PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV)MICRO-INVERTER WITH

INTERLEAVED FLYBACK TOPOLOGY

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SEMINA BEEGUM A
IDK17EEPC15

to

the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree

of

Master of Technology
in
Power Electronics and Control

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Government Engineering College Idukki
Painav, Idukki
JUNE 2019
 DECLARATION

I undersigned hereby declare that the thesis phase I report "Photovoltaic(PV) micro-
inverter with interleaved flyback topology", submitted for partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Master of Technology of the APJ Abdul Kalam Tech-
nological University, Kerala is a bonafide work done by me in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Government Engineering College Idukki. This submission represents
my ideas in my own words and where ideas or words of others have been included, I have
adequately and accurately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have
adhered to ethics of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated
any data or idea or fact or source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above
will be a cause for disciplinary action by the institute and/or the University and can also evoke
penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been obtained. This report has not been previously formed the basis for the
award of any degree, diploma or similar title of any other University.

Place: Painav
Date: 22/06/2019 SEMINA BEEGUM A
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE IDUKKI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled "Photovoltaic(PV) micro-inverter with in-
terleaved flyback topology" submitted by "SEMINA BEEGUM A"(IDK17EEPC15)
to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology in Power Electronics and Control, is a
bonafide record of the project work carried out by her under our guidance and supervision. This
report in any form has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for any purpose.

Internal Supervisor Project Co-ordinator

Dr. M. Waheeda Beevi Dr. Mabel Ebenezer
Professor Associate Professor
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
GEC Idukki GEC Idukki

Head of the Department

Dr.M. Waheeda Beevi
Professor
Dept. of EEE
GEC, Idukki
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost I praise and thank GOD Almighty, the foundation of all wisdom from
depth of my heart for being the unfailing source of strength. If words are considered as symbols
of approval and tokens of acknowledgement, then let the following words play the heading role
of expressing my gratitude. Beyond good there are dozens of individuals, who have helped me
along the way. I would like to add a few heartfelt that to these people who were a part of my
project in numerous ways.

This project work would not have been possible without the sincere assistance of a num-
ber of eminent people. I take this opportunity to acknowledge my heartfelt gratitude to our
respected Principal Dr. Jalaja M. V. for providing all the necessary facilities in this institution
to complete my work.

I express profound and sincere thanks to Dr. Mabel Ebenezer, project co-ordinator,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the valuable advices and supervision
and giving new dimensions to my M.tech course.

I express profound and sincere thanks to Dr. M.Waheeda Beevi, Guide and Head of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for careful attention and support to
my work. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor for helping me to
overcome several constraints.

I extent my special thanks to all my friends for their enthusiastic encouragement and full
support. More than anybody else, I am grateful to my parents for their encouragement, support
and blessing.

SEMINA BEEGUM A

i
 ABSTRACT

The grid-tied inverters need to be carefully designed for achieving the purposes of high effi-
ciency, low cost, small size, and low weight, especially in the low-power single-phase systems
(less than 5 kW). However, line-frequency transformers are large and heavy, making the whole
system bulky and hard to install. Compared with line-frequency isolation, inverters with high-
frequency isolation transformers have lower cost, smaller size and weight. However, the in-
verters with high-frequency transformers have several power stages, which increase the system
complexity and reduce the system efficiency. As a result, the transformer-less PV grid-tied in-
verters are widely installed in the low-power distributed PV generation systems. Unfortunately,
when the transformer is removed, the common mode(CM) leakage currents (leakage) may ap-
pear in the system and goes through the parasitic capacitances between the PV panels and the
ground. Moreover, the leakage currents lead to serious safety and radiated interference issues.
Therefore, they must be limited within a reasonable range.
In this project a 100W prototype standalone PV micro-inverter is used.Input supply is from
100W, solar panel, which is given to the flyback converter whose input is parallel and output is
series.An HERIC inverter is used at last stage to obtain 230v, 50Hz as output.Constant voltage
MPPT algorithm is used for triggering of gates in converter.

ii
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

NOTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1 PV OR SOLAR CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 INTERLEAVED FLYBACK CONVERTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 INVERTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 TECHNIQUES OF CURRENT CONTROL IN INVERTERS . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 FILTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 PV PANEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1 Equivalent circuit of pv panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.2 Equations of initialization parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 CONSTANT VOLTAGE ALGORITHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 INTERLEAVED FLYBACK TOPOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

iii
 3.3.1 Modes of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.2 Design equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 HERIC INVERTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6 MODELLING OF FILTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6.1 Filter design equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1 SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO LOAD . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.1 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.2 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO GRID . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.1 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO DIFFERENT LOADS
AND GRID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.1 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.2 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT . . . . . . . . . 29

5.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.1 Design specification of coupled inductor in Flyback converter . . . . . 30
5.1.2 Inductor design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2.1 Circuit layout of controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2.2 Circuit layout of Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2.3 Circuit layout of inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.4 IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

No. TITLE PAGE No.

3.1 Modulation switching strategy of the HERIC topology . . . . . . . . 13

4.1 Solar panel specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2 specifications of a Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Power sharing of grid and PV to different loads . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.1 Coupled Inductor specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.2 Inductor specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3 Hardware components specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

No. TITLE PAGE No.

1.1 Block diagram of proposed PV micro-inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 circuit diagram of proposed PV micro-inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Equivalent circuit of pv panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Flowchart of open voltage method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Circuit diagram of a interleaved Flyback converter. . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5 Circuit diagram of HERIC inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 Block diagram of Hysteresis current control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 Simulation of Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2 Simulation of Constant voltage control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Simulation of Heric inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Simulation of HERIC control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.5 Complete simulation of a Photovoltaic(PV) connected to load. . . . . 19
4.6 Gate pulses for flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.7 Gate pulses for HERIC inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.8 capacitor voltage of a Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.9 Vdc ,Bus voltage from Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.10 Output voltage from HERIC inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.11 simulation of a photovoltaic(PV) system connected to a grid . . . . . 22
4.12 Hysteresis current control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.13 Waveform of dc voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.14 Waveforms of pulses obtained across switches S1,S2,S4 and output
current from inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.15 Waveforms of grid current and voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

vi
4.16 Simulation of power sharing of PV system with grid connected to
various loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.17 Simulated waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid
connected to various loads, motor, RLC load, R load. . . . . . . . . . 26
4.18 Simulated waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid
connected to various loads, motor, RLC load, R load. . . . . . . . . . 27
4.19 Simulated waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid
connected to load2,RLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.1 Circuit layout of controller T M S320F28027 launchpad in eagle soft-

ware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2 Circuit layout of interleaved Flyback converter in eagle software. . . . 34
5.3 Circuit layout of HERIC inverter in eagle software. . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.4 Experimental set-up of PV micro inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5 Pulse for Flyback without feedback and inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6 Pulse for Flyback with feedback and inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.7 Pulses of interleaved Flyback converter (both switches) . . . . . . . . 38
5.8 Diode voltage of interleaved Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.9 Output voltage of interleaved Flyback converter . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.10 Pulses of inverter by technique unipolar pulsewidth modulation . . . . 40
5.11 Output voltage waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

High efficient reliable inverter converter

HERIC

Maximum power point

MPP

Maximum power point tracking

MPPT

P&O Perturb and observe

PID Proportional plus integral plus derivative

PLL Phase locked loop

PV Photo-voltaic

Pulse width modulation

PWM

viii
 NOTATIONS

Window area in mm2

Aw

Core cross sectional area in mm2

Ac

Supply frequency,Hz
F

Fs Switching frequency, KHz

Idm P-n junction(diode)current, A

Isc Short circuit current, A

N Transformer turns ratio

Number of parallel cells

Np

Number of series cells

Ns

Maximum power,W
Pmax

Diode resistance,Ω
Rd

Cell resistance at Pmax , Ω

Rmpp

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

In the current scenario, the demand for energy is increasing exponentially, although fossil fuel
offers a temporary solution to this crisis. The use of fossil fuel leads to the emission of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are harmful to the environment. Nowadays renew-
able energy is more dependable because of its efficiency and cost. Different types of renewable
resources are available, most prominent is solar energy. Solar energy can be divided into two
systems; thermal energy system which converts solar energy into thermal energy and Photo-
Voltaic (PV) energy system that converts solar energy into electrical energy. PV is one of the
leading topologies. A solar inverter or PV inverter is a type of electrical converter which con-
verts the variable direct current (DC) from PV panel into a utility frequency alternating current
(AC) that fed to the commercial grid. Or used by local, or off-grid networks.

The PV inverters are commonly classified as the centralized inverter, the string inverter,
and microinverters. The main problem with the string inverter is the poor performance with
a maximum current rating for large panels. The challenges associated with the centralized
inverter are larger areas for the allocation of the device and it requires additional heat dissipation
equipment such as cooling fans. Were as Microinverters, they attached to each individual panel
which means each panel works independently from the rest of the solar array and DC power is
converted to AC immediately on the roof.

The remarkable progress in the semiconductor manufacturing domain is the reason be-
hind the fastest development of the photovoltaic system. Power electronics sector plays an
important role in photovoltaic system control. Solar inverter systems to maximize power ex-
traction under all conditions it corporates with MPPT, such inverters sample the output power
from the solar panel and apply to proper load so as to obtain maximum power. The use of a
DC/DC converter is to maximize the output power of the PV array, these converters harvest the

1
optimum power due to its simple system design that ultimately makes it the best choice for PV
source.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

• To simulate and implement a PV standalone system with high-efficiency and low cost.
• To simulate a PV system connect to the grid in Simulink and also to analyze power-sharing
with the different load.

Figure 1.1 Block diagram of proposed PV micro-inverter.

Figure 1.1 shows the block diagram of proposed PV micro-inverter. Photo-Voltaic(PV)

micro-inverter consist of p v panel, DC-DC converter, DC-AC converter and a filter.To track
the maximum power from the panel,MPPT technique is used.

For low power inverter, high gain converters are required. Interleaved flyback converter
is compared with a boost flyback converter. Li W., He X.,(2011) explains about working of
Boost-flyback converter. While the efficiency is comparable with flyback, it does have an extra
inductance on the output and is not suited for the high voltage application. It has high voltage
stress across the diode. This makes interleaved flyback converter more suitable than a boost-
flyback converter.

2
 Nowadays transformerless inverters are used, due to avoid bulky circuit and to reduce
cost. Different transformerless topology was considered such as H5, H6, HERIC topologies,
Baifeng Chen, Bin Gu, Lanhua Zhang, Zaka Ullah Zahid, Jih-Sheng (Jason) Lai, Zhiling Liao,
and Ruixiang Hao,(2015) deals about detailed study of transformerless topology.

The H5 inverter has disadvantages such as, produces small variations with respect to
common mode voltage, and small mismatch or delay can cause high leakage current. Whereas
H6 inverter has a common mode voltage as constant, but have higher conduction loss. Compare
with other topologies, High efficient reliable inverter-converter (HERIC) topology has advan-
tages such as, disconnects the grid and source during the freewheeling period. Common mode
voltage is constant and also internal reactive power is eliminated.

Available PV panel was chosen of 100W, with open circuit voltage (Voc) of 22V. Inter-
leaved flyback converter as input parallel and output series so as to get required bus voltage.
Constant voltage MPPT algorithm is used for controlling the gate pulses of the converter. The
constant voltage (CV) method algorithm is the simplest MPPT controller and has a quick re-
sponse. The constant voltage methods do not require additional equipment or input except for
the measurement of the PV voltage which requires a PI controller to adjust the duty cycle of
the converter in order to maintain the PV voltage near the Maximum power point(MPP).

The HERIC inverter is connected to the end side. Unipolar pulse width modulation
(PWM) technique is used for obtaining gate pulses for the inverter. The main advantage of
PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is
practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is
almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current,
is thus in both cases close to zero. The unipolar modulation normally requires two sinusoidal
modulating waves which are of the same magnitude and frequency but 180 degree out of phase.
The two modulating waves are compared with a common triangular carrier wave for generating
two gating signals.

Here, simulate a PV system connect to the grid in Simulink( developed by MathWorks,

is a graphical programming environment for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain
dynamical systems), and also to analyze power-sharing with the different loaded condition.

3
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

The thesis is divided into six chapters including introduction chapter. Each chapter deals
with various sections of the thesis for better understanding.
Chapter2 deals with the literature survey required for the project.
Chapter3 deals with the system description, circuit explanation.
Chapter4 deals the simulation of PV system in connected to load, connected to PV and con-
nected to grid and different loads.
Chapter5 presents the details of hardware implementation of PV micro inverter, and also ex-
perimental results.
Chapter6 deals with conclusion.

4
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PV OR SOLAR CELL

In the photovoltaic system, the photovoltaic cells in the collector absorb solar radiations
and this solar radiation converted into electrical energy. When the solar radiation incident on
PVcell it can generate electricity. The term Photo means light and Voltaic means electricity. A
solar cell, as well as PV cells, are made up of a semiconductor device that produces electricity
when light falls on it.
Open circuit voltage(Voc)
When the solar cell open-circuited that means not connected the to any load, the current will
be at its minimum (zero) and the voltage across the cell is at its maximum’
Short circuit current(Isc)
The voltage across the cell is at minimum (Zero) when the solar cell is short-circuited and the
current flowing through the cell reaches its maximum. (Rajive Roshan, Yatendra Yada 2013)
Chien-Yao Liao, et.al.(2016) deals about the novel PV microinverter with PV current decou-
pling to achieve the maximum power point tracking performance without the use of large elec-
trolyte capacitors.
Ching-ming lai (2014) explains the grid-connected PV microinverter delivers the solar energy
from single PV panel to c utility, it’s based on interleaved flyback converter topology.

2.2 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation into
electrical energy. Maximum power point tracking technique is used to improve the efficiency
of the solar panel. According to MPPT technique, the output power is maximum when the
source impedance matches with the load impedance.
Johan H.R.Enslin and Wernher Swiegers (1997) gives a detailed explanation of low-cost, low
power highly efficient MPPT for PV panel. It gives an explanation of the integrated cost-
effective MPPT system and its advantages.
There are various MPPT techniques are proposed. Among those methods, the perturb and

5
observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) methods are widely used. Here the constant
voltage algorithm is used. Nicola Femia et.al.(2005) explains at steady state the operating point
oscillates around the MPP which causes wastage of energy. P&O algorithm becomes confused
during a sudden change in the atmosphere. These are the disadvantages of P&O method.

2.3 INTERLEAVED FLYBACK CONVERTER

D. Hart, power electronics, (2010) deals with different types of DC-DC converters and
its detailed analysis. It also gives a detailed study of converters and steady-state analysis of
isolated converters like push-pull converter, flyback converters, etc.
Li W., He X.,(2011) explains about working of Boost-flyback converter. While the efficiency
is comparable with flyback, it does have an extra inductance on the output and is not suited for
the high voltage application.. It has high voltage stress across the diode.

2.4 INVERTER

Bose B. K (2002) gives information about the modeling of inverters.

Ned Mohan-power electronics gives a detailed explanation of different types of inverters and
different switching schemes.
Baifeng Chen, Bin Gu, Lanhua Zhang, Zaka Ullah Zahid, Jih-Sheng (Jason) Lai, Zhiling Liao,
and Ruixiang Hao,(2015) deals about detailed study of transformerless topology.

• H5- Produce small variations in common mode voltage, and small mismatch or delay
cause high leakage current.

• H6- Common mode voltage is constant but have higher conduction loss.

• HERIC- It disconnects the gid and source during the freewheeling period. Common
mode voltage is constant. Internal reactive power is eliminated.

6
2.5 TECHNIQUES OF CURRENT CONTROL IN INVERTERS

To control the output current there are different current controls technique are used.
Antonio Martins, Sandro Vale,(2014) deals with the comparison of different current control
methods for single-phase inverters.

• Hysteresis current control- It’s simple, robust and provide excellent transient and steady-
state characteristics. It can provide decoupled power control, with small and simple
changes. Nonlinear switching of the hysteresis controller gives better dynamic and low-
frequency harmonics at the expense of a wider spread of a harmonics.

• PI controller- In proportional plus integral(PI) control, the load current is compared to

reference current and an error signal is generated. It improves the rise time and settling
time.

2.6 FILTER

Commonly used filters are L filter, LC filter, LCL filter

M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, et.al.(2006) deals about the LCL filter design and its control based on
a three-phase active filter.

7
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Photo-Voltaic(PV) is one of leading technology and grid connected PV system is elec-

tricity generating solar PV connected to the utility grid. Its one of the fastest developing and
most prominent renewable energy sources in the globe. The PV energy has been widely used
all over the world and has become an important source of electricity provider for residences
and industries. Grid connected PV micro-inverter isalso known as ’grid-tied’ or ’on-grid’ PV
inverters. For the PV generation system, grid-connected inverters are commonly used to trans-
fer PV power into the grid power. The PV micro-inverter has several advantages,they are low
installation cost, higher maximum power tracking , longer life tie and high flexibility.

Figure 3.1 circuit diagram of proposed PV micro-inverter.

Figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of proposed PV micro-inverter. Photo-Voltaic(PV)

micro-inverter consist of p v panel, DC-DC converter, DC-AC converter and a filter.To track the
maximum power from the panel,MPPT technique is used. Inverter current control technique is
used to control the output current.

8
3.1 PV PANEL

3.1.1 Equivalent circuit of pv panel

Figure 3.2 Equivalent circuit of pv panel

Figure 3.2 shows equivalent circuit of the ideal photovoltaic cell. The commonly used
PV model is the PV electrical circuit model which consist of a current source, diodes, and
resistors. The commonly used PV electrical circuit model has the single diode model with a
series resistor(Rs) and a parallel resistor(Rp). Solar cell is modelled by a current source and a
diode in parallel with it.

3.1.2 Equations of initialization parameters

  V + IR   V + IR 
s s
I = Npp Ipv − Io exp −1 − (3.1)
aVt Ns Rp
Vt = Ns kTc a/q (3.2)

Ipv = [Isc + K1 (Tc − Tre f )]G (3.3)

 T 3  
c
Io = Ir s exp qEg (Tc − Tre f )/Tre f Tc ka (3.4)
Tre f
 
Ir s = Isc exp(qVoc /Ns kaTc ) − 1 (3.5)

where, Ipv = light generated current or photocurrent

Io = cell saturation current
q= electron charge [1.6*10−6 C]
k= Boltzmann’s constant [1.38*10−23 J/K]
Tc = cell’s working temperature

9
Tre f = cell’s reference temperature
a= ideality factor
Rs = series resistance
Isc = short circuit current of the cell
K1 = cell’s short circuit current temperature coefficient
Ir s = cell’s reverse saturation current
Eg = band-gap energy of the semiconductor
a= ideal factor
Np = no. of cells in parallel
Ns = no. of cells in series

3.2 CONSTANT VOLTAGE ALGORITHM

The constant voltage (CV) method algorithm is the simplest MPPT controller and has a
quick response.Its also known as open voltage method. The constant voltage methods do not
require additional equipment or input except for the measurement of the PV voltage, which
requires a PI controller to adjust the duty cycle of the converter in order to maintain the PV
voltage near the MPP. The value of Vref were chosen to give optimal performance relative to
other factors as well as the MPP, in this technique Vref is determined as a ratio to Voc.

Figure 3.3 Flowchart of open voltage method.

10
3.3 INTERLEAVED FLYBACK TOPOLOGY

Fly-back converter is the most commonly used SMPS circuit.Its used for low output
power applications. The output voltage needs to be isolated from the input main supply. The
output power may vary from few watts to less than 100 watts.The circuit can have single or
multiple isolated output voltages. Operate over wide range of input voltage variation. In re-
spect of energy-efficiency, Flyback power supplies are inferior to many other SMPS circuits but
its simple topology and low cost makes it popular in low output power range. Typical efficiency
of a Flyback converter is around 65%-75%.

3.3.1 Modes of operation

MODE 1:

• Switch ON:Diode is reverse biased and L m will store energy.

• Current in the primary winding increases and the capacitor supplies output current to the
load.

• Change in magnetizing inductor current, ∆i L m = Vs DT

Lm

MODE 2:

• Switch OFF:Negative voltage is induced by the magnetizing current.

• The diode is then forward biased and V2 = −Vo .

• The stored energy in the primary is transferred to the secondary.

• It charges the capacitor and also gives energy to the load connected.

−Vo (1−D)T
N 
• Change in magnetizing inductor current, ∆i L m = Lm
1
N2

• Net change in inductor current must be zero over one period for steady state operation

=0



∆i L m closed + ∆i L m open

 
Vo
Vs = N2
N1
D
1−D

11
For interleaved Flyback converter, two Flyback having same specification are required. Were
input is taken as parallel and output to series to get required bus voltage.

Figure 3.4 Circuit diagram of a interleaved Flyback converter.

3.3.2 Design equations

N2
 
• Turns Ratio, N1 = Vo
Vs
1−D
D

Vo2
• Load, R = P

• Output Current, Io = Vo
R
N 
• Magnetizing Inductance Current, IL m = Vo
(1−D)R
2
N1

• Change in Magnetizing Inductance Current, ∆IL m = 40% × IL m

• Magnetizing Inductance, L m = Vs D
∆i Lm f s

• Output voltage ripple, ∆Vo = 2% × Vo

• Capacitance, C = Vo D
∆Vo R f s

• For interleaved Flyback converter output voltage will be sum of two capacitor voltages,
Ctotal = 2 ∗ Vo D
∆Vo R f s

12
3.4 HERIC INVERTER

This topology is also based on the full-bridge and uses two extra switches at the AC
side (AC bypass). The HERIC inverter where Cdc is DC-link capacitor, L1 and L2 are filter
inductance at grid side and C1 is the filter capacitor. HERIC Employs two extra switches on
the AC side of inverter. These additional switches have the two major functions: isolating
the photovoltaic panel from the grid, and preventing the reactive power exchange between the
filter inductors and capacitors during the zero voltage state, thus increasing efficiency. Also the
leakage current path is cut off as well.

Mode Half period Conducting devices

Active Positive S1,S4,S5
Free-wheeling Positive S5,D6
Active Negative S2,S3,S6
Free-wheeling Negative S6,D5

Table 3.1 Modulation switching strategy of the HERIC topology

Figure 3.5 Circuit diagram of HERIC inverter.

This bypass disconnects the inverter from the grid during each free-wheeling period. As
shown below, either S5 and the free-wheeling diode of S6 or S6 and the free-wheeling diode
of S5 should be used to form the free-wheeling current path. As a result, the internal flow
of reactive power is eliminated which helps to increase the entire system efficiency and the

13
occurrence of leakage current is reduced since the common-mode voltage is maintained equal
to 0.5 Vdc.

3.5 HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL

Hysteresis current controllers are simple, robust and provide excellent transient and
steady-state characteristics. It can provide decoupled power control, with small and simple
changes. Non-linear switching of the hysteresis controller gives better dynamic and low-
frequency harmonics at the expense of a wider spread of a harmonics.

Figure 3.6 Block diagram of Hysteresis current control .

Figure 3.6 shows block diagram of hysteresis current control. The output current of
the inverter, is fed through a current sensor into the input of a hysteresis comparator where
the output current is compared within a band to the reference signal. The gating signals of
the switches are generating from the intersections between the upper and lower limits of the
hysteresis band and the feedback line current. When the output current becomes equal to the
value of the lower limit of the hysteresis band, then the switch S4 turns off, and S1 turns on.
When the output current becomes equal to the value of the upper limit of the hysteresis band,
then the switch S1 will turn off and the switch S4 will turn on. The harmonic performance of
the hysteresis current controller can be substantially improved by varying the hysteresis band
over each fundamental cycle to maintain a constant a constant switching frequency.

14
3.6 MODELLING OF FILTER

A filter is required between a inverter and the grid imposing a current-like performance
for feedback control and reducing harmonics of the output current. For grid connection different
types of filters are used. L filter is connected in series with the inverter and grid, it offers high
impedance to the ripple and has zero impedance to DC components.

3.6.1 Filter design equation

1. Voltage of inductor < 3% of output voltage.

2. 2 ∗ pi ∗ f ∗ L ∗ Im,max < 0.03Vo .

3. F = 50H z ,Cutoff frequency Fo = 20K H z.

15
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the Simulation of PV system connected to load, Simulation of PV
system connected to Grid, Simulation of PV system connected to different loads and grid.Solar
panel specification is shown in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Solar panel specifications

Parameters Ratings
Maximum power 100W
Open circuit voltage 22V
Shortcircuit current 5.9A

4.1 SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO LOAD

Figure 4.1 Simulation of Flyback converter

The figure 4.1 shows the simulation of interleaved Flyback converter. The input voltage
given to the converter is 17V and is designed in such away that the output voltage is 400V.
Table 4.2 shows the specification of interleaved Flyback converter.

16
 Table 4.2 specifications of a Flyback converter
Parameters Values
Maximum power 100W
Input voltage 17V
Output Voltage 400V
Duty ratio, D 0.45
Switching frequency, fs 50KHz
Inductance, Lm 60µH
Capacitance 1µF

Figure 4.2 Simulation of Constant voltage control

The figure 4.2 shows constant voltage MPPT control technique. Here 17V is set as
constant voltage.The pulse generated is given to the interleaved Flyback switches. The duty
ratio of converter is 0.45.

The constant voltage methods do not require additional equipment or input except for the
measurement of the PV voltage, which requires a PI controller to adjust the duty cycle of the
converter in order to maintain the PV voltage near the MPP.

The constant voltage (CV) method algorithm is the simplest MPPT controller and has a
quick response.The value of Vref were chosen to give optimal performance relative to other
factors as well as the MPP.

17
 Figure 4.3 Simulation of Heric inverter

The figure 4.3 shows the simulation of HERIC inverter. The bus Voltage from the inter-
leaved Flyback converter is given to the inverter. The output of inverter is connected to a load
of 100W. The switching frequency of inverter is 50KHz.

Figure 4.4 Simulation of HERIC control

The figure 4.4 shows the simulation of HERIC inverter with unipolar pulse width modu-
lation technique.These pulses are given to the six switches of inverter. The switching frequency
of inverter is 20KHz.

18
 Figure 4.5 Complete simulation of a Photovoltaic(PV) connected to load.

Figure 4.5 shows the complete simulation of a photovoltaic(PV) system connected to a

load. Filter is connected to side between PV system and load.

4.1.1 Simulation Results

Figure 4.6 Gate pulses for flyback converter

The figure 4.6 shows the gate pulses of interleaved Flyback converter. The maximum
range of duty ratio of converter is limited to 0.45 with a switching frequency of 50KHz.

19
 Figure 4.7 Gate pulses for HERIC inverter

The figure 4.7 shows the gate pulses of HERIC inverter. The maximum range of duty
ratio of inverter is limited to 0.5 with a switching frequency of 20KHz.

Figure 4.8 capacitor voltage of a Flyback converter

The figure 4.8 shows the capacitive voltage of a Flyback converter. The voltage of a
capacitor is 180V. Total capacitor voltage is 380v.

20
 Figure 4.9 Vdc ,Bus voltage from Flyback converter

The figure 4.9 shows the output voltage of a Flyback converter. Very small amount of
ripple present in the voltage waveform. It takes 1 seconds to settle down to output voltage of
400V. The voltage obtained in simulation is 380V.

Figure 4.10 Output voltage from HERIC inverter

The figure 4.10 shows the output voltage of HERIC inverted connected to the load. The
voltage obtained in simulation is 230V. The voltage obtained in simulation is 230V, AC.

21
4.1.2 Observation

Here simulated a photovoltaic(PV) system connected to a load. Filter is connected to side

between PV system and load.The maximum range of duty ratio of converter is limited to 0.45
with a switching frequency of 50KHz.The maximum range of duty ratio of inverter is limited to
0.5 with a switching frequency of 20KHz. The voltage of a capacitor in converter is 180V. Total
capacitor voltage is 380v. The voltage obtained in simulation is 380V, that’s bus voltage.The
voltage obtained in simulation is 230V, AC across the inverter.

4.2 SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO GRID

Figure 4.11 simulation of a photovoltaic(PV) system connected to a grid

Figure 4.11 shows the simulation of a photovoltaic(PV) system connected to a grid. Con-
stant voltage Method is used in converter side and hysteresis current control in the grid-inverter
side.

22
 Figure 4.12 Hysteresis current control.

Figure 4.12 shows the simulation of Hysteresis current control. The maximum range of
duty ratio of inverter is limited to 0.5 with a switching frequency of 20KHz. The gate pulses
obtained by hysteresis current control is given to six switches of inverter.

4.2.1 Simulation Results

Figure 4.13 Waveform of dc voltage.

The figure 4.13 shows the output voltage of a Flyback converter. Very small amount of
ripple present in the voltage waveform. It takes 1 seconds to settle down to output voltage of
400V. The voltage obtained in simulation is 380V. In the feedback reference voltage given as
380V.

23
Figure 4.14 Waveforms of pulses obtained across switches S1,S2,S4 and output current from
inverter.

The figure 4.14 shows the gate pulses of HERIC inverter. The maximum range of duty
ratio of inverter is limited to 0.5 with a switching frequency of 20KHz. The output current from
inverter is also shown in figure 4.14.

Figure 4.15 Waveforms of grid current and voltage.

The figure 4.15 shows the waveforms of grid current and grid voltage.The grid voltage is
325V, rms value and current is 0.6A, were obtained in simulation.

24
4.2.2 Observation

Here simulated of a photovoltaic(PV) system connected to a grid. Constant voltage

Method is used in converter side and hysteresis current control in the grid-inverter side.Very
small amount of ripple present in the bus voltage waveform.The bus voltage obtained in sim-
ulation is 380V. In the feedback reference voltage given as 380V.The maximum range of duty
ratio of inverter is limited to 0.5 with a switching frequency of 20KHz.The grid voltage is 325V,
rms value and current is 0.6A, were obtained in simulation.

4.3 SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO DIFFERENT

LOADS AND GRID

Figure 4.16 Simulation of power sharing of PV system with grid connected to various loads.

25
 The figure 4.16 shows the simulation of power sharing of PV system with grid connected
to various loads,such as motor, RLC load and resistive load.

4.3.1 Simulation Results

Figure 4.17 Simulated waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid connected to
various loads, motor, RLC load, R load.

The figure 4.17 shows the waveforms of motor when connected to PV system with
grid.Motor voltage, current,speed, torque were simulated, and measured as Motor voltage
325V,Current 10A, speed 1500rpm.

Here gird is completely provide the power for the motor.PV provide the power to other
loads, because it is in it power range.

When both PV and grid are present,PV supplies the total power to the connected loads.Required
extra power is supplied by the grid.

26
Figure 4.18 Simulated waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid connected to
various loads, motor, RLC load, R load.

The figure 4.18 shows the waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid
connected to various loads, motor, RLC load, R load.The power measured across each loads
and the power shared by grid and PV as PV power 103W, Motor and Grid as 458W, Load2
RLC 50W, Load3 R 53W.

The figure 4.19 shows the waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid
connected to load2,RLC. The power measured across each load2 RLC and the power shared by
grid and PV as PV 103W, Gird 53W and load2 RLC 50W.

The table 4.3 given below is the Power sharing of grid and PV to different loads at dif-
ferent loaded condition.

27
Figure 4.19 Simulated waveforms of current and voltage of PV system with grid connected to
load2,RLC.

4.3.2 Observation

Here, simulated a PV system connect to the grid in Simulation, and also to analyse power-
sharing with the different loaded condition.

Cases PV system Grid Motor RLC load R load

With PV and grid connected to loads 103W 458 W 458 W 50 W 53 W
Without PV , grid connected to loads 0 562 W 459 W 50 W 53 W
With PV and grid connected to motor 103W 354 W 457 W 0 0
With PV and grid connected to RLC load 103W 53 W 0 50 W 0
With PV and grid connected to RLC load and R load 103 W 0 0 50 W 53 W

Table 4.3 Power sharing of grid and PV to different loads

PV and grid connected to to the loads. The above table shows different cases of load shar-
ing.The power sharing is simulated in the MATLAB, and analyse power-sharing with the differ-
ent loaded condition.When PV is disconnected gird supplies total power to the loads.Similarly
when both PV and grid are present,PV supplies the total power to the connected loads.Required
extra power is supplied by the grid.

28
 CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

The hardware design of the micro inverter include the design of DC-DC interleaved Flyback
converter, couple inductor of converter, filter that’s inductor included in the circuit. The detailed
design of Micro-inverter is given in this section.

5.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION

PV specification

1. power=100W

2. Ns=36

3. Np=1

4. Voc=22V

5. Isc=5.9A

6. Eg=1.3

7. Ki=0.0032

Flyback converter specification

1. V o = (350 − 370)V

2. Frequency=50KHz

HERIC inverter specification

1. Vo=230V, 50Hz

29
5.1.1 Design specification of coupled inductor in Flyback converter

Primary side:
Voltage= V1 volt= 17V
Current= I1 ampere=3A
Number of turns= N1

Secondary side:
Voltage= V2 volt= 400V
Current= I2 ampere=0.5A
Number of turns= N2
VA rating:V1I1= V2I2= 100W
Frequency= f Hz= 50KHz
Ac - Core area(mm2 )
Aw - Window area(mm2 )
Bm - Maximum allowable flux density(T),0.2T for ferrite
J - Maximum allowable current density(A/m2 )
Kw - Window utilisation factor(0.3 to 0.5)

• Compute the Area product(Ac Aw ) of the desired core

VA
Ac Aw = = 20833mm4 (5.1)
2 f Kw Bm J

• Select the core from core table

Core EE-42

• Find the core area(Ac) and window area(Aw)

Ac = 182mm2
Aw = 275mm2

• Compute the number of turns

V 1 = 4 f Bm Ac N1 (5.2)

30
 V 2 = 4 f Bm Ac N2 (5.3)

N1 = 17
N2 = 238

• Compute the wire size

I1
aw 1 = = 0.922mm2 (5.4)
J
I2
aw 2 = = 0.0728mm2 (5.5)
J

Coupled Inductor Specifications

The Coupled inductor design parameter is shown in the table below

Table 5.1 Coupled Inductor specifications

Parameters Specifications
Area product(Ac Aw ) 20833mm4
Core selected EE-42
Core area, Ac 182 mm2
Window area, Aw 275 mm2
Number of turns in primary, N1 17
Number of turns in secondary, N2 238
Cross sectional area of primary winding 0.922mm2
Cross sectional area of secondary winding 0.0728mm2
Wire size of primary SWG 17 SWG
Wire size of secondary SWG 27 SWG

5.1.2 Inductor design

The inductor design includes the design of number of turns, selection of core, selection of
wire gauge,calculation of air gap etc. The detailed description of inductor is given below.

• Compute the size of the core

LIp Irms
Ac Aw = (5.6)
Kw Bm J
Where,
Ac - Core area(mm4 )
Aw - Window area(mm4 )

31
 L - Inductance(H)
Ip - Peak current through the inductor(A)
Irms - RMS current through the inductor(A)
Kw - Window utilisation factor(0.3 to 0.5)
Bm - Maximum allowable flux density(T)
J - Maximum allowable current density(A/m2 )

• Select a core from table with the required Ac Aw .

• For selected core, find Ac and Aw .

• Compute the number of turns, N

LIp
N= (5.7)
Bm Ac
Select nearest whole number of N ∗

• Compute the wire size, aw

Irms
aw = (5.8)
J
Select nearest whole number of wire gauge and aw∗ from the wire table

• Compute the required air gap in the core

µ0 N ∗ I p
Ig = (5.9)
Bm

Where, µ0 - Absolute permeability

32
 Inductor Specifications

The Filter inductor design parameter is shown in the table below

Table 5.2 Inductor specifications

Parameters Specifications
Inductance,L 21mH
Peak current, Ip 0.28A
Core size, Ac Aw 52195.476 mm4
Core type EI-33
Nmber of turns,N 108
Wire area,aw 0.06 mm2
Wire size SWG 27 SWG
Air gap, Ig 1.2mm = 48.5 mils

The components used in the hardware setup is also shown in the table below

Table 5.3 Hardware components specifications

Components Name Selected Components
MOSFET IRF540
MOSFET DRIVER TLP250
CONTROLLER T M S320F28027 launchpad
DIODE IN4004
SOLAR PANEL 100W

5.2 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

The function of a PCB is, it mechanically supports and electrically connects the elec-
tronic components by using tracks, or etched from copper sheets. Its reliable and inexpen-
sive.The set-up of the system consist of converter and inverter. The circuit and PCB layout was
developed in eagle software by using designed values.

33
5.2.1 Circuit layout of controller

Figure 5.1 Circuit layout of controller T M S320F28027 launchpad in eagle software.

Figure 5.1 shows circuit layout of controller T M S320F28027 launchpad in eagle soft-
ware. This controller can able to produce gate pulses for both converter and inverter.

5.2.2 Circuit layout of Flyback converter

Figure 5.2 Circuit layout of interleaved Flyback converter in eagle software.

34
 Figure 5.2 shows circuit layout of interleaved Flyback converter in eagle software. TLP250
is the driver used here.

5.2.3 Circuit layout of inverter

Figure 5.3 Circuit layout of HERIC inverter in eagle software.

Figure 5.3 shows circuit layout of HERIC inverter in eagle software. shows It has 6
MOSFET switch driven by TLP250 driver IC.

5.3 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

Figure 5.4 shows overall experimental set-up of PV micro inverter. It consist of two
stages DC-DC conversion and DC-AC conversion that is interleaved Flyback converter and
inverter. A 22V of DC supply is given to the input of converter. Here bulb is taken as load.

35
 Figure 5.4 Experimental set-up of PV micro inverter

5.4 IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

The switching pulses are developed on MATLAB by installing C2000 code composer.
For open loop simulation usually two blocks are essential, namely constant block and ePWM
block.

The figure 5.5 shows Pulse for Flyback without feedback and inverter. Here converter
require two pulses, which operated at constant duty ratio 0.45 as per design.The duty ratio is
given as constant block and required frequency is given in ePWM block.

For inverter pulses, from sine wave block the signal is given to a gain.The required
switching period range is applied in saturation block as upper and lower limit. These signals
are given to ePWM blocks.

36
 Figure 5.5 Pulse for Flyback without feedback and inverter.

The figure 5.6 shows Pulse for Flyback with feedback and inverter. Here PV panel volt-
age is used as feedback signal and given to ADC pin of C2000 through voltage divider. Voltage
divider contains two resistors namely ,R2 and R1. ADC pin require low voltage, since design
of resistors depend on that requirement.

Any voltage deviations present on the PV, is feedback to ADC pin of C2000 through
V
voltage divider. This digital signal is given to gain block with gain through data type
4096
conversion.The signal coming from gain block is compared with 17V. This is given to PID con-
troller, which maximizes the error measures. This block will create gate pulses with required
switching frequency. Other condition are similar to figure 5.5.

37
 Figure 5.6 Pulse for Flyback with feedback and inverter.

5.5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Figure 5.7 Pulses of interleaved Flyback converter (both switches)

Figure 5.7 shows the switching pulses for interleaved Flyback converter having switching
frequency 50KHz.

38
 Figure 5.8 Diode voltage of interleaved Flyback converter

Figure 5.8 shows the diode voltage of interleaved Flyback converter.

Figure 5.9 Output voltage of interleaved Flyback converter

Figure 5.9 shows the output DC voltage of interleaved Flyback converter.A 22V of DC
supply is given to the input of converter. It is boosted and obtained the output voltage of 340V.

39
 The gate pulses of single phase inverter are shown below. The pulses are provided at a
switching frequency of 20KHz.

Figure 5.10 Pulses of inverter by technique unipolar pulsewidth modulation

Figure 5.11 Output voltage waveform

Figure 5.11 shows the output voltage of inverter. The voltage obtained will be nearly
230V. The load given to the system is bulb load.

40
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

PV is one of the most promising renewable energy source that converts solar energy into
electricity. However,it has low efficiency and high relative cost.In order to overcome these
drawbacks, a grid-connected PV system should be required to satisfy load demand. The aim
of this thesis, is to study the design and performance analysis of grid connected PV micro-
inverters.The simulation and experimental results achieved maximum power tracking with high
efficiency and minimum oscillations, better dynamic response, and stability. The PV micro in-
verter has the several advantages, they are low installation cost, higher maximum power track-
ing efficiency, longer life time and high flexibility. Simulated a PV system connect to the grid
in Simulation, and also to analyse power-sharing with the different loaded condition.

41
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43
 APPENDIX

1. Datasheet of MOSFET P80NF55-www.datasheetcatalog.com

2. Datasheet of TMS320F28027-www.mouser.in

3. Datasheet of TLP250-www.alldatasheet.com

4. Datasheet of ACS712-www.sparkfun.com

Waveforms obtained in the logic analyser

pulse for flyback obtained in the logic analyser

44
 pulses for inverter obtained in the logic analyser

pulses by unipolar modulation method obtained in the logic analyser

45
pulses for inverter obtained in the logic analyser

pulse
obtained in open loop for Flyback converter

46