over current relays. Such breakers are of rating of to & including 6,000 A a.c & 12,000 A d.c,
voltage ratings are 250 to 600 V a.c & 250 to 750 V d.c. Special breakers available up to 3,000 V
for d.c services.

C. Air Blast Circuit Breakers: The air blast circuit breakers employs compressed air (at a
pressure of 20 k.g/c.m2 ) for arc extinction & are finding their best application in systems
operating 132 kV & above (upto 400kV) with breaking capacity up to 7,500 MVA (during short
circuit fault)& above, although such breakers have also been designed to cover the voltage range
of 6,600 Volts to 132,000 Volts. These breakers have the advantages of less burning of contacts
because of less arc energy, little maintenance , facility of high speed reclosure, no risk of
explosion & fire hazard & suitability for duties requiring frequent operations. The drawbacks of
such breakers are additional need of compressor plant for supplying compressed air, current
chopping, sensitivity restriking voltage & air leakage at the pipe line fittings.

D. Vacuum Circuit Breakers: The idea behind the vacuum circuit breakers is to eliminate the
medium between the contacts-vacuum. The dielectric strength of vacuum is 1000 times more
than that of any medium. In construction it is very simple circuit breaker in comparison to an air
or oil circuit breakers. These breakers are used for reactor switching, transformer switching,
capacitor bank switching where the voltages are high & the current to be interrupted is low.
9
 Fig 3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
E. Sulphur Hex-fluoride Circuit Breakers: SF6 gas has unique properties, such as very high
dielectric strength, non-reactive to the other components of circuit breakers, high time constant
& fast recombination property after removal of the source energizing the spark, which proves it
superior to the other mediums (such as oil or air) for use in circuit breakers.
SF6 circuit breakers have the advantages of very much reduced electrical clearances,
performance independent of ambient conditions, noise less operation, reduce moisture problem,
minimum current chopping, small arcing time, no reduction in dielectric strength of SF6, low
maintenance, reduced installation time & increased safety. Such as circuit breakers are used for
rated voltages in the ranges of 3.6 to 760 kV.

For the later operation a relay wt. is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage
up to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air
blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input,
say above 132kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force ie under high
pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The
motor starts

10
operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it
can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the
torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the
instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.

5) Protective relay :-A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the C.B. is to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”. The relay
detects the abnormal condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical
quantities, which are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities which
may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Having detect
the fault, the relay operate to close the trip circuit of C.B. There are two principle reason for this;
Firstly,if the fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary interruption of service to the
customer. Secondly, rapid disconnection of faulty apparatus limits the amount of damage to it &
a prevents the effects from speeding into the system.

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault & initiates the operation of circuit breaker to
isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. Most of the relays operate on the
principle of electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction. The following important
types of relays are generally used in electrical distribution & transmission line:
1. Induction Type Over Current Relay
2. Induction Type Over Voltage Relay
3. Distance Relay
4. Differential Relay
5. Earth Fault Relay

6) Instrument Transformers :- The line in Sub-Station operate at high voltage and carry
current of thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective devices are designed
for low voltage (generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work
satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing
Instrument transformer, on the power lines. There are two types of instrument transformer.

i) Current Transformer :- A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer. It

steps-down the current in a known ratio, the primary of this transformer consists of one
or more turn of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary consist of
thick wire connected in series with line having large number of turns of fine wire and
provides for measuring instrument, and relay a current, which is a constant fraction of the
current in the line.
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to1amp. This is done

11
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of
this transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.
 Fig 3.4 CT Fig 3.5 Different ratings of a CT

ii) Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer :- It is essentially a step–down

transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The primary of these transformer
consists of a large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. The secondary
winding consist of a few turns, provides for measuring instruments, and relay a voltage
that is known fraction of the line voltage.

Fig 3.6 Potential Transformer

7) Metering and Indicating Instrument :-There are several metering and indicating Instrument
(e.g. Ammeters, Voltmeters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over
the circuit quantities.

12

The instrument transformer are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.
8) Miscellaneous equipment :-In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a
Substation:
i) Fuses
ii) Carrier-current equipment
iii)Sub-Station auxiliary supplies

9) Transformer :- There are two transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are
step down at the same time. In case of a 220KV or more Auto transformers are used. While in
case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used of
lower KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used.
Transformer is static equipment, which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another.
As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction,
Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is
exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can
give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of
25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with the installation,
operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the Instructions provided by the
manufacture.

Basic Principle: The transformer is based on two principles; firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within
a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Charging
the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing
magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. The two circuits are electrically isolated
but magnetically linked through a low reluctance path. If one coil is connected to a.c supply, an
a.c is setup in both of these circuits. This helps to transfer the voltage from one side to another.

Fig 3.7 Transformer

13
Accessories of transformers:
Core & Winding: It may be of various shape i.e. core, shell. It is made of coldrolled-
grain-oriented Silicon-steel of varnish insulation on the lamination. The core is laminated
to reduce the core loss. The laminations are made in steps & try to give circular cross
section. Bolts 7 nuts secure the lamination. The core is placed at the bottom of the tank.
The tanks are constructed from sheet steel for small tank & boiler sheet for large tank.
There are thermometer pockets, radiator tubes for increasing cooling surfaces. A 3-phase
transformer has six separate windings, three primary & three secondary wound iron
cores. Enameled copper with insulation is used for winding. Insulated papers are used for
interlayer insulation. Paper in the form of tape may be utilized for tapping winding leads
and other parts. Pressboards are used for insulation between windings & core.
Pressboards are also used to separate HV windings from LV windings inputs nearer the
core.

Transformer Oil: The tank is filled with transformer oil; & sealed. It is a mineral oil
obtained by refining crude petroleum. It serves the following purposes:-
I. Provides additional insulation
II. Carries away the heat generated in the core & oils
Good transformer oil should have:-
1. High dielectric strength.
2. Low viscosity to provide good heat transformation.
3. High flash/fire point
4. Free from inorganic acid, alkali & corrosive Sulphur
5. Free from sludging under normal operating condition
It is important to check the oil in regular intervals.

Conservator: It consists of an airtight metal drum fixed above the level of the top of the
tank & connected with the tank is completely filled with oil. The conservator is partially
is filled with oil. The function of conservator is to take up construction & expansion of
oil without allowing it to come in contact with outside air. Transformer oil will expand
due to the heat generated because of losses.

Breather: When the temperature changes, expansion of contacts & there is a displacement
of air. When the transformer cools the oil level goes down 7 air is drawn in. The oil
should not be allowed to come in contact with the atmospheric air as it may take
moisture, which may spoil its insulating properties. Air may cause acidity or sludging of
oil, so, the air coming in is passed through an apparatus called breather for extracting
moisture. The breather consists of a small vessel, which contains a drying agent like
Silica gel crystal.

Diverter tank: It is a drum like structure mounted on a transformer wall & filled with
transformer oil & connected to conservator. It reduces arcing during tap changing
operation.
 14
Radiator: It is of small thickness & large diameter plates & used for heat dissipation
during operation. Large diameter means large surface area 7 better cooling.

Temperature Indicator: There are two temperature indicators on the transformer tank one
for oil temperature measurement & another for core temperature measurement. In 31.5
MVA Transformers when oil temperature reaches 65o c cooling fans starts automatically
but when the oil temperature rises at 75o c or winding temperature rises at 85o c the
alarm circuit will be closed. Further increase in oil or winding temp. the circuit will trip
automatically. Cooling fans are placed beside the radiator tube, which are used for oil
cooling. Generally the cooling fans start automatically but when needed it can be started
manually.

Bushing: it is fixed on the transformer tank and these connections is made to the external
circuits. Ordinary porcelain insulators can be used as bushing up to voltage of 33 kV.
Above 33 kv oil filled type bushings are used. In filled bushings, the conductor is passed
through the hollow porcelain insulator which is filled with oil.

Buchholz relay: It Is a gas actuated relay installed in oil immersed transformers for
protection against all kinds of faults. Any fault produces heat & forces the evolution of
gas. It mainly consists of two float switches 7 placed in the connecting pipe between the
main tank & conservator. Under normal condition they main tank and Buchholz relay is
completely filled up with oil & the conservator tank is about half full. When the fault
occurs, produces gas & collect in the container so the oil level gradually falls & closing
the alarm circuit. I f no attention is paid to it, the gas collection will be more & closes
another circuit which will cut out the transformer from the line.

Fig 3.8 Parts of Transformer

 15
Explosion Vent/ Pressure Release Vent: When the gas pressure on the container is heavy,
explosion vent is released. Alarm circuit & trip circuit will close by Buchholz Relay,
before opening the explosion vent it is used now a days.

Tap Changing: Mainly 132/33 kV transformer uses on-load tap changing & 33/11 kV
transformer is used of load off-load tap changing. The tap changer is generally done on
H.V side because current flow is less than lv side. Which reduces the flashing during the
tap changing. Here tap changed in 132/33 kV transformer.

10) Earthing or Station Transformer: Power transformers are using Delta-Star connection. So,
if any fault occurs in secondary side, the earthing transformer grounds those current due to star
connection. So a neutral provided to power transformers. Also it provides power for substation.
In this type of transformer zigzag star and normal star connections are used. Zigzag star is used
in H.V sides and normal stars are used in L.V side. Here in the H.V. side zigzag stars used,
because it reduces the heating effect of fault current & makes it robust.

Fig 3.9 Earthing/Station Transformer

Protection Against Lightning:

Transients or Surges on the power system may originate from switching or other causes, but the
most important & dangerous surges are those which caused by lightning. The lightning surges
may cause serious damage to the expensive equipment or strokes on transmission lines that reach
the equipment travelling as a wave. Thus it is necessary to provide a protection against lightning
surges,

They are:-
 16
1. Earth Screen.
2. Overhead Ground Wire.
3. Lightning Arrestor.

1. Earth Screen: The power stations & the substations are generally have much expensive
equipments. These stations can be protected from direct lightning strikes by providing earthing
screens. It consists of a network of copper conductors mounted all over the electrical equipments
in the substation or Power station. The screen is properly connected to earth on at least two
points through low impedance. On the occurrence of direct stroke on the station the screen
provides a low resistance path by which lightning surges are connected to the ground. In this way
station equipments are protected against lightning.

2. Overhead Ground Wires: The most effective method of providing protection against direct
lightning strokes is by the use of overhead ground wires. The ground wires are placed over line
conductors at such position that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them. The
ground wire is ground at each tower or pole through as low resistance as possible. When the
direct lightning strokes occur on the transmission line will be taken u by the ground wire. The
heavy current flows to the ground through the ground wire, so it protects the line from harmful
effects of lightning.

3. Lightening Arrestors: Firstly, we can see lightning arrestors. These lightning arrestors can
resist or ground the lightning, if falls on the incoming feeders. The lightning arrestors can work
in an angle of 30 degrees around them. They are mostly used for protection of the instruments
used in the substation. As the cost of the instruments in the substation are very high to protect
them from high voltage lightning these arrestors are used.

It is a device used in Electrical Power systems to protect the insulation o the system from the
damaging effect of lightning. Metal Oxide arrestors (MOVs) have been used for power system
protection the mid 70s. The typical lightning arrestor is also known surge arrestor has a high
voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels down
the power system to the arrestor, the current from the surge is diverted around the protected
insulation in most cases to earth. Lightning arrestors with earth switch are used after the current
transformers to protect it from lightning i.e. from high voltage entering into it. This lightning
arrestor has an earth switch that can directly earth the lightning. The arrestor works at 30o to 45o
angle of the lightning making a cone. The earth switch can be operated manually, by pulling the
switch towards the ground. This also helps in breaking the line entering the station. By doing so
maintenance repair of any instrument could be performed.

17
 Fig 4.1 Lightning Arrestor
Types of lightning arrestors:-
There are several types of lightning arrestors are in use, differs only in their
constructional detail but they are electrically identical & operate on the same principle.
They are-
a. Rod gap arrestor
b. Horn gap arrestor
c. Valve type arrestor

a. Rod type arrestor: It consists of two rods which are bent in right angles with a gap in
between them. One rod is connected to the line circuit & the other one is connected to the
earth. They are usually connected across the string of insulators & bushings of various
transformers. The rod gap should be set to breakdown at about 20% below the impulse
spark over voltage of insulation at the point where it is installed. To protect the insulator
it should be one 3rd of the rod gap. Under the normal condition the gap remains non
conductive. On the occurrence of high voltage surge on the line, the gap sparks over &
the surge current is connected to earth.

b. Horn gap arrestor: It consists of two horn shaped metals rods separated by a small air
gap. The horns are so constructed that distance between them gradually increase towards
the top. The horns are mounted on the porcelain insulators. On end of the horn is
connected to the line & other end is efficiently grounded. Under normal condition the gap
is non conductive. On the occurrence of high voltage, spark takes place across the gap &
the arc to travel up the gap. At some position of arc, the distance may be for the voltage
to maintain the arc. Consequently, the arc is extinguished, & the excess charge on the line
is thus conducted to ground through arrestor.

18
 c. Valve type arrestors: It consists of a no. of flat disc of a porous material stacked one
above the other & separated by a thin mica rings. The porous material is made of
specially prepared clay with a small admixture of powdered conducting substance. The
discs are arranged in such a way that the normal voltage may not cause the discharge to
occur. The mica rings provide insulations during normal operation. At time of over
voltage, the glow discharge occurs in the capillaries of the material& the voltage drops to
about 350 volts per unit.

Storage Battery

A cell is a device in which a electrical difference of potential is established between the two
electrodes as a result of chemical reaction between the electrode & electrolyte. There are two
types of cell:-
a. Primary cell
b. Secondary or storage cell
Secondary cells are of two types:-
a. Lead Acid cell
b. Alkaline cell

Fig 5.1 Battery Room

Working Principle: When the +ve plate of Lead per Oxide & -ve plates of spongy lead are
immersed in dilute H2SO4 & connected together by means of external circuit, current flows
round the circuit. The cell works until the per Oxide is used up & under this condition the cell is
said to be discharging. The cell under fully discharged condition: Positive Plate=PbO2 Negative
plate=Pb Electrolyte=dil. H2SO4 (sp. Gravity=1.25)
During discharge: The chemical action can be represented by the following chemical equation.
At +ve condition :- PbO2+H2+H2SO4=PbSO4+2H2O
At –ve condition :- Pb+SO4=PbSO4

19
During Charging:- When a direct current from an external source is passed through it from
positive to negative, the following, the following changes will occur:-
At +ve plate:- PbSO4+So2+2H2O=PbSO4+2H2O
At –ve plate:- PbSO4+H2=Pb+H2SO4
Color of the plate at the end of the charge becomes:-
Positive plate:-Dark Brown
Negative plate:-Slate Gray The batteries are connected to the circuit breaker for tripping the
circuit breaker. Here trip is used through type relays.

Capacitor bank attached to the bus :-

The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not get down below the
required voltage. When the inductive property of the line increases then the voltage lags behind
current & causes loss of money, so to raise the voltage up & prevent loss of money capacitor
banks are used. It raises the voltage and raises power factor.

Fig 6.1 Capacitor Bank

20
Wave trap :-Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap
is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is
connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to
the instruments here in the substation.

Low pass filter when power frequency currents are passed to switch yard and high frequency
signals are blocked. Line Isolator with E.B. – To isolate the line from Sub Station and earth, it
under shut down.

Fig 7.1 Wave Trap

THE FIRE PROTECTION:- The fire protection device should be kept in store yard for safety
of equipment during storage. It can be useful in the time of danger. This includes fire
extinguishers, constant supply of water e.t.c.

Storage of equipment for the substation

All the substation equipment/materials received on site should be stored properly, either in the
outdoor yard or in the stores shade depending on the storage requirement of that particular
equipment. The material received should be properly counted and checked for any
damages/breakages etc.
The storage procedure for main equipment is as follows:

I. EHV C.T.s and P.T.s normally, 220KV are packed in iron structures for extra
supports with cross beams to avoid lateral movement while those of 132KV C.Ts. and
P.Ts are packed and transported in wooden crates vertically 132 KV C.Ts. and P.Ts.
should be stored vertically and those of 220 KV and 400 KV should be stored in
horizontal

21
 position. C.Ts and P.Ts. packed in wooden crates should not be stored for longer
period as the packing may deteriorate. The wooden packages should be stored on a
cement platform or on M.S. Channels to avoid faster deterioration of the wooden
crates. C.Ts and P.Ts packed in iron cases stored in horizontal position should be
placed on stable ground. No C.Ts and P.Ts. should be unpacked in horizontal
position.
II. L.A. s. are packed in sturdy wooden case as the porcelain portion is very fragile. Care
should be taken while unpacking, handling and storage due to this reason.
III. Batteries, Acid, Battery charger C & R panel, A.C.D.B s copper piping, clamp
connectors, hardware etc. should be stored indoor.
IV. Circuit breakers: The mechanism boxes of 33 KV – V.C.B s should be stored on
raised ground and properly covered with tarpaulins or should be stored in door. The
interrupter chambers should be stored on raised ground to avoid rain water in storage
area.
V. Extra High Voltage Circuit Breakers: Now-a-days SF6 circuit breaker are used at
EHV rottages. The control and operating cabinets are covered in polythene bags and
are packed in wooden and iron crates. These should be stored on raised ground and
should be covered with tarpaulins. The arcing chambers and support insulators are
packed in iron crates and transported horizontally. The +ve pressure of SF6 gas is
maintained in these arcing chambers to avoid the ingress of moisture. It should be
ensured that this pressure is maintained during the storage. Other accessories like pr.
Switches, density monitor, Air Piping, control cables, wiring materials, SF6 gas
pipes; SF6 cylinder should be stored in store shed.
VI. Power transformers: The main Tank -The transformer is transported on trailer to
substation site and as far as possible directly unloaded on the plinth. Transformer
tanks up to 25 MVA capacity are generally oil filled, and those of higher capacity are
transported with N2 gas filled in them +ve pressure of N2 is maintained in
transformer tank to avoid the ingress of moisture. This pressure should be maintained
during storage; if neccessary by filling N2 Bushings - generally transported in
wooden cases in horizontal position and should be stored in that position. There being
more of Fragile material, care should be taken while handling them.
VII. Radiators – These should be stored with ends duly blanked with gaskets and end
plates to avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and any foreign materials inside. The care
should be taken to protect the fins of radiators while unloading and storage to avoid
further oil leakages. The radiators should be stored on raised ground keeping the fins
intact.
VIII. Oil Piping. The Oil piping should also be blanked at the ends with gasket and
blanking plates to avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and foreign All other accessories
like temperature meters, oil flow indicators, PRVs, buchholtz relay; oil surge relays;
gasket ‘ O ‘ rings etc. should be properly packed and stored indoor in store shed. Oil
is received in sealed oil barrels . The oil barrels should be stored in horizontal
position with the
 22
lids on either side in horizontal position to maintain oil pressure on them from inside
and subsequently avoiding moisture and water ingress into oil. The transformers are
received on site with loose accessories hence the materials should be checked as per
bills of materials.
IX. CONTROL AND RELAY PARTS -These are used to control the operations of
breakers, isolates, through protective relays installed on these panels various
protection schemes for transformers, lines etc, are provided on these panels.
 23
CONCLUSION

My four-week internship at the 132 KV Substation Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation
Limited(UPPTCL) provided me with a comprehensive understanding of equipment and systems in
the context of power grid management. Throughout my time at substation, I had the privilege of
working alongside a dedicated team of professionals who generously shared their knowledge and
expertise in this critical field.

During my internship ,I understood that electricity plays a vital role in our life. We have been
made aware of how Generation, Transmission & Distribution of electricity is done. We came to
know about the 132 KV Transmission Substation Balrampur and the equipment present here.
Apart from this I have also understood the basic operation and usage of each equipment which is
thoroughly explained in the report.

Nowadays electricity has become everyone’s basic necessity without which life is too hard to
imagine. In such a scenario these substations play a vital role in providing reliable and cost-
efficient electricity.

Working in such an environment gave me immense experience which I believe will benefit me
in the long run and I am really thankful to everyone who has helped me in completing this
training.
 24
REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Power_Corporation_Limited
2. https://www.uppcl.org/uppcl
3. https://upptcl.org/upptcl/en/page/about-upptcl
4. Help from different staff at 132 KV Substation UPPTCL, Balrampur
26