LATIN

BY THE NATURAL METHOD

FIRST YEAR
( Third Revised Edition)

by
WILLIAM G. MOST, PH.D.
Professor of Latin
Loras College
Dubuque, Iowa

Henry Regnery Company

114 West Illinois St.
Chicago, Ill. 60610

Circuluslatinus.org
 Copyright 1957, 1960, 1964
by Wm. G. Most

Printed in the United States of America

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 FOREWORD

On December 31, 1939, in the encyclical On Educa­ it might be used as a means of communicating thought,
tion His Holiness Pope Pius XI wrote about the or, in other words, as an indispensable tool in all higher
Christian teacher: studies and then in later life. They made extensive use of
Latin conversation and of textbooks of easy Latin, such
... in accepting the new, he will not hastily abandon as dialogues, or "colloquia" about everyday life, the
the old, which the experience of centuries has found
expedient and profitable. This is particularly true in Pater, Ave, psalms, and Gospels. Thus by means of easy
the teaching of Latin, which in our days is falling more materials the teachers gave their pupils the copious prac­
and more into disuse, because of the unreasonable re­
jection of methods so successfully used by that sane tice and repetition which alone develop a set of habits­
humanism, whose highest development was reached in and that is the essence of learning a language success­
the schools of the Church.1 fully. The pupils, in truth, felt a sense of achievement
The thirteenth and sixteenth centuries were certainly in expressing their thought in a new language. Learning
eras when Christian humanism flourished. Also, Latin was fun rather than drudgery. The Latin words
methods of teaching are means to the objectives; and directly evoked the ideas, not vernacular equivalents or
methods are naturally adapted as goals vary. Hence, the grammatical nomenclature which was laboriously used
Holy Father's words clearly manifest his desire for a re­ to catch the ideas. Through mastering the threefold art
turn to the objectives and methods of Latin teaching of reading, writing, and speaking Latin the pupils auto­
used with success in the thirteenth and sixteenth cen­ matically acquired much training of mind and cultural
turies, coupled with modern improvements. knowledge. But nobody thought of setting up discipline
Precisely that is what is achieved by Father William of mind or cultural knowledge as the goal of Latin
G. Most's textbooks for teaching and learning Latin by teaching. That goal was mastery of the art of using Latin
"The Natural Method." They employ, not slavishly but with ease.
with wise adaptation to changed modern circumstances, This entire situation gradually changed from about
the objective (facility in using Latin as a means of com­ 1700 onwards. The vernaculars replaced Latin in text­
munication) and methods (habit formation by frequent books and as the medium of instruction. As Latin more
repetition) used in 1250 or 1550. They lead the student and more ceased to be necessary as the means of acquir­
to reproduce the natural processes of habit formation by ing and expressing learning, men were less and less
which Roman children learned Latin as their mother motivated to study it, and its place in the curriculum
tongue. While doing this, the books do not discard the continually waned. To defend it, especially after the
valuable training of mind, knowledge of grammar, and times of John Locke (1632-1704) and Christian Wolff
other benefits hitherto sought by Latin teachers of the (1679-1754), the teachers pointed to the training of
twentieth century, but merely postpone their achieve­ mind and the cultural knowledge it brought. Growing
ment until after the student has gained facility in using stress was put upon knowledge of Ciceronian style and
Latin. Also, they apply to the teaching of Latin many of grammatical analysis. In time, pupils began Latin not
the most effective techniques of teaching modern lan­ at the age of six but at fourteen. They learned declen­
guages, and much that has been learned from the modern sions, conjugations, rules of syntax, vocabulary lists,
science called "descriptive linguistics." They are the first and grammatical nomenclature. Then, after 1890 in
published American Catholic Latin textbooks which the United States, they decoded the long difficult sen­
do all this. tences of Caesar, and parsed the words. They repeated
The great change in objectives and procedures of the process with a speech or two of Cicero and a few
teaching Latin between the sixteenth and the twentieth books of Vergil. They were acquiring knowledge about
centuries can be sketched here only with the utmost Latin, but not the art of using it with ease as a means of
brevity. 2 communicating thought. (Ability to read Latin at sight
In the centuries of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was ranked only in last place among the nineteen ob­
and St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) virtually all jectives of Latin teaching listed by the teachers during
education was imparted from Latin textbooks explained 1 Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 22, 80; America Press Edition p.
by oral Latin. The pupils learning Latin were almost en­ 29. '
2 F<?r a onger account, see "A Sketch of the History of Latin
tirely between the ages of six and about fourteen. The !,
chief objective of the teachers was to impart the art of Teaching, pp. 218-258 of Ganss, G.E., S.J., St. Ignatius' Idea
of a Jesuit University, Marquette University Press' Milwaukee '
reading, writing, and speaking Latin with facility, that 1956.

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the Classical Investigation of 1923.) With most stu­ edge about Latin and training of mind) and correspono­
dents the learning of Latin became drudgery rather than ing methods (grammatical analysis and translation)
fun and a growing sense of achievement. Enrollments "traditional" since 1880 have taken over in our semi­
fell. In 1910, 49.05% of the American high school stu­ naries; and there too the students have been experienc­
dents were taking Latin. By 1954, only 7% were study­ ing an ever growing'inability to use Latin. Father Most's
ing it (-1.3% in Alabama, 5.8% in Wisconsin, 16.4% textbooks can contribute much towards revolutionizing
in Connecticut).3 the teaching of Latin by bringing back, as the chief
Most Americans who have studied Latin, with our objective, the art of reading, writing, and (when de­
priests and seminarians included, have employed this sired) speaking Latin with ease. Thus they will help
method, which they thought was "traditional." But as towards realizing not only the desires of Pope Pius XI
something fully developed, this tradition scarcely goes cited above, but also those expressed by Pope Pius XII to
farther back than 1880; and even in its beginnings it the Carmelite Congress on September 13, 1951:
hardly antedates the seventeenth century. Alas, the Latin language, the glory of priests, now
In contrast to this method of grammatical analysis, has rather few devotees, and even they are constantly
Father Most's textbooks reproduce much of the "natural languishing. . . . Let there be no priest who does not
know how to speak and read it easily and quickly.
method" by which children learn their native language. Beyond this, may there arise among you some neither
Hence, the significance of Father Most's books is mani­ mediocre nor few who can write it even in a com­
festly great for the Latin classes in any Catholic high pressed and elegant style of speech.4
schools or colleges. So much of our Catholic doctrine Towards the accomplishment of these lofty objec­
and culture have been deposited in Latin that we want tives, our hope and prayer is that Father Most's impor­
many of our educated Catholics to be able to use Latin tant textbooks using the "natural method" will have a
with ease. wider and wider use.
But the special significance of Father Most's texts is GEORGE E. GANSS, S.J., PH.D.
for the Latin classes in our seminaries. Here the students Director, Department of Classics,
still have much the same cogent motives to master the Marquette University,
art of using Latin with ease as the pupils of the thirteenth January 20, 1957
or sixteenth century. They need it as an indispensable 8 The F.L. Program, Report No. 2 (August, 1955), Boston,
means of communicating thought in their higher studies, D.C. Heath Co., p. 5.
and afterwards throughout life. The objectives (knowl- 4 Acta Apostolicae Sedis 43, 737.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LESSON PAGE LESSON PAGE

1. Perfect indicative active, third singular 22. Present indicative active, third singular, in
Nominative and objective singular of the first four conjugations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
three declensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 23. Present indicative active, third plural, in four
2. Perfect indicative active, third plural conjugations
Objective plural of first three declensions -iunt verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Quod indirect statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 24. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3. Ablative singular of the first three declensions 25. Is and idem in three cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
26. The use and declension of qui (three cases) 53
4. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
27. Quidam, ipse and sui in three cases . . . . . . 55
5. Ablative plural of the first three declensions
The expletive there 28. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Plebs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 29. Present indicative passive, third singular and
6. Nominative singular and plural of the first plural
three declensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Present infinitive passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7. Objective and ablative of fourth and fifth 30. Dative case of all five declensions
declensions Word order sandwiches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Adjectives used as nouns 31. Deponent verbs
Ablative without prepositions . . . . . . . . . . 13 Going to towns and cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 32. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
9. Nominative of fourth and fifth declensions 33. Imperfect indicative active, all conjugations
Present active infinitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Use of the imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10. Neuter nouns of second and third declensions 19 34. Imperfect indicative passive, all conjugations
11. Gender Possessive of pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Agreement of bonus type adjectives 35. Formation and use of present participles
Use of medius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ablative absolutes without participles . . . . 71
12. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
36. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
13. Declension and agreement of third declen­
sion adjectives 37. Future indicative, active and passive, all con-
Pluperfect indicative active jugations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Adjectives used as nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 38. Interrogative quis in nominative, possessive,
14. Perfect indicative passive objective and ablative
Perfect passive participles Perfect infinitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
The three parts of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 39. Indirect statements with objective and infini-
15. Parts of verbs already learned tive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Agent with ab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 40. Review
16. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Word order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
17. Ablative absolutes with perfect passive par- 41. Imperfect subjunctive active
ticiples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Purpose clauses and substantive purpose
18. Possessive case of all five declensions clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Participles used as nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 42. Imperfect subjunctive passive
l 9. Ille in the nominative, objective and ablative 39 Dative of pronouns
20. Review Nine irregular adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Word order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 43. Pluperfect subjunctive active
21. Hic in three cases Cum clauses
Pluperfect indicative passive Tense use in subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Suus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 44. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

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LESSON PAGE LESSON PAGE
45. Pluperfect subjunctive passive 62. First and second person in future indicative
Result clauses passive
Indeclinable names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Vocative case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
46. Present subjunctive, active and passive 63. Review of all passive forms . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Tense use in subjunctive 64. Future perfect indicative and perfect sub­
Hortatory subjunctive junctive active
Indirect questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Passive imperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
47. Preview of first and second person active 65. Future passive participles expressing obliga­
forms tion
Present and imperfect subjunctive active Objective of extent
First and second person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Mille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
48. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 66. Review
49. Imperfect indicative active, first and second Sequence of tenses in subjunctive clauses . . 138
person 67. Gerundives expressing purpose
Tu Dative of possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Tuus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 68. Gerunds
50. Perfect indicative active, first and second Datives of purpose and reference . . . . . . . . 142
person 69. Future active participles and infinitives
Nos Double objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Noster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 70. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
51. Present indicative active, first and second 71. Comparison of adjectives
person Irregular comparatives
Ego Ablative of comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Meus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 72. Formation and comparison of adverbs
52. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Irregular adverbs
53. Future indicative active, first and second Fourth declension neuters
person /ste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Imperative active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 73. Real conditions
54. First and second person forms of velle, nolle Ablative of measure of difference . . . . . . . . 152
and ire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 74. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
55. Review of the active first and second person 75. Ideal conditions
forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Conjugation of ma/le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
56. First and second person forms of esse, posse 76. Further uses of the gerundive . . . . . . . . . . . 158
and ferre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 77. Impersonal verbs
57. First and second person forms in the perfect Ablatives of cause and separation . . . . . . . 160
passives 78. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Perfect subjunctive and future perfect indica- 79. Locative case
tive passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Ablative of instrument and personal agent . 164
58. Preview of first and second person passive in 80. Cum clauses
the simple tenses Third declension mixed stem nouns
First and second person of present and Rules for /-stem nouns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
imperfect subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 81. Five deponents with the ablative
59. Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Optional endings of third declension and of
verbs
60. First and second person in imperfect indica- Use of the Latin dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
tive passive Declensions of Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Aliquis, aliqui Declensions of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
-que . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Conjugations of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
61. First and second person in present indicative Latin Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
passive Latin-English, English-Latin Vocabularies 178
Indefinite quis and qui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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LECTIO PRIMA

De tertia persona in numero singulari in tempore perfecto

De casu nominativo et de casu obiectivo in numero singulari

Maria habuit parvum agnum. Mary had a ... ( three guesses) habuit-had
Agnus fuit albus. parvus-small, little
Maria venit in scholam. agnus-/amb
Agnus venit in scholam. albus-white
Agnus venit cum Maria. fuit-was
Marcus vidit agnum in schola. venit-came
Agnus dixit: baa, baa. cum-with
vidit-saw
dixit-said

WE ARE DISCOVERED depend on the order of words to show the object-we

depend on the ending. Notice that many words above
Columbus fuit nauta. Seel Columbus non habuit navem.
end in -m. That is the ending for the object. Some have
Columbus venit ad Reginam Isabellam. Columbus dixit:
-am: some have -um: some have -em. Notice the various
Mundus est rotundus. Mundus non est planus. Regina
endings for the nominative case. We need not be con­
dedit pecuniam. Columbus non invenit lndiam. Colum­
cerned about them today. After words like ad, cum, and
bus invenit Americam. America non fuit parva.
in, we have still other endings. Do not bother about them
today. We can understand the story without knowing
about them.
VOCABULARIUM Notice also that Marcus is just one person. So we say
the subject is nominative singular. There is also only
dedit-gave sed-but
one lamb in school. That is singular too. More than one
dixit-said agnus-lamb
would be plural. More than one lamb would not only
fuit-was mundus-world
be plural. It would be too much. So we could say that
habuit-had nauta-sailor
the object in our sentence, agnum, is objective singular.
invenit-found navis-ship
And we could say that the subject in our sentence,
venit-came parva-sma/l
Marcus, is nominative singular. There is no Latin word
vidit-saw parvus-smal/
for the, no word for a or an. Just supply these in English
ad-to pecunia-money
planus-flat when you need them.
cum-with
ergo-there/ore puella-girl COLUMBUS AND LAMB STEW
in-in, into, on regina-queen
Columbus non fuit puella. Maria fuit puella. Columbus
non-not rotundus-round
non fuit planus. Fuit Columbus rotundus? Columbus
non habuit pecuniam. Isabella habuit pecuniam. Isabel­
la non habuit parvum agnum. Isabella habuit pecuniam.
Now LET'S THINK Columbus non habuit parvum agnum. Maria habuit
Here is an English sentence: Marcus saw the lamb (Mar­ parvum agnum. Maria non dedit pecuniam. Isabella
cus vidit agnum). There are three important words in dedit pecuniam. Sed Maria non dedit parvum agnum.
it: Marcus is the subject; it is in the nominative case. Isabella non venit in scholam. Columbus non venit in
The verb is saw. The object is lamb; therefore, it is in the scholam. Columbus venit in Americam. Columbus non
objective case. Notice that the Latin verbs above all end venit in Americam cum agno. Columbus non venit in
in-it. Notice that the word lamb in English, comes Americam cum Isabella. Isabella non venit in Ameri­
after the verb. Lamb is the object. In Latin we do not cam cum Columbo. Isabella non venit in navem. Agnus
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albus non venit in navem. Maria non venit in navem. dus. Sed India non fuit rotunda.
Agnus albus non fuit in 1ndia. Columbus non fuit in
EXERCISE
India. tndia non est agnus. tndia non est navis. Colum­
bus fuit albus. Sed 1ndia non fuit alba. Mundus fuit Find all the English words that are similar to those in the
rotundus. Sed 1ndia non fuit alba. Mundus fuit rotun- vocabulary. This should be done with every vocabulary.

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LECTIO SECUNDA

De tertia persona in numero plurali in tempore perfecto

De casu obiectivo in numero plurali

Quinque ( 5) Porci: or:

Some get to Market. Some get none.

Hie (this) parvus porcus venit in forum. Hie parvus porcus remansit domi. forum-market,forum
Hie parvus porcus habuit carnes bovfnas assas. Hie parvus porcus non remansit-remained
habuit. Hie parvus porcus exclamavit: Oui! Oui! Oui! Porci dixerunt: domi-at home
Oink! Oink! carnes bovfnas assas-roast beef
SUMMARY: The Romans didn't know the truth about the founding of Rome: What exclamavit-shouted
Romulus and Remus didn't do, the Etruscans did. urbs-city
Roma fuit urbs magna. Romani amaverunt Romam. Roma fuit antiqua. magna-great
Romani dixerunt quod Romulus et Remus fundaverunt Romam. Sed non amaverunt-loved
dixerunt veritatem. quod-that
In anno millesimo (1000 BC) ante Christum, viri iam fuerunt in terra dixerunt-said
Romana. Etrusci (Etruscans) fundaverunt Romam. Etnisci amaverunt fundaverunt-/ounded
Romanos. Romani amaverunt terras Romanas. Sed non habuerunt urbes veritas-truth
magnas. fuerunt-were
vir-man
iam-already
terra-land

(nominative case). And we can have singular or plural

VOCABULARIUM for the object ( objective case). We will not bother to
amavit-loved annus-year learn the subject patterns today. But we could look at
exclamavit-shouted forum-market, forum the object patterns.
remansit-remained magnus-great, large We have several different types of nouns. Let us look
domi-at home terra-/and at one of each family. We will give singular and plural
hie-this urbs-city objective case endings for each.
quod-that vir-man 1. 2. 3.
ante-be/ore veritas-truth terram terras porcum porcos urbem urbes
iam-tilready
Therefore the endings are:
-am -as -um -os -em -es
Now LET'S THINK
VERBS: Last time we saw verbs ending in -it. They were Notice that some words are much longer in the objective
singular. The subject of those verbs was singular. But case than they are in the nominative: for example
when the subject is plural, the verbs must be plural too. veritas veritatem urbs urbem
To make the verbs plural, we change the ending -it to
-erunt. But we do not care if the object is plural. That
ADJECTIVES: Words like magnus and parvus are adjec­
does not affect the verb.
To sum up: we have two verb endings so far: -it for tives. For the present, just be satisfied to get their mean­
singular: -erunt for plural. ing, which is easy.
Quoo: Notice how quod was used. We have used it only
NouNs: But on nouns we can have four different end­ in combinations such as these: he says that, or he thinks
ings now. We can have singular or plural for the subject that. We call this one use of quod: the dixit quod pattern
3

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or the indirect statement. In it we tell, without quote dixit: baa. Columbus dixit quod agnus dixit: baa. Porci
marks, and in an inexact way, what someone says or non fuerunt in schola. Porci fuerunt in terra Romana.
thinks. Porci dixerunt: oink. Porci dixerunt: oui! Porci non
fuerunt albi. Porci fuerunt rotundi. Hie porcus fuit in
urbe. Agnus non dixit:oink. Columbus non dixit quod
A BIT MORE STEW agnus dixit: oink. Columbus dixit quod agnus dixit: baa.
Columbus veritatem dixit. Marcus dixit quod agnus
Maria et Marcus viderunt agnum. Agnus fuit in dixit: oink. Marcus veritatem non dixit. Columbus non
schola. Marcus et Maria dixerunt quod agnus fuit in habuit porcos. Agni venerunt in navem. Columbus
schola. Viderunt agnum in schola. Non viderunt Colum­ amavit agnos. Columbus non amavit porcos. Columbus
bum in schola. Non dixerunt quod Columbus fuit in invenit agnos in America. Regina non fuit parva. Regina
terra Romana. Sed agnus exclamavit in schola. Agnus dedit pecuniam. Marcus amavit puellam.

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LECTIO TERTIA

De ablativo singulari
De praepositionibus

SUMMARY: Rome at first was ruled by Etruscan kings. But the last king, Tarquin,
became arrogant. The Romans drove him out.

In primis annis Romani habuerunt reges. Reges fuerunt Etrusci. Etrusci primus-first
erant in throno Romano. Etrusci regnaverunt in terra Romana. Primi reges rex-king
fuerunt boni. Sed rex ultimus fuit malus. Hie rex ultimus fuit Tarquinius. Etrusci-Etruscans
Romani non amaverunt Tarquinium. Tarquinius fuit rex malus. Non fuit erant-were
rex bonus. Non fuit rex magnus. Rex malus non est rex magnus. Rex regnavit-ruled
malus est rex parvus. Tarquinius non fuit magnus. Fuit malus. Ergo bonus-good
Romani non amaverunt Tarquinium regem. Ante Tarquinium reges ultimus-last
fuerunt boni. Sed Tarquinius non fuit bonus. Ergo Tarquinius non re­ malus-bad
mansit in terra Romana. Tarquinius non amavit veritatem. Romani est-is
dixerunt quod Tarquinius fuit malus. Ergo non remansit in urbe. Sed
Romani remanserunt in urbe.

1. 2. 3.
VOCABULARIUM
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
est-is malus-bad, evil
regnavit-ruled primus-first Objective am as um OS em es
quando-when rex-king Ablative a 0 e
bonus-good ultimus-last
Now let us turn back to the first two lessons and find
COGITEMUS NUNC (now let's think) other prepositions: What case comes after cum? It is
the ablative which ALWAYS comes after cum. We
ABLATIVE CASE: There isn't much new in this lesson. also saw the preposition ad. What case comes after it?
So let us catch up on a bit of old business. Notice the It is ALWAYS the objective case.
phrases: But our old friend the preposition in sometimes takes
in terra Romana, in throno Romano, in urbe. the objective case. Remember some of the sentences we
They all have the word in. That word is a preposition. have already seen:
Notice the endings of the words that come after it: a, o, Maria venit in scholam. Columbus venit in Americam.
and e. They are in a special case: the ablative case.
Now what is the difference between the following two
The preposition in often ( not always) takes the abla­
sentences?
tive case. Let us notice what the ablative endings are:
terra throno urbe 1. Maria venit in scholam.
So we see three families of nouns again in the ablative, 2. Maria fuit in schola.
just as there were in the nominative and objective cases.
In 1. Mary is going somewhere--she is moving into
The ablative endings we have here are all singular. They
somewhere.
are:
In 2. Mary is going nowhere--she is stuck in school.
-a -o -e Therefore-sometimes in means into, motion travel­
Let us add up all the noun endings we now know, keep­ ling into; it then takes the objective case. Sometimes in
ing the three classes of nouns separate ( the exact name means in ( or on )-no motion:
for the three classes or families is DECLENSIONS). it then takes the ablative case.
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 If we add up all our prepositions thus far we get: Status Foederati Americae fuerunt boni et magni.
ad with objective means to, up to Columbus fuit primus vir albus in America. Columbus
ante with objective means before dixit quod invenit Americam. Columbus veritatem dixit.
cum with ablative means with Georgius Washington non dixit quod invenit Americam.
in with objective means into (motion) Ge6rgius veritatem dixit. Maria non dixit quod invenit
in with ablative means in or on ( no motion) . Americam. Maria dixit quod invenit agnum album.
Find all examples of prepositions in the text thus far. Dixit quod invenit agnum album in schola. Agnus venit
ad scholam. Agnus venit in scholam cum Maria. Ro­
mani non dixerunt quod Etrusci fundaverunt Romaro.
Now FOR SOME EXERCISE Agnus non fuit in America quando Columbus venit.
Agnus albus non venit in Americam cum Columbo.
Look for ablative patterns. Agnus albus remansit cum Maria. Sed agnus albus non
Etrusci fuerunt reges in terra Romana. Etrusci venerunt remansit domi. Agnus albus venit in scholam cum
in terram Romanam. Etrusci fuerunt in terra Romana Maria. Hie agnus albus fuit primus agnus albus in
in anno sescentesimo (600) ante Christum. Columbus schola. Hie agnus albus fuit ultimus agnus albus in
venit in terram Americanam. Sed Status Foederati schola. Agnus albus non remansit in schola. Agnus
Americae (guess what) non fuerunt in terra quando exclamavit baa in schola. Ergo Marcus non amavit
Columbus venit. Columbus non invenit Status Foede­ agnum album. Maria non amavit porcos. Porci non
ratos Americae. Fuit Ge6rgius Washington vir bonus? fuerunt albi.

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LECTIO QUAR TA
Nihil novi hodie: veteribus studeamus
Nothing new today, let's study old (things).

SUMMARY: After the expulsion of Tarquin, there was war with the Etruscans. The
Romans attempt to burn the bridge leading to the city. The Etruscans try to cross.
Horatius holds them off. Horatius makes a grand slam.

Postquam Romani expulerunt Tarquinium helium habuerunt. Tarquinius postquam-after

enim Etruscus fuit. Ergo Etrusci venerunt ad bellum cum Romanis. bellum-war
Etrusci dixerunt quod Romani mali fuerunt: expulerunt Tarquinium. expulit-expelled
Romani dixerunt quod Tarquinius malus fuit: ergo expulerunt Tarqui­ enim-for
nium. Bellum non parvum fuit. Bellum fuit magnum. Multi viri magni etiam-also, even
fuerunt in hello. Viri Romani amaverunt Romam. Exclamaverunt quod exercitus-army
Tarquinius malus tyrannus fuit. Viri Romani dixerunt veritatem. Tar­ paravit-prepared
quinius fuit tyrannus malus. pugna-battle
Etiam rex Etruscus venit cum Tarquinio ad helium. Rex Etruscus fuit sunt-are
Lars Porsenna. Romani viderunt exercitum Etruscum. Exercitus Etruscus ad pontem-near the bridge
magnus fuit. Romani viderunt quod exercitus Etruscus magnus fuit. Sed stetit-stood
exercitus Romanus etiam magnus fuit. Viri Romani magni fuerunt. Sed pons-bridge
viri Etrusci etiam magni fuerunt. Non parvi fuerunt. Ergo viri Romani et iecit-threw
viri Etrusci paraverunt ad pugnam. Viri Etrusci dixerunt: Romani mali ignis-fire
sunt: expulerunt Tarquinium. Sed Romani dixerunt quod Tarquinius cecidit-fell
malus fuit. Romani non agni fuerunt-viri fuerunt. Romani fuerunt ad
urbem. Steterunt ad pontem. Etiam Etrusci steterunt ad pontem Romanum.
Romani iecerunt ignem in pontem. Vir Romanus magnus stetit in ponte.
Hie vir fuit Horatius. Amavit Romam. Sed Etrusci venerunt in pontem.
Ignis venit in pontem. Pons cecidit in aquam. Horatius etiam cecidit in
aquam.

VOCABULARIUM plural. They belong to the tense (time) that we call

perfect. The perfect tense refers to something that is
cecidit-/ell postquam-after past.
expulit-expelled (conjunction) NouNs: On nouns we have used three cases: nomina­
iecit-threw ubi-where tive, objective, and ablative.
paravit-prepared aqua-water The nominative is the case for the subject.
stetit-stood bellum-war The objective is the case for the direct object of a
ad-near ( with objective) exercitus-army verb. It is also used for the object of some prepositions:
enim-for ignis-fire ad, ante, and in ( when in means into: motion). The
etiam-even, also pons-bridge ablative case so far has been used only after some
pugna-battle prepositions: cum and in ( when in means in or on-no
motion).
We have not yet bothered to learn the nominative
VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES: patterns. But we do know the objective patterns in
Let us see the old patterns: three declensions:
VERBS: Let us review all the verb forms we have learned: I. -am -as 2. -um -os 3. -em -es
we have seen only two forms. Verbs that end in -it and We know the ablative singular endings for these three
-erunt. They are third person singular and third person declensions: 1. -a 2. -o 3. -e.
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CONSTRUCTIONS: We have learned some kinds of de­ (against) Romaro. Etrusci paraverunt exercitum mag­
pendent clauses: num. Romani etiam paraverunt exercitum magnum.
Columbus non venit cum Etruscis. Et agnus albus non
We have seen quod for indirect state­
venit cum Etruscis. Agnus enim Tarquinium non
ments after verbs of saying.
amavit. Agnus enim dixit baa Tarquinio (to Tarqui­
We have seen quando in the sense
nius). Sed Tarquinius non iecit agnum in aquam. Agnus
of when.
enim in ponte non fuit. Fuitne (Note: The little ending
We have seen postquam in the sense
-ne is often attached to the first word of a question un­
of after (It never means after­
less that word is already a question word.) Tarquinius
wards.)
in ponte? Non. Tarquinius in ponte non fuit. Horatius
in ponte fuit. Sed Horatius non remansit in ponte. lgnis
ENIM: Notice the odd word enim. It means for. But it
enim in pontem venit. Romani ignem iecerunt in pon­
can never be the first word in its own clause. If I want to
tem. Etrusci enim in ponte fuerunt. Pons non amavit
say: For the Romans were great-I may say:
ignem. Pons ergo cecidit in aquam. Horatius etiam in
Romani enim fuerunt magni. But not: Enim Romani
aquam cecidit. Horatius enim non habuit navem. Hora­
fuerunt magni.
tius non stetit in ponte cum igne. Pons etiam non stetit.
Columbus non vidit ignem in ponte. Columbus enim
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos non fuit in ponte quando ignis venit. Fuitne Columbus
(Now let us exercise ourselves) in urbe Romana quando ignis venit? Non. Columbus
etiam non fuit in America quando ignis venit. Columbus
Look for object patterns. non dixit quod fuit in America quando ignis venit in
Tarquinius fuit rex malus. Ergo Romani expulerunt pontem Romanum. Columbus dixit veritatem. Colum­
regem malum. Sed Tarquinius venit cum Etruscis contra bus enim non fuit in mundo in illo (that) anno.

Circuluslatinus.org
LECTIO QUINTA
De ablativo plurali

SUMMARY: The Romans make two consuls instead of the kings. But there is strife
between the two classes in the state: Patricians and plebeians. The plebeians walk
out to the Sacred Mount. But they come back when the patricians create a new
office: the tribunes of the people, to protect them.

Romani expulerunt Etruscos. Nunc Etrusci non sunt reges in terra nunc-now
Romana. Romani non sunt reges in terra Romana,sed Romani fecerunt sunt-are
c6nsules duos (two). C6nsules fuerunt viri boni. Reges Etrusci fuerunt fecit-made
mali. Sed c6nsules non sunt mali-viri magni sunt. C6nsules habuerunt consul-consul
magnam potestatem. In urbe Romana cives pugnaverunt cum civibus. potestas-power
Romani patricii fuerunt divites: magnam pecuniam habuerunt. Patricii civis-citizen
etiam magnam potestatem habuerunt. Sed plebs Romana fuerunt pauperes. patricius-patrician
Plebs non habuerunt pecuniam. Plebs non habuerunt potestatem in urbe. dives-rich
Plebs voluerunt potestatem. Plebs voluerunt pecuniam. Patricii non plebs-plebeian( s)
dederunt pecuniam. Patricii non dederunt potestatem in urbe. Ergo plebs v6luit-wished
pugnaverunt cum patriciis. Plebs non remanserunt in urbe. Plebs venerunt venite-come
in Sacrum Montem. Patricii exclamaverunt: Venite in urbem! Sed plebs officium-office
remansit in Monte Sacro. Magni patricii venerunt ad plebem. Dixerunt: novus-new
VENITE! venite in urbem Romanam! Sed plebs remansit in Monte Sacro. tribunus-tribune
Ergo patricii creaverunt officium novum. Creaverunt trib(mos plebis (of
the plebs). Fuerunt duo (two) tribuni plebis. Ergo plebs non remansit in
Monte Sacro. Plebs venit in urbem. Plebs venit cum tribunis. Tribuni mag­
nam potestatem habuerunt. C6nsules habuerunt magnam potestatem. Sed
tribuni etiam habuerunt magnam potestatem.

Now,to help you bring your vocabulary notebook up

VOCABULARIUM to date,here are the ablatives of all the nouns we have
learned so far:
fecit-made, did civis,i-citizen
sunt-are novus-new agnus, o pons,ponte
v61uit-wished, willed potestas-power annus,o potestas, potestate
nunc-now aqua,a puella,a
bellum,o pugna,a
civis, i regina,a
COGITEMUS NUNC
forum,o rex,rege
ignis,i terra,a
NOUNS IN VOCABULARY: Thus far we have been learn­ mundus,o urbs,urbe
ing the nominative singular in vocabularies. Now that nauta, a veritas,veritate
we have the ablative,we shall learn both the nominative navis,i vir,viro
and the ablative singular. We can tell what family the pecunia, a
noun belongs to by the ablative singular.
Therefore,the ablative singular does two things for us: ( Exercitus is fourth declension,which we shall see later.
1. It shows which declension a noun belongs to ( and so Ablative is: exercitu).
we know which set of endings to use).
2. It shows the base on which we build the endings ABLATIVE PLURALS: The ablative plural endings for
(ablative singular minus ending). the three families are: 1. -is ( e.g., nautis) 2. -is ( e.g.,
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agnis) 3. -ibus ( e.g., civibus). If we add it all up we get EXERCEAMUS Nos
both the singular and the plural of the ablative thus: (Let us exercise ourselves)
1. 2. 3. Ubi sunt Romani? Romani sunt in urbe Romana. Suntne
plebs in urbe Romana? Non. Plebs non est in urbe Ro­
Sing. -a Sing. -0 Sing. -i or -e mana. Plebs est in Monte Sacro. Plebs venerunt ex urbe
(out of the city). Venerunt in Montem Sacrum. Non
Pl. -is Pl. -is Pl. -ibus remanserunt in urbe. Estne Columbus in Monte Sacro?
Non. Columbus non est in Monte Sacro. Columbus non
Notice that some third declension nouns have -i, while est in urbe. Columbus est in navi. Navis est in aqua. Ubi
some have -e. We shall see more about that fact later est agnus? Agnus non est in Monte Sacro. Agnus est in
on. It makes little difference to us. schola. Marcus non v6luit agnum in schola. Sed Marcus
v6luit Mariam. Marcus dixit: O! Marfa est agna parva!
Marcus amavit Mariam. Maria amavit Marcum. Maria
EXPLETIVE "THERE": AN INTRODUCTORY WORD:
etiam dixit: O! Marcus est agnus parvus. Estne Colum­
Notice i:his sentence: Non sunt reges in terra Romana. bus agnus parvus? Non. Columbus habuit ux6rem
We could translate it in two ways. 1. Kings are not in (wife). Uxor non dixit: Columbus est agnus parvus.
the Roman land. 2. There are not kings in the Roman Uxor dixit quod Columbus fuit porcus magnus. Sed
land. uxor amavit Columbum. Et Columbus amavit ux6rem.
The word there in the second sentence is an expletive ( a Columbus non fuit porcus magnus. Columbus non fuit
"filler"). Latin does very well without it. It is used in porcus parvus. Columbus non fuit porcus. Sed Colum­
English sometimes to start a sentence which has the verb bus fuit rotundus. Mundus etiam est rotundus. Agnus
to be ( any form) in it. This use of the word there is etiam est rotundus. Mundus non est planus. Pecunia
different from the use in which it means "in that place." est rotunda. Ergo: mundus est rotundus--et pecunia
Latin does have a word that means there in the sense of est rotunda: estne mundus pecunia? Non. Mundus non
"in the place." But Latin has no expletive there. So we est pecunia. Sed viri mali dixerunt quod pecunia est rex
will fill it in in English whenever we need it. in mundo. Horatius habuit pecuniam. Horatius etiam
s(etit in ponte. Sed pons cecidit in aquam. Ignis cecidit
in pontem. Romani pugnaverunt cum Etruscis. Sed
Plebs: This word is collective: the form is singular, but patricii etiam pugnaverunt cum plebe. Cives pugna­
the sense is plural-so-we can use either a singular or verunt cum Etruscis. Sed patricii etiam pugnaverunt
a plural verb with it. Find examples in the story above. cum plebe. Cives pugnaverunt cum cfvibus.

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LECTIO SEXTA
De nominativo singulari et plurali-in tribus declinationibus

SUMMARY: The Romans go to war with the Aequi. During this war, the Roman army
is trapped by the Aequi. The senate appoints Cincinnatus dictator. Cincinnatus
rescues the Roman army. He goes to the senate and resigns as dictator, and goes
back to his farm.

Romani habuerunt helium cum Aequis. Consul Romanus venit cum Aequi-the Aequi
exercitu Romano ad pugnam. Exercitus Romanus pugnavit cum Aequis. fortis-brave
Aequi pugnaverunt cum Romanis. Aequi viri fortes fuerunt. Sed Romani periculum-danger
etiam viri fortes fuerunt. Ergo viri fortes pugnaverunt cum viris f6rtibus. sena.tus-senate
Sed exercitus Romanus venit in magnum periculum. Viri Romani ex­ consflium-plan
clamaverunt: in magno periculo sumus (we are)! Sed viri Romani fortes dicta.tor-dictator
fuerunt. Et in urbe Romana fuit senatus Romanus. Viri boni fuerunt in creavit-created
senatu Romano. Ergo senatus Romanus fecit consflium: Dictat6rem legatus-legate
creaverunt. Cincinnatus fuit vir bonus, vir fortis. In veritate, Cincinnatus ager-field
fuit Romanus bonus. Legati ex senatu venerunt ad Cincinnatum. Cincin· ex-from
natus fuit in agris. Legati ex senatu dixerunt quod exercitus Romanus in vicit-conquered
periculo magno fuit. Dixerunt quod senatus creavit Cincinnatum dic­ rursus-again
tat6rem. Ergo Cincinnatus non remansit in agris. Cincinnatus fuit dictator.
Cincinnatus venit cum viris f6rtibus. Cincinnatus pugnavit cum Aequis.
Cincinnatus vicit Aequos. Sed Cincinnatus non remansit Dictator. Cin­
cinnatus non v61uit magnam protestatem. Cincinnatus v6luit agros bonos.
Ergo Cincinnatus venit in senatum. Cincinnatus dixit in senatu quod non
v6luit magnam potestatem. Cincinnatus venit rursus in agros. Nunc Cin­
cinnatus non est Dictator.

Notice that we did not indicate an ending for the nomi­

VOCABULARIUM native singular of third declension-that is because
there is so large a variety: we must learn each word as
crea.vit-created, made ager, agro-field, farm
it is. Notice also that there are a few words that we have
vicit-conquered consilium, consilio·plan
already had that do not fit into the table above. Do not
e, ex-from, out from fortis-brave, strong
bother about them now. We will see about them later.
(with ablative case) periculum, o-danger
We can use them easily without knowing all about them.
senatus, U·Senate
But let us be sure to learn the nominative and the abla­
tive singular of each word. Then they will not be hard
NUNC COGITEMUS to handle.
NOMINATIVE ENDINGS: We have been using the nomi­
PREPOSITION Ex: Notice the preposition ex has two
native endings for the subject for some time now. So
forms: e and ex.Eis used before consonants. Ex is used
let us add them up, for the three declensions that we
before vowels (sometimes before consonants also) .
know:
Singular Plural EXERCEAMUS Nos
1. -a -ae Romani enim fortes viri fuerunt. Quando pugnave­
(nauta) (nautae) runt cum Aequis, Romani vicerunt Aequos. Romani
2. -us, -r -i venerunt ex urbe ad pugnam. Aequi venerunt ex urbe ad
(agnus (agni pugnam. Horatius pugnavit cum Etruscis. Etrusci etiam
ager agri fuerunt viri fortes. Romani fuerunt in magno periculo
vir) viri) postquam regem Tarquinium expulerunt. Romani fue.
3. -es runt in magno periculo quando pugnaverunt cum
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Aequis. Sed Romani vicerunt Etruscos et Aequos. Cin­ magnam potestatem. C6nsules etiam habuerunt mag­
cinnatus fuit Dictator Romanus. Sed Cincinnatus non nam potestatem. Sed c6nsules et tribuni plebis non fue­
v6luit potestatem magnam. Cincinnatus amavit Ro­ runt viri mali. Fuerunt viri boni. In veritate fuerunt Ro­
mam. Cincinnatus fecit consilium bonum. Cincinnatus mani fortes. Exercitus Romanus etiam fuit fortis. Viri
non remansit Dictator. Plebs non remansit in urbe. fortes fuerunt in exercitu. Horatius stetit in ponte. Pons
Plebs non venit in scholam. Marcus venit in scholam cecidit in aquam. Horatius etiam cecidit in aquam.
cum Maria. Agnus venit in scholam cum Maria. Fuitne Porci non ceciderunt in aquam. Porci non amaverunt
Marcus agnus? Maria dixit quod Marcus fuit agnus. aquam. Etiam agnus non cecidit in aquam. Sed agnus
Fuitne Marcus rotundus? Tribuni plebis habuerunt albus fuit. Porci non albi fuerunt.

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LECTIO SEPTIMA

De casu objectivo et casu ablativo in declinationibus iv et v

SUMMARY: After many wars, the Romans still had no peace. In 390 B.C. the Gauls
invaded Italy. They conquered many peoples and even defeated a Roman army.
They entered Rome, and captured all but the Capitoline. There the geese awakened
the sleeping Romans.

In rebus humanis, periculum non est rarum. Romani bellum habuerunt in res-thing
multis diebus et in multis annis. Romani bellum habuerunt cum Etruscis. rarus-rare
Etiam bellum habuerunt cum Aequis. Habuerunt bellum cum multis. Sed dies-day
Romani fortes fuerunt. Viri magni in exercitibus Romanis fuerunt. Ergo multus-much, many
Romani vicerunt Etruscos. Etiam vicerunt Aequos. Sed Romani non sem­ semper-always
per vicerunt. In anno trecentesimo nonagesimo (390) ante Christum, barbari-barbarians
barbari venerunt ex Gallia in ltaliam. Galli fuerunt barbari. Galli pugna­ Galli-Gauls
verunt cum multis in Italia. Galli vicerunt multos. Galli etiam pugnaverunt cepit-captured
cum Etruscis. Galli vicerunt Etruscos in pugna. Galli etiam venerunt in fere-almost
terram Romanam. Galli pugnaverunt cum exercitu Romano. Galli vice­ tota-whole
runt exercitum Romanum. In exercitu Romano fuerunt multi viri magni audfvit-heard
et fortes. Sed Galli etiam fuerunt magni et fortes. Galli vicerunt Romanos. anser-goose
Galli venerunt etiam in urbem Romanam. Galli ceperunt Jere totam ur­
bem. Sed Galli non ceperunt totam urbem. Galli non ceperunt Capit61ium.
In Capit61io viri fortes fuerunt. Sed viri fortes dormiebant ( were sleep­
ing) in Capit61io. Viri non audiverunt Gallos in Capit6lio. Sed anseres
fuerunt etiam in Capit6lio. Anseres non dormiebant. Anseres audiverunt
Gallos. Anseres exclamaverunt. Romani audiverunt anseres. Romani
pugnaverunt cum Gallis.

declension. We must now take a closer look at the new

VoCABULARIUM forms. They are as follows ( endings are underlined) :
audivit-heard dies, die ( 5 )-day
cepit-took, captured multus-much, many 4.
£ere-almost, in general res, re ( 5 )-thing Obj. Abl.
semper-always totus-whole Singular exercitum exercitu
Plural exercitus exercitibus
NUNC COGITEMUS 5.
ADJECTIVES USED ALONE: Notice the use of multis Singular diem die
in the sentence: pugnaverunt cum mu/tis. It means: Plural dies diebus
They fought with many. Of course, multis means­
many peoples or nations. We may leave a word under­ As to the fourth declension-notice that it has the
stood with an adjective. We must then supply the right same objective singular as the second declension. And
word---iQ English; we usually supply one of these: men, it has the same ablative plural as the third.
things, etc. As to the fifth declension-notice that all four forms
above are the same as third declension ( although the
OBJECTIVE AND ABLATIVE OF FOURTH AND FIFTH third sometimes has ablative singular in -i) except that
DECLENSIONS: So far we have been studying only three the ablative plural has -ebus instead of -ibus.
declensions. We have used some words from the fourth How can we tell which declension? If we want to
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know what family a word belongs to, we take a look at prepositions: IN, BY, WITH whenever we see an abla­
the ablative singular: tive without a preposition.

1. -a EXERCEAMUS Nos
2. -o
3. -e or -i Look for ablative patterns
4. -u Galli exercitum Romanum vicerunt. Galli etiam Etrus­
5. -e cos vicerunt. Galli non venerunt in Italiam magnis
navibus. Galli non venerunt multis navibus. Galli navi­
Are there any that are alike? Yes, the fifth declension bus non venerunt. Galli venerunt multis exercitibus.
has -e, and the third sometimes has -e. But there is no Romani fuerunt magni fortitudine (abl. sing.-bravery).
real problem-there are very few words that belong to Galli etiam magni fortitudine fuerunt. Galli non
the fifth declension. We shall mark them all thus: dies, vicerunt pecunia. Quando Galli venerunt in Capit61ium,
-e(5). anseres exclamaverunt voce (voice-abl.sing.) magna.
Romani etiam exclamaverunt voce magna. Romani
ABLATIVE USED WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS: It is possible etiam boni fuerunt consfliis. Galli non fuerunt boni
to use the ablative case without prepositions. It can have consiliis. Galli mali consiliis fuerunt. Senatus Romanus
various meanings then. Study these examples: fuit bonus consiliis. Senatus creavit Dictat6rem. Senatus
1. Romani non vicerunt pecunia. dixit quod Cincinnatus fuit vir fortis. Cincinnatus
The Romans did not conquer by money. Aequos vicit. Cincinnatus Aequos non vicit pecunia.
2. Romani fuerunt multi numero. Cincinnatus Aequos non vicit igni. Cincinnatus Aequos
The Romans were many in number. vicit fortitudine. Sed Columbus etiam fuit magnus forti­
3. Romani exclamaverunt voce magna. tudine. Columbus enim in Americam venit. Columbus
The Romans shouted with a great voice. venit ad Americam navibus. Agnus non venit ad Ameri­
Notice the English prepositions that we may supply. cam navibus. Agnus ad Americam non venit. Primis
They are: in, by, with. We could fill out the translation diebus Romani bellum habuerunt. Romani multis annis
more if we wanted to: in the first sentence we could say: bellum habuerunt. Romani fere semper bellum habue­
by means of money. In the second sentence we could runt. Romani non pugnaverunt aqua. Romani non
say: in respect to number. But the third sentence could pugnaverunt igni. Romani pugnaverunt magnis exer­
not be filled in more. There are a few other uses of the citibus. Roma fuit fortis civibus f6rtibus. Roma fuit
ablative without prepositions. We shall meet them later. magna potestate. Nunc Roma est magna veritate
But for the present let us remember to try that list of Christiana.

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LECTIO OCTAVA
Nihil novi hodie: veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Legend tells how the Roman laws came to be written. At first only the
patricians knew the law-the plebs therefore were at a disadvantage. More civil
strife resulted. Finally a commission was sent to Greece to study the laws of Solon.
When the men returned, the laws were written down. This quieted the plebs, and
civil strife was stopped for the time being.

Romani narraverunt fabulam de legibus Romanis. In primis diebus Ro­ de-about

mani habuerunt leges. Sed soli patricii sciverunt leges Romanas. Plebs non narravit-told
scivit leges. Ergo plebs in periculo fuit. Plebs non amavit periculum. Et fabula-legend
plebs non amavit patricios. Plebs dixerunt quod patricii non amaverunt lex-law
plebem-patricii non scripserunt leges. Plebs in periculo est quia patricii solus-alone, only
non scripserunt leges. Patricii mali sunt. Non sunt boni. Ergo rursus pugna scivit-knew
fuit in urbe. Cives pugnaverunt cum civibus. Patricii pugnaverunt cum scripsit-wrote
plebe. Plebs pugnavit cum patriciis. In primis diebus, quando plebs pug­ quia-because
navit cum patriciis, plebs non remansit in urbe. Plebs venit in Montem misit-sent
Sacrum. Sed plebs non remansit semper in Monte Sacro. Plebs rursus venit
in urbem quando patricii dederunt tribunos plebis. Sed nunc plebs remansit
in urbe. Plebs non venit in Montem Sacrum. Plebs non remansit in urbe
quia amaverunt patricios. Plebs remansit in urbe quia amaverunt Romam.
Ergo senatus Roma.nus misit viros in Graeciam. Viri Romani viderunt
leges Sol6nis ( of Solon) . Leges Sol6nis bonae fuerunt. Postquam viri
Romani viderunt leges Sol6nis in Graecia, rursus venerunt in terram
Romanam. Rursus venerunt in urbem. Senatus scripsit leges. Plebs rursus
vicit patricios. Patricii enim scripserunt leges. Postquam patricii scripse­
runt leges, plebs non habuit pugnam cum patriciis. Plebs non fuit in pe­
riculo magno. Plebs sciverunt leges. Leges bonae fuerunt.

fourth and fifth declensions). Let us review them all.

VOCABULARIUM We shall put the singular in one line, the plural in
misit-sent fabula, a-legend another.
scivit-knew lex, lege-law Norn. Obj. Abl.
scripsit-wrote solus-alone, only
quia-because 1. nauta nautam nauta
nautae nautas nautis

RURSUS VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES 2. agnus agnum agno

agni agnos agnis
We have learned that there are five sets of endings for
nouns, which we call five declensions. We have learned 3. lex legem lege
to distinguish one declension from another by means leges leges legibus
of the ablative singular form ( we have to add the num­
ber 5 for the fifth since it has -e, and the third declension 4. senatus senatum senatu
also has -e on some nouns). A noun never changes its senatus senatus senatibus
declension-it always stays in the same family of end­
ings. We have seen nearly all the forms of three cases in 5. dies diem die
the five declensions ( all except the nominative of dies dies diebus
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Of course, we remember that the nominative singular of fuerunt in urbe, plebs non pugnavit cum patriciis. Et
second declension may have other forms (such as: vir, patricii non pugnaverunt cum plebe. Plebs enim pug­
ager) and also, the nominative of third may have various navit cum Gailis. Sed Galli exercitum Romanum vice­
forms. In lesson nine we shall learn the nominative runt Galli non remanserunt in urbe. Romani enim
plurals of fourth and fifth. Gallos vicerunt pecunia. Cincinnatus non fuit in urbe
quando Galli venerunt. Senatus non fecit Cincinnatum
EXERCEAMUS Nos Dictat6rem quando Galli venerunt. Senatus non misit
Cincinnatum in Graeciam. Isabella misit Columbum in
Watch for patterns! Americam. Columbus in Americam venit multis navi­
Romani habuerunt leges multas. Romani fuerunt magni bus. Sed Columbus non invenit lndiam. Agni albi non
bello. Romani boni fuerunt consiliis. Romani fuerunt fuerunt in navibus. Cincinnatus non fuit in schola. Sed
boni legibus bonis. Sed primis diebus plebs non scivit Cincinnatus bonus consiliis fuit. Primis diebus Romani
leges. Plebs leges bonas voluerunt. Columbus scivit non habuerunt scholas. Sed Romani habuerunt agnos
legem. Sed agnus albus non scivit legem: ergo agnus albos. Primis diebus agni albi non fuerunt in schola,
albus venit in scholam. Galli non sciverunt legem Ro­ quia Romani non habuerunt scholas. Agni albi in agris
manam, quia Galli non fuerunt Romani. Galli ceperunt fuerunt. Marcus non vidit Mariam in Graecia, quia
fere totam urbem Romanam. Galli exclamaverunt voce Maria non fuit in Graecia. Graeci fuerunt in Graecia.
magna. Galli Romanos vicerunt magna potestate. Sed Sed Romani etiam fuerunt in Graecia quando viderunt
Galli non eeperunt Capit6lium. Viri fortes dormiebant leges Sol6nis. Romani dixerunt quod Graeci fuerunt
in Capit6lio. Sed anseres non dormiebant. Anseres audi­ boni legibus bonis. Solon fuit vir bonus consiliis. Fuitne
verunt Gallos. Anseres voce magna exclamaverunt. Columbus Graecus? Non. Columbus venit ex Italia.
Romani pugnaverunt magna fortitudine. Quando Galli Graeci fuerunt in Graecia.

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LECTIO NOVA

De nominativo in declinationibus quarto et quinto

De infinitivo

PRELIMINARY NOTE: Today we are going to begin to use the present infinitive. In
Latin, these present infinitives all end in -re. Translate them with the word "to" in
English. For example: servtire-to save.
SUMMARY: The Romans were almost constantly at war-if not with foreigners, with
one another. The Greeks in Southern Italy, called Magna Graecia, began to fear
Rome. They invited the King of Epirus, Pyrrhus, to destroy Rome. Pyrrhus scared
the Romans with the elephants. But he was not successful, and finally returned home.

Romani fere semper helium habuerunt. Quando helium cum aliis nati6ni­ alius-other
bus non habuerunt, patricii pugnaverunt cum plebe. Quando patricii non natio-nation
pugnaverunt cum plebe, helium habuerunt cum aliis. Ergo fere semper non solum-not only
Roma in bellis fuit. Roma fuit magna bellis. Graeci non solum in Graecia meridionalis-south
fuerunt: Graeci etiam fuerunt in Italia meridionali. Dixerunt quod Italia tfmuit-feared
meridionalis fuit "Magna Graecia." Graeci timuerunt potestatem Ro­ servare-to save
manam. Graeci voluerunt servare urbes Graecas a Romanis. Voluerunt a, ab-from
defendere terram Graecam a Romanis. Voluerunt servare terram Graecam defendere-defend
a Romanis. Ergo Graeci miserunt legatos in Epfrum. In Epiro rex fuit Epirus-Epirus
Pyrrhus. Graeci rogaverunt Pyrrhum venfre. Pyrrhus venit in ltaliam. rogavit-asked
Venit cum exercitu. Venit etiam cum elephantis. Romani timuerunt ele­ venire-to come
phantos. Romani non viderunt elephantos ante hoc (this) helium. Multi p6tuit-was able
Romani non remanserunt in pugna quando viderunt elephantos. Romani stare-to stand
voluerunt servare Romam. Romani voluerunt defendere terram Romanam. capere-to seize
Sed Romani dixerunt quod in periculo fuerunt ab elephantis. Romani potu­
erunt pugnare cum viris magnis et f6rtibus. Sed Romani timuerunt pugnare
cum elephantis. Elephanti magni fuerunt-viri parvi fuerunt. Romani non
potuerunt stare ante elephantos. Ergo Pyrrhus vicit Romanos. Sed Pyr­
rhus non potuit capere urbem Romanam. Pyrrhus v6luit capere urbem
Romanam. Graeci rogaverunt Pyrrhum capere urbem Romanam. Sed
non p6tuit. Romani vicerunt Pyrrhum aliis pugnis. Romani pugnaverunt
etiam cum elephantis. Voluerunt servare Romaro. Ergo Pyrrhus qon re­
mansit in Italia. Pyrrhus venit rursus in Epfrum.

second will be the perfect tense, the form we have been

V OCABULARIUM accustomed to using. Notice that all regular infinitives
posse, p6tuit-be able timere, tfmuit-fear end in -re ( posse is irregular-there are only a few
rogare, rogavit-ask non solum-not only irregular infinitives). Notice that each vowel ahead of
servare, servavit-save alius-other, another
the -re is different. For different verbs you may find an
-we, -ere or -ire. We shall see about that later on. But
now we need to pick up the infinitives of the verbs we
NUNC COGITEMUS have already learned in the first eight lessons. That is
not a large task for we have learned only about two
INFINITIVES: Notice in the vocabulary above that we dozen verbs. We can pick them up a bit at a time: a
now give two forms for each verb. It will be necessary to dozen now, a dozen later. They are not hard to learn,
learn both forms. The first will be the infinitive. The because they are so obviously similar to the parts we
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already know, and all end in -re, except for a very few Marcus v6luit amare Mariam. Maria v6luit capere
irregular ones. To make it easy let us list a dozen now: Marcum. Isabella p6tuit dare pecuniam. Romani po­
tuerunt expellere Gallos ex urbe. Romani Gallos ex­
amare, amavit-/ove esse, fuit-be (notice that pulerunt pecunia. Cincinnatus v6luit esse bonus.
audfre, audivit-hear esse is irregular) Tarquinius v6luit esse rex. Exercitus Romanus p6tuit
cadere, cecidit-fall exclamare, exclamavit- servare urbem ab exercitu Gallico. Horatius non p6tuit
capere, cepit-take, capture shout timere-Horatius fortis Romanus fuit. Anseres vol­
creare, creavit-create expellere, expulit-drive out uerunt servare Romam. Columbus v6luit habere naves
dare, dedit-give facere, fecit-make, do bonas. Columbus venit in Americam navibus bonis.
dicere, dixit-say habere, habuit-have Pyrrhus habuit multos elephantos. Pyrrhus etiam fuit
bonus consiliis. Magna Graecia fuit in Italia meridionali.
Notice that the first letter e in the ending -ere of habere is Fuitne Magna Graecia magna? Fuitne alia Graecia? Ubi
a longe . Therefore we put the accent on that letter thus: fuit alia Graecia? Fuitne alia Graecia parva? Non. Alia
habere. The accent does not fall on the first e of the other Graecia fuit maior quam (larger than) Graecia Magna.
-ere endings in this list e.g., capere is accented on the a. Ergo quando Graeci dixerunt quod Magna Graecia fuit
We shall write the accent on thee of such infinitives as magna, non dixerunt veritatem. Magna enim Graecia
habere, to make it easy to pronounce them correctly. non fuit maior quam Graecia. Fueruntne nautae in
And besides, that difference of accent will be useful for Magna Graecia? Otique (yes) multi nautae fuerunt in
something else later on. Those in -are and -ire are always Magna Graecia. Multi nautae fuerunt etiam in Graecia.
-are and -ire. Graeci boni nautae fuerunt. Romani etiam boni nautae
fuerunt. Venitne Pyrrhus solus ex Epiro? Non. Non
NOMINATIVE OF FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS: venit solus. Venit cum multis viris aliis. Venit etiam cum
There are only two endings to learn-we already know multis elephantis. Romani non potuerunt amare ele­
the nominative singulars: fourth has -us; fifth has -es. phantos. Romani timuerunt elephantos. Romani non
The nominative plurals are the same as the singulars in rogaverunt elephantos venire in urbem. Maria non
these declensions. Therefore we now know nearly all rogavit agnum venire in scholam. Columbus non rogavit
the endings of the five declensions ( a few other forms porcos venire in navem.
to come later).
ENGLISH TO LATIN

EXERCEAMUS Nos From now on, we shall take just a few sentences from
English to Latin. That is, naturally, more difficult than
Watch for infinitive patterns. Latin to English. It calls for more exactness. But it is
Maria v6luit videre agnum. Agnus v6luit videre scho­ excellent exercise.
lam. Agnus audivit multas res in schola. Sed agnus non 1. Mary loved the lamb. 2. Mary wanted to find the
audivit porcos in schola. Porci non fuerunt in schola. lamb. 3. The Romans conquered Pyrrhus.

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LECTIO DECIMA
De nominibus neutralibus

SUMMARY: There was a great mercantile city in north Africa, Carthage, founded
from Phoenicia in the 9th century B.C. Vergil was wrong in saying Dido founded it
in the 12th century. Their ships sailed every sea, for trade. Rome was not fond
of trade at this time. But the Carthaginians were not fond of service in their army.
Rome preferred agriculture to trade.

In Africa septentrionali fuit urbs magna-Carthago. Carthaginienses septentrionalis-north

fuerunt mercat6res. Multas naves habuerunt. Mercaturam fecerunt cum meres.tor-merchant
multis nati6nibus. Carthaginienses boni fuerunt mercatura. Multam mercatura-trade
pecuniam habuerunt. Poeta Romanus, Vergilius, dixit quod Dido fundavit colonus-colonist
Carthaginem. Sed veritatem non dixit. Col6ni ex Phoenicia fundaverunt putavit-thought
Carthaginem. (Phoenicia est terra in Asia). Vergilius putavit quod Dido saeculum-century,age
fundavit Carthaginem in saeculo duodecimo (XII). Sed Vergilius non nomen-name
dixit veritatem. Col6ni ex Phoenicia fundaverunt Carthaginem (proba­ mare-sea
biliter saeculo nono (IX) ante Christum. Ergo VergHius non'larravit
veritatem-narravit fabulam. Quia Carthaginienses venerunt ex Phoe­
nicia, Romani dederunt aliud nomen: Punici. Carthaginienses fuerunt
Punici. Punici miserunt naves in multa maria, in multas terras. Carthagi­
nienses etiam habuerunt exercitum. Sed viri Carthaginienses non voluerunt
pugnare-Carthaginienses voluerunt mercaturam facere-voluerunt ha­
here multam pecuniam. Mercat6res Punici venerunt etiam in Siciliam.
Multae naves venerunt in mari ad Siciliam. Romani non fuerunt magni
mercatura. Romani amaverunt agros. Romani amaverunt pugnare et
fortes esse. Romani fuerunt boni fortitudine.

jective plurals end in -a. These belong to the second

VOCABULARIUM and the third declension (there are a few in fourth-we
We include the remaining dozen old verbs, to learn shall see them later). We have met only seven of them
the infinitives. In addition, we shall learn only three so far. Here they are, with their nominative and ob­
nouns-that makes it easy. jective plurals. Note the identical endings in the nomina­
iacere, iecit-throw scribere, scripsit-write tive and objective.
invenfre, invenit-find stare, stetit-stand Singular Plural
mittere, misit-send velle, v6luit-want, will bellum bella
para.re, paravit-prepare (irregular)
regnare, regnavit-ru/e . venfre, venit-come Similarly for:
remanere, remansit- videre, vidit-see
consilium consflia
remain vf ncere, vicit-conquer
forum fora
scire, scivit-know periculum pericula
mare, i-sea saeculum saecu]a
nomen, n6mine-name mare maria
saeculum, o-century, age nomen n6mina
All but mare and nomen belong to the second family.
NUNC COGITEMUS
Notice that the nominative singular is the same as the
NOUNS WITH NOMINATIVE AND OBJECTIVE PLURAL IN objective singular. That is true of all neuter nouns in all
-A: There are some nouns whose nominative and ob- declensions. So in second declension, we have some
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nominatives in -um, and in third declension, the ob­ etiam miserunt naves in multa maria. Carthaginienses
jective singular may be something other than -em. boni mercatura fuerunt. Sed Romani viri fortes fuerunt.
Notice that the nominative and objective plurals all Nomen Romanum magnum fuit. Columbus etiam
have -a-both in second and in third declension. But habuit nomen magnum. Et agnus albus habuit nomen
some have not merely -a, but -ia. How can we tell when magnum. Agnus al bus venit in scholam; multi agni non
to use the -ia? It is obvious in second declension-when potuerunt venire in scholam. Tarquinius v6luit regnare
the nominative singular has -ium, the nom.-obj. plural in terra Romana. Sed non p6tuit remanere in terra Ro­
will be -ia. But it is easy in third declension. Some third mana. Romani potuerunt expellere Tarquinium. Exer­
declension words use -e for the ablative: these have citus Etruscus venit ad urbem. Sed non potuerunt vin­
only -a, for example: nomen, n6mine has n6mina for cere exercitum Romanum. Columbus p6tuit invenire
plural. But some use -i in the ablative: these will have Americam. Isabella rogavit eum (him) invenire lndiam.
-ia for nom.-obj. plural of neuter nouns: e.g., mare, -i Columbus non p6tuit scire fndiam. Non p6tuit stare in
has maria for plural. India. Stetit in America. Sed non p6tuit videre Status
How can we tell which nouns will have one of these Foederatos Americae. Status Foederati non fuerunt in
-a endings? In the second declension, all nouns whose America quando Columbus venit. Columbus non p6tuit
nominative ends in -um will have the -a endings. In iacere pecuniam in mare-Columbus non habuit pecu­
third declension, we have a longer rule: all nouns whose niam. Senatus v6luit mittere Romanos viros in Grae­
nominative ends in: -n, -t, -men, -ma, -e, -al, or -ar are ciam. Viri voluerunt videre leges Graecas. Leges
neuter and will have the -a endings. But we will Graecae fuerunt bonae. Elephanti sunt in Africa. Suntne
see more of this in the next lesson. elephanti in America? Otique, elephanti sunt in Circo.
Elephanti sunt animalia magna. Animal magnum est
bonum. Marcus est vir fortis. Sed non p6tuit iacere ele­
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos phantum. Sed Marcus p6tuit stare in navi. Marcus
bonus nauta fuit. Mali nautae non potuerunt stare in
Find all neuter patterns.
navibus.
Romani multa bella habuerunt primis saeculis. Senatus
Romanus habuit multa consilia bona. Et Roma etiam
ENGLISH TO LATIN
habuit fora multa. Quia Roma multa bella habuit, etiam
habuit multa pericula. Romani habuerunt perfcula in I. The Romans were in danger. 2. Marcus was able to
pugnis. J;:tiam habuerunt pericula in mari. Quia Ro­ come to the city. 3. Marcus said that Columbus was
mani miserunt naves in multa maria. Carthaginienses good.

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LECTIO UNDECIMA

De concordia adiectivi cum substantivo

SUMMARY: There were three Punic wars. The Mamertini, a band of brigands in con­
trol of Messana, were at war with Hiero of Syracuse. The Mamertini appealed to
Rome to help. This meant war with Carthage, whose trade interests were involved
in Sicily. Carthage, a great sea power, had the advantage. But Rome overcame it,
and won the war.

Roma gessit tria (Ill) hella cum Carthagine. Fuerunt ergo tria bella gessit-waged
Punica. Bellum Punicum est helium Carthaginiense. Primum helium in medio saeculo
Punicum venit in medio saeculo tertio (III) ante Christum. Messana fuit tertio-in middle (of)
urbs in Sicilia. Viri mali regnaverunt in Messana. Nomen eorum fuit third century
Mamertini. Mamertini pugnaverunt cum Hier6ne. Hiero fuit rex in alia e6rum-of them
urhe in Sicilia. Hiero fuit rex Syracusarum. Ergo Mamertini, viri mali, Syracusarum-of Syracuse
pugnaverunt cum rege Syracusarum. Mamertini in periculo fuerunt. auxilium-help
Mamertini miserunt legatos ad senatum Romanum. Legati rogaverunt mercatura-trade
senatum mittere auxilium. Romani miserunt exercitum ad Mamertinos. itaque-and so
Sed Carthaginienses non voluerunt Romanos esse in Sicilia. Carthagi­ odit-hated
nienses voluerunt mercaturam facere in Sicilia. Ergo voluerunt expellere laetus-glad
Romanos. ltaque Romani helium gesserunt cum Carthaginiensibus. egregius-excellent
Primum bellum Punicum fuit. Punici habuerunt multas et bonas naves.
Romani non habuerunt bonas naves. Sed Romani fecerunt naves multas.
Miserunt viros fortes multos in naves. Carthaginienses non habuerunt
multos fortes viros in navibus. Ergo Romani potuerunt vincere Carthagi­
nienses. Punici non remanserunt in Sicilia. Punici dederunt pecuniam mul­
tam. ltaque Romani vicerunt Carthaginem in primo hello Punico. Vicerunt
anno ducentesimo quadragesimo primo (241) ante Christum. Carthagi­
nienses non amaverunt Romanos. Oderunt Romanos. Sed Romani laeti
fuerunt. Habuerunt vict6riam egregiam.

GENDER: There are three genders: masculine, feminine,

VOCABULARIUM and neuter. In English we say a word is masculine if it
gerere, gessit-wage, wear auxilium, o-help stands for anything male-feminine if it stands for any­
--, odit-hate egregius, a, um-excellent thing female, and neuter if it stands for a thing. But in
(odit has no present laetus, a, um-glad Latin we do not care about the sex of the object that
infinitive) vict6ria, a-victory the word stands for-Latin has an artificial, grammati­
itaque-and so cal type of gender. For example: a ship is a thing, but
the word for ship, navis is feminine-a ship is a she. And
trade, mercatura, is a thing, but the Latin word is femi­
NUNC COGITEMUS nine. We do not need to memorize the gender of every
noun in Latin. We have handy rules that cover many
UsE OF MEDIUS: Notice the expression above: in medio
(not all) words. Here they are:
saeculo tertio: in the middle of the third century. The
word medius in Latin is an adjective. But when it goes 1. All nouns of first declension are feminine unless
with a noun, we must supply the word of in English be­ they obviously denote a male. For example: nauta
tween the word middle and the noun: that is, we must is obviously masculine (or used to be before the
say: middle of. Waves came).
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 2. In the second declension, nouns in -um are neuter: There are two classes of adjectives:
others are masculine. 1. The bonus type has three sets of endings­
3. In the fourth declension, all -us nouns are mascu­ second declension for masculine
line except domus ( feminine--means house) and first declension for feminine
manus (feminine-means hand or band). second declension for neuter.
4. In the fifth declension, all are feminine except dies, 2. Third declension type has all its endings in the
which is masculine. third declension ( for all genders).
5. In the third declension, neuters have the nomina­ Therefore, the bonus type uses first and second
tive singular in: -n, -t, -men, -ma (these will have declension endings-the third declension type uses only
ablative in -e); or in: -e, -al, -ar. (These will have third declension endings. We already know nearly all
ablative singular in -i). But there is no good rule these endings. But today we shall review those of the
to distinguish masculines and feminines in the bonus type. In Lesson 13, we shall see about the third
third declension; hence it is necessary to learn the declension type. Here are all the endings of bonus ( all
gender with each noun. of which we know).

PRACTICAL RULE: We shall indicate the gender of all Masculine Feminine

third declension nouns ( and any others that are not ob­ Singular Plural Singular Plural
vious) by means of an adjective in the vocabulary. It is
easier to learn a pair of words, than to memorize the Norn. bonus boni bona bonae
gender separately. The form of the adjective will show Obj. bonum bonos bonam bonas
the gender: for example: ( here are all the third de­ Abl. bono bonis bona bonis
clension nouns we have learned thus far)
Neuter
Singular Plural
bonus civis-the -us ending is masculine ( see rule 2
above) Norn. bonum bona
bona lex-the -a ending is feminine (see rule 1 above) Obj. bonum bona
magnum mare-the -um ending is neuter ( see rule 2 Abl. bono bonis
above)
bonum nomen-neuter N.B. In the vocabulary WE SHALL LIST ALL
magna navis-feminine BONUS TYPE ADJECTIVES THUS: BONUS, A,
bonus pons-masculine UM: THE THREE FORMS ARE THE NOMINA­
magna potestas-feminine TIVE SINGULAR MASCULINE, FEMININE,
bonus rex-masculine AND NEUTER.
magna urbs-feminine And now, to help us get used to this idea of agreement-
magna veritas-feminine

AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS: The list of EXERCEAMUS Nos

forms we have just seen brings us to study another rule.
Look for agreement patterns.
It will not disturb us, as we have been seeing it used in the
stories all along. Here it is: AN ADJECTIVE MUST Roma habuit cives bonos. Roma vicit Carthaginem
AGREE WITH ITS NOUN IN THREE THINGS: magnis navibus. Columbus dixit veritatem magnam.
1. GENDER 2. NUMBER 3. CASE Senatus Romanus scripsit leges bonas. Naves multae
Take the example: bonus civis. The word civis is fuerunt in mari magno. Carthago magna fuit mercatura
masculine--so is bonus. The word civis is singular-so multa (the last two words are ablative). Romani ex­
is bonus. The word civis is nominative-so is bonus. pulerunt regem malum. Agnus albus venit in bonam
But notice that bonus does not agree with civis in scholam. Mundus est magnus. Romani gesserunt bella
declension-bonus has second declension endings when multa. Romani oderunt malos cives. Romani voluerunt
it is masculine or neuter ( and first declension when it is esse magni. Romani habuerunt nomen bonum. Hiero
feminine)-but bonus never gets a third declension non fuit rex malus. Sed Tarquinius non est rex bonus.
ending. Romani iecerunt ignem in magnum pontem. Romani
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vicerunt potestate magna. Puella non est parva. Sed Urbs Romana bona fuit. Carthago etiam fuit bona
agnus parvus est. Carthaginienses voluerunt habere urbs.
pecu.niam multam. Voluerunt habere mercaturam mag­
nam. Boni mercatura fuerunt. Bello Punico primo,
ENGLISH TO LATIN
Romani fecerunt multas naves bonas. Bonae naves
fuerunt in maribus multis. Senatus Romanus dedit multa 1. Columbus knew a great truth. 2. Isabella had much
egregia consflia. Romani venerunt in urbem magnam. money. 3. Rome had great citizens.

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LECTIO DUODECIMA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: After the first Punic War, Carthage was in need of money and trade­
they had paid a heavy indemnity to Rome. Hamilcar, father of Hannibal, went
to Spain as general. Hannibal went with him. According to legend, Hannibal put his
hand on the altar and swore eternal hatred against Rome. When he became general,
Hannibal attacked Saguntum, a city friendly to Rome. Rome demanded the recall
of Hannibal. It was refused. War starts.

Post helium Punicum primum pax fuit. Sed Carthaginienses non habuerunt pax-peace
pecuniam multam. Roma enim accepit aurum multum a Carthaginiensibus accepit-received
post helium primum. Carthago ergo non habuit multum aurum. Necesse aurum-gold
fuit invenire terras novas. Necesse fuit venire in Hispaniam. Quia in post-after
Hispania fuit aurum multum. Et mercat6res Carthaginienses potuerunt necesse-necessary
facere mercaturam multam in Hispania. Hannibal fuit puer Carthaginien­ Hispania-Spain
sis. Pater Hannibalis (of Hannibal) fuit imperator Carthaginiensis mag­ puer-boy
nus. Pater · Hamilcar fuit. Hamilcar fuit vir fortis, et imperator bonus. pater-father
Hamilcar fuit bonus consiliis. Romani narraverunt fabulam de Hannibale. imperator-general
Dixerunt quod Hannibal, quando in Hispania fuit cum patre, Hamilcare, p6suit-put
p6suit manum in altare et promisit odium aeternum contra Romanos. manus-hand
Fuitne veritas in fabula? Nescimus (we do not know). Sed Hannibal, altare-altar
quando vir fuit, gessit bellum magnum cum Romanis. Urbs magna fuit in promisit-promised
Hispania-nomen urbis ( of the city) fuit Saguntum. Hannibal v6luit odium-hatred
capere Saguntum. Sed Saguntini amaverunt Romanos. Et Romani ama­ aeternum-eternal
verunt Saguntinos. Ergo Saguntini miserunt legatos ad Romanos. Legati contra-against
venerunt in senatum Romanum. Legati Saguntini rogaverunt auxilium. revocare-recall
Rogaverunt Romanos venire exercitu magno. Ergo Romani miserunt
legatos in senatum Carthaginiensem. Legati Romani dixerunt quod
necesse fuit revocare Hannibalem. Sed Carthaginienses non revocaverunt
Hannibalem. Carthago odit Romam. Ergo Romani miserunt exercitum
magnum contra Hannibalem. ftaque gesserunt bellum Punicum secundum.

2. Supply the proper form of magnus to go with each

VOCABULARIUM of these words:
a) ablative case: navibus, legibus, potestatibus,
accipere, accepit-receive manus, u-hand (feminine imperat6ribus, urbibus
p6nere, p6suit-put, place gender) b) objective case: reges, maria, pontes, veritates,
promittere, promisit- necesse ( only form) consilia, n6mina.
promise -necessary 3. How do you say: they captured, they created, they
contra ( with obj. case) odium, o-hatred gave, he had, he found, they wished, he put, they
-against bonus pater, tre-father waged?
post (with obj. case)-afterbona pax, pace-peace
aurum, o-gold puer, puero-boy
bonus imperator-general NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
Hannibal promisit odium aetemum contra Romanos.
Romani acceperunt vict6riam egregiam. Nomen Ro­
ITERUM VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES manum magnum fuit. Romani non magni fuerunt mer­
I. How do you say: to conquer, to fall, to do, to be, to catura. Sed Carthaginienses magni fuerunt mercatura.
give, to capture, to wish, to send, to know, to throw? Romani magni fuerunt bello et vict6riis. Mercat6res
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amaverunt habere multum aurum in manibus. Non est veritatem. Sed etiam Romani non semper dixerunt
necesse habere aurum multum. Aurum est bonum, sed veritatem. Romani amaverunt veritatem. Sed Romani
non est necesse habere aurum. Romani habuerunt hel­ non semper potuerunt invenfre veritatem. Romani mi­
ium cum Carthagine saeculo tertio (Ill) ante Christum. serunt legatos in senatum Carthaginiensem. Sed Car­
Pater Hannibalis fuit imperator bonus. Columbus p6suit thaginienses etiam miserunt legatos. Voluenintne
aurum multum in naves. Sed Columbus non p6suit Carthaginienses habere pacem? Habuftne Hannibal
agnos multos in naves. Agni enim non amaverunt mare. elephantos? Otique, Hannibal habuit multos elephantos.
Agni non fuerunt nautae. Fuitne Maria nauta? Non, sed Hannibal misit multos elephantos contra Romanos in
Marcus fuit nauta. Et Columbus fuit nauta. Columbus pugnis. Sed Romani non timuerunt elephantos. Ro­
p6tuit invenire Americam. Columbus vidit Isabellam mani viri fortes fuerunt. Romani potuerunt vfncere
in Hispania. elephantos. Romani laeti fuerunt quia vict6riam
Post bellum, Carthaginienses voluerunt invenire habuerunt.
pacem. Pax est bona. Romani non potuerunt habere
pacem aeternam. Quando fuit pax in terra Romana?
ENGLISH TO LATIN
Fere semper bellum fuit. Romani non oderunt bellum.
Sed bellum habere fuit necesse. In rebus humanis, pax 1. When did Hannibal come? 2. Hamilcar said that
non semper est. Carthaginienses non semper dixerunt Rome was bad. 3. But Rome wanted peace.

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LECTIO DECIMA TERTIA
De adiectivis tertiae declinationis
De tempore plusquam perfecto

SUMMARY: Saguntum fell. The soldiers plundered the town. They then marched
through Spain, across the Pyrenees Mountains through Gaul and after much fight­
ing came to the Alps. The soldiers started to cross, after Hannibal calmed their
fears. On the descent they came to a steep cliff. Since it could not be avoided, they
heated the rock, poured vinegar on it, and then cut paths (so says the legend). Thus
all, even elephants, came down.

Saguntum cecidit. Milites Punici venerunt in urbem. In urbe ceperunt miles-soldier

multum aurum. £tiam ceperunt alia bona. Sed Hannibal non v6luit bona-good things
remanere. Hannibal v6luit venfre in terram Romanam. Ergo Hannibal et iter-journey
milites fecerunt iter. Venerunt per Hispaniam. Venerunt trans mantes per-through
Pyrenaeos in Galliam. Sed Hannibal non remansit in Gallia. V6luit videre moos-mountain
Romam. Necesse fuit pugnare fortitudine magna. Hannibal ergo, cum trans-across
milftibus, iter fecit per Galliam. Venerunt ad Alpes. Alpes sunt mantes laudavit-praised
magni. Mflites timuerunt Alpes. Sed Hannibal fortis fuit. Hannibal dixit non iam-no longer
quod non fuit necesse timere Alpes. Milites laudaverunt Hannibalem. Non ascendit-climbed
iam timuerunt Alpes. ltaque ascenderunt montes. Exercitus Romanus rupes a.rdua-steep cliff
v6luit pugnare cum Hannibale in Gallia. Sed non potuerunt, quia Hannibal descendere-go down
non remansit in Gallia. Hannibal et milites ascenderunt Alpes. :E:tiam ele­ de-about
phanti venerunt cum Hannibale et exercitu Punico. Sed in Alpibus vene­ via-path
runt ad rupem arduam. Milites non potuerunt descendere. Elephanti non ignis-fire
potuerunt descendere. Hist6ria Romana scripsit tabulam magnam de rupe acetum-vinegar
ardua. Fabula dixit quod milites Punici tecerunt viam in rupe: ignem probabiliter-probably
posuerunt in rupe-rupes mollitur (is softened) aceto-itaque vias
fecerunt in rupe. Estne veritas in tabula? Probabiliter non est veritas in
tabula. Sed-tabula dixit-Hannibal et exercitus Punicus descenderunt,
cum elephantis per viam in rupe.

Singular Plural
VOCABULARIUM
MF N MF N
de-(with ablative) acer, acris, acre, acri- Norn. fortis forte fortes f6rtia
about, concerning, sharp, eager, keen Obj. fortem forte fortes t6rtia
down from ferox, fer6ci-fierce Ahl. forti forti f6rtibus f6rtibus
non iam-no longer fortis, e, i-brave, strong (Like navis) (Like mare)
per (with objective)­ gradus, u-step
through
magnum iter, itinere-journey Notice that in the nominative singular, fortis has two
bonus miles, milite-soldier forms: fortis and forte. If we know that, plus the fact that
magnus moos, monte-mountain the ablative has -i (as practically all third declension
adjectives do)-we can figure out the rest. For we will
know that the nominative plural neuter will be -ia.
If then we use the old rule, that the nominative is the
NUNC COGITEMUS
same as the objective in the neuter (both in singular and
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES: Most third declen­ in plural) then we immediately know that the objective
sion adjectives are declined like fortis: singular neuter must be forte, and the neuter plural
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must be fortia. The nominative singular form /ortis is ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS: In Lesson 7 we found
both masculine and feminine. that we could use the masculine form of adjectives,
But some third declension adjectives have three forms WITHOUT ANY NOUN. We then supplied some
in the nominative singular. Such as: acer, acris, acre in noun in English-such as people, or men. Now we find
today's vocabulary. What then?-no real difference--it that we can do the same with .the neuter form of an
behaves just like fortis everywhere except in the nomina­ adjective: therefore
tive singular feminine, for which there is the special form bonum means a good thing
acris. Other forms work just as if it were: acer, acre-to bonus means a good man
match: fortis, forte. boni means good men
Still other third declension adjectives have only one bona means good things
form in the nominative singular: ferox is an example. The possibilities are numerous-but all easy to follow:
That one form serves for all three genders. How do we
decline it? Just use our rules and we cannot miss: the
objective singular masculine and feminine will be:
EXERCEAMUS Nos
ferocem-but the neuter will be ferox ( same as nomina­
tive). Similarly for the objective plurals: feroces and Watch for pluperfect "had" patterns.
ferocia ( which are also, in this instance, nominatives). Hannibal habuit odium acre contra Romanos. Romani
But to make it easy, let us write it all out: vicerant Carthaginem in primo hello Punico. Ergo
Carthaginienses fer6ces fuerunt. In primo hello, Punici
Singular Plural
fuerant boni mflites. Hannibal venit cum exercitu trans
Norn. ferox ferox fer6ces fer6cia montes. Milites voluerunt aurum multum accipere.
Obj. fer6cem ferox fer6ces fer6cia Hannibal promfserat multum aurum. Ergo milites laeti
Abl. fer6ci fer6ci fer6cibus fer6cibus fuerunt quando ceperunt Saguntum. Exercitus Ro­
manus venit contra Hannibalem. Senatus misit mflites
Therefore there are three types of third declension egregios. Milites egregii fortitudine fuerunt. In primo
adjectives-but there is no real difficulty, for the dif­ bello Punico mflites Romani fuerant in navibus-nunc
ferences come only in the nominative singular: they may sunt in Gallia. Sed non potuerunt invenfre Hannibalem
have one, two, or three forms for the nominative in Gallia. Quia Hannibal venerat ad Alpes. Hannibal
singular. fecerat vias multas in rupe ardua. Mflites posuerant
acetum in rupe. Elephanti laeti fuerunt-elephanti non
IN THE VOCABULARY WE SHALL GIVE THE voluerunt remanere in Alpibus. Elephanti amaverunt
ONE, TWO, OR THREE FORMS OF THE NOMI­ Africam. Elephanti timuerunt ignem. Sed mflites non
NATIVE SINGULAR, FOLLOWED BY THE AB­ timuerant ignem. Agnus albus non amavit ignem.
LATIVE SINGULAR OF THESE THIRD DECLEN­ Horatius non amavit ignem. Ignis ceciderat in pontem
SION ADJECTIVES. -et Horatius cecidit in aquam. Columbus non odit
Isabellam. Isabella dederat pecuniam et naves. Maria
PLUPERFECT TENSE (TIME): How do we say: He had non odit agnum album: agnus albus venerat in scholam
come? Very easy. Just take venit, which means: he cum Maria. In schola Marfa vfderat Marcum. Marcus
came, he has come, and change the -it to -erat. And, by non odit Mariam. Et Maria non odit Marcum.
using -erant, we get: They had come:
venerat-he had come venerant-they had come.
ENGLISH TO LATIN
We can make this change on any verb. We call it the
pluperfect or past perfect tense (time). It is one notch 1. Marcus saw the fierce soldiers. 2. The battle was
farther in the past than the perfect ( dixit). sharp. 3. He came with brave men.

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LE CTIO DECIMA QUARTA

De voce passiva in tempore perfecto

SUMMARY: After crossing the Alps, Hannibal won a small victory over Scipio at the
Ticinus river. Sempronius then took command for the Romans. Sempronius was
rash and impatient, and Hannibal knew it; he made a trap. He fed his men early,
and sent horsemen across the Trebia river to entice the Romans over. The Romans
had not eaten-they went through cold water, and then tried to fight. Other
Carthaginians came up behind them. Hannibal nearly wiped out the Roman army.

Hannibal et exercitus Punicus descenderant ex Alpibus. Venerant in ad-near

Italiam. In Italia invenerunt exercitum Romanum ad flumen Ticinum. flumen-river
Scipio fuit imperator Romanus. Scipio fuit imperator egregius et acer. Sed impatiens-impatient
Hannibal vicit Scipi6nem et exercitum Romanum. Nunc imperator Ro­ insidiae-ambush
manus est Sempronius. cibus-food
Hannibal scivit quod Sempronius fuit impatiens. Hannibal ergo fecit equites-horsemen
insidias. Htnnibal dedit cibum militibus (to the soldiers). Sed milites trans-across
Romani non acceperant cibos. Hannibal ergo misit equites (postquam frigidus-cold
cibum acceperant) trans flumen Trebiam. Sempronius vidit equites.
Romani milites non acceperant cibum. Sed Sempronius misit milites
Romanos contra equites Punicos. Romani venerunt per flumen.
Aqua frigida fuit-et Romani non habuerant cibos. £quites Punici
habuerant cibos ante pugnam. Postquam Romani venerunt trans flumen,
necesse fuit pugnare cum militibus Punicis. Pugna ferox fuit. Milites
Punici acres sunt-sed milites Romani non acceperant cibos-venerant
per flumen frigidum. Alii milites Punici venerunt post Romanos. Ergo
Romani non potuerunt vincere Punicos. Hannibal habuit vict6riam
egregiam. Non multi Romani remanserunt post pugnam. Romani non
fuerunt laeti. Sed milites Punici exclamaverunt quia laeti fuerunt.

But suppose the Roman army loses-we then would

VOCABULARIUM need to say:
trans (with objective magnum flumen, flumine­ The Roman army was conquered.
case)-across river or
cibus, o-food frigidus, a, um-cold The Roman army has been conquered.
bonus eques, equite­ insidiae, is (plural only)­ Notice how we make the change in English-we have
horseman ambush, snare to add a word, depending on what form of the English
we wish to use. We add the words in italics above.
The forms given first, the ones we have been using
NUNC COGITEMUS and translating by forms like vicit, those forms are
PERFECT PASSIVE: With the verb forms we know thus called ACTIVE. They mean that the army (or other
far we can say certain things: thus, for example, we can subject) is acting on someone else. But in the second
say set, the tables are turned: the Roman army is not ACT­
The Roman army conquered. ING-it is BEING ACTED ON. Quite a difference.
or Now although it is not too easy to learn the difference
The Roman army has conquered. of the English active and passive forms, it is much more
In Latin, either one would be: Romanus exercitus vicit. simple in Latin. In Latin, the active is-vicit (or plural
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-vicerunt). The passive is-victus est ( or plural­ Notice that we need two words to make the perfect pas­
victi sunt). sive third singular or plural:
How do we make these forms in Latin? We need to I . The participle, which is the third part of the verb
learn a new part of the verb. This part is called the 2. est or sunt.
perfect passive participle. We use it like an adjective with
PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES: Sometimes these parti­
est or sunt.
ciples are used, without est or sunt, as merely adjectives
For the word participle means sharing in-sharing in
-for example, exercitus victus could mean the con­
what? A participle is a half-breed. It is HALF verb-so
quered army. Or fabula scripta could mean a written
it carries the idea of something being done. It is HALF
legend.
adjective-so its endings are handled just like those of
an adjective. For example, if I want to say: PARTS OF VERBS ALREADY LEARNED: We must pick up
The Roman soldiers were heard­ the passive participles of the verbs we already know.
it will be For convenience, we add a table of them below. But to
Milites Romani auditi sunt. make it easy, we will assign half the list to be learned
For one soldier: in Lesson 15, and the other half in Lesson 16-and we
will not learn any new forms in those lessons. There are
Miles auditus est.
less than three dozen verbs thus far. Some of them do
Auditus, the participle, is half-adjective-so it must not have a perfect passive participle, usually because
agree with the subject: milites. But if the subject were they cannot be passive. When there is no perfect passive
puellae, girls: participle, we will give the future active participle ( if
Puellae auditae sunt. there is one) and mark it with an asterisk. You need
Or for one girl: not learn that future active now, unless you want to.
Puella audita est. But we will need it sometime.

INFINITIVE PERFECT ACTIVE PERFECT PASSIVE MEANING

accipere accepit acceptus receive

amare amavit amatus love
audire audivit auditus hear
cadere cecidit •casurus fall
capere cepit captus take, capture
creare creavit creatus create, make
dare dedit datus give
dicere dixit dictus say
esse fuit *futurus be
exclamare exclamavit exclamatus shout
expellere expulit expulsus drive out
facere fecit factus make, do
gerere gessit gestus wage, wear
habere habuit habitus have
iacere iecit iactus throw
invenfre invenit inventus find
mittere misit missus send
odit •osurus hate
parare paravit paratus prepare
p6nere p6suit p6situs put, place
posse p6tuit be able
promittere promisit promissus promise
remanere remansit •remansurus remain
regnare regnavit regnatus rule
rogare rogavit rogatus ask
scire scivit scitus know
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INFINITIVE PERFECT ACTIVE PERFECT PASSIVE MEANING

scn'bere scripsit scriptus write

servare servavit servatus save
stare stetit •staturus stand
timere timuit fear
velle v6luit wish, will
,
venue venit *venturus come
videre vidit visus see
vincere vicit victus conquer

You will soon learn to recognize certain patterns in the captus. Bellum est gestum in Gallia. Milites expulsi non
parts of verbs: note especially how many run: -are, fuerunt laeti.
-avit, -atus. And a fair number have: -ire, -ivit, -itus. Marfa est amata. Maria etiam amavit Marcum. Mar­
Pick out all examples of these kinds in the list. It is worth­ cus amatus est a (by) Marfa. Marfa amata est a Marco.
while. Ge6rgius Washington amatus est a Statibus Foeder­
atis Americae. Cincinnatus amatus est a cfvi bus Ro­
manis. Cincinnatus Romam servavit consiliis bonis.
NuNC EXERCEAMUS Nos Roma servata est a Cincinnato. Pax non promissa est ab
Pick out "has been" or "was" patterns. Hannibale. Hannibal promisit odium aeternum et bel­
lum. Bellum gestum est ab Hannibale. Hannibal non
Romanus exercitus victus est. Columbus missus est in captus est a Romanis.
Americam. Agnus albus non est missus in scholam.
Sed agnus venit in scholam. Maria est missa in scholam.
ENGLISH TO LATIN
Porci non sunt missi in scholam. Pecunia p6sita est in
naves. Pecunia accepta est. Galli expulsi sunt e terra 1. The Punic army was sent into Gaul. 2. Much gold
Romana. Bellum est promfssum. Hannibal non est was found. 3. The horsemen were heard.

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LECTIO DECIMA QUINTA
De participiis passivis

SUMMARY: The year after Trebia, Hannibal beat Flaminius. Flaminius did not
think Hannibal would cross the Apennines in the spring. But Hannibal did it, and
came between Flaminius and Rome. Flaminius pursued, and Hannibal led him
through a narrow pass by Lake Trasimene into a trap. The Roman army was
annihilated.

Romanus exercitus victus est ab Hannibale ad flumen Trebiam. In pr6ximo pr6ximus-next

anno, Hannibal fecit aliam magnam vict6riam. lam alius consul fuit im­ iam-now
perator Roma.nus. Hie consul fuit Gaius Flaminius. Gaius Flaminius dixit trans-across
quod Hannibal non p6tuit venire trans montes Apenninos, quia nix fuit mx-snow
in m6ntibus. Sed Hannibal non timuit nivem. Hannibal venit cum exercitu inter-between
trans montes. Venit inter Flaminium et Romam. Roma tlmuit. Flaminius insidiae-ambush
timuit. Non voluerunt Hannibalem capere Romam. Flaminius ergo venit angustiae-narrow place
ad pugnam. Sed Hannibal rursus fecit insidias. Hannibal amavit pugnare vix-hardly
insidiis. Flaminius et exercitus Roma.nus venerunt per angustias. Hannibal nebula-mist, haze
posuerat mflites Punicos post angustias in insidiis. ltaque quando exercitus lacus-lake
Romanus venit ex angustiis, invenerunt mflites Punicos in insidiis. Mflites
Punici fuerunt ante et etiam post exercitum Romanum. Romani mflites
pugnaverunt. Viri fortes fuerunt. Sed non potuerunt vincere mflites Puni­
cos. Punici enim fuerunt ante Romanos. Et etiam fuerunt post Romanos.
Romani mflites vix potuerunt videre milites Punicos, quia nebulae fuerunt
ad Lacum Trasimenum. Ergo exercitus Roma.nus fortis victus est ab
Hannibale. Hannibal rursus vicerat Romanos. Hannibal fuit imperator
bonus et fortis.

VOCABULARIUM foro, hie parvus porcus auditus est: Dixit enim: oui!
Learn the parts of the first seventeen verbs listed in Cincinnatus est creatus Dictator. Sed Cincinnatus non
Lesson 14. v6luit esse Dictator. Multa (many things) dicta sunt a
Cincinnato. Multa dicta sunt a senatu Romano. Sed
NUNC COGITEMUS Cincinnatus etiam fecit multa et magna. Multa et magna
facta sunt a Cincinnato. Cincinnatus fuit magnus forti­
Nothing really new today. Let us digest what we learned tudine et consiliis.
in the last lesson. But we might notice the new meaning Tarquinius expulsus est a Romanis. Tarquinius v6luit
we can get from the preposition a, ab: when we use it remanere in urbe-sed non acceptus est. Pecunia non
with one of these passive forms, it means by. We have est habita a Columbo. Sed pecunia est habita ab Isa­
already seen many samples: e.g., Exercitus victus est ab bella. Isabella dedit multas naves bonas. Horatius stetit
Hannibdle: The army was conquered by Hannibal. in ponte Romano. Pons factus est a Romanis. Sed ignis
est iactus in pontem. Et pons cecidit in flumen. Romanos
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
exercitus venit in insidias ad Lacum Trasimenum.
Watch for dixit quod and perfect passive "has been" Hannibal vicit Romanos insidiis. Multi Romani iacti
patterns. sunt in lacum. Exercitus Romanus audftus est ab Hanni­
Marcus victus est a Marfa. Marcus enim amavit Ma­ bale. Sed exercitus Punicus non est audftus a Romanis:
dam. Marcus dixit quod Marfa fuit agna parva. Dixitne Punici enim fuerunt in insidiis. Multa bona consflia
Maria baa? Non. Et Maria etiam dixit quod Marcus fuit facta sunt a senatu Romano. Multi Ill11ites fer6ces
agnus parvus. Maria _amata est a Marco. In schola, fuerunt in exercitu Punico. Hannibal et elephanti de­
parvus agnus albus auditus est: dixit enim: baa. Et in scenderunt gradibus. Elephanti non fuerunt animalia
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parva. Elephanti fecerunt itinera magna-venerunt Ge6rgius Washington iacere pecumam trans flumen
enim trans Alpes cum Hannibale. Potuftne Hannibal Potomac? Otique-senatus enim Americanus p6tuit
iacere elephantum trans Alpes? Non. Hannibal fuit vir etiam iacere pecuniam trans Oceanum Atlanticum.
fortis. Fuit etiam imperator fortis. Sed etiam imperator
fortis non p6tuit iacere elephantos. Sed Hannibal p6tuit
ENGLISH TO LATIN
iacere agnum in flumen. Et etiam p6tuit iacere alia
animalia. 1. Cincinnatus was asked to come. 2. Marcus seemed
Mohammed v6luit montem venfre-sed moos non (i.e., was seen-passive of videre) to love Mary. 3. The
venit. Ergo Mohammed venit ad montem. Potuftne legend was written.

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LECTIO DECIMA SEXTA

lterum nihil novi hodie: sed studeamus participiis passivis

SUMMARY: After the disaster at Lake Trasimene, Q. Fabius Maximus was made
Dictator. He knew he dare not risk a pitched battle, and contented himself with
small operations. This policy was unpopular: he was labeled "The Delayer." The
next year two consuls were elected instead of Fabius. If we may believe Livy (not
clear) Paulus favored the policy of Fabius-Varro did not. Hannibal, since they
commanded on alternate days, waited for Varro's day, and enticed him into battle
at Cannae. The result was another disaster, one of the worst in Roman history.

Postquam exercitus Romanus victus est ad Lacum Trasimenum, vir mag­ statim-at once
nus creatus est Dictator Romanus: Quintus Fabius Maximus. Fabius vidit expectare-wait
quod non p6tuit vincere Hannibalem statim. Ergo Fabius v61uit expectare. vocavit-called
Quia Fabius semper v6luit expectare, Romani dederunt novum nomen: Cunctator-delayer
vocaverunt Fabium "Cunctat6rem." Romani non viderunt quod Fabius elegit-elected
bonum faciebat ( was doing). Sed necesse fuit expectare. Hannibal v6luit scriptor-writer
pugnare magnam pugnam cum exercitu Romano. Cives Romani voluerunt clarus-clear
magnam pugnam cum Hannibale. Sed bonum fuit expectare. Fabius v6luit secundum-according to
vincere consilio bono. Fabius ergo expectavit. Fabius non pugnavit. Sed alternus-alternate
cives Romani non amaverunt expectare. Dixerunt: Fabius non est bonus iterum-again
imperator.
Ergo pr6ximo anno (217 BC) elegerunt duos (II) c6nsules: Lucium
Aemilium Paulum, et Gaium Terentium Varr6nem. Non iam habuerunt
Fabium Dictat6rem. Scriptor Romanus, Livius, dixit quod Aemilius
Paulus non v6luit pugnare cum Hannibale, sed Varro v6luit pugnare.
Dixitne Livius veritatem? Non est clarum. Sed, secundum Livium, Hanni­
bal v6luit pugnare--et Hannibal scivit quod Paulus non v6luit pugnare,
sed Varro v6luit. Paulus et Varro fuerunt imperatores in alternis diebus.
ltaque, quando Varro fuit imperator, Hannibal paravit ad pugnam. Et
Varro fecit pugnam cum Hannibale. Sed Hannibal fuit imperator bonus.
Et Varro non fuit imperator bonus. Ergo Hannibal iterum vicit Romanos.
Pugna facta est ad Cannas.

VOCABULARIUM erunt remanere in urbe, voluerunt pugnare cum Han­

nibale. Fabius rogatus est pugnare. Roma servata est a
Learn the parts of the rest of the verbs listed in Lesson
14. Fabio. Primis diebus, Roma servata est ab Horatio.
Horatius enim pugnavit in ponte. Horatius cecidit in
flumen, quia ignis cecidit in pontem. Hannibal vicit
NUNC COGITEMUS Romanos quia Romani non acceperant cibum.
Columbus v6luit invenfre lndiam, sed invenit Ameri­
Again nothing new today-isn't Latin easy! But get cam. ltaque India non est inventa a Columbo. Agnus
those participles up! albus inventus est in schola. Fuitne necesse habere
agnum in schola? Non. Non est necesse habere agnos in
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
schola. Sed necesse est habere pueros et puellas in
scholis. Estne necesse habere porcos in foro'; Non est
Pax non promissa est. Sed pax est bona. Milites Romani necesse-Romani sunt in foro. Et Marcus Porcius Cato
parati sunt ad pugnam. Imperator enim promisit pug­ est in foro. Cato fuit Romanos fortis et magnus. Cato
nam acrem. Milites etiam acres sunt et fortes. Non volu- habuerat magnam potestatem in urbe. Cato pugnavit in
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multis bellis. Cato fuit ferox contra Carthaginem. Cato frigida fuit. Malum est esse in aqua frigida. Sed etiam
dixit quod necesse fuit vincere Carthaginem. malum est esse in aqua calida (hot).
Carthago habuit magnam potestatem in marl. Car­
thago fuit fortis navibus. Sed Roma fuit fortis exercitu
magno. In primo hello Punico Roma vicerat Carthagi­ ENGLISH TO LATIN
nem. Sed in hello Punico secundo Carthago fere vicit
Romam. Roma fere victa est ab Hannibale. Milites 1. Hannibal was conquered by the Romans. 2. But he
Punici fuerunt in insidiis. Romani venerunt in insidias. had conquered the Romans in many battles. 3. Han­
Romani iacti sunt in lacum-lacus frigidus fuit. Aqua nibal was a brave general.

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LECTIO DECIMA SEPTIMA
De ablativo absoluto

SUMMARY: Hannibal remained at the height of his power for two or three years after
Cannae. But then Rome began to have successes. Marcellus took several cities. Scipio
was especially outstanding. After some victories in Spain, he was made consul. He
wanted to carry the war into Africa. The senate agreed if he would pay the troops.
He went and also obtained the help of Masinissa, king of Numidia. They cut off
Carthage from food supplies. Carthage recalled Hannibal. Scipio defeated him at
Zama. The war came to an end.

Postquam victi sunt ab Hannibale ad Cannas, Romani non habuerunt vic­ maximus-greatest
t6rias magnas per tres (III) annos. Sed post tres annos Marcellus factus nihil6minus-nevertheless
est consul Romanus. Marcellus cepit aliquas (some) urbes. Sed Scipio pro-for
Africanus fuit maximus imperator Romanus in ultimis annis. Scipio navigavit-sailed
enim vicit exercitum Punicum in Hispania. Post vict6rias in Hispania, auxilia-reinforcements
Scipio nihil6minus v6luit mittere exercitum in Africam. Ergo senatus interclusit-cut off
Romanus non v6luit mittere exercitum Romanum in Africam. Quidam frumentum-grain
(certain) senat6res dixerunt: "Non est necesse mittere exercitum in vocavit-cal/ed
Africam: Hannibal enim, maximus imperator Punicus, est in Italia." Sed
Scipio nihil6minus v6luit mittere exercitum in Africam. Ergo senatus
dedit potestatem mittere exercitum in Africam. Sed non dederunt pecu­
niam pro exercitu. Ergo alii Romani pecuniam dederunt pro expediti6ne.
Scipio p6suit milites in naves, et navigaverunt in Africam multis navibus.
In Africa fuit rex Masinissa. Masinissa fuit rex Numidiae (of Numidia).
Masinissa dedit auxflia. Scipio et Masinissa intercluserunt Carthaginem a
frumento. Ergo Carthago pacem rogavit. £tiam Hannibalem in Africam
revocaverunt. ltaque Hannibal et exercitus Punicus venerunt rursus in
Africam. Hoc facto (this having been done) Carthaginienses pacem non
servaverunt.
Sed Scipio fuit imperator magnus. Scipio vicit Hannibalem in pugna
ad Zamam. Ergo pax facta est. Roma vicerat Carthaginem in hello Punico
secundo. Carthago dedit multam pecuniam et multas naves.

handy short-cuts in the language. One of these is the

VOCABULARIUM
ablative absolute. It may seem odd at first, but it is not
intercludere, interclusit, interclusus-cut off hard to get used to it. Notice--in English we may say:
navigare, navigavit, navigatus-sail This being the case, let us go ahead.
vocare, vocavit, vocatus-call Now in Latin, we do the same sort of thing, but put the
auxflia, is (plural of auxilium)-reinforcements, pattern in the ablative case (and in a greater variety
auxiliaries than English) :
frumentum, o-grain Rege expulso, Romani pugnaverunt.
maximus, a, um-very great, greatest This pattern is called ablative absolute. Now there is
nihil6minus-nevertheless a literal-but very crude-translation possible. It is
pro (with ablative )-for useful as a start:
The king HAYING BEEN expelled,
NUNC COGITEMUS the Romans fought.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE: The Romans had something of Notice how we treat the two words: rege, and expulso.
the spirit of a Scotch telegrapher-there are some very Rege, of course, is merely translated: the king. But the
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participle expulso becomes: having been expelled. are easy when you get used to them. Do it now. And
That is crude-but the HAYING BEEN formula is therefore-
a good way to start, to get the sense.
Please memorize a sentence containing an ablative
EXERCEAMUS Nos
absolute, and its English translation-you may take
the one just given, or make up one of your own. But if Find the ablative absolute patterns.
you memorize one, it will serve as a pattern. Pace facta, milites venerunt in urbem. Romanis victis,
Now that starting translation is too crude-and be­ Carthaginienses laeti fuerunt. Hannibale viso, Fabius
sides, we said that the Romans at times were men after non v6luit pugnare. Agno viso, porci dixerunt: oink.
the heart of a Scotch telegrapher-so-we can expand Urbe capta, Marcellus misit legatos ad Fabium. Bello
that cramped, crude translation. We have quite a choice: gesto, pax rursus venit. Pecunia iacta trans flumen Po­
1. When (or after) the king was expelled, the Ro­ tomac, Ge6rgius Washington laetus fuit. America in­
mans fought. venta, Columbus accepit aurum multum. Fabio rogato,
2. Because (or since) the king was expelled, the legati venerunt rursus in senatum. Roma servata, Cin­
Romans fought. cinnatus v6luit venfre in agros. Frumento in naves
3. Although the king was expelled, the Romans p6sito, Columbus navigavit in Americam. Porcis captis,
fought. milites cibos habuerunt. Agno ex schola expulso, Mar­
4. If the king was expelled, the Romans fought. cus laetus fuit: non enim amavit audfre: baa. Amavit
You will find it pays richly to memorize a complete set videre Mariam. Militibus paratis, Fabius iter fecit. Baa­
of sentences like the above-or at very least, to memo­ Baa dicta, agnus laetus fuit. Scipione misso in Africam,
rize the words in italics: when, after, because, although, senatus accepit pacem. Sagunto capto, milites Punici
and if. acceperunt aurum multum.
But there is a fifth type of expansion-not ordinarily
necessary to know, but very often handy. In it, we make
ENGLISH TO LATIN
an independent clause out of the absolute and join it to
the rest of the sentence by the word and. I. Columbus sailed into the new world. 2. Carthage
For example: has been cut off from grain. 3. Masinissa received
5. The king was expelled AND the Romans fought. much gold. 4. Much gold having been received, the
N.B. These principles on the ablative absolute are ex­ soldiers were glad. 5. Although the Romans were con­
tremely important--almost every page of a regular quered, Hannibal was not glad. 6. Because grain had
Latin author will have at least one such absolute. They been received, the men called the general.

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LECTIO DECIMA OCTAVA

De casu possessivo

SUMMARY: The second Punic War left Rome the greatest power in the Mediterranean
world. But Rome still had many wars-wars with Macedonia, and with Antiochus,
king of Seleucia. But other powers learned to fear Rome. Thus, when Antiochus IV
invaded Egypt, a Roman senator, Popilius, ordered him out. Antiochus asked time
to consider. Popilius drew a circle about him in the sand and demanded an immediate
answer before leaving the circle. Or again, a mere order from Rome stopped
King Prusias of Bithynia from taking Pergamum.

Post bellum Punicum secundum, Carthagine victa, Roma potestatem totus-whole

maximam habuit in toto mundo. Sed necesse fuit gerere multa alia bella. unus-one
Romani bella gesserunt cum Macedonia, cum Rege Antiocho ( Antiochus iussit-ordered
fuit rex in Seleucia) et cum Graecia. Sed etiam reges sciverunt quod in discedere-to go out of
periculo fuerunt quando bellum cum Roma gesserunt. Exempli gratia (tor deliberare-to consider
the sake of example) Antiochus rex, in saeculo secundo ante Christum arena-sand
v6luit capere Aegyptum. Sed unus ex senat6ribus Romanis, Popflius circum-around
n6mine, venit ad regem Antiochum in Aegyptum. PopHius, in n6mine antequam-before
Romano, iussit regem Antfochum discedere ex Aegypto. Hoc (this) facto, resp6nsum-answer
Antiochus dixit quod deliberare v6luit. Popflius itaque scripsit circulum statim-at once
in arena circum Antfochum. PopHius dixit quod necesse fuit non discedere
ex cfrculo antequam daret ( before giving) resp6nsum. Hoc (this) audfto,
Antiochus rex statim discessit ex Aegypto.
Sed potestas magna est visa etiam quando rex Prusias Bithyniae ( of
Bithynia) v6luit Pergamum capere. Roma iussit--et factum est. Prusias
Pergamum non cepit. Prusias remansit in terra Bithyniae. Prusias scivit
quod necesse fuit timere potestatem Romanam. Et Prusias veritatem scivit:
Romani fuerunt maximi potestate in toto mundo. Quando Roma iusserat
-necesse fuit facere iussa.

3. 4. 5.
VOCABULARIUM civis civium senatus senatuum diei dierum
deliberare, -avit, -atus­ antequam (conjunction)­
deliberate before
discedere, -cessit, circum (with objective)­ So--agni means either: the lamb's or of the lamb.
-cessurus-depart around Notice that we have given two words as samples for
iubere, iussit, iussus­ arena, a-sand �he third declension. In the singular, both have -is. But
order resp6nsum, o-answer in the plural, one has -um, and the other has -ium. Why
so? It depends on the ablative singular. Those nouns
that have ablative singular in -i ( and adjectives too)
NuNC COGITEMUS will have the -ium possessive plural.
POSSESSIVE CASE: The possessive case is the "of" case, Those that have the ablative singular, in -e, will have
or the" 's" case. All Latin nouns have endings for the only -um in the possessive plural. Simple isn't it. And
possessive case. We form it by substituting the possessive gender makes no difference-all three genders in the
endings for the ablative singular endings, thus: third declension use the same endings for the possessive,
1. 2. 3. making, of course, the distinction of -um and -ium ac­
nautae nautarum agni agn6rum legis legum cording to the ablative.
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 Now, we already saw that neuters in the third declen­ Sed in schola fuit etiam alius agnus Mariae-hic agnus
sion that have -i in the ablative singular, have -ia for non dixit baa. Marcus enim fuit etiam agnus Marfae­
nominative and objective plurals--now we note that Marfa enim vocavit Marcum agnum parvum. Marfa
the very same nouns have -ium for possessive plurals. visa, Marcus laetus fuit. Marcus amavit Mariam.
The -i's have it! Marcus fuit amator Mariae.
As to adjectives, they use the same declensions as the In diebus Horatii, Romani fuerunt fortes. Sed etiam
nouns. That is, bonus type adjectives will use the endings fuerunt fortes in diebus Popfli-Popilio audfto, Antf­
Masculine Neuter ochus discessit ex Aegypto. Rex Antfochus fecit iussa.
Feminine
-a -orum Popflius enim habuit potestatem senatus Romani. Sen­
-i -orum -ae -arum
atus Romanos magnam potestatem habuit. Etiam potes­
As to third declension adjectives, since practically all tas exercitus Romani fuit magna. Et potestas tribun6rum
have the ablative singular in -i, we may say that the plebis fuit magna. Tribuni plebis fuerunt viri fortes.
possessive forms of those adjectives are: -is and-ium. Potestas patrici6rum fuit magna. Sed patdcii non sem­
But some of these possessive endings are duplicates per fecerunt bona. Ergo plebs v6luit discedere ab urbe.
of endings of other cases! Thus nautae could be either Legati patrici6rum venerunt ad plebem. Rogaverunt
possessive singular or nominative plural. And similarly plebem venire rursus in urbem. Sed plebs non v6luit
agni could be either possessive singular or nominative venire antequam potestatem acceperunt. Ergo patricii
plural. The way possessive patterns are used will soon dederunt tribunos plebis. Tribunis acceptis, plebs venit
tell us how to distinguish them. It is not nearly so hard in urbem.
as in English, where almost all endings duplicate. Popflius dixit quod necesse fuit audfre resp6nsum
Antfochi statim. V6luit audire resp6nsum Antiochi
PARTICIPLES USED AS NOUNS: Notice the last sentence antequam Antfochus veniret (should come) ex circulo
in the story above: necesse fuit facere iussa. in arena. Popflius accepit resp6nsum Antiochi statim.
That word iussa is the neuter nominative-objective Antiochus statim discessit ex Aegypto. Noone potestas
plural of the participle of iubere. Now-we found that Roman6rum fuit magna? In Aegypto fuit frumentum
bona could mean good things; similarly, iussa can mean multum. Antfochus v6luit habere frumentum Aegypti
ordered things. Therefore, facere iussa means to do the -sed Romani etiam voluerunt habere frumentum
things ordered. Aegypti.

EXERCEAMUS Nos ENGLISH TO LATIN

Watch for possessive patterns. 1. The sailor's father had come. 2. The senate's power
Magna fuit potestas Romae. Mflites Carthaginis fortes was great. 3. Popilius ordered Antiochus to get out.
fuerunt. Pecunia accepta, Columbus navigavit in navi­ 4. Although the ship's gold had been seized, the general
bus Isabellae. Cincinnatus habuit potestatem Dictat6ris. did not depart. 5. Before Rome's sailors came, there was
Sed etiam agri Cincinnati fuerunt boni. no fight. 6. The power of Rome was great. 7. Antiochus
Mariae agnus venit in scholam. Hie agnus dixit baa. was king of Seleucia.

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LECTIO DECIMA NONA

De tribus casibus pronominis: ille

SUMMARY: Marcus Porcius Cato ended every speech in the senate with the words,
"Carthage must be destroyed." Rome feared Carthage, since Hannibal had almost
ruined Rome. And they hated Carthage. The senate began to believe Cato. Carthage
made war on Masinissa without Roman permission, a violation of the treaty. Rome
sent legates to demand that Carthage lay down her arms. Carthage complied. (Con­
tinued tomorrow)

Marcus P6rcius Cato fuit vir fortis. Seel Cato odit Carthaginem. Roma iam facile-easy
vicerat Carthaginem in primo et in secundo bellis Punicis. Sed Hannibal odisse-to hate
fere vicerat Romam. Ergo multi Romani timuerant Carthaginem. Hanni­ habere orati6nem-
bale victo, Romani timuerunt etiam victam Carthaginem. Quia timuerunt to give a speech
Carthaginem, et quia Hannibal fere vicerat Romam, facile fuit odisse omnis-all, every
Carthaginem. Cato ergo odit Carthaginem. Cato fuit censor Romanus. finis, -end
Cato etiam habuit orati6nes multas in senatu Romano. Cato dixit multa delere-to destroy
in senatu Romano contra Carthaginem, etiam contra Carthaginem victam. saepe-often
In fine omnis orati6nis, Cato semper dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. debuit-ought
Ergo senatus Romanus saepe audivit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. licentia-permission
Catone saepe audito, etiam senatus dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. sine-without
Carthago fecit bellum cum Masinissa, rege Numidiae. Sed Carthago non dep6nere-lay down
debuit facere bellum in Africa sine licentia Roman6rum. Carthago non arma-arms
v6luit facere bellum. Sed Masinissa fuit malus. Fere necesse fuit gerere
helium cum rege Numidiae. Ergo Carthaginienses fecerunt helium.
Romanus senatus audivit quod Carthago fecerat bellum sine licentia
Roman6rum. Ergo senatus dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. ltaque
senatus misit c6nsules cum exercitu ad Carthaginienses. C6nsules dixe­
runt: senatus Romanus iussit Carthaginienses dep6nere arma. Consulibus
auditis, Carthaginienses fecerunt iussa. Timuerunt enim potestatem
Romae.
(Continued tomorrow-continuabitur eras.)

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
NOMINATIVE, OBJECTIVE, AND ABLATIVE OF Ille:
debere, debuit, debitus­ dep6nere, -p6suit, The forms of ille are almost all like bonus, bona, bonum:
owe, ought -p6situs-put down
delere, delevit, deletus­ saepe-often Masculine Feminine Neuter
destroy sine ( with ablative) Norn ille illi illa illae illud ilia
-without Obj. ilium illos illam illas illud ilia
facilis, facile, i-easy Abl. illo illis ilia illis illo illis
bonus finis, e(poss. pl.-ium)-end
omnis, omne, i-all, every
magna oratio, -i6ne-speech
orati6nem habere-give a speech

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 Where does i/le differ from bonus? Only in three Ubi est ille agnus albus? Ille est in schola. Sed non
forms (of those given)-i/le, nominative singular mas­ debuit venire in scholam. Marcus non amavit agnos in
culine and illud (twice)-nominative and objective schola-Marcus amavit Mariam in schola. Ille dixit
singular neuter. So-out of the whole table, we have quod ilia est agna parva. Dixitne Marcus veritatem?
really only two forms to learn. In fact, if we learn the Omnes pueri in schola viderunt Marcum et Mariam.
top row of singulars: ille, ilia, illud-we have it. For the Sed non viderunt porcos in schola. Porci fuerunt in foro.
first of the odd forms, ille, is in that list. And the second, Illi porci dixerunt: oink. Cur (why) dixerunt porci
illud, is also in that list. The third is only a repetition .of illud? Ouia non potuerunt dicere baa. Marcus dedit fru­
the second, according to the rule that nominative and mentum pro agno Mariae.
objective are the same in neuters. Not much to learn! Illi reges fuerunt boni. Senat6res Romani sunt boni
What does ille mean? It can serve as an adjective: consiliis. Omnes senat6res habuerunt orati6nes in se­
ille vir-that man natu. Agnus albus audivit illas orati6nes. Sed agnus non
illud bellum-that war dixit baa in senatu. Agnus v6luit esse bonus. Ergo illi
It can serve as a noun (pronoun) : senat6res amaverunt agnum.
ille-he, that one Cato in senatu dixit quod necesse fuit delere Cartha­
illa-she, that one ginem. Ergo Carthago venerat ad finem. Finis dierum
illud-it, that thing Carthaginis venerat. Carthago deleta est. Hannibal non
p6tuit servare illam urbem. Rex Bithyniae non p6tuit
In the plural:
servare Carthaginem. Rex Bithyniae non p6tuit stare
illi-those men. contra potestatem Roman6rum. Debuit facere iussa.

EXERCEAMUS Nos ENGLISH TO LATIN

Look for samples of the ille pattern. 1. Where is that man? 2. Mary wanted to find that
In illis diebus, Romani gesserunt bellum cum Antiocho, lamb. 3. The men of Rome were brave. 4. Cato wanted
rege Seleuciae. Popilius, senator Romanus venit ad them (illos) to destroy the city. 5. That man did not
illum regem. Popilius iussit Antiochum discedere ex like the speech. 6. When that speech had been given,
Aegypto. Popilio audito, Antiochus discessit ex illa Cato departed. 7. By a great speech, he destroyed the
terra. city.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: After the Carthaginians had laid down their arms, the Roman legates
announced that the senate ordered the destruction of the city: they would be per­
mitted to rebuild, but it must be ten miles inland. This meant ruin for a mercantile
city. So Carthage, without arms, resisted. The siege lasted three years. Women gave
their long hair to make ropes for catapults. But it was hopeless. At last the city fell­
a blot on Rome's record. In the same year they also destroyed Corinth-the site was
desolate for a century.

Heri audfvimus de prima parte belli Punici tertii. Marcus P6rcius Cato heri-yesterday
saepe in senatu Romano dixerat: necesse est delere Carthaginem. Carthago audfvimus-we heard
fecerat bellum cum Masinissa, rege Numidiae. Bello facto, senatus Ro­ pars-part
manus mfserat c6nsules ad Carthaginienses. C6nsules iusserant illos de­ quid-what?
p6nere arma. Consulibus auditis, Carthaginienses deposuerant arma. licet-it is permitted
Sed quid dixit senatus Romanus? Postquam viri Carthaginis deposue­ aedificare-build
runt arma, senatus dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. Licet aedificare femina-woman
novam urbem-sed non ad mare. Carthaginienses boni mercatura fuerunt f6rtiter-bravely
-necesse est habere urbem ad mare. Ergo Carthaginienses, sine armis, capfllus-hair
bellum gesserunt cum Romanis. Bellum factum est in anno centesimo caput-head
quadragesimo nono (149) ante Christum. Per tres (Ill) annos Carthagi­ catapulta-catapult
nienses f6rtiter pugnaverunt. Feminae Carthaginienses etiam dederunt nihil-nothing
capfllos capitis pro catapultis. Etiam feminae Carthaginienses fortes lacessere-harass
fuerunt. Sed non potuerunt vfncere Romanos. Romani enim multi fuerunt. e6dem ( abl. )-same
Romani bona arma habuerunt. Carthaginienses non habuerunt bona
arma: omnia arma dederant Romanis. Non fuit facile pugnare sine armis.
Ergo Romani deleverunt Carthaginem. Nihil illius (of that) urbis re­
mansit--omnia deleta sunt. Romani mali fuerunt. Non debuerunt delere
Carthaginem. Masinissa etiam malus fuit. Non debuit lacessere Carthagi­
nem.
E6dem anno, Romani etiam deleverunt Graecam urbem, Corinthum.
Nemo remansit in illo loco per centum (JOO) annos.

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

VocABULARIUM
I. Decline two words together (fine practice!): bonus
aedificare, -avit, -atus­ licet (present tense)-it is vir, ille vir, ( omit possessive and dative of ille), illud
build permitted caput, pars magna. 2. Add up all the prepositions with
lacessere, -cessivit, fortiter-bravely the ablative we have seen so far. 3. How do you say:
-cessitus-harass quid-what? of the sea, of the seas, of the citizen, of the citizens, of
capfllus, o-hair the power, of the powers, of the speech, of the speeches,
magnum caput, capite-head of the lamb, of the lambs.
femina, a-woman
locus, o ( but the plural shifts to
neuter: loca)-place NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
nemo, nemine (has no poss.)-no one NEW WoRD ORDER: The Romans did not always use
bona pars, parte (poss. pl.-ium. Most
the same word order as we do. Today we are going to
one syllable nouns of third declen­
begin to practice in earnest on one new variety of their
sion have -e ab/. sing. but -ium
word order. It will seem a bit strange to you at first, but
poss. pl. )-part
you will get used to it quickly. Here is a sample:
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 Maria agnum habuit. deletae sunt. Nunc Carthago non iam est urbs. Nemo in
Mary had the lamb. illo loco remansit. Ergo Carthago nihil est. Et Corinthus
non iam est urbs. Corinthus nihil est. Suntne agni in
Notice that we have the three pieces in this order: illa urbe? Non sunt: illa enirn urbs non est.
1. subject 2. object 3. verb Ubi est Horatius? Horatius in ponte fuit. Ergo
Horatius in flumine est. Sed Horatius pugnaverat f6rtiter
N.B. But do not rearrange them in your own mind­ contra Etruscos. Horatius Romam servavit.
learn to feel them just like the Romans did. It is easy, and Cincinnatus etiam pro Roma f6rtiter pugnavit. Cin­
you will find it fun to try. If you have to rearrange them cinnatus enim in agris remanere voluerat, sed senatus
the first few times, all right, but then go back and re-read Romanus ad illum legatos misit. Dictat6rem ilium cre­
the same sentence several times in Latin, without think­ averunt. Sed Cincinnatus non v6luit remanere Dictator:
ing of the English: you will find that you can follow the in agris esse v6luit. Cincinnatus enim agnos amavit.
thought easily in Latin. Sed malos viros non amavit: viri mali Romarn oderunt.
Viri mali delere Romam voluerunt. Sed Cincinnatus
Magna pars legat6rum Roman6rum in urbem vene­ illos delevit. Viri mali deleti sunt a Cincinnato. Viris
runt. Romani Carthaginem viderunt. Romani arma malis deletis, Roma pacem habuit. Seel non per multos
videre voluerunt. Carthaginienses non debuerunt bel­ annos. Alii enim viri mali venerunt.
lum sine licentia Roman6rurn gerere. Sed Masinissa, rex
Numidiae, malus fuit-semper Carthaginem lacessivit.
ENopsH TO LATIN
Romani etiarn Corinthum deleverunt. Graeci enim
cum aliis Graecis semper pugnaverunt. Graeci etiam 1. It is necessary to find the woman. 2. A large part of
cum Roma pugnaverunt. Roma non amavit semper the soldiers came. 3. They fought without permission
pugnare. Ergo Corinthum Romani deleverunt. Corin­ of the Romans. 4. That woman is brave. 5. A large part
thus fuit urbs magna in Graecia. Corinthus multos mer­ of the soldiers was seen. 6. The Romans came with great
cat6res et multos nautas habuit. Carthago etiam multas power. 7. The legates of Rome ordered them to put
naves habuerat. Sed nunc omnes naves Carthaginis down (their) arms (arma) .

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LECTIO VIGESIMA PRIMA

De tribus casibus pronominis: hie

De tempore plusquamperfecto in voce passiva

SUMMARY: Tiberius Gracchus, though a patrician by birth, was sympathetic to the

poor-many of them had been farmers, but had lost their lands, being unable to
compete with large estates and slave labor. In Rome they found little work at little
pay-slave competition again. The senate opposed the proposed law to give part of
the public lands to the poor. (Part of their lands were public, but in many cases no
one remembered which lands were public.) Gracchus however put it through the
popular assembly. He did a number of things contrary to precedent and the senate's
interests. Some senators organized a mob and killed him.

Tiberius Gracchus fuit patrkius nativitate. Sed motus est miseric6rdia pro natfvitas-birth
pauperibus. Viri enim pauperes multi fuerunt in urbe Romana. Illi paupe­ motus-moved
res habuerant agros. Pauperes non potuerant remanere in agris. Habuerant miseric6rdia-pity
enim parvos agros. Sed divites habuerunt magnos et multos agros. Divites divites-the rich
habuerunt multos servos. Servi non acceperunt pecuniam pro lab6ribus. servus-slave
Ergo pauperes non potuerunt tenere agros suos. Pauperes venerunt in labor-work
urbem. Sed etiam in urbe fuerunt multi servi. Pauperes non voluerunt esse tenere-hold, keep
servi. Sed fere nihil acceperunt pro lab6ribus in urbe. Et fere nemo v6luit suus-one's own
conducere illos. conducere-hire
Tiberius Gracchus ergo v6luit dare agros pauperibus (to the poor). prop6suit-proposed
ltaque prop6suit legem novam in senatu. Sed senat6res non amaverunt re vera-real/y
novam legem. Per legem novam enim senat6res debuerunt dare partem erant-were
agr6rum su6rum pauperibus. Non omnes agri senat6rum re vera erant comitia tributa-popular
agri senat6rum. Senat6res enim tenuerunt etiam multos agros publicos. assembly
Illi agri re vera non erant agri senat6rum--erant agri publici. Sed senat6res quidam-certain
non voluerunt dare illos agros pauperibus. Quia senat6res non voluerunt turba-mob
novam legem, Gracchus venit in comitia tributa. Plebs in comitiis tributis interfecit-kil/ed
voluerunt habere novam legem Gracchi. Gracchus etiam fecit multa alia
quae (which) senatus non amavit. Ergo quidam senat6res fecerunt turbam.
Illa turba interfecit Tiberium Gracchum.

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
NOMINATIVE, OBJECTIVE, AND ABLATIVE OF H1c:
erant-were miseric6rdia, a-mercy, Hie is the mate to ille. Ille means that; hie means this.
interfkere, fecit, fectus­ pity The forms of hie are almost as easy:
kill servus, o-slave
movere, movit, motus­ senator' ore, magnus­ Masculine Feminine Neuter
move senator
Norn. hie hi haec hae hoc haec
prop6nere, p6suit, suus, a, um-one's own, his,
Obj. hunc hos bane has hoc haec
p6situs-propose hers, its, theirs
Abl. hoc his hac his hoc his
tenere, tenuit, tentus­ verus, a, um-true; re vera­
hold, keep in truth, really
The factor that confuses the picture somewhat is the ad­
multus labor, lab6re­
dition of the letter c to some of the endings. Without that,
work, suffering
we could easily see that hunc and hanc once had -um and
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-am. And the ablative singulars hoc and hac are obvious, They could not keep their (someone else's ) fields­
without the c. use eius, etc.
But we must admit that the three nominative singular
forms: hie, haec, hoc, are just plain odd, as is also the NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
neuter plural haec. But we will not find it difficult-hie
is such a common word, even for the most sober Roman, Hie vir est pater Columbi. Ille vir est pater Marfae. Ubi
that we shall soon find ourselves used to it. est Marci pater? Marcus in schola est: Mariam videre
v6luit. Ergo cum agno albo in scholam venit.
PLUPERFECT PASSIVE: We know how to say: He was Gracchus novam legem prop6suit, sed senat6res bane
conquered or has been conquered-we use the last part legem non amaverunt. Plebs novam legem amavit. Hoc
of the verb with the words est or sunt. If we want to say: est verum. Senat6res dixerunt quod non voluerunt dare
He had been conquered, we use erat or erant. Thus: agros suos pauperibus. Sed re vera non omnes agri fue­
runt agri senat6rum. Quando senat6res de agris "suis"
1. Romanus exercitus victus erat. dixerunt veritatem non semper dixerunt. Multi agri
The Roman army had been conquered. re vera fuerunt agri publici. Haec veritas est. Ergo
2. Multi milites interfecti erant. senat6res agros publicos tenere non debuerunt. Hos
Many soldiers had been killed. pauperibus dare debuerunt. Nova lex iussit senat6res
Recall that in making the pluperfect active, we also dare agros publicos pauperibus. Quidam (certain) sena­
used erat and erant-but in the active they became end­ t6res fuerunt viri mali-Tiberium Gracchum interfece­
ings, not separate words: e.g., vicerat, vicerant. runt. Hie enim novam legem prop6suit. Ubi sunt Marfa
et Marcus? Hie in schola est. Sed illa in schola non est.
Suus: Recall the sentence in the story: Illa agnum invenire v6luit, sed non p6tuit. Agnus enim
Non potuerunt tenere agros suos. in schola cum Marco fuit. Ergo Maria debuit venire ad
They were not able to keep their fields. agnum suum parvum. Columbus naves suas amavit. Ad
Americam illis navigavit. Fuitne nemo in America in
Suus may mean: his own, her own, their own (in the diebus Columbi? Non. Primi Americani fuerunt in
plural), etc. The word own need not be used, but suus America illis diebus. America inventa, Columbus illos
really means that. "lndos" vocavit. Sed Indi in India, non in America fue­
But if the expression "their fields" meant runt. In America est Indiana. Suntne Indi in Indiana?
not-their own fields Quid v6luit Columbus invenire? lndiam invenire v6luit.
but-someone else's fields (e.g., the senator's fields) Quid v6luit agnus in schola invenfre? Mariam videre
then we could not use suus. We would need a different v6luit. Etiam cibum accipere v6luit. Cibi non erant
word, which we shall see later. (In case you are curious, habiti ab agno.
it is: eius for the singular, and e6rum for the plural-but
those words are not adjectives, they are possessive forms ENGLISH TO LATIN
of a pronoun. So, they do not agree in gender, number 1. That man has come. 2. What did he want? 3. He
and case as suus does. Of course, the gender of e6rum, wanted food. 4. Since Gracchus had been killed, the
earum, e6rum can change.) senators were able to keep the lands. 5. The lands of
Therefore: the senators were really large. 6. They had great suf­
They could not keep their own fields-use suus ferings. 7. Many men were slaves of the patricians.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA SECUNDA

De tempore praesenti activo

SUMMARY: Gracchus had been guilty of some misdeeds, or at least, things contrary
to custom. But the murder of Gracchus showed that the senate was corrupt. The
case of Jugurtha showed it still better. Jugurtha had a right to one third of Numidia­
but he killed one partner and expelled the other. The other, Adherbal appealed to
the senate. The senate, its palms probably greased, gave Adherbal the poorer part of
Numidia. Soon, after the siege of Cirta, Jugurtha killed Adherbal. This was an
outrage, but the senate stiII wanted to do nothing.

Diebus Tiberi Gracchi senatus Romanus corruptus erat. Tiberius ambi­ corruptus-corrupt
tiosus fuerat: fecit quaedam mala. Fecit quaedam etiam contra consuetudi­ quaedam-certain things
nem. Sed senatus non debuit interficere ilium. Hoc re vera monstravit consuetudo-custom
corrupti6nem senatus Romani. Erat etiam alius Gracchus, Gaius n6mine. monstravit-showed
Tiberio interfecto, Gaius non timuit. Hie etiam prop6suit legem de agris. praesertim-especially
Sed hie etiam non potuit contra senatum pugnare. Sed com'.iptio senatus audivimus-we heard
praesertim monstrata est in bello cum Iugurtha. filius-son
Audivimus de Masinissa, rege Numidiae. Filius Masinissae erat Midpsa. nepos-nephew
Quando Micipsa mortuus est ( died) Hiempsal et Adherbal debuerunt orientalis-east
accipere Numidiam. Hiempsal et Adherbal erant filii Midpsae. lugurtha occidentalis-west
erat nepos Midpsae. lugurtha debuit acdpere partem Numidiae, cum filiis melior-better
Micipsae. Sed Iugurtha interfecit Hiempsalem. Hiempsale interfecto,
Iugurtha expulit Adherbalem ex Numidia. Adherbal rogavit senatum Ro­
manum mittere auxHium. Sed senatus dedit partem orientalem Numidiae
illi ( to him) et partem occidentalem Iugurthae ( to Jugurtha). Iugurtha
probabiliter dederat aurum: pars enim occidentalis erat melior.
Parte occidentali accepta, Iugurtha bellum fecit cum Adherbale. In
hoc bello, Iugurtha interfecit Adherbalem. Sed senatus Romanus voluit
nihil facere-probabiliter acceperant aurum ab Iugurtha. ( Continued to­
morrow--continuabitur eras.)

infinitive endings ( we consider here that the ending is

V OCABULARIUM the -re plus the letter ahead of the -re). Therefore:-the
monstrare, monstravit, fHius, o-son conjugations are as follows:
monstratus-show melior, melius, meli6re­ l . -are 2. -ere 3. -ere 4. -ire
praesertim-especially better Notice that the distinction between two and three is in the
bona consuetudo, occidentalis, e, i-western accent ( the e is short in three, long in two) .
consuetudine-custom orientalis, e, i-eastern Now to form the present active, third singular:
remove the ending -are, -ere, -ere, -ire and add:
1. -at 2. -et 3. -it 4. -it
NUNC COGITEMUS Notice that the vowel in these endings is, except for
SINGULAR PRESENT PATTERN: We learned some time third conjugation, the same as that in the infinitive end­
ago the forms of the present active infinitive-we noted ing. Therefore, let us make a set of samples:
that all such infinitives end in -re. But there is a differ­ I. parat 2. habet 3. ponit 4. venit
ence in the vowel ahead of the -re. This difference indi­ Meanings?-he prepares The Latin will stand any
cates four different classes of verbs. We call these four he does prepare} of the three translations
classes, four conjugations. They are identified by the he is preparing equally well.
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 NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos Sed Carthaginienses f6rtiter pugnaverunt. Non est facile
pugnare contra Carthaginienses. Hannibal enim, im­
Look for present patterns. perator Carthaginiensis, est vir magnus.
Marcus scholam aedfficat. Marcus vult ( irregular pres­ Columbus ux6rem (wife) habet. Quid dicit uxor?
ent of v6luit-memorize please) videre Mariam in Vocatne illum "parvus agnus." Non. Uxor Columbi
schola. Agnus albus etiam vult habere scholam. Agnus habet magnam vocem (voice). Uxor Columbum vocat
in scholam venfre vult. Roma multas consuetudines porcum. Porcus enim rotundus est. Eratne Columbus
bonas habet. Nemo potest expellere agnum ex schola. rotundus?
Servus pecuniam non habet. Miles sine armis pugnare Hamilcar manum Hannibalis in altare ponit. Hanni­
non potest. Habetne Columbus bonas naves? Otique, bal odium aeternum promittit contra Romam et Ro­
Columbus habet illas. Columbus illis navigat. manos: fabula Romana dicit haec. Suntne haec vera?
Tiberius Gracchus novam legem prop6nit. Nova lex Verum est quod Hannibal helium cum Romanis gessit.
agros pro pauperibus dat. Senatus novam legem non Hannibal Romanos fere vicit. Sed Scipio Romam servat.
amat. Senatus Gracchum interffcere vult.
Horatius in ponte stat. Ignis in pontem cadit. Hora­
ENGLISH TO LATIN
tius in aquam cadit. Sed Etrusci venfre in urbem non
potuerunt. I. Scipio prepares the soldiers. 2. Columbus is show­
Quid vocat Marfa Marcum? Haec vocat illum "Agnus ing his ships. 3. Adherbal remains in the eastern part
parvus." Potestne Marcus dfcere baa? Hie parvus porcus of Numidia. 4. He is preparing an army. 5. The king
carnes bovfnas assas (see Lesson 2) habet. Hie parvus of Africa has many slaves. 6. The senate had received
porcus nihil habet. Hie parvus porcus: oui, oui! dicit. much gold from Jugurtha. 7. Since it has received gold,
Exercitus Romanus Carthaginem fortitudine vincit. the senate does not wish to fight against this man.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA TERTIA
De tempore praesenti in persona tertia plurali

SUMMARY: The senate, probably bribed, did not wish to punish Jugurtha. But the
plebs forced war. The war was a sham, followed by a sham surrender. But soon
Jugurtha angered even the senate, by committing murder in Rome. War resumed,
but with little success. Finally the plebs elected Marius consul, and made him com­
mander. Marius gave up the use of unwilling draftees-he got volunteers by promise
of lands and money. The army was thus more directly loyal to him than to Rome.

Senatus iam monstraverat corrupti6nem suam. lugurtha enim interfecerat punire-punish

Adherbalem. Sed senatus, probabiliter quia acceperat aurum ab Iugurtha, iniustus-unjust
vult facere nihil. Senatus debet punire Iugurtham. Sed plebs, in comitiis coactus-forced
tributis, exclamant: senatus iniustus est. Senatus debet bellum movere cum simulavit-pretended
Iugurtha. Necesse est punire illum. Ergo senatus, coactus a plebe, movit mox-soon
helium. Sed exercitus Romanus non pugnavit f6rtiter contra Iugurtham. audacia-boldness
Et Iugurtha non pugnavit f6rtiter contra Romanos. Senatus enim non vult ira-anger
helium cum Iugurtha. Et hie non vult helium cum Roma. Simulaverunt delectus-draft
bellum. Finis belli venit anno centesimo undecimo (111 BC) ante Chris­ modus-way
tum. Mox Iugurtha interfecit virum quando in urbe Romana erat. Magna sperare-hope
audacia erat. ltaque Roma rursus movit bellum cum Iugurtha. �tiam sena­ facile-easi/y
tus nunc ira motus est contra lugurtham.
Sed Roma non habet vict6riam statim. ltaque plebs creavit novum im­
perat6rem: facit Marium imperat6rem. Marius electus est consul anni
centesimi septimi (J 07). Marius non v6luit habere mflites ex delectibus.
Milites ex delectibus non voluerunt pugnare. Marius v6luit habere mflites
meli6res. ltaque promisit agros et pecuniam-hoc modo accepit milites
meli6res. Hi milites voluerunt pugnare f6rtiter. Voluerunt accipere bonos
agros et pecuniam multam a Mario. ltaque hi milites amaverunt Marium.
Speraverunt accipere pecuniam et agros ab illo-non a Roma. Ergo mflites
Marii vicerunt Iugurtham.

plural on most verbs-we merely remove the infinitive

VOCABULARIUM ending (-are, etc.), and add:
c6gere, coegit, coactus- simulare, avit, atus- l. -ant 2. -ent 3. -unt 4. -iunt
compel feign, pretend For example: 1. parant 2. habent 3. ponunt 4. veniunt
punfre, punivit, punitus- sperare, avit, atus-hope But there are just a few verbs that cause us a little trou­
punish mox-soon ble. These verbs belong to the third conjugation, but use
delectus, u-draft, levy the ending -iunt, like the fourth conjugation. However,
iniustus, a, um-unjust we have not met many of these verbs-to be exact, we
ira, a-anger have met only five of them so far. Here is the third plural
modus, o-manner, way, measure, limit of those verbs:
accipiunt (from accipere)
capiunt (from capere)
faciunt (from facere)
NUNC COGITEMUS
iaciunt (from iacere)
PRESENT THIRD PLURAL: Yesterday we learned how to interficiunt (from interficere)
make the present third singular in each of the four But how can we tell when we meet any more of the -iunt
conjugations. Now it is just as easy to make the third third verbs? We can make it easy-ahead of the usual
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three parts of a verb, we shall give the -iunt form in the ruptus est. Senatus etiam corrupti6nem suam monstravit
vocabulary, if a verb is of that type. Thus, we would quando Gracchum interfecit. Gracchus vir bonus erat­
print accipere: amavit Romam. Pauperes amavit. Sed senat6res vol­
[accipiunt], accipere, accepit, acceptus-receive uerunt pecuniam multam habere.
But if a verb does not have such a peculiarity, we shall Sed Marcus et Maria invicem ( one another) amave­
keep on giving the usual three parts, just as we have runt. Et amaverunt etiam agnum album. Columbus non
been doing. erat iniustus. Columbus invenire lndiam v6luit. Co­
lumbus et nautae naves suas amant.
NOTE ON VoLUIT: The verb voluit has some irregular
Cincinnatus non iniustus fuerat. Romani in antiquis
forms-we know its infinitive, velle. We have used its
diebus iniusti non fuerunt. Illi Romani Romam ama­
third singular present-vult. The third plural is easier­
verunt-non amaverunt pecuniam et aurum. Hoc
it is merely: volunt-they wish.
modo servaverunt Romam. Galli Romam vincere volu­
erunt. Sed Romam non possunt vincere-Roma fortis
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
est. Milites Romani ex delectibus in illis diebus erant
Look for present patterns. fortes. Illi Romani antiqui pro Roma pugnare volue­
Romani Iugurtham punire v6lunt. Bellum movere runt. Pecuniam et agros dare non erat necesse. Sed die­
cum illo v6lunt. Marius est imperator bonus. Marius bus Mari Romani pugnare non voluerunt. Antiqui
sperat facere exercitum meli6rem. Marius non v6luit Romani fuerunt meli6res.
c6gere milites pugnare delectibus-Marius milites vol­
untarios habere v6luit. Ille agros et pecuniam multam
ENGLISH TO LATIN
promisit. Quia . pecuniam accipiunt, milites amant
Marium. Multa bona faciunt. Iaciunt Iugurtham ex 1. They are capturing many cities. 2. What are they
Numidia. Urbes Numidiae capiunt. Exercitus volun­ throwing into the river? 3. Marius and his men (sui)
tarius melior est. Romani pro Roma pugnare debent. are coming. 4. Marius and Sulla are fighting bravely.
Sed Romani non iam pugnare amant. Senatus bellum 5. He spoke with great anger. 6. Jugurtha pretends to
cum Iugurtha simulat. Iugurtha bellum etiam simulat. love the senate, but in reality he does not. 7. By the
Senatus et Iugurtha pugnare non v6lunt. Senatus cor- draft they are forcing these men to come into the army.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA QUARTA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Mithradates, king of Pontus, a small country in Asia Minor, began to

overrun the country. He invaded the Roman province of Asia, and killed the legate.
Sulla, a former lieutenant of Marius, was given command against Mithradates. But
while Sulla was enroute to Asia, his command was revoked. Sulla marched on Rome,
and killed those who had engineered his recall. But he could not find Marius
(continued)

In Asia Min6re est terra parva, Pontus n6mine. Rex Ponti erat Mithra­ tempus-time
dates. Sed ille v6luit multas terras vincere. ltaque bellum movit cum aliis provincia-province
terris in Asia Min6re. Mithradates enim v6luit expellere Romanos ex Asia solum-only
Min6re. In hoc tempore, Romani provinciam habuerunt in parte occi­ infudit-poured
dentali Asiae Min6ris. Vocaverunt bane provinciam Asiam. Sed re vera calidus-hot
"Asia" erat solum pars parva Asiae Min6ris. Mithradates etiam interfecit guttur-throat
legatum Romanum in hac provincia. Mithradates dixit "Romani amant dubium-doubt
aurum." ltaque Mithradates infudit aurum calidum in guttur Romani. ingenium-abi/ity
Sine dubio necesse erat bellum habere cum Mithradate. Romani ergo pars-party
faciunt Sullam imperat6rem contra Mithradatem. Sulla fuerat legatus in dum-whi/e
exercitu Mari in bello Iugurthino. Sulla erat patricius nativitate, et vir abest-be absent
magni ingenii. Sulla non iam amat Marium: Marius est ex parte plebis. revocare-recal/
Sulla est ex parte senatus. amicus-friend
Sed Sulla factus est imperator contra Mithradatem. Sulla ergo discessit
ex urbe, cum exercitu magno. Dum Sulla abest ex urbe, tribunus plebis,
Sulpi'cius n6mine, prop6nit novas leges. Una (one) lex revocat Sullam et
facit Marium imperat6rem. Sulla audivit de nova lege. Ergo Sulla venit
rursus ad urbem cum exercitu suo. Sulla interfecit Sulpicium et multos
amicos Sulpici. Sed non p6terat invenire Marium.
( Continuabitur eras)

these mean: rep6nere, recipere, (from capere), reficere

VOCABULARIUM (from facere) remittere, rescribere?
abesse, afuit, afuturus­ revocare, avit, atus-recall Ad- means near or to. What would these mean: advo­
be absent dum-while care, adesse, admovere, app6nere ( ad-p6nere), ad­
infundere, fudit, fusus­ venire, adstare?
pour in A or ab means from or away. What would these
calidus, a, um-hot mean: abesse, avocare, amovere, abs-tinere (from
dubium, o-doubt tenere)?
magnum guttur, ure-throat It will be very worthwhile to keep a watch for words
ingenium, o-talent, natural ability ( mostly verbs) that come in families. There are still
longum tempus, tempore-time other families, as we shall see later.

FAMILIES OF WORDS: It is a great help to our memory VIDEAMUS FoRMAS VETERES

to notice that many words come in families. For exam­ 1. How do you say: he compels, they compel, he shows,
ple, in today's vocabulary we have revocare. It belongs they show, she asks, they ask, he is absent, they are
to the family of vocare: to call. Re means: back or absent, he wishes, they wish, she receives, they receive,
again. So, re-vocare means: to call back. What would it sends, they sent, he throws, they throw. 2. Decline
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these combinations as units: magnus rex orientalis, sunt movere civfle helium. Roma enim bellum civfle
bonus delectus, mala consuetudo, caput calidum. 3. non amat.
How do you say: he had been found, they had been Eratne helium civfle in Statibus Foederatis Americae?
found, it had been given, they had been given, it had Otique. In America, Status Confoederati pugnaverunt
been waged, they had been waged. cum Statibus Foederatis. Malum est habere bellum. Sed
non iam est helium in America. America habet bellum
cum aliis nati6nibus. America nunc cum Communfstis
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos pugnat. Communistae Americam delere volunt.
Primi c6nsules Romani Tarqufnium expellere volu­
Romani aurum amant-hoc dicit Mithradates. Ergo
erunt. Sed Tarquinius Romam punire v6luit, quia Roma
Mithradates aurum in guttur dat. Auro accepto, habuit
ilium expulerat. Sed Romani monstraverunt quod Ro­
ille Roma.nus caput calidum? Estne bonum amare
mam amaverunt: f6rtiter pugnaverunt. Etrusci in urbe
aurum? Viri boni aurum amare non debent. Res meli-
non iam remanent. Remanere non licet. Regibus ex­
6res amare debent. Estne Asia Minor parva? Non-non pulsis, Romani non habuerunt pacem, quia necesse erat
est parva. In Asia Min6re est Asia-Romani enim
semper pugnare cum aliis nati6nibus. Pax in hoc mundo
vocant provfnciam suam "Asia." Et haec provfncia
non est aetema.
Romana in Asia Min6re erat. Ergo Asia in Asia Min6re
erat.
ENGLISH TO LATIN
Oum Sulla ex urbe abest, quid facit Marius? Marius
potestatem habere vult. Sed Sulla etiam potestatem I. Tarquinius having been expelled, Rome had war.
habere vult. Ergo Roma bellum civile habet. Milites 2. He was a patrician by birth. 3. They say that
Mari Romam amaverunt. Sed etiam Marium amaverunt Jugurtha wants peace. 4. While there is doubt, they are
-agros et pecuniam a Mario, non a Roma, speraverunt. not willing to recall that legate. 5. He was created dic­
£tiam milites Sullae amaverunt Romani. Sed amaverunt tator not because of ( abl. alone means "because of')
Sullam, et agros et pecuniam a Sulla, non a Roma, natural ability, but because of much work. 6. They are
speraverunt. Hoc modo Roma poterat bellum civfle now fighting with the Communists. 7. Even good men
habere. Si (if) cives amant Romam solam-non pos- do not have eternal peace in this world.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA QUINTA
De tribus casibus pronominum: is et idem

SUMMARY: Marius bad escaped to Africa. After imposing bis will through the army,
Sulla went east. He fought the forces of Mitbradates in Greece-but also robbed
Greece of many treasures. He then went over to Asia and conquered Mithradates.
But the victory was not decisive. Sulla, however, was in a hurry to get back to Rome.
In his absence there had been more civil war and murder. On his return there was
more of the same.

Sulla in urbem venerat cum exercitu et interfecerat Sulpicium et multos evasit-escaped

amicos Sulpici. Sed Marium non invenerat-Marius enim evaserat in rapuit-seized
Africam. Sulla ergo discessit ad Orientem cum exercitu contra Mithrada­ deinde-then
tem. Sed antequam venit in Asiam Min6rem, Sulla per Graeciam venit. preti6sus-precious
Mithradates habuit exercitum in Graecia. Sulla itaque pugnavit cum illo in ibi-there
Graecia. Sulla cepit multas Graecas urbes. Sed Sulla etiam rapuit multas proelium-battle
res preti6sas ex Graecia. Deinde Sulla navigavit in Asiam Min6rem. lbi secundus-successful
multa proelia secunda fecit. Sulla vicit Mithradatem, sed non omnfno fregit fregit-broke
potestatem illfus. Sulla enim non timuit Mithradatem, sed timuit Marium inter-between
et amicos Mari in urbe. Sulla debuit frangere potestatem Mithradatis, sed trucidatio-butchery
hoc non fecit. Mithradates enim p6tuit pugnare postquam Sulla discessit. vita-life
In urbe, dum Sulla erat in Oriente, helium civile fuerat inter amicos quotidie-daily
Mari et senatum. Multi Romani interfecti erant, Marius enim venerat in proscriptus-proscribed
urbem cum exercitu. Per quinque (V) dies, trucidatio fuerat in urbe.
Decem mfllia (JO,000) interfecti erant.
Ergo quando Sulla venit in urbem, rursus bellum civile venit. Marius
non iam erat in urbe. Marius non iam erat in hac vita. Sed Sulla quotidie
p6suit in foro n6mina proscript6rum: Sulla dixit "licet interficere hos
proscriptos." Ergo fere quinque (V) millia interfecti sunt. (Continuabitur
eras)

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM Is, ea, id can serve either as a pronoun or as a demon­
evadere, evasit, evasus- ibi-there strative adjective. As a pronoun it means: he, she, it.
escape inter (with obj.)­ The plural is they. As an adjective it means this, or that.
frangere, fregit, fractus­ between, among Its forms are not hard to learn:
break omnino-altogether,
[rapiunt], rapere, rapuit, at all, in all Singular
raptus-seize, snatch M. F. N.
Mithradates, e, malus-Mithradates Norn. is ea id
proelium, o-battle Obj. eum earn id
secundus, a, um-second, successful Abl. eo ea eo
vita, a-Ii/e
Plural
FAMILIES OF WORDS: Notice e-vadere in today's M. F. N.
vocabulary. It means: go out. Fore- orex-means out. Norn. ei(ii) eae ea
What would these mean: emittere, evenfre, evocare, Obj. eos eas ea
excludere, exp6nere, eicere (ex-iacere)? Abl. eis (iis) eis eis
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 Which forms differ from bonus type adjectives? Only selves) amaverunt. Verus Romanus Romanos non in­
two: is and id ( of course, the neuter nominative and terficit. Bel1um civi1e in terra sua non movet. Verus
objective are the same-but that is usual). Therefore, Romanus contra aJias nati6nes quando necesse est
if we memorize just the top three forms: is, ea, id-the pugnat, sed non contra Romam. Sed Su11a Marium non
rest is obvious. Isn't Latin easy? interfecit. Sul1a Marium interficere voluerat, sed non
What is the difference between is, ea, id, meaning this p6terat. Cur? Quia Marius non solum in Africam evasit
or that, and hie or ille? It is much weaker-it can't even --etiam ex hac vita evasit. Ergo Marius ex manibus
make up its mind whether to be this or that. Su1lae evasit.
Agnus a]bus non evasit ex manibus Mariae, sed in
IDEM: means "the same." Its declension is easy-just scho]am venit. Sed porci in scholam non venerunt:
add-dem to is, ea, id: agnus et porcus non sunt idem. Agnus <licit baa-por­
cus <licit oink. Agnus etiam a]bus est, sed porci non albi
idem eadem idem sunt. Porci Juturn (mud) amant. Agni lutum non amant.
eumdem eamdem idem Vita porc6rum non facilis est-non semper habent
e6dem eadem e6dem carnes bovinas assas-debent esse in luto-debent fere
eidem eaedem eadem semper dicere oink-et postquam discesserunt ex hac
e6sdem easdem eadem vita, debent esse cibi pro nobis (us). Ergo Marcus motus
eisdem eisdem efsdem est miseric6rdia pro porcis. Ergo Marcus porcos amavit.
Sed amavit etiam Mariam. Erg6ne fuit Maria porcus?
Of course, we notice that we do not keep two d's. So we NON. Marfa, dicit Marcus, est agna parva. Estne agnus
do not write iddem-but idem. Nor do we ever say: proscriptus a Sulla? Non. Sulla enim non vult interficere
isdem, but idem. Sometimes eumdem is spel1ed: eundem. agnos; Su11a vult interficere Romanos.
Similarly, eamdem may be spel1ed: eandem.
ENGLISH TO LATIN
DANGER: It is dangerous to know a Latin word-take
our old friend secundus. We were never formaHy intro­ 1. The same men are coming. 2. Marcus saw him.
duced, but we have taken for granted it means second­ 3. There was war among the citizens. 4. Athough the
and it does. But sometimes an old familiar word may power of Mithradates had not been broken, SulJa re­
have talents we do not dream of. Thus secundus can also turned to the city. 5. For Sulla feared Marius and
mean favorable or successful. So in Latin we have to wanted to kil1 many of Marius' friends. 6. Sulla also
watch even our friends. snatched many precious things from Athens (Athenis).
7. He then returned (venit rursus) to Italy in his ships.
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
Recognize patterns when you meet them. SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Urbibus captis, Sulla res preti6sas rapuit. Roma Su11a in urbem, quia Marium timuit, rursus venit. In
capta, Sulla multos cives interfecit. Cur (why) eos inter­ foro Romano, postquam SuUa urbem cepit, quotfdie
fecit? Quia amfci Mari erant. Amici SulJae pecuniam n6mina proscript6rum a Su1la sunt p6sita. Magna cum
dfvitum habere voluerunt. Sed Sulla et Marius viri ma]i trucidati6ne multi quia non erant amfci Su11ae sunt
fuerunt-re vera non Romam amaverunt: se (them- interfecti a SuHa.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA SEXTA
De tribus casibus relativi pronominis: qui

SUMMARY: Sulla's proscription killed about 5,000. He also became Dictator for life.
He revised the constitution to strengthen the corrupt senate. He abdicated in 79
B.C., died in 78 B.C. Pompey had served well under Sulla. He got the title "the
Great." In 70 B.C. he was consul with Crassus-together they undid Sulla's work
on the constitution. After this consulate, Pompey won further fame in wars against
the Cilician pirates, Mithradates, Tigranes, and the Jews.

Sulla ergo et amici Sullae interfecerunt fere quinque millia civium Ro­ pauci-few
man6rum. Fecerunt haec in anno octogesimo secundo (82) ante Christum. maior-greater
E6dem anno, Sulla factus est Dictator. Cincinnatus fuerat Dictator per caecus-b/ind
paucos dies. Sulla amavit senatum, sed non amavit plebem. Ergo Sulla dictatura-dictatorship
fecit multas leges. Hae Jeges fecerunt potestatem senatus mai6rem. Sed titulus-title
Sulla non debuit facere potestatem senatus mai6rem. Senatus enim cor­ humflitas-humility
ruptus erat. Sed Sulla erat caecus. Postquam leges multas (multae ex eis quamquam-although
erant malae) fecit, Sulla Dictaturam deposuit in anno septuagesimo nono imperium-power, command
( 79). In anno septuagesimo octavo ( 78) discessit ex hac vita. pirata-pirate
In exercitu Sullae fuerat Gnaeus Pompeius. Is f6rtiter pugnaverat pro
Sulla contra amicos Mari. Pro his lab6ribus acceperat titulum "Magnus."
Pompeius enim humilitatem non amavit. Sed postquam Sulla discessit ex
hac vita, Pompeius fecerat nomen suum magnum multis bellis. Pompeius
etiam factus est consul anni septuagesimi ( 70). Crassus fuit consul
cum Pompeio. Crassus fuerat legatus Sullae. Sed Pompeius et Crassus,
quamquam fuerant amici Sullae, deleverunt fere omnes leges novas Sullae.
ftaque omnes lab6res Sullae ad nihil venerunt! Post hunc annum sep­
tuagesimum ante Christum, Pompeius accepit alia imperia extraordinaria:
pugnavit contra piratas Ciliciae, contra Mithradatem, contra Tigranem,
et contra Judaeos.

Plural
VOCABULARIUM
M. F. N.
quamquam-although maior, maius, mai6re­ Norn. qui quae quae
caecus, a, um-blind greater Obj. quos quas quae
imperium, o-command, pauci, ae, a (plural forms Ab!. quibus quibus quibus
power only)-few
The only really strange forms are the top three: qui,
NUNC COGITEMUS quae, quod. The others are all familiar enough---0nly
difficulty is that they jump about the first three de­
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN: qui, quae, quod means who, clensions. The feminine behaves, as a lady should,
which, that: mostly first declension only. But the men and animals
Singular change.
The ablative plural is third-quibus. The neuter
M. F. N. nominative and objective quod at least obeys the usual
Norn. qui quae quod neuter rule-as does the plural quae. Masculine plural
Obj. quern quam quod qui and quos are normal, as is ablative singular quo.
Abl. quo qua quo But quern is just plain odd, though not so bad as nomi-
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native singular qui. But, with only five words vocabulary Romanam capere v6luit. Mithradates erat rex qui mag­
today, we can afford to memorize a bit. nam potestatem habuit. Sulla potestatem Mithradatis
frangere debuit, sed hoc non fecit. Sulla enim amicos
How Do WE USE THE RELATIVES? Some use relatives Mari, qui in urbe erant, punire v6luit. Sed non omnes
to borrow money-but notice these examples. amici mali sunt. Marcus enim habuit amicam quae
Marcus vidit Mariam, quae amavit agnum. habuit agnum qui habuit vellus (fleece) album. Marcus
Marcus saw Mary, who loved the lamb. erat amicus huius ( of this) amicae. Amica erat Maria.
Notice the gender, number and case of quae. It is nomi­ Marcus et Maria non mali fuerunt. Agnus non malus
native because it is the subject of amavit. But it is femi­ fuit ( quamquam venit in scholam-id quod non debuit
nine and singular because it refers back to Mary. We call facere). Et agnus habuit vellus quod non malum fuit
Mary the antecedent. And here is the principle: THE ( album fuit vellus). Ubi est legatus Romanus qui aurum
RELATIVE AGREES WITH THE ANTECEDENT IN GENDER calidum in guttur accepit? Ille non iam est in Asia. Auro
( masculine, feminine or neuter) AND NUMBER ( singu­ accepto habuit caput calidum et discessit. Sed non in hac
lar or plural) BUT NOT IN CASE ( nominative, objective, vita est. Vita enim non est bona quando vir aurum in
etc.). So, for practice, let's watch the use of the relatives gutture habet. Sed vir qui hoc fecit ( qui aurum infudit)
and antecedents below. est vir malus.

ENGLISH TO LATIN
EXERCEAMUS Nos
Look for agreement. I. He saw the general who fought with Mithradates. 2.
Few lambs come to school. 3. The pirates who seized
Marius Mariam amavit. Sulla Sullam amavit. Sed Caesar have been killed. 4. Those who hated Sulla were
Cincinnatus Romam, quae urbs bona fuit, amavit. killed by Sulla's men. 5. Pompey was the man whom
Pompeius, qui in exercitu Sullae fuerat, leges Sullae the pirates were not able to conquer. 6. Pompey re­
delevit. Agnus, qui in schola erat, dixit: Maria est puella ceived great power by a new law. 7. Those who were
bona. Quid dixit porcus qui in foro erat? Dixitne oui blind were not able to see.
oui? Otique. Et vidit alium porcum, qui carnes bovinas
assas habuerat. Sed porcum qui habuit cames porcinas
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
assas non vidit. Quia non est porcus qui habuit carnes
porcinas assas. Sulla multos Romanos interfecit. Sed is Nomen "Magnus" quia f6rtiter pugnavit accepit Gnaeus
qui multos alios interfecerat, non interfectus est. Pompeius. Etiam multa imperia extraordinaria, quia
Marius e manibus Sullae evasit. Marius in Africa erat. dux bonus erat, a senatu Romano accepit. Hoc modo
Asia est terra quae est minor quam (smaller than) contra piratas qui periculum in mari fecerant pugnavit.
Asia Minor. Quia Asia est provincia Romana quae in Etiam ludaeos, qui in terra sancta fuerunt, in imperium
parte occidentali Asiae Min6ris est. Mithradates Asiam Romanum idem Pompeius duxit (led).

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LECTIO VIGESIMA SEPTIMA

De tribus casibus pronominum: quidam et ipse et sui

SUMMARY: Caesar was born in 100 B.C. He learned from Marius' and Sulla's exam­
ple how a strong man could seize power. He was on the side of Marius. He married
the daughter of Cinna, a Marian chief. Sulla ordered divorce-Caesar refused and
had to flee. When captured, friends managed to beg him off. Caesar went to the East.
Later, on another trip to Rhodes to study oratory under Molo, he was captured
by pirates. He paid the ransom and escaped. But before going to Rhodes, he took
other ships, captured the pirates, and crucified them all, as he had promised them.

Seel primo saeculo ante Christum fuerunt multi viri magni. Inter hos erat accidit-happened
Gaius Iulius Caesar. Caesar venit in hunc mundum in anno centesimo iuventus-youth
(JOO) ante nativitatem Christi. Bellum civile inter Marium et Sullam exemplum-example
accidit in iuventute Caesaris. Caesar erat ex parte Mari. Ex exemplo Mari didicit-learned
et Sullae, Caesar didicit quod vir audax cum exercitu p6terat capere Ro­ audax-bold
mam et facere 6mnia quae v6luit. Anno octogesimo tertio (83), Caesar duxit-led
duxit Corneliam, ffiiam Cinnae in matrim6nium. Cinna erat amicus Mari. (ilia-daughter
Sulla ergo motus est ira. Sulla iussit Caesarem relinquere bane ux6rem. Sed matrimonium-marriage
Caesar negavit. Necesse erat fugere ex urbe. Caesar ergo fugit in montes. relinquere-/eave
Sed inventus est ab amicis Sullae, et ductus est ad Sullam. Sulla v6luit uxor-wife
punire Caesarem. Amici Caesaris rogaverunt Sullam, et non punivit negare-say no, refuse
Caesarem. Sed Sulla dixit: "Multi Marii sunt in illo viro." fugere-flee
Seel Caesar non remansit in urbe. Postquam autem Sulla discessit ex hac autem-however
vita, Caesar venit rursus in urbem. Sed v6luit esse orator magnus. Ergo magister-teacher
navigavit ad insulam Rhodum, in qua erat magister magnus rhet6ricae ars-art
artis: Molo. Sed navis in qua Caesar erat capta est a piratis. Necesse erat pirata-pirate
dare multam pecuniam piratis (to the pirates) . Hoc modo Caesar evasit
ex manibus piratarum. Seel antequam navigavit ad insulam in qua Molo
erat, Caesar v6luit piratas punire. 1taque invenit naves alias et invenit
piratas. Crucifixit omnes.
Hoc enim promiserat, quando erat in captivitate piratarum.

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
QumAM: The English word "certain" is a bad word. For
accidere, accidit, -­ ducere in matrim6nium­ sometimes it really does mean "certain," something defi­
happen marry nite: e.g., I am certain that it is true. But at other times
discere, didicit, -­ [fugiunt], fugere, fugit, it is anything but certain-it is indefinite: e.g., a certain
learn fugiturus-flee man is coming.
ducere, duxit, ductus­ autem-however, moreover Now Latin has two words: it uses certus when it really
lead (never first word in its is certain. But when it is indefinite, as in the second ex­
clause) ample, Latin uses quidam.
bona ars, arte (poss. pl. is -ium) -art, skill
Quidam is easy to decline-just add-dam to the rela­
audax, audaci-bolp tive qui, quae, quod. Sometimes an m of the ending be­
Caesar, Caesare-Caesar
fore the -dam is changed ton, but not always. However,
bona iuventus, iuventute-youth (time of life)
the neuter nominative-objective singular may be either
magister, magistro-teacher quoddam or quiddam. Quoddam is the adjective form
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(when it modifies something). Quiddam is the pronoun Cinna ipse erat vir magnus ex parte Mari. Marius ipse
form (when it stands alone). For quidam may be either non est interfectus a Sulla. Et Marius se non interfecit.
adjective or pronoun. Marius modo naturali discessit ex hac vita. Postquam
Marius discessit, Cinna ipse erat vir maximus inter
IPSE is declined exactly like ille except for the neuter Maria.nos. Sulla ergo iussit quosdam viros invenfre
nominative-objective singular which is ipsum. Isn't Caesarem ipsum. Sed invenfre eum non erat facile.
Latin almost too easy! Caesare invento, hi viri ad Sullam venerunt. Caesar ipse
etiam venit. Sulla ira motus est contra Caesarem. Sulla
USE OF IPsE: lpse means himself, herself, themselves, eum punfre v6luit, sed Caesar etiam quosdam amicos
myself, yourself, etc. In other words, it is a strengthener habuit. Hi amici Sullam ipsum pro Caesare rogaverunt.
-it adds the suffix-self to any pronoun in English. Sulla Caesarem non interfecit.
Notice: Caesar ipse etiam multa bona fecit: non interfecit
He himself came. She herself came. omnes inimicos (enemies) suos. Sed piratas interfecit.
lpse venit. Jpsa venit. Piratae enim navem in qua Caesar erat ceperant. Caesar
Caesar himself killed them. ipse multam pecuniam dare coactus est. Sed p6stea
Caesar ipse interfecit eos. (later) Caesar venit rursus ad piratas qui acceperant
But what about this: Caesar killed himself? May we pecuniam a se. Venit ad eos aliis navibus, et eos inter­
use ipse for himself here? No. This is different. In this fecit.
sentence we have a pronoun, himself, that REFERS BACK Caesar artem rhet6ricam discere v6luit--esse orator
TO THE SUBJECT. We call it, therefore, a REFLEXIVE. maximus voluit. Molo erat magfster bonus artis rhet6ri­
Himself IS NOT PART OF THE SUBJECT (for if it were part cae. Caesar ipse factus est orator bonus. Sed etiam im­
of the subject, it could not refer BACK to it). So we need perator maximus erat. Imperator bonus bonas orati6nes
a different word here: the different word is SE. Caesar ad milites suos habere debet. Caesar hoc fecit.
interfecit se. Compare the other examples above. In Sed Marcus etiam orator bonus erat: Marcus enim
them the word himself (or herself) does not refer BACK multas orati6nes ad Mariam ipsam habuit. Marcus
to the subject. It cannot refer back to it, because it is part dixit: Maria est agna parva. Et Maria ipsa dixit: O!
of the subject. But consider this sentence. Marcus est orator bonus. Agnus etiam qu::\sdam ora­
Caesar himself killed himself. ti6nes quas Marcus ad Mariam habuit audivit. Quid
Caesar ipse interfecit se. dixit agnus ipse? Facile est dicere. Sed agnus ipse amavit
Now we have one of each. It would pay to memorize that Mariam. Maria agnum non interfecit. Et agnus sese non
sentence (or one like it). interfecit. Agnus qui in schola erat v6luit accipere suum
B.A.
FORMS OF SE: Since se has only four forms it would pay
to learn them now (no nominative): ENGLISH TO LA TIN
No nom.­
Poss. sui I. Caesar married Cornelia. 2. Sulla was angry
Dative sibi (we have not yet met dative, but will soon) ( moved with anger). 3. It was necessary to flee into
Obj. se (or sese) the mountains. 4. There are certain men in Italy who
Abl. se ( or sese) want to destroy Rome. 5. They themselves want to do
The singular and plural are the same on SE. Sometimes it. 6. Many men were led into danger by bad men.
ipse reinforces se: Caesar interfecit seipsum. And now 7. Caesar did not want to kill himself-Cassius did that
that we have had our say, for him.

EXERCEAMUS Nos SCRAMBLE EXERCISE

Learn how ipse and se appear in sentences. Caesar duxit filiam Cinnae, quern Sulla non amavit in
Quidam viri ad Sullam ipsum venerunt. Dixerunt matrim6nium. Caesarem, quia hoc fecit, Sulla interfi­
quod Caesar ipse in montes fugerat. Sulla enim Caesa­ cere v6luit. Sed non debuit Sulla Caesarem velle inter­
rem punfre v6luit, sed Caesar fugit. Non v6luit se dare ficere. In domo sua hie bellum habuit. Ux6rem enim
Sullae (to Sulla). Caesar erat vir audax qui filiam Cin­ habuit. His auditis, quid dixit Sulla? Quod multi Marii
nae in matrim6nium duxerat. Hoc fecerat quamquam in illo viro sunt dixit.
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LECTIO VIGESIMA OCTAVA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Caesar was consul with Bibulus in 59 B.C. He formed the first triumvirate
with Pompey and Crassus. Caesar's daughter married Pompey. But Caesar wanted
a greater military reputation-so he obtained Gaul, with four legions, as his
province. He went there after his consulship.

Caesar factus est consul anni quinquagesimi noni (59). Collega collega-colleague
Caesaris erat Bibulus. Sed Bibulus non erat vir magnus. Caesar ergo triumviri-triumvirs
habuit fere omnem potestatem. Caesar, Pompeius, et Crassus facti sunt tres-three
amici. Vocaverunt se "Triumviri." Id est, fecerunt Primum Triumviratum. divitissimus-richest
Hi tres fecerunt 6mnia quae voluerunt facere in urbe. Pompeius enim et difficilis-difficult
Caesar erant viri militares magni. Crassus erat vir divitissimus in urbe. vinculum-bond
Non ergo erat difficile rapere omnem potestatem. Pompeius duxit Iuliam maius-neuter of maior
in matrim6nium. lulia erat filia Caesaris. Hoc modo novum vinculum amor-love
creatum est inter Caesarem et Pompeium. consulatus-consulship
In hoc tempore, Caesar erat bonus imperator, sed v6luit facere nomen quattuor-four
maius. Pompeius enim, multis nati6nibus victis, erat maximus imperator. o)im-once, long ago
Et Caesar non habuit magnum am6rem humilitatis. Caesar ergo v6luit divisus-divided
accipere magnam provinciam et magnum exercitum post consulatum anser-goose
suum.
Provincia Caesaris erat Illyricum et Gallia. In exercitu quern accepit,
Caesar habuit quattuor legi6nes. Cum his legi6nibus, Caesar venit in
Galliam. Pompeius et Crassus autem non venerunt in Galliam: reman­
serunt in urbe. Exercitu in Galliam ducto, Caesar invenit quod Gallia erat
divisa in tres partes. Galli pugnaverunt saepe inter se. Caesar etiam scivit
quod Ga11i olim ceperant Romam-id est, fere totam urbem-sed anseres
servaverant Capit6lium.

they are fighting, they come, they do have? 3. How do

VOCABULARIUM you say: it had been broken, he had been seized, she
dividere, divisit, divisus- olim-once ( upon a time) had been recalled?
divide nondum-not yet
magnus amor, am6re-/ove EXERCEAMUS Nos
consulatus, u-consulship
difffcilis, e, i-difficult Gallia divisa in partes tres, Romani pacem nondum
quattuor ( indeclinable )-!our habuerunt. Caesar ergo GaUos vincere v6luit. Post con­
tres, tria, tribus ( no singular, sulatum suum, Caesar exercitum accepit. In exercitu
of course)-three erant quattuor legi6nes. Nomen collegae Caesaris erat
vinculum, o-bond, chain Bibulus. Bibulus novas Jeges quas Caesar prop6suit non
amavit. Bibulus ergo domi remansit. Caesar autem in
senatu erat.
Caesar filiam habuit: nomen filiae erat Julia. Pom­
VJDEAMUS FoRMAS VETERES
peius luliam amavit, et earn in matrim6nium duxit.
I. Decline together: quidam vir, Maria ipsa, quoddam Julia ergo erat uxor Pompei. Pompeius et Caesar inter
vincu/um, idem exercitus. 2. How do you say: it hap­ se pugnare voluerant. Sed Julia prohibuit (prevented)
pens, they are learning, they receive, they do capture, eos-lulia enim ipsa cum Pompeio pugnare v6luit. Sed
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postquam Iulia ex hac vita discessit, Pompeius cum ENGLISH TO LATIN
Caesare pugnavit. Magnum habuerunt helium. Caesar
enim magnam potestatem habuit sed mai6rem potesta­ 1. Is Caesar the man who divided Gaul into three
tem habere v6luit. Pompeius etiam magnam potestatem parts? 2. Caesar fled into the mountains. 3. Bold men
habuit, sed mai6rem v6luit. Voluitne Caesar dividere learn from danger. 4. Once upon a time there was a
Romam in duas partes? Non. Non erat necesse--quia little girl who was called Mary. 5. Marcus is the man
Gallia iam divisa erat in tres partes. Caesar ipse non who wants to marry Mary. 6. Marcus was caught in the
v6luit habere quinque partes. Duo enim et tres sunt chains of love. 7. Many dangers happened when Caesar
quinque. Agnus in tres partes non est divisus. Maria enim was consul.
agnum esse cibum pro se non v6luit. Agnus enim multa
scivit, quia semper in schola erat. Agnus etiam suum
B.A. accepit. ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
Columbus etiam ux6rem in matrim6nium duxit.
Uxor Columbi amavit cum, sed uxor in Americam cum Bibulus, dum in senatu Romano multas leges novas
Columbo non venit. Uxor enim non v6luit videre Status prop6suit Caesar, domi remansit. Magnas et bonas
Foederatos Americae. Nee Columbus ipse hos Status orati6nes, quas senat6res amaverunt, in senatu habuit
videre v6luit. Ge6rgius enim Washington nondum hos Caesar. Orati6nibus habitis, exercitum accepit et in
Status fundaverat. Ge6rgius enim Washington nondum Galliam eum duxit. Sed in urbe remansit Pompeius.
in America fuit-nondum in hac vita fuit. Sed Colum­ Amore luliae captus, Pompeius nihil hoc tempore contra
bus didicit quod America non fuit parva. Caesarem fecit.

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LECTIO VIGESIMA NONA
De tempore praesenti in persona tertia vocis passivae

SUMMARY: Caesar wanted to conquer Gaul to remove the constant threat to Rome.
But he also, knowing what Marius and Sulla had done, wanted a great army loyal to
himself. Perhaps be could foresee a conflict with Pompey. He spent nine years in
Gaul, and even invaded Germany and Britain-but no complete conquests there.
At Rome, Pompey began to get jealous-Julia had died-and began to plot to
ruin Caesar.

Quia Caesar scivit quod Galli olim ceperant Romam, v61uit vfncere ipsos. exspectare-expect
Romani enim semper timuerant Gallos.Caesar etiam v61uit habere exerci­ praemium-reward
tum magnum-scivit ea quae Marius et Sulla fecerant cum exercitibus. praevidere-/oresee
Marius enim et Sulla habuerunt exercitus qui exspectaverunt praemia ab talis-such
illis, non a Roma.ltaque hi exercitus semper fecerunt 6mnia quae Marius tenuit-hold
et Sulla iusserunt-etiam ceperunt Romam ipsam. Caesar probabfliter meridionalis-south
p6tuit praevidere bellum cum Pompeio; ftaque v61uit habere exercitum insuper-besides
vir6rum qui exspectaverunt praemia ab ipso, non a Roma. Talis exercitus nee-and not
pugnaret ( would fight) etiam in bello civfli. invfdia-envy
Caesar erat in Gallia per novem ( 9) annos. In his annis vicit omnem
Galliam. Ante hoc tempus, Romani tenuerant solum parvam partem
Galliae-partem quae vocata est "Provfncia." Illa provfncia erat in Gallia
meridionali.
Caesar etiam venit trans flumen Rhenum in Germaniam. lnsuper navi­
gavit in Britanniam. Sed non vicit omnem Britanniam. Nee vicit omnem
Germaniam. Germani enim et Britanni fuerunt viri fortes. Verum est
quod quidam Britanni victi sunt, sed non omnes. Difficile erat tenere
Britanniam.
Sed Pompeius remanserat in urbe. Ille audfvit de vict6riis magnis
Caesaris. Vict6riis Caesaris audftis, Pompeius motus est invfdia contra
Caesarem. Uxor enim Pompei ( quae fuerat filia Caesaris) discesserat ex
hac vita. Pompeius ergo fecit consflia contra Caesarem; v6luit delere
Caesarem. (Continuabitur eras)

Caesar vincit Galliam

VOCABULARIUM Caesar conquers Gaul
exspectare, avit, atus- fnsuper-in addition does conquer Gaul
expect nee (neque)-and not is conquering Gaul.
praevidere, vfdit, vfsus- nee ... nee-neither ... We must now learn bow to say: Caesar is conquered--or
foresee nor Caesar is being conquered.
invfdia, a-envy, unpopularity
But it is easy to do so.Simply add two letters -ur, to the
meridionalis, e, i-south
active endings.Therefore, the third singular endings be­
praemium, o-reward
come: -atur, -etur, -itur, -itur.
talis, e, i-such
The plural endings become: -antur, -entur, -untur (some
have -iuntur as in active) and-iuntur.
NUNC COGITEMUS
Latin is really too easy!
PRESENT PASSIVE, THIRD SINGULAR AND PLURAL: We
have learned how to form the present active, third PRESENT INFINITIVE PASSIVE: We now know how to
singular and plural. Thus, in the singular: say: to find-invenire. How do we make it say: to BE
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found? Simple-in all but the third conjugation, just dat pecuniam. Verum dicunt, sed Caesar rogat senatum
change the final e of the infinitive to i. Thus dare pecuniam. Ignis iacitur in pontem in quo Horatius
1. parari 2. haberi 3. invenfri stat. Horatius ergo seipsum in aquam iacit. Cincinnatus
Dictator creatur. Cincinnatus videtur (seems) esse vir
In the third conjugation, we substitute the letter i for the bonus. Et non solum videtur; re vera est vir bonus, verus
whole -ere, thus: Romanus. Vir qui bonus est non vult videri bonus: vult
4. capere-capi esse bonus. Omnes tales esse debent.
Multum aurum a Carthaginiensibus habetur: Car­
The meanings: 1. to be prepared 2. to be had 3. to thaginienses enim boni mercat6res sunt. Multa pecunia
be found 4. to be seized. And now a bonis mercat6ribus accipitur. Sed pecuniam amare
non est bonum. Pecunia amari non debet. Amor pecu­
EXERCEAMUS Nos niae est vinculum quod viros in terra tenet.
Check present tense patterns and infinitives.
ENGLISH TO LATIN
Hannibal a Romanis capi non vult. Sed elephanti Han­
nibalis a Romanis non iam timentur. Romani elephantos 1. Hannibal ought to be killed. 2. The soldiers are
quos Pyrrhus habuit timuerunt-sed Romani diebus being led into the city. 3. Good arts are learned in
Pyrrhi nondum elephantos viderant. Nunc elephanti school. 4. Because of ( abl. alone) great envy, many
saepe a militibus Romanis videntur. Multi Romani his good men are being killed. 5. He seems to be a good
proeliis interficiuntur, sed Roma non potest deleri. Ro­ man. 6. Such men are not found in every country. 7.
mani dicunt quod Roma aeterna est. Neither in Africa nor in Italy are they seen.
Viri qui in maribus multis navigant a piratis interfici
possunt. Sed etiam piratae capi possunt. Multi piratae a
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Pompefo capiuntur et interficiuntur. Sed Pompeius ipse
capitur a Julia. Cornelia, filia Cinnae, in matrim6nium Antiquis in temp6ribus, Roma, quae etiam in illis diebus
a Caesare ducitur. Quia hoc fecit, Caesar a Sulla non urbs non parva fuit, fere tota a Gallis est capta. Caesar
amatur. itaque, qui magnam v6luit habere potestatem, exercitum
Praemia a militibus Caesaris exspectantur. Caesar accepit et in illam terram quam Galli tenuerunt venit.
dicit quod pecunia illis ( to them) debetur.1taque milites Non solum in Galliam, sed etiam in aliam terram in qua
Caesarem amant. Caesar a militibus amatur. Pro eo viri fer6ces erant venit Caesar. Terra haec Germania
f6rtiter pugnant. Sed etiam pro Roma pugnant. Sed fuit. Caesar, quamquam omnem, in qua tres partes
pecunia a Caesare datur. Quidam dicunt quod Roma erant, Galliam vicit, non totam vicit Germaniam.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA
De casu dativo

SUMMARY: Pompey's plan was to get Caesar back to Rome without any office­
then he could be accused in court. But Caesar had the privilege of running for the
consulate in absentia. Pompey himself could not come into the senate--he did not
want to dismiss his army. But he worked through friends. Pompey's friends got the
senate to order Caesar to dismiss his army by a certain date. Two tribunes in the
senate vetoed this measure. But the senate, contrary to the constitution, ignored the
veto.

Hie est modus quo Pompeius v6luit delere Caesarem: v6luit c6gere eum redire-return
redire in urbem sine exercitu et sine magistratu. Vir enim qui tenet magis­ magistratus-office
tratum, non potest in iudicium vocari. Pompeius v6luit accusare Cae­ iudicium-trial, court
sarem. Sed Caesar scivit consilia Pompei-Caesar ergo rogaverat et acce­ accusare-accuse
perat privilegium a plebe: Caesar p6terat petere consulatum quamquam petere-seek
in urbe non erat. Pompeius v6luit delere hoc privilegium. Pompeius ipse aut ...aut-either ... or
non erat in senatu Romano in hoc tempore. Pompeius enim habuit exerci­ dimittere-dismiss
tum. Necesse erat aut diQiittere exercitum aut non venire in senatum. explicavit-explained
Pompefus non v6luit dimittere exercitum, quia praevidit bellum cum inimicus-enemy
Caesare. Ergo Pompeius ipse non venit in senatum, sed amici Pompei intercedere-veto
venerunt in senatum pro eo. decretum-decree
Caesar miserat epistulam ad senatum, in qua explicavit id quod v6luit.
Etiam explicavit privilegium quod habuit a plebe. Quamquam haec vera
erant, inimici Caesaris in senatu habuerunt orati6nes multas contra
Caesarem. His orati6nibus auditis ( et quia multi inimici Caesaris erant in
senatu) senatus iussit Caesarem dimittere exercitum ante certum diem.
Sed in senatu fuerunt etiam duo trib(mi plebis. Hi erant amici Caesaris.
Hi duo tribuni intercesserunt pro Caesare. Senatus ergo debuit revocare
decretum contra Caesarem. Quia tribuni habuerant bane potestatem ex
tempore in quo plebs discessit ex urbe in Montero Sacrum.Sed senatus non
v6luit revocare decretum. Senatus corruptus erat: non facit id quod debet
facere. Quid ergo debent tribuni facere? Quid debet Caesar ipse facere?
( Continuabitur)

rect object case. It expresses many ideas which English

VOCABULARIUM expresses by "to " or "for." But notice a difference in
these two sentences:
accusare, avit, atus, ask,seek
accuse, blame redfre, rediit, • rediturus 1. Venit ad urbem. 2. Dedit praemium
dimittere, misit, missus- ( the third plural pres- militibus.
dismiss ent is redeunt)-return, He came to the city. He gave a reward to
explicare, avit, atus- go back the soldiers.
explain aut-or Both sentences have the same word to. But in one we
petere, petivit, petitus- aut ... aut-either . .. or use ad, in the other we use the dative. Why? Because in
inimicus, o-enemy (personal enemy) the first sentence, someone is going somewhere-there
iudicium, o-judgment, court, trial is motion from place to place. But in the second sentence
there is no motion from place to place. Therefore, the
NUNC COGITEMUS idea of to is expressed by
USE OF DATIVE CASE: The last of the generally used ad with objective-when it involves motion from
cases that we need to learn is the dative-it is the indi- place to place
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 dative-when it does not involve motion from place dederat. Tribuni senatui explicare voluerunt quod
to place. Caesar hoc privilegium habere debuit.
Caesar ipse hoc tempore non in Gallia erat. Caesar
FOR.MS OF DATIVE CASE: Here are the endings for the erat in Italia: erat in parte meridionali provinciae suae.
five declensions (gender makes no difference): Erat in urbe quae Ravenna vocatur. Caesar sine magis­
tratu in urbem Romanam redfre non v6luit: scivit quod
1. 2. Pompeius vocare eum in iudicium v6luit. Sed Caesar,
nautae nautis agno agnis dum habuit magistratum, non p6terat in iudicium vo­
3. 4. cari. Pompeius invidia contra Caesarem motus est.
militi militibus senatui senatibus Caesar enim nomen magnum sibi in Gallia fecerat.
5. Pompeius etiam nomen magnum babuit, sed non v6luit
diei diebus Caesarem esse mai6rem.
Bonus civis non debet dicere talia: bonus civis
Notice that in the plurals, the datives are the same as the am6rem pro urbe sua habere debet. Roma in magno
ablatives-so out of the ten new endings, five are not erat periculo quia Caesar et Pompeius inter se pugnave­
really new. In the singular, there is some overlapping. runt. Roma Pompeio magnam dederat potestatem­
For exercise, figure out which other forms match etiam Caesari magnam dedit potestatem. Hi duo inter se
singulars. pugnare non debent. Nee Caesar nee Pompeius debet
hoc facere.
Cincinnatus cum senatu non pugnavit. Agnus cum
NuNC EXERCEAMUS Nos Maria non pugnavit. Sed Marcus pugnavit cum Maria.
Marcus Mariam amavit, sed Maria dixit quod agnus in
WoR.D OR.DER. SANDWICHES: In Lesson 20 we first schola remanere debuit: et Marcus dixit quod non de­
learned a new trick in word order. We learned the type: buit. Sed Marcus hoc dicere non debuit. Quia Marcus
Maria agnum habet. Most of us are probably fairly well ipse erat agnus (Maria hoc dixit).
used to it by now-in a bit more time it will seem posi­
tively easy. But sometimes (not nearly so often) we find
sandwiches in the word order, such as: ENGLISH TO LATIN

Caesar magnum habuit exercitum. 1. Caesar returned to the city. 2. He learned to fight.
Caesar had a LARGE army. 3. The tribunes explained the letter to the senate. 4.
Many rewards are being given to the soldiers. 5. They
Notice what happens: we take the phrase, magnum are now returning to Italy. 6. That is the city from which
exercitum, and cut it open, and insert another word, they sailed. 7. It is easy to explain the matter (res) to
habuit. Some writers use this sort of thing only for Caesar.
emphasis-it gives an effect much like the use of the
capitals in the word LARGE. Others use it often merely
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
because they like it. Watch for a few examples of these
sandwiches in the exercise below: Caesari, quia vir bonus fuerat, et multa pro Roma
Marius multa praemia militibus dederat. Sulla ergo fecerat, plebs Romana magnum dederat privilegium.
etiam aurum et agros amicis suis dedit. Caesari non erat Hoc privilegio p6tuit Caesar consulatum petere quam­
difficile haec facere. Pompeius est inimicus Caesari. quam in Gallia, non in urbe erat. Sed invidia motus est
Caesaris enim potestatem delere vult. Pompeius etiam vir qui debuit amicus Caesari esse-Pompeius. Hie
exercitum habet. ltaque non licet Pompeio venfre in itaque p6pulum Romanum rogavit privilegium delere
senatum. Sed licet Caesari petere consulatum quam­ Caesaris. His auditis, Caesar ad senatum epistulam, in
quam in urbe non est. Plebs Caesari tale privilegium qua omnem explicavit rem, misit.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA PRIMA
De verbis deponentibus

SUMMARY: The tribunes fled to Caesar. He declared the constitution violated, and
so crossed the Rubicon. Most towns opened their gates willingly to him. The senate
and Pompey fled from Rome. Pompey went to Brundisium, and sailed to Greece.
Caesar could not pursue for want of ships. So he went to Spain, where legates of
Pompey had an army. Meanwhile ships were made for Caesar.

Senatus fecerat rem malam--egerat contra intercessi6nem tribun6rum. egit-acted

His factis, tribuni fugerunt ad Caesarem. Caesar ergo dixit: "Senatus egit intercessio-veto
contra leges. Necesse est defendere leges." Flumen Rubico erat finis meri­ defendere-defend
dionalis provinciae Caesaris. Lex dixit quod Caesar non debuit iter facere finis-end, border
trans Rubic6nem cum exercitu-sed senatus iam egerat contra leges. 6ppidum-town
Caesar ergo dixit quod debuit defendere leges. Caesar duxit exercitum porta-gate
suum trans Rubic6nem. Sed non necesse erat pugnare statim. 6ppida enim aperuit-opened
Italiae aperuerunt portas Caesari sine pugna. portus-port
Pompeius et senatus audiverunt quod 6ppida aperuerant portas Caesari nullus-no, none
sine pugna. His audftis timuerunt remanere in urbe. Fere omnes senat6res interea-meanwhile
et amici fugerunt ex urbe, et venerunt in partem meridionalem Italiae.
Sed Pompeius et exercitus venerunt in quoddam 6ppidum quod vocatum
.est Brundfsium. Brundisium enim erat portus ex quo naves navigaverunt
in Graeciam.
Sed Caesar et exercitus etiam venerunt Brundfsium (to Brundisium).
Voluerunt pugnare cum Pompeiano exercitu. Sed non p6terant pugnare
cum eis, quia Pompeius p6suit milites suos in naves, et navigavit ad
Graeciam. Caesar non p6terat sequi ( to follow) eos, quia nullae naves
remanserunt in illo 6ppido. Caesar ergo discessit Brundisio (from Brundi­
sium), et iter fecit in Hispaniam. In Hispania enim legati Pompei habue­
runt exercitum alium. Interea naves factae sunt pro Caesare. (Continu­
abitur)

jugation as usual, e.g., -ari is first, but -i is third; and

VOCABULARIUM 2. the perfect passive third singular. But-ALTHOUGH
THE FORMS AR.E PASSIVE: THE MEANINGS AR.E ALL AC·
agere, egit, actus-do, loqui, locutus est-speak
TIVE ! Therefore, for example, sequi has a passive form
drive, act, discuss, sequi, secutus est-follow
-but its meaning is: to follow (not: to be followed).
spend (time) interea-meanwhile
nullus, a, um-no, none And secutus est means: he followed (not: he was fol­
aperfre, aperuit, apertus­
6ppidum, o-town lowed).
open
conari, conatus est­ porta, a-gate, door
GoING TO OR FROM TOWNS AND CITIES: There is an odd
attempt
thing about the construction to be used with names of
towns and cities.
DEPONENT VERBS: We are going to like these verbs­ We would expect: venit ad Romam or in Romam or
they have only two parts, not three. The reason is that ex Roma or a Roma.
they have nothing but passive forms. But the usual sec­ But we get:
ond part is exclusiyely active-ergo, no second part. So venit-Romam or Romam or Roma or Roma.
we have: 1. the passive infinitive--recognize the con- In other words, we use the same case: objective-to go to;
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ablative-to go from-but, as a rule, no preposition. Multa 6ppida portas Caesari aperuerunt-Caesarem
Sometimes the preposition is used, especially when we enim non timuerunt. Caesar erat amfcus i116rum oppi­
mean the vicinity of a town, not the town itself. And d6rum. Sed fere omnes senat6res fugerunt Roma. Hi qui
sometimes it is used when we really do mean the town fugerunt Roma venerunt Capuam. Capua est 6ppidum
itself-but usually we get no preposition. in parte meridionali ltaliae. Noone erat perfculum sena­
t6ribus in illo 6ppido? Non. Caesar enim non venerat
Capuam.
NuNc ExERCEAMUS Nos
Caesar Pompeium secutus est. Pompeius enim venerat
Brundisium. Caesar etiam venit Brundfsium. Sed Pom­
ENGLISH TO LA TIN
peius naves habuit. ltaque, Pompeius Brundisio disces­
sit. Sed Caesar Brundisio per mare discedere non 1. Caesar is coming to Rome. 2. He is sailing from
p6terat; nullas habuit naves. Caesar ergo eum sequi non Brundisium. 3. Caesar came across the southern border
conatus est. Quid ergo egit Caesar? Locutus est militi­ of his province. 4. He attempted to speak to Caesar.
bus. Dixit quod debent in Hispaniam venire. Pompei 5. Since the gates have been opened, Caesar can come
enim legati in Hispania sunt: necesse est vincere legatos into the town. 6. He spoke to his soldiers who had fol­
Pompei. Ali6quin (otherwise) illi legati possunt venire lowed him. 7. No ships remained for Caesar.
ad terga (backs) exercitus. Sed non erat necesse loqui
multa militibus. Mflites Caesarem statim sequuntur.
Sperant multa praemia a Caesare acdpere, et Caesar
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
multa praemia militibus suis dare vult.
Plebs discessit Roma et in Montem Sacrum venit. Tribunis Roma expulsis, senatus ad bellum paravit.
Sed p6stea (later), tribunis plebis acceptis, plebs Ro­ Meridionali in parte provinciae quam habuit Caesar,
mam rediit. Etrusci Romam capere conati sunt, Tar­ flumen parvum fuit, quod Rubico vocatur. Trans hoc
quinio expulso. Sed non potuerunt. Sed Galli non solum flumen suo cum exercitu venit Caesar. Non sunt co­
conati sunt-re vera ceperunt Romam, id est, omnem nata eum tenere 6ppida multa sed parva quae in via
ceperunt urbem, Capit6lio excepto (excepted). Conati Caesaris erant. Portis apertis, virum quern magnum esse
sunt etiam Capit6lium capere, sed anseres magna ex­ dixerunt, acceperunt. Ex his 6ppidis quae portis apertis
clamaverunt voce. Estne porta urbis aperta? Non. Quia Caesarem acceperunt, non pauci viri Caesarem sunt
Gallos timent. secuti.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA SECUNDA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Caesar defeated the Pompeian armies in Spain, under Petreius, Afranius,
and Varro. He then returned to Rome, was made Dictator, and then Consul. He next
sailed to Greece. At first things went rather badly, and he had to retreat into Thes­
saly. But there he defeated Pompey. The latter fled to Egypt, but was murdered by
Egyptian soldiers. Caesar got into the war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, and
then marched through Syria and Asia Minor to Rome. On the way he defeated
Pharnaces, son of Mithradates. He then sent his famous telegram to the senate.

Quia non habuit naves in quibus posset (he could) sequi Pompeium, dux-leader
Caesar discessit Brundisio, et iter fecit cum exercitu suo in Hispaniam. mox-soon
Pompeius ipse cum exercitu navigavit in Graeciam. Sed in Hispania fuit deditio-surrender
exercitus Pompei magnus. Tres legati Pompei duces erant exercitus in praetor-praetor
Hispania: Afranius, Petreius, et Varro. Caesar mox vicit Petreium et recipere se-retreat
Afranium. Varro etiam se in dediti6nem dedit. His exercitibus victis, septentrionalis-northern
Caesar discessit ex Hispania et rediit Romam. lbi Lepidus, qui praetor colligere-gather
erat, creavit Caesarem Dictat6rem. Sed post undecim (XI) dies, Caesar nimius-excessive
dep6suit dictaturam, et consul factus est. In Ianuario, in anno quadragesi­ confidentia-confidence
mo octavo (48), Caesar navigavit in Graeciam. lbi Pompeius magnum putavit-thought
collegerat exercitum. Caesar fere victus est a Pompeio, et coactus est m6rtuus est-died
recipere se ad Thessaliam. Thessalia est pars septentrionalis Graeciae. Ibi mors-death
Caesar pugnavit pugnam magnam cum exercitu Pompei. Pompeius habuit soror-sister
exercitum mai6rem, sed mflites Caesaris forti6res (braver) erant. Pompe­ celeriter-swiftly
iani enim nimiam confidentiam habuerunt. Pompeius ipse, cum multis ex nuntius-messenger
exercitu suo, fugit in montes. Caesar secutus est eos. Pompeius fugit in
Aegyptum; putavit enim quod habuit amicos in illa terra. Sed mflites
Aegyptii interfecerunt eum. Hoc modo Pompeius, olim magnus imper ator,
m6rtuus est.
Pompelo m6rtuo, Caesar pugnavit in Aegypto. Rex enim Aegypti,
Ptolomaeus, bellum movit cum sor6re sua, Cleopatra.
Post finem belli in Aegypto, Caesar iter fecit per Syriam et Asiam Min6-
rem. In hoc itinere vicit Pharnacem, filium Mithradatis. Pharnaces enim
auxilium dederat Pompeio. Sed Caesar vicit eum celeriter. Ergo nuntium
misit ad senatum. Nuntius dixit, "Veni, Vidi, Vici."
(All three words are first person singular perfect) (Continuabitur)

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

VOCABULARIUM
1. How do you say: to a brave messenger, for a good
[moriuntur], mori, [recipiunt], recipere, death, to the greater leader? 2. How do you say: it is
m6rtuus est-die (note cepit, ceptus-take foreseen, he is expected, it is asked, he is being let go,
preliminary part like back it is being done? Now make same expressions plural.
capiunt) recipere se-retreat 3. How do you say: they die, they follow, they attempt,
putare, avit, atus-think celeriter-swiftly they speak (use: loqui).
magnus dux, duce-leader
bona mors, morte-death
nimius, a, um-excessive NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
nuntius, o-messenger, message
Caesar Pompeium celeriter secutus est. Pompeius enim
septentrionalis, e, i-northern
a Caesare victus erat in Thessalia (quae est in septentri­
bona soror, sor6re-sister
onali parte Graeciae) . His factis, Pompeius in Aegyp-
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tum fugit. Ibi Pompeius interfectus est. Quia interfectus Sed agnus non discessit ex hac vita-nemo interfecit
est, necesse erat ex hac vita discedere. ltaque m6rtuus agnum. Agnum enim nemo odit.
est.
Pharnaces erat rex in Asia Min6re. Pater Pharnacis
fuerat Mithradates. Mithradates f6rtiter contra multos ENGLISH TO LATIN
duces Romanos pugnaverat. Sulla cum Mithradate 1. It is necessary either to come or to remain. 2. Caesar
pugnavit, et eum vicit, sed non omnem potestatem retreated into Thessaly. 3. The men are returning from
Mithradatis delevit. Sulla enim celeriter redire Romam Brundisium. 4. Many men die in battle. 5. They at­
v6luit, quia ibi multos habuit inirnicos. tempted to retreat into the town. 6. He thinks that
Multos in urbe Sulla interfecit. Sulla Caesarem inter­ Caesar wants to talk to Marcus. 7. Caesar said that he
ficere voluerat, sed non p6terat quia Caesar in montes came, he saw, and he conquered.
fugerat. Sulla non debuit facere potestatem senatus Ro­
mani mai6rem. Senatus enim nimiam habuit potestatem.
ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
Sed Sulla caecus erat, id est, non p6terat veritatem vi­
dere. Senatus diebus Sullae corruptus fuit. Senatus non Qui ex hac vita per portas discedunt mortis moriuntur.
semper corruptus fuit--diebus antfquis senatus bonus Ex 6mnibus bonis quae accipere vir potest, maxime
fuerat. Fecerat Cincinnatum Dictat6rem, et multa alia (especially) bonam petere mortem a Deo debet. Ex vita
bona consilia fecerat. enim futura, nemo bane in vitam se recipere potest. Nee
Caesar egit suam vitam in primo saeculo ante nativi­ conari potest. 6mnia enim quae facere vult, Deus sine
tatem Christi, sed m6rtuus est ante Christum. Caesar ab difficultate facere potest. Ea enim quae Deus 16quitur
inimicis suis interfectus est. Sulla autem non interfectus semper accidunt. Bonum est ergo saepe de hac vita
est-ille m6rtuus est modo naturali. Marius etiam futura putare quae finem non habet. Quid boni est
m6rtuus est modo naturali. Portae mortis apertae sunt Pompeio quod imperator magnus fuit, si (if) non bonam
Mario. Marius ergo discessit ex hac vita per has portas. mortem habuit?

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA TERTIA
De tempore imperfecto in persona tertia singulari et plurali

SUMMAllY: After defeating Pharnaces, Caesar went back to Rome, but not for long.
For Scipio and Cato had collected an army in Africa. But he soon defeated them.
Cato committed suicide at Utica. Caesar then went back to Rome. He forgave his
enemies. He reformed the calendar. But Pompey's sons raised an army in Spain.
He defeated them at Munda. He then entered Rome in triumph. He was offered a
royal crown by Anthony.

Pharnace victo, Caesar rediit Romam. Sed non remansit diu in urbe. Scivit diu-a long time
enim quod amici Pompei, Scipio et Cato, collegerant exercitum magnum in collegit-collect
Africa. Caesar celeriter vicit cos. Cato, quia non p6terat defendere Oticam, reversus est-returned
interfecit se. Caesar ergo reversus est Romam, in fine mensis l61ii, anno mensis-month
quadragesimo sexto (46). Quamquam Caesar habuit potestatem max.i­ clementia-mercy
mam, clementiam ostendit inimicis suis. Non odit cos qui pugnaverant pro nam-for
Pompeio, sed dixit quod non debuit esse differentia inter Pompeianos et ostendit-showed
Caesarianos. l!tiam correxit calendarium, nam diebus illis erat error correxit-corrected
nonaginta (90) dierum in calendario. Fere habuerunt Iunium in Ianuario! profectus est-set out
Sed quamquam ostendit magnam clementiam inimicis, et fecerat nullam celebravit-celebrated
differentiam inter Caesarianos et Pompeianos, necesse erat pugnare in novo cor6na-crown
hello. Pompeius enim habuit duos filios, Sextum et Gnaeum. Hi duo col­ festum-feast
legerant exercitum novum in Hispania, contra Caesarem. Caesar ergo pro­ quare-why
fectus est in Hispaniam in fine anni quadragesimi sexti. Sed Caesar celeriter an-or
vicit eos. Victi sunt in pugna ad Mundam, in mense Martio, anno quad­
ragesimo quinto ( 45). Pompeianis victis, Caesar reversus est Romam, et
venit in urbem mense Septembri. Celebravit triumphum magnum. Re vera,
Caesar habuit potestatem regis, sed non habuit nomen regis, nee cor6nam
regalem. Voluitne Caesar accipere cor6nam regalem? Quidam amicus
Caesaris, Marcus Ant6nius, nomine, v6luit dare cor6nam Caesari in
quodam festo publico. Sed Caesar non accepit cor6nam. Quare non ac­
cepit? Quia non v6luit an quia timuit accipere earn? Difficile est dicere.
(Continuabitur)

letters (-are, -ere, -ere, -ire)--of course, in the case of

VOCABULARIUM a deponent verb, we remove the passive ending, which is
shorter (-i) in the third conjugation (but we shall see
colligere, collegit, reverti, reversus est-
the deponents in Lesson 34).
collectus-collect return
ostendere, ostendit, an-or (in questions only) To the remaining base, we add­
ostensus-show diu-a long time -abat in first conjugation
proficisci, profectus est­ quare-why -ebat or -iebat in the others (verbs that have third
set out unus mensis, i-month plural in -iunt take the -iebat form).
For the third plural forms-merely insert -n before the
final letter -t. Samples:
NUNC COGITEMUS
1. parabat; parabant 2. habebat; habebant
How TO FORM THE IMPERFECT TENSE: Suppose we
begin with the infinitive, the first part of the verb, as we 3. ponebat; ponebant capiebat; capiebant
did with the present tense. We remove the last three 4. audiebat; audiebant
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USE OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE: The imperfect and the regis habebat. Marcus Ant6nius volebat dare cor6nam
perfect are both past tenses. Therefore, in general, they regis Caesari. Caesar non accepit. Marcus rogat Mariam
cover the following English translations: quare Caesar cor6nam non accepit. Seel Maria non
1. he heard potest dfcere.
2. he did hear Quodam die Marcus erat in schola. Agnus non venit
3. he was hearing in scholam, sed quid accidit? Tres ex illis quinque porcis
4. he has heard venerunt. Marcus expectabat Mariam et agnum. Marcus
re vera volebat Mariam videre. Non volebat agnum
Of the four translations, the fourth is especially typical videre, sed necesse erat: agnus enim semper cum Maria
of the perfect, and the third is especially typical of the veniebat. Sed Marcus nee Mariam nee agnum vidit! Tres
imperfect. The others might serve rather well for either vidit porcos. Quare alii duo porci non venerunt? Res­
of the Latin tenses. But what is the precise difference? p6nsum non facile est, sed unus ex his porcis caput
Merely this. Let us imagine a fight going on. Two men calidum habuit: vfderat enim Caesarem quando hie
both see it. Each has a camera. The one has a movie (Caesar) in foro erat. Hie porcus Caesari oink dfxerat,
camera. The other an ordinary snapshot camera. Now sed Caesar nullum dederat resp6nsum. Ergo hie porcus
if a man reports an event with a movie camera, he could caput calidum habuit. Sed quaestio est-quare alius
also report it similarly in words by the imperfect. While porcus ( id est, porcus secundus) in scholam cum aliis
the snapshot camera gives much the same impression as tribus porcis non venit? Causa erat haec: hie secundus
the perfect tense. Therefore porcus Marcum P6rcium Cat6nem in foro vfderat. Hie
imperfect-views the continuity or repeated char­ porcus P6rcium amavit, ergo in agros Porci Cat6nis
acter of an action-movie; perfect-merely reports venerat, et remansit ibi.
that something happened-snapshot.
In case of doubt, when writing English to Latin,
use the perfect. Notice the way the two will be ENGLISH TO LATIN
used in the stories from now on ( up to now, often the
1. He said that Caesar was coming. 2. Cato was col­
perfect has been used where the imperfect would have
lecting an army. 3. The Roman army was retreating
been more suitable) .
into Thessaly. 4. Caesar, having returned to Rome,
IMPERFECT ACTIVE OF EssE, POSSE, VELLE: erat,
soon set out for Africa. 5. Why was he preparing for
erant, poterat, poterant, volebat, volebant.
war? 6. Mark Anthony was showing the crown to
Caesar. 7. But he was nottaking it.
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
Look for imperfect patterns.
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Mflites ad pugnam parabant. Caesar cum Pompeio
pugnabat. Quare v6luit Caesar cum Pompeio pugnare? Multis exercitibus in Africa victis, Caesar in Italia re­
Caesar pugnare non volebat, sed (Caesar dixit hoc) manere non p6terat. Cato enim, qui illis diebus impera­
Pompeius et senatus legem Romanam non servaverant. tor exercitus erat, Caesarem non amabat. Quamquam
Senatus debuit revocare decretum suum post interces­ non malus imperator Cato fuit, semper maior fuit Cae­
si6nem tribun6rum plebis. Hoc senatus non fecit. His sar. Hie ergo celeriter illum vicit. Mox in Italiam profec­
factis, tribuni ad Caesarem fugerunt. Lex non est ser­ tus est Caesar. Ibi conabatur Marcus Antonius regalem
vata: ergo Caesar dixit quod necesse erat defendere leges dare Caesari cor6nam. Haec faciebat quodam die festo
Romanas. Sed quodam die Caesar in urbe erat. lam quo multi viri in urbe erant. Sed nihil locutus est Caesar
omnes inimfcos suos vfcerat. lam re vera potestatem de corona hac.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA QUARTA
De tempore imperfecto in voce passiva
De casu possessivo pronominum

SUMMARY: Many senators began to hate Caesar, though they seemed to be his
friends. They conspired to kill him. He received many warnings, but ignored them.
Finally in the senate, on the Ides of March, they surrounded him, and murdered
him with daggers and swords. Caesar fell at the foot of the statue of Pompey.

Caesar non accepit cor6nam ex manibus Marci Antoni. Sed nihil6minus coepit-began
(nevertheless) quidam senat6res coeperunt odfsse Caesarem. ltaque hi odisse-to hate
senat6res coniurati6nem fecerunt contra Caesarem. Volebant enim inter­ coniuratio-conspiracy
ffcere eum. In hac coniurati6ne erant multi qui videbantur (seemed) esse sica-dagger
amfci Caesaris. Praesertim Marcus Brutus erat amfcus Caesaris. Sed scriptor-writer
oderunt eum, quia putabant quod volebat facere se regem. Hi coniurat6res m6nuit-warned
paraverunt multas sicas. Quidam script6res dixerunt quod hi coniurat6res monitio-warning
interfecerunt Caesarem quia amabant Romam. Probabiliter verum est Idus-Ides (15th)
quod amabant Romam; sed etiam sperabant accfpere potestatem magnam. vates-soothsayer
Ergo parabant mortem Caesari. cavere-beware
Ante diem mortis, multi monuerunt Caesarem de morte. Sed Caesar resp6ndit-answered
nihil fecit de his moniti6nibus. Coniurat6res voluerunt interffcere eum in pes-foot
senatu, ldibus Martiis (id est, die decimo quinto mensis Martii). Quidam statua-statue
poeta Britannicus, qui vocatur Shakespeare, scripsit de morte Caesaris.
Ille poeta dixit quod in ipso die mortis, quidam vates vidit Caesarem.
Vates m6nuit Caesarem quod debuit cavere Idus Martias. Caesar res­
p6nsum dedit: "Idus Martiae iam venerunt"--et vates resp6ndit: "Idus
Martiae venerunt-sed non discesserunt, Caesar!" Caesar ergo venit in
senatum. Coniurat6res circumsteterunt eum. Interfecerunt eum sicis. Hoc
modo Caesar m6rtuus est. M6rtuus Caesar cecidit ad pedes statuae Pom­
pei. Pompeius cedderat in hello cum Caesare. Caesar cecidit ad pedes
Pompei!

course, deponent verbs use these passive endings, with

VOCABULARIUM active meaning.
cavere, cavit, cautus­ respondere, resp6ndit,
beware resp6nsus-answer POSSESSIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS: This is also too easy.
--, coepit, coeptus mala coniuratio, i6ne- We are thinking of the pronouns (which are also used
( the last part has conspiracy as adjectives, as we know): hie, ille, ipse, is, idem, and
active meaning)· gladius, o-sword qui.
begin magnus pes, pede-foot The possessive plural pronouns have the same end­
monere, m6nuit, bonus scriptor, ore-writer ings as bonus ( -orum, -arum, -orum).
m6nitus-warn, advise The singular is still easier-they all have just one
ending for all three genders-it is -ius. Thus: huius, if.
lius, ipsius, eius, eiusdem, and cuius ( cuius is from qui).
NUNC COGITEMUS
Notice especially the one little word eius. It (and the
IMPERFECT PASSIVE: This is really too easy! We know plurals e6rum, earum, e6rum) serve in place of posses­
how to make the imperfect active--just add the letters sive adjectives when we do not want a reflexive. Of
-ur to the active endings, singular and plural. Of course, they are not adjectives-they are possessive case
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of a pronoun, so they cannot be made to agree in gender, tempore ante mortem, vates eum vidit. Vates eum
number, and case like adjectives. But they are very com­ m6nuit quod debebat Idus Martias cavere. Sed Caesar
mon. cavere non volebat. Caesar in senatum venit-et ibi
The reflexive adjective is suus-we saw it in Lesson interfectus est.
21 ( compare also the reflexive pronoun in Lesson 27). Senatores laeti facti sunt morte eius. Sed malum pro
For example, take this English sentence: Roma erat-quia bellum civile venit. In hoc hello multi
Marcus killed his father. cives Romani, multi senatores, interfecti sunt. Et post
Whose father? The English is vague-might be Marcus' helium civile quid acceperunt? Augustus, qui fllius
father-might be someone else's father. Now if it is adoptivus Caesaris erat, factus est imperator.
Marcus' father, the Latin will have suus: Diebus antiquis Romae, vir qui vocabatur imperator
Marcus interfecit patrem suum (reflexive)-his own erat solum dux exercitus, sed Augustus non solum
father. But if it is someone else's father the Latin will exercitum Romanum ducebat; erat rex sine nomine
have Marcus interfecit patrem eius (not reflexive). regis. Gaius Caesar clementiam inimicis suis ostenderat.
When do we use e6rum? When we mean their, in a Augustus Caesar etiam hoc fecit.
non-reflexive way (not their own).
Milites interfecerunt patrem e6rum (their father­ ENGLISH TO LATIN
non-reflexive)-but-Milites interfecerunt patrem
suum (their own father-reflexive) . 1. He was setting out into Gaul. 2. He fell at the feet
of the same statue. 3. He was killed with swords and
daggers. 4. Many men were being killed by the sword.
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos 5. Others were fleeing on foot. 6. Caesar was being
Caesar, cuius amici coniurati6nem fecerunt, interfectus warned by the soothsayer. 7. But he fell at the feet of
est. Interfecerunt eum multis sicis. Ad statuam eiusdem Pompey, whose enemy he had been.
Pompei quern vicerat in hello civfli cecidit. Quare inter­
fecerunt Caesarem? Quia oderunt eum. Potestatem eius
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
oderunt. Putaverunt quod Caesar esse rex volebat.
Eratne hoc verum? Re vera voluit Caesar rex esse? Caesarem, quamquam ex manibus Marci Antoni coro­
Probabile est, quamquam coronam e manibus Marci nam non acceperat, senatores non pauci odisse coe­
Antoni non accepit. Sed quaestio est haec: quare non perunt. Virum hunc magnum, qui multa et magna in
accepit? Probabfliter quia iram plebis et senatorum Gallia pro Roma fecerat; nonne amare et non odisse
timebat. Viri enim Romani nomen regis oderunt. Olim debuerunt? Eum amare debuerunt. Nihil6minus, co­
Romani reges habuerant, sed reges facti sunt mali et niuratione non parva facta, mortem Caesari parare
audaces. Romani itaque eos expulerant. Ex illis temp6ri­ sunt conati. fdibus itaque Martiis, quo die in America
bus nomen regium oderunt. Semper cavebant virum qui olim tributa colligebantur, interfectus est Caesar sicis
volebat esse rex. coniurat6rum ad pedes statuae Pompei. lam erat ad
Quare ergo amici Caesaris eum non monuerunt? Re pedes Pompei ille ad cuius pedes Pompeius m6rtuus
vera, Caesar multas accepit monitiones-brevi (short) fuerat!

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA QUINTA

De participiis praesentibus

SUMMARY: Cicero was born of an equestrian family. Since he and his brother
Quintus showed ability, their father sent them to Rome-they studied under Scaevola
and Archias. Cicero also went to Rhodes to study under Molo, as Caesar did. He
then returned to Rome, and began to give speeches. He defended Roscius. But he
offended Sulla, and, for reasons of health, went to Greece. There he met Atticus.

In diebus in quibus vivebant Caesar et Pompeius, vivebat etiam alius vir vf.vere-live
Romanus cuius nomen notum est omnibus. Ille vir erat Marcus Tullius notus-known
Cicero. Cicero natus est in quodam 6ppido quod vocabatur Arpinum. natus-born
Natus est anno centesimo sexto (106) ante Christum. equestris-equestrian
Pater eius non erat ex senatu. Cicero ergo erat vir equestris. Viri eques­ equites-knights
tres (id est, equites) non erant ex senat6ria nobilitate, sed nee erant ex ordo-class, order
plebe. Erant ex 6rdine inter senat6res et plebem. Primis diebus Romae, equus-horse
equites re vera habebant equos, et pugnabant ex equis in exercitibus. !rater-brother
Sed diebus Cicer6nis, equites non debebant habere equos. £quites babe­ clarus-famous
bant pecuniam multam. Cicero ergo erat ex 6rdine equestri. legit-read
Cicero habuit fratrem qui vocabatur Quintus. Pater e6rum vidit quod liber-book
volebant dfscere. 1taque misit eos Romam in scholas bonas. Cicero et offendit-offended
frater eius didicerunt multa in scholis. Habuerunt multos magfstros claros. melius-better
Inter hos erant Mucius Scaevola et Archias. Legerunt multos libros bonos.
Cicero etiam navigavit in fnsulam Rhodum. Dfdicit multa de arte rhet6rica
a Molone (Caesar etiam dfdicit artem rhet6ricam in schola Mol6nis) .
Post haec Cicero reversus est Romam, et coepit habere orati6nes claras.
Defendit Sextum R6scium. Seel etiam offendit Sullam ( ille clarus Dictator
erat in hac vita illis diebus) ; ergo melius erat Ciceroni discedere Roma.
Navigavit in Graeciam. Ibi invenit quendam Romanum qui vocabatur
Atticus. Cicero factus est amfcus eius. (Continuabitur)

also half verb and half adjective--but they are present

VOCABULARIUM and active, instead of perfect and passive.
legere, legit, lectus-read vivere, vixit, •victurus­ The most basic meaning of present participles is:
nasci, natus est-be born live Milites pugnantes--fighting soldiers
n6scere, novit, notus- clarus, a, um-famous Note the ending in -ing.
learn (But the perfect brilliant But first, let us see the endings of the present parti­
means has learned, equus, equo-horse ciple, and then consider the details of its use. As to the
and therefore knows. liber, libro-book endings, it is too easy again.
So notus means bonus ordo, 6rdine-row, To form a present participle, take the imperfect tense
known.) order, rank of that verb, remove the -bat, and add: -ns. For example:
parabat-parans, habebat-habens, ponebat-ponens,
capiebat--capiens, audiebat--audiens.
NUNC COGITEMUS
How to decline the participle?-It is merely (as far
PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES: We have already seen as declension goes) a third declension adjective. Its
perfect passive participles. We found that they are half ablative singular may be either e or i ( a bit more broad­
verb, and half adjective. Now present participles are minded than other adjectives)-other forms are just
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 like third declension adjectives (possessive plural will Caesare imperat6re, milites laeti erant. Coniurat6ri­
be -ium and neuter plural will be -ia both to match the bus venientibus, Caesar non timebat. Audfvit vatem
-i ablative, not the -e). monentem se, sed in senatum venit. lbi senat6res ex­
For example: clamantes audivit. Exclamantes interfecerunt eum.
MF N MF N Cicero et Quintus fratres (brothers) erant. Audive­
parans parantes parantia runt orat6res magnos habentes orati6nes magnas in
parantis parantium foro. Volebant esse oratores. Cicero re vera orator mag­
paranti parantibus nus factus est. Cfcero etiam erat vir equestris. Sed
parantem parans parantes parantia equum non habuit. Non erat necesse habere equum.
paranti ( e) parantibus Nunc autem, pueri et puellae Americani orati6nes Ci­
Really nothing new-except that the ablative can have cer6nis in scholis legunt. Et quamquam Cicero equum
e as well as i. non habuit, pueri et puellae, legentes orati6nes eius,
equos habent. Sed Cicero ipse non habuit equum-ipse
USE OF THE PARTICIPLE: Use it just like the perfect pas­ enim has orationes scripserat. Senat6res, audientes has
sive, except that this is present active. Therefore, we onitiones, non fecerunt coniurati6nem contra Cicero­
may use it like an adjective- nem. Cicero enim non voluit esse rex. Senat6ribus
milites pugnantes--the fighting soldiers facientibus coniurationem contra Caesarem, Cicero
Or we may use it in an ablative absolute (basic meaning nihil fecit. Non amavit Caesarem, sed interffcere eum
now, instead of HAVING BEEN--, is merely the Eng­ non voluit.
lish form ending in -ing).For example Sed porcis exclamantibus oink, Marcus non fecit
Caesare exclamante, mflites vicerunt. nihil. Marcus etiam exclamavit. Marco exclamante,
BASIC-(With) Caesar shouting, the soldiers con­ quid fecit Marfa? Marfa magna voce agnum vocavit.
quered. Agno veniente, Marfa laeta erat, Marfa in schola non
remansit. Marfa duce, agnus laetus erat.
EXPANDED FORMS: Sempronius erat impatiens. Sempronio consule, Han­
l. When (while) Caesar was shouting, the soldiers nibal Romanos vicit. Carthaginiensibus pugnantibus,
conquered. Romani victi sunt. Sed Scipione consule, Hannibal ipse
2. Because Caesar was shouting, the soldiers con­ victus est. Hannibal vidit exercitum Romanum venien­
quered. tem. Venientes Romani viderunt exercitum Punicum.
3. Although Caesar was shouting, the soldiers con­ Romanis vincentibus, Hannibal non laetus erat.
quered.
4. If Caesar was shouting, the soldiers conquered.
ENGLISH TO LA TIN
5. Caesar was shouting and the soldiers conquered.
Compare these to the example given in Lesson 17-they 1. Marcus saw the lamb coming. 2. Did he hear the
are perfectly parallel. Again, it would pay well to mem­ lamb saying baa? 3. Marcus being the teacher, Mary
orize one Latin example with a full set of translations. is glad. 4. While Caesar was alive, Brutus was not
Take the one above, or make your own. happy. 5. They saw him coming into the senate. 6. He
heard the commander reading the commands. 7. It was
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES WITHOUT PARTICIPLES: The better for Caesar to depart from Rome.
Latin verb to be (est) has no present participle (nor
perfect passive). So, when we want to use the verb to be
in an ablative absolute, we just leave the participle out. SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
For example: Quia multam pecuniam habuerunt, diebus Ciceronis
Caesare duce, milites pugnaverunt f6rtiter. equites non debuerunt habere equos. Romani audientes
(With) Caesar (being) leader, the soldiers fought orationes huius Ciceronis non habuerunt equos. Potu­
bravely. erunt intelligere (understand) has etiam sine equis.
Or, more freely-use any of the five expansions given ltaque Romanis exclamantibus Cicero habebat orati­
above. ones multas et vehementes. Cicer6nem, quamquam
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos multi ex his qui audiverunt orationes eius amaverunt
Now look for these ablative absolute patterns; then eum, Sulla amavit nee ipsum nee orationes eius. Cice­
watch for other active participle patterns. roni ergo melius erat Roma proficisei in Graeciam.
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LECTIO TRIGESIMA SEXTA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Cicero returned to Rome in two years. He wanted to become consul, a

difficult thing for a novus homo ( one not born in the senatorial class). He was
filled with great pride, disgusting even to the Romans, who were no lovers of
humility. He was elected consul for 63 B.C. with Antonius. In that year came the
conspiracy of Catiline, an evil character, sunk in debt, and greedy for power.

Post annos duos, Cicero reversus est Romam, anno septuagesimo septimo via-way, road
(7 7). Sulla enim m6rtuus erat anno septuagesimo octavo. Multas orati6nes homo-man
claras habuit. Sed v6luit esse consul Romanus. Via ad consulatum erat dif­ talis-such
ficilis h6mini qui non erat natus in 6rdine senat6rio. Tales h6mines, qui propter-on account of
facti sunt c6nsules, sed non nati sunt in ordine senatorio, vocantur "homi­ virtus-virtue
nes novi." Id est, novi sunt in consulatu et in ordine senatorio. Cicero erat superbus-proud
vir equestris. Propter hoc, difficile erat Ciceroni consul fieri. superbia-pride
Christiani habent magnum amorem virtutis humilitatis. Sed Romani comparare-compare
non habuerunt magnum amorem huius virtutis. Romani erant superbi. tamen-nevertheless
Romani fere amaverunt superbiam. Sed, quamquam Romani erant su­ initium-beginning
perbi, videntur esse humiles, si comparantur cum Cicerone. Quamquam peccatum-sin
Romani non amaverunt humilitatem, tamen non amaverunt superbiam princeps-chief
Cicer6nis. Et re vera, Sacra Scriptura dicit quod superbia est initium fieri-to become
omnis peccati.
Cicero electus est consul anni sexagesimi tertii (63). Erat coniuratio in
hoc anno. Catilina erat princeps coniurationis huius. Catilina erat vir
malus. Catilina debebat multam pecuniam multis hominibus. Voluit
habere maximam potestatem. Catilina conatus erat consul fieri, sed non
p6tuit. Cicero et Antonius facti sunt consules. Catilina ergo v6luit inter­
ficere Cicer6nem et rapere omnem potestatem. Quid accidit? (Continu­
abitur eras)

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

VOCABULARIUM
1. Decline together: vir pugnans, peccatum maius,
[fiunt], fieri, factus est­ be made" means the fortis equus. 2. Give possessive singular and plural of:
become, happen (the same as "to become") hie fiber, eadem via, ilia virtus, magnus pes. 3. Give five
infinitive is irregular- nescfre, ivit, itus-not translations of: Caesare legente librum, milites non
factus est is really the know pugnaverunt. 4. How do you say: he was warning, she
last part of facere-"to propter (with obj.)­ was attempting, he was setting out, they were warning,
on account of they were attempting, they were setting out.
bonus homo, h6mine-man (vir is "man" in
the strictly masculine sense, almost
meaning hero; homo is more general, NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
and means merely "human being"­
Humilitas est virtus magna. Estne hurnflitas virtus
may include women and children
maxima? Non. Amor Dei est virtus maxima. Quare
initium, o-beginning
Romani humilitatem non amaverunt? Quia nesciebant
peccatum, o-sin
quod humilitas erat bona. Nesciebant quod virtus erat.
magnus princeps, principe-chief
Ergo multi Romani superbi erant magna superbia (abla­
superbus, a, um-proud
tive). Quare erat Cicero superbus? Quia coniurationem
via, a-way, road, means
Catilinae fregit. Eratne hoc magnum? Magnum erat,
magna virtus, virtute-virtue, courage,
sed non maximum. Multi alii Romani res magnas fece­
manliness (of vir)
rant, etiam res maiores fecerant.
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 Multi Romani ( quamquam humilitatem non amave­ ENGLISH TO LATIN
runt) non amaverunt superbiam Cicer6nis.
Cicero etiam in exilium (exile) missus est, sed non 1. Catiline attempted to kill Cicero with a dagger.
propter superbiam. Cicero enim multos habuit inimicos. 2. He said that he hated Cicero. 3. He wanted war be­
Sed inimici Cicer6nis cum non interfecerunt. Catilina cause he owed money to many men. 4. Why did not
interficere Cicer6nem conatus est-sed non p6tuit. Caesar become king? 5. He is a man whose courage is
Cicero enim scire 6mnia quae Catilina fecit p6tuit. Ini­ great. 6. On account of his sins he was being punished.
mici Caesaris eum sicis in senatu interfecerunt. Catilina 7. He saw Isabella giving money to Columbus.
etiam sicam habuit. Sed Catilina ipse ad Cicer6nem cum
illa sica non venit: Catilina duos equites Romanos ad
Cicer6nem misit. Hi equites cum Cicerone loquebantur,
ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
sed cum interficere non p6terant. Cicero enim consfiia
eorum sciebat. Catilina ergo ira motus est. Hominibus qui non in 6rdine senat6rio nati erant, ad
Catilina etiam habuit exercitum in m6ntibus. Puta­ consulatum via difficilis erat. Quidam nihil6minus re
bat quod hoc modo Romam capere p6terat, sed Roma vera, inter quos erat ipse Cicero, ad bane venerunt
servata est. Cicero enim multas orati6nes claras contra
dignitatem. Qui hoc fecerunt novi h6mines vocabantur.
Catilinam in senatu habuit. Postquam Catilina primam
harum orati6num audivit, ex urbe discessit. Sed Cicero Anno quo Cicero consul erat, accidit etiam clara ilia
multos viros qui erant in coniurati6ne cum Catilina Catilfnae coniuratio, quam vicit Cicero. Quam propter
cepit. Cicero senatum rogavit quid debuit facere his causam, quamquam ante hoc tempus non humilis
viris captis. Senatus dixit quod cos interficere debuit. fuerat, iam in superbiam nimiam venit Cicero. Quod
Cicero ergo hos viros captos interfecit. ( Re vera, Cicero inftium omnis peccati superbia est, dfcitur in Sacra
ipse eos non interfecit, sed alios viros interficere cos Scriptura. Christianis amantibus bane virtutem, cam
iussit). non amavit Cicero, qui non Christianus erat.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA SEPTIMA
De tempore futuro in tertia persona

SUMMARY: One of Catiline's fellow conspirators, Curius, had a lady friend, Fulvia.
Fulvia reported what she heard to Cicero. But Cicero did not want to arrest Catiline
for want of legal evidence. However, by a forceful speech, he scared Catiline into
leaving the city. He then, on evidence of Gallic spies, arrested other conspirators.

Vir quidam bonus ex Gallia dixit: Cherchez. la femme-id est, necesse est Gallia-Gaul, France
cavere feminas. Et dixit veritatem. Catilina ipse potest dicere Ciceroni: amfca-friend (fem.)
necesse est cavere feminas. Unus enim ex viris qui fuerunt in coniuratione meus-my
Catilinae habuit amicam. Nomen huius feminae fuit Fulvia. Q. Curius, vir narrare-tell
in coniurati6ne Catilinae, amabat Fulviam. Curius scivit omnia consflia probare-prove
Catilinae. Sed Fulvia semper rogabat eum: "Quid facit meus vir ma gnus comprehendere-arrest
nunc?" Et Curius narrabat omnia Fulviae. Fulvia celeriter narrabat 6mnia m6nitus-warned
quae audfverat Ciceroni. Hoc modo Cicero sciebat 6mnia consilia Catili­ vehemens-forceful
nae. Sed Cicero non p6terat probare haec in foro. ltaque Cicero non v6luit ullus-any
comprehendere Catilinam. Cicero ipse in magno perfculo erat. Catilina difficultas-diffeculty
enim conatus est interficere Cicer6nem. Sed Cicero, m6nitus a Fulvia, s6cius-ally
semper p6terat servare sefpsum.
Quodam die Catilina venit in senatum. Cicero habuit magnam et vehe­
mentem orati6nem contra Catilinam. Cicero ostendit Catilinae quod ipse
semper p6terat scire, sine ulla difficultate, consilia quae Catilina faciebat.
Cicero dixit quod Catilina debuit discedere Roma, cum omnibus s6ciis
suis. Catilfna, putans quod erat in magno perfculo, discessit ex urbe. Sed
non solum Fulvia narrabat consilia Catilfnae Ciceroni. Etiam quidam viri
ex Gallia (non dixerunt cherchez. la femme) narraverunt multa de coniura­
ti6ne. Hoc modo Cicero sciebat viros qui erant in coniurati6ne. Cicero ergo
comprehendit multos ex eis. (Continuabitur)

-bit, -bunt (first and second conjugations) and -t, -nt

VOCABULARIUM (third and fourth conjugations) .
comprehendere, meus, a, um-my, mine 3
1 2 3 (-iunt) 4
prehendit, prehensus­ s6cius, o-ally, companion
grasp, arrest ullus, a, um-any Thus: parabit habebit ponet capiet audiet
narrare, avit, a.tus-tell vehemens, vehementi- parabunt habebunt ponent capient audient
probare, avit, atus-prove, forcef ul
test These endings are, of course, active--they mean e.g.,
he will prepare
or: he will be preparing.
NUNC COGITEMUS But it is just as easy to make the forms passive--just add
FUTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE: We have learned how to -ur to any of the above!
form the imperfect tense from the infinitive, by dropping e.g., habebitur, habebuntur or capietur, capientur
the -are, etc., and adding -abat (first conjugation) or
-ebat ( all others, except that -iunt verbs have -iebat). The meanings of the passive are easy too:
Now, using the same vowels as we use ahead of the -bat, he will be captured
we can form the future tense, with the future endings: they will be captured
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 FUTURE ACTIVE OF EssE, PossE, YELLE: erit, erunt, est quod non habentur nunc: non est necesse legere ea.
p6terit, poterunt, volet, volent Agnus albus, qui erat in schola, Ciceronis poemata non
legit. Agnus ea non amavit. Quid dixit agnus de his
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos poematibus? Dixit baa. Sunt enim baad. Agnus autem
de Marco Porcio Catone legere voluit. Quinque porci
Look for future tense patterns. etiam voluerunt de Porcio audire. Unus ex his quinque
Catilina Cicer6nem capere vult, sed Catilina ipse porcis in agris Porci fuit.
capietur. Etiam omnes alii qui in coniuratione sunt
capientur. In carcerem (jail) mittentur. Erunt in car­
cere sine ulla spe (hope) . Sed in magno erunt pedculo. ENGLISH TO LATIN
Cicero enim alios viros ad eos mittet in carcerem. Hi
1. These men will be found. 2. Cicero will send them
alii viri illos coniuratores interficient. Hi coniuratores
to prison. 3. Many of those who are in the conspiracy
enim magnum fecerunt peccatum: Romam delere vol­
will be arrested. 4. He will talk about himself. 5. They
uerunt. Catilina est princeps huius coniurationis. Sed
will not be seen in the city after this day. 6. They will be
. Cicero non comprehendit eum. Quare? Quia voluit eum
killed by servants of Cicero. 7. How will Cicero prove
discedere ex urbe cum omnibus s6ciis. Catilina re vera
that they are in the conspiracy?
discedet, sed non omnes s6cii eius evadent quia com­
prehendentur a Cicerone. Hi s6cii Catilfnae in carcere
interficientur. Et Cicero ipse fiet (from fiunt) superbus.
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Cicero ipse non amat humilitatem. Cicero non p6terat
scire quod humilitas virtus magna est. Cicero superbiam Naminte Fulvia omnia quae a Curio de coniurati6ne
maximam habuit. Romani alii humilitatem non ama­ audiverat, Cicero coniurat6res comprehendere et in
verunt, sed superbiam maximam Cicer6nis non ama­ carcerem (jail) mittere non v6luit. Cicerone sciente
verunt. Cicero enim saepe de sese loquebatur. haec omnia, necesse erat posse probare haec in foro: id
Sacra Scriptura dixit quod superbia est initium omnis quod Cicero voluit sed non potuit facere. Aliis ergo
peccati. Cicero etiam multa poemata (poems) de se modis agere necesse erat Ciceroni. Contra Catilfnam
ipse scripsit. Romani haec poemata non amaverunt. ergo in senatu, multis senatoribus exclamantibus,
Cicero non erat poeta bonus. Et poemata eius non erant habuit Cicero orati6nem vehementem. Hae orati6ne
bona. lnsuper, Cicero semper de se in his poematibus habita, timere coepit ille Catilfna, et Roma non sine
loquebatur. Haec poemata non habentur nunc. Bonum multis sociis discessit.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA OCTAVA
De pronomine: quis
De tempore per/ecto infinitivi

SUMMARY: Cicero now has written proof of the conspiracy. He consulted the senate
about the case. Caesar favored life imprisonment. Cato called for death-and won.
But Catiline himself was free with an army. He met the army led by Petreius, legate
of the consul Antonius. He died fighting.

Cicero nunc, quia Galli dederunt epistolas quas acceperunt a coniuratori­ epistola-letter
bus, potest probare ea quae sciverat de coniuratione. ltaque mittit multos career-prison
coniuratores in carcerem; non omnes mittit in carcerem, quia multi erant reliquus-rest of
cum exercitu Catilinae. Cicero nunc consulit senatum. Multi senat6res forsan-perhaps
habuerunt orationes in senatu de hac re. Caesar v6luit tenere coniurat6res liberare-free
in carcere per reliquam vitam. Sed multi timuerunt facere hoc. Dixerunt: placuit-was pleasing
"Forsan evadent ex carcere. Amici enim e6rum venient et liberabunt eos."
Orati6ne Caesaris habita, Cato habuit orati6nem suam. Cato voluit inter­
ficere coniuratores in carcere. Senatus ergo consilium dedit Ciceroni.
Consilium enim Cat6nis placuit senatui. Cicero ergo iussit hos coniura­
tores interfici in carcere. Et factum est.
Sed Catilina ipse non erat in carcere. Erat cum exercitu suo. Catilina
sperabat capere Romam. Sed Cicero et senatus etiam habuerunt exercitum
magnum. Consul Gaius Antonius erat dux huius exercitus. Sed Antonius
aeger pedibus erat. Ergo Marcus Petreius (qui erat legatus Antoni) duce­
bat exercitum. Catilina habuit orationem magnam. Dixit militibus suis
quod necesse erat pugnare fortiter, "Mors enim exspectabit eos qui capi­
entur." Exercitus ergo Catilinae et Catilina ipse f6rtiter pugnaverunt in
magno proelio, sed non p6terant vincere. Multi interfecti sunt in proelio,
inter quos erat Catilina ipse.

the same forms as the relative pronoun, qui, quae,

VOCABULARIUM quod). But how do we decline quis, quid? Again, Latin
is easy. All forms are the same as the relative, except
consulere, consuluit, placere, placuit,
these:
consultus-consult *placiturus-be pleas­
liberare, avit, atus-free ing to (dative) quis instead of qui
forsan-perhaps quid instead of quod
aeger, aegra, aegrum-sick
magnus career, carcere-prison And, in addition, the masculine and feminine are the
epistola, a-letter same in the singular ( as in omnis) . Therefore we use
reliquus, a, um-rest of (used like quern and quo for both masculine and feminine (not
medius: middle of-see Lesson 2) quam and qua). In the plural, everything is exactly the
same as qui, quae, quod.
Therefore the singular is:
NUNC COGITEMUS
Norn. quis quid
THE INTERROGATIVE Qms, Qum: The words mean: Poss. cuius cuius
Who? What? They are pronouns, that is, they stand Obj. quern quid
alone, and do not modify anything. (If we want an inter­ Abl. quo quo
rogative adjective, e.g., "which thing?"-we merely use Plural same as qui, quae, quod
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PERFECT INFINITIVES: The perfect active infinitive is Quern vidit Cicero in foro? Catilinam vidit. Catilina
made by substituting -isse for the third singular ending sicam parvam habuit. Catilina Cicer6nem interficere
-it. Thus: volebat. Sed hoc non placuit Ciceroni. Cicero enim in­
paravisse-to have prepared terfici non volebat. Et reliqui viri, qui cum Cicerone
habuisse--to have had erant, eum interficere non voluerunt. Cicero in medio
cepisse-to have taken foro erat. Fulvia Cicer6nem m6nuit quod Catilina coni­
urationem faciebat. Sed Cicero non p6terat probare
The per/ect infinitive passive is made by using the
haec in foro. Epistolas habere erat necesse. A quibus
infinitive "to be"--esse-with the proper form of the
accepit Cicero epistolas? A Gailis. Hi Romam amave­
perfect passive participle, e.g.: runt. fnsuper, sperabant accipere praemium maius a Ro­
inter/ectus esse-to have been killed. manis quam (than) a coniuratoribus. Et verum erat; re
Catilina dicitur interfectus esse--Catiline is said to vera, praemia mai6ra a Cicerone accipient.
have been killed.
Multi dicuntur interfecti esse-Many are said to
have been killed. ENGLISH TO LATIN

1. From whom will the soldiers receive money? From

NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos Marius, not from Rome. 2. Who warned Cicero about
what? 3. Catiline is said to have killed many men. 4. He
Quis est ille vir? Ille est Cicero, quern Catilina interfi­
seems to have consulted many men. 5. Who has done
cere v6luit. Sed Cicero dicitur interfecisse multos s6cios
what? 6. Does he know what they have done?
Catilfnae in carcere. Et re vera interfici debuerunt. Viri
enim mali erant: Romam delere voluerunt. Quid fece­
runt? Coniurati6nem fecerunt. Quo tempore coniurati-
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
6nem fecerunt? Diebus Cicer6nis, id est, in anno sexa­
gesimo tertio ( 63) ante Christi nativitatem. Cicero ergo Verbis motus Fulviae, Cicero contra Catilinam orati6-
senatum consuluit. Quid dixit senatus? Senatus dixit nem habuerat vehementem qua ilium ex urbe discedere
quod coniurat6res interficere debuit. Qui erant hi coegit. Nunc autem, quibusdam Gailis etiam scripta de
coniurat6res? Erant viri mali qui Romam delere volu­ coniurati6ne dantibus, in senatum venit Cicero et sena­
erunt. Multam pecuniam debebant multis. Bellum civfle t6res rogavit quid facere de coniuratoribus captis debe­
voluerunt. bat. Illos coniurat6res in carcere interfici placuit senatui.
Cuius porci sunt in foro? Suntne porci Mariae? Non. Nee Catilina ipse nee alii forsan coniuratores pauci qui
Marfa agnum, non porcos habet. Sunt Marci Porci in urbe erant, illis qui in carcere damnati erant auxilium
porci. A quo accipiunt cibum? A Marco Porcio cibum dare potuerunt. Magno proelio contra Marcum Petrei­
accipiunt. Ille enim amat eos. um, ipse Catilina f6rtiter pugnans interfectus est.

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LECTIO TRIGESIMA NONA

De oratione obliqua in modo infinitivo

SUMMARY: Cicero was praised for his work, but had many enemies. He had offended
Clodius, a patrician by birth, who was adopted by plebians, so that he could become
tribune. He charged Cicero with illegal action for not allowing the conspirators a
trial before the people. Cicero defended himself by saying the conspirators were
public enemies.

Catilina interfecto, Cicero multos hon6res accepit. Sed non omnes Ro­ honor-honor
mani amaverunt Cicer6nem. Multi enim, quamquam in coniurati6ne ipsa profanavit-defiled
non fuerant, non oderunt consilia Catilinae. Praesertim quidam tribunus mysteria-mysteries
plebis, Cl6dius Pulcher n6mine, odit Cicer6nem. <lea-goddess
Cl6dius fuit patricius nativitate. Sed Cl6dius vir malus erat-anno sex­ alibi-elsewhere
agesimo secundo (62) profanaverat mysteria cuiusdam deae quae voca­ causa-cause
batur "Bona Dea." Quia Cl6dius hoc fecerat, Cicero accusavit eum. Sed vindicta-revenge
Cl6dius dixit quod non fuerat in urbe illo tempore----dixit quod alibi fuerat, adultus-adult
in alia urbe. Cicero autem p6terat probare quod Cl6dius re vera fuerat in familia-family
urbe illo tempore. Propter bane causam Cl6dius odit Cicer6nem, et v6luit adoptare-adopt
habere vindictam. plebeius-plebeian
ltaque, quamquam iam vir adultus erat, Cl6dius rogavit famfliam ple­ pro-in place of
beiam adoptare se, quia v6luit esse tribunus plebis. Sed patricii (et Cl6dius iudicium-trial
erat patricius nativitate) non p6terant fieri tribuni plebis. Propter bane coram-before
causam Cl6dius adoptari v6luit. Hoc modo Cl6dius factus est plebeius. hostis-enemy (national)
(Nomen Clodi fuerat Claudius-sed plebeii semper dicebant litteram o,
pro au. Ergo se vocavit Cl6dium, non Claudium. ltaque Cl6dius, iam
plebeius factus, non iam patricius, p6terat esse tribunus plebis--et re vera
factus est tribunus in anno quinquagesimo octavo (58).

We have made the verb venit (is coming) into an in­

VOCABULARIUM finitive: venire. What are the rules for this structure?
1. DO NOT TRANSLATE THE ENGLISH WORD that
profanare, avit, atus­ coram (with abl.)-in the
(ENGLISH OFTEN OMITS IT ANYWAY) .
defile presence of, before
2. MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE that CLAUSE IN THE
alibi-elsewhere
OBJECTIVE CASE.
causa, a-cause, case, reason
3. MAKE AN INFINITIVE THE VERB OF THE that
Deus, o-God (dea, a-goddess)
CLAUSE.
magnus hostis, hosti-enemy
Since we use the objective with the infinitive here, we
mysterium, o-mystery, rite
sometimes speak of this structure as the "objective with
the infinitive."
Is the infinitive always in the present? No--some­
NuNC COGITEMUS times we use the perfect:
INDIRECT STATEMENTS: Take the sentence: He says He says that Caesar has come.
that Caesar is coming. Dicit Caesarem venisse.
Dicit quod Caesar venit. Now-suppose the English, instead of starting out "He
There is another way to say the same thing: Dicit says" had read "He said." Well that is a bit tougher in
Caesarem venire. Notice what we have done, we have English, but no trouble in Latin. Here is what happens
made Caesar, the subject, to be in the objective case. to the English:
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 He says that Caesar is coming-(Latin: Dicit Caes­ urat6res interfecerat sine iudicio coram p6pulo. Dixitne
arem venire) becomes:-He said that Caesar was com­ Clodius verum? Difficile est dicere. Sed senatus consi­
ing-( Latin: Dixit Caesarem venire). But as for the lium dedit Ciceroni. Senatus dixit Ciceronem debere
Latin: Dixit Caesarem venire-we merely changed the interficere coniurat6res. Et Cicero fecit id quod senatus
dicit to dixit. (There are a few other combinations pos­ voluit. Cicero dixit se non velle comprehendere Catili­
sible-but we shall see them later). Did the Romans nam statim. Dixit se velle Catilinam discedere ex urbe
often use this queer structure? Yes they did-most old cum omnibus sociis. Catilina ergo discessit, sed non
writers use it almost always, rather than the quod venit omnes socii eius discesserunt cum eo; quidam ex eis
type. Later Latin writers use both kinds rather freely. comprehensi sunt a Cicerone. Cicero, epist6lis a Gallis
So we need to know both types. It would be well worth­ acceptis, poterat probare illos esse coniuratores contra
while to memorize the following samples:- Romam. ftaque iecit illos in carcerem. Consulit sena­
tum de eis, et placuit senatui interficere eos in carcere.
1. Dicit Mariam agnum amare.-He says that Mary Multi coniuratores interfecti sunt in carcere, sed reliqui
loves (does love, is loving) the lamb. coniuratores erant in exercitu Catilinae. Catilina dixit
2. Dixit Mariam agnum amare.-He said that Mary eis necesse esse pugnare fortiter pro vita ipsa, et re vera
loved (did love, was loving) the lamb. hoc fecerunt.
3. Dicit Mariam agnum amavisse.-He says that Mary Antonius erat consul in illo anno cum Cicerone, sed
has loved (did love, loved) the lamb. Antonius dixit se non posse pugnare. Dixit se esse
4. Dixit Mariam agnum amavisse.-He said that Mary aegrum pedibus. Et veritatem dixit.
had loved (or: that she loved) the lamb.

To translate, compare the sentence (Latin or English) ENGLISH TO LA TIN

with these patterns. Notice first the dicit ( dixit) or Eng­ I. Was Antonius really sick? 2. The rest of the men
lish equivalent. Then check the rest of the sentence, and tried to free them. 3. Cicero says that he is warning
model it on the pattern given. Then it will be easy. Catiline. 4. They said that Clodius had profaned the
NOTE: THIS INDIRECT STATEMENT STRUCTURE COMES mysteries of the Bona Dea. 5. Catiline says that he has
NOT ONLY AFTER dixit, BUT ALSO AFTER OTHER VERBS seen Curius. 6. Cicero says that a public trial is not
THAT MEAN: SAY, THINK, BELIEVE, ETC. necessary. 7. Catiline says that they are fighting for
their lives.
EXERCEAMUS Nos
Watch carefully to see how objective-infinitives are used. SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Cicero dicit Catilinam esse virum malum (Cicero dicit Romani dicebant bane deam esse "Bonam Deam."
quod Catilina est vir malus). Dixit Catilinam venire Clodium profanavisse mysteria huius deae dixit Cicero.
cum exercitu magno (Dixit quod Catilina veniebat cum Sed historia dicit etiam bane "Bonam Deam" non fuisse
exercitu magno). Cl6dius dixit se alibi fuisse (Cl6dius bonam. Nihil6minus, Romani non sine veritate Clodium
dixit quod alibi fuerat). Cicero probavit Cl6dium in virum malum esse dixerunt. Fuit enim talis. lam vir
urbe fuisse. Cl6dius non dixit veritatem. Cicero dixit adultus factus, Clodius dixit se velle adoptari a familia
Cl6dium non dixisse veritatem. Cicero dicit Cl6dium plebeia. Haec quia tribunus plebis fieri voluit dixit.
profanavisse mysteria "Bonae Deae." Et re vera Cl6dius Idem Clodius dixit Cicer6nem debuisse dare coniura­
fecerat hoc. Cl6dius odit Cicer6nem. t6ribus iudicium coram p6pulo-id quod Cicero re vera
Cl6dius dixit Cicer6nem fecisse malum quia coni- non dederat.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Cicero was forced into exile by the charges of Clodius. He groaned much
over this. He was recalled in the next year. But he did not take much part in public
life on his return, though he had to take a term as governor of Cilicia. He returned
to Rome just in time for the start of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey.

Cl6dius, olim patricius, iam plebeius et tribunus plebis, accusabat Cicer6- ius, iure-right, law
nem quia Cicero iusserat coniurat6res interfici sine iudicio coram p6pulo. h6die-today
Cicero re vera hoc fecerat, sed quaestio erat: feceratne hoc iure an non? certus-certain
Multae leges Romanae iam scriptae erant, sed lex fundamentalis, quae aggressus est-attacked
vocatur h6die lex constitutionalis-haec lex nullo modo scripta erat in verum etiam-but also
diebus Cicer6nis. Difficile erat ergo scire de hac re. Sed certum erat quod exsflium-exile
Cl6dius odit Cicer6nem, et propter bane causam aggressus est eum. Tri­ ire-to go
buni plebis habebant magnam potestatem in illis temp6ribus, et Cl6dius affectus-moved
non solum conatus est mittere Cicer6nem in exsilium, verum etiam p6terat dolor-grief, pain
mittere eum. Cicero ergo per legem novam coactus est ire in exsilium.Hoc exfre-go out
accidit anno quinquagesimo sexto (56). Cicero ergo affectus est maximo gubernator-governor
dol6re. Amavit enim Romam magno am6re. Sed lex iussit eum exfre et
Cicero exivit. Multas epistolas scripsit ex exsilio ad amicum suum Atticum.
Hae epistolae etiam nunc habentur et legi possunt. Sed Cicero habuit
multos bonos amicos in urbe. Hi amici multa fecerunt pro eo. Per lab6res
e6rum, Cicero revocatus est ab exsflio in anno quinquagesimo quinto (55).
Cicero, reversus ab exsflio, non iam dedit se vitae publicae.Nihil6minus,
iussus est ire in Ciliciam anno quinquagesimo secundo (52). lbi erat
gubernator Romanus. Reversus est in Italiam in fine anni quinquagesimi et
venit Romam in initio belli civflis inter Caesarem et Pompeium. Bellum
enim civile coepit in Ianuario anni quadragesimi noni (49).

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

VOCABULARIUM
1. How do you say: Whose (of whom)? of the same
ire, iit, *iturus-go (pres­ [afficiunt], afficere, man, of the pain, of the mystery, of Caesar himself, of
ent tense is irregular : affecit, affectus-affect this man.2. Decline together: ma/us hostis, homo aeger,
it and eunt: 3d sing. move reliqui milites. 3. How do you say: He will be affected,
and pl. pres.: ibat and [aggrediuntur], aggredi, he will be freed, he will warn, he will arrest. Now make
ibant: imperf.: ibit aggressus est-attack all these plural.
and ibunt: future, non solum ...
present active par­ verum etiam:
ticiple: iens, eunti). not only ... NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
h6die-today but also
WORD ORDER: We have already studied two tricks in
certus, a um-certain
magnus dolor, dol6re-grie/, pain word order: the type, Maria agnum habet (we saw it in
Lesson 20), and the sandwich style, magnum habuit
exsilium, o-exile
exercitum. The possibilities are numerous-but now
verum ius, iure-right, law
that we are fairly well used to the above two types, we
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can become a bit more free--actually, we could take the dius vult magnam habere potestatem. Vult vindictam
three words: Maria agnum habet, and put them in habere quia Cicero eum accusaverat. Sed esse tribunus
absolutely any order, and they would mean the same. non p6terat, quia patricius erat nativitate. Ergo adoptari
We now begin to experiment just a bit. It may seem a familia plebeia v6luit.
strange at first, but we will not do too much of it, and Agnus albus etiam adoptari v6luit. A Maria adopta­
we will soon be used to it. tus est. Eratne ergo Maria agnus? Non. Eratne ergo
agnus Maria? Non. Sed Maria agnum amavit: agnus
Amici Catilinae in carcerem ibant. In carcere mori­ enim non solum in scholam venit, verum etiam suum
entur. Ergo magno affecti sunt dol6re: non enim mori BA accepit. Magnus honor erat agno. Talem hon6rem
volunt. Sed non possunt dicere se fuisse alibi. Cicero quinque porci non acceperunt. Sed quinque porci in
enim epistolas habet ab eis scriptas. Debuitne Cicero lingua Gallica (French) loqui p6terant: dixerunt enim,
dare illis iudicium coram p6pulo Romano? Cl6dius oui, oui.
Cicer6nem debuisse dixit. Sed hoc non fecit Cicero. Quid
est verum in hac re? Non est facile veritatem invenire.
Quamquam enim multae leges Romanae iam scriptae ENGLISH TO LATIN
erant, lex constitutionalis scripta non erat. Quia in 1. They will go into prison. 2. They will be very sad
exsilium ire debebat, Cicero maximo affectus est dol6re. (affected with great grief). 3. It is hard to go into exile.
Dixit neminem umquam (ever) talem dol6rem ha­ 4. Why do they attack Rome? 5. Cicero says that he is
buisse, sed veritatem non dixit. Cicero enim non erat vir in great pain. 6. Did Catiline have a right to ( use ad) a
fortis; superbus vir erat. Sed ab exsilio revocatus est in public trial? 7. Because he did these things, great grief
anno quinquagesimo quinto (55). Non ergo in exsHio will come to him.
per annum totum fuerat. Malum est in exsHio esse, sed
maximum malum non est. ltaque Cicero exclamare non
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
debuit quod nemo umquam tale habuit malum.
Quare v6luit Cl6dius adoptari? Quia esse tribunus Legem Romanam fundamentalem, quae vocatur lex
plebis v6luit. Tribuni plebis creati sunt in saeculo quinto constitutionalis, non fuisse scriptam in diebus Cicer6nis
ante Christum. Plebs enim Romana Roma exiverat et in dicit hist6ria. Et verum est. Sed etiam in his temp6ribus
Montem Sacrum venerat. Non voluerunt reverti Ro­ modernis non omnes terrae legem constitutionalem
mam. Sed nuntii ex patriciis rogaverunt eos in urbem scriptam habent. Multi dicunt bane legem in Britannia,
rursus venfre. Plebs non venit. Ergo tribunos patricii quae est insula magna, non scriptam esse. Quam propter
dederunt. Tribunis acceptis, plebs reversa est. Hi tribuni causam, Cl6dius p6terat dicere Cicer6nem, qui consul
defendere plebem contra patricios p6terant. Tribuni erat, contra legem egisse. Dixitne veritatem Cl6dius?
enim magnam habebant potestatem. Nunc autem Clo- Difffcile dicere est.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA PRIMA
De modo subiunctivo in tempore imperfecto activo
De clausulis finalibus

SUMMARY: Cicero hesitated for a long time, but finally joined Pompey's side (and
did almost nothing). After Pompey's defeat, Caesar generously pardoned him. But
Cicero retired and turned to writing. After the death of Caesar he delivered several
violent speeches against Anthony. Octavius, the adopted son of Caesar, defeated
Anthony, and became consul.

Cicero venerat Romam in initio belli civilis inter Caesarem et Pompeium. si-if
Caesar et Pompeius nullum auxilium dederant Ciceroni quando Cl6dius castra-camp
aggressus est eum. Cicero non voluit pugna.re in hoc hello.Sed Pompeius sicut-as
dixerat: "Si vir non pugnabit pro me, putabitur esse inimicus meus." ign6vit-forgave
Cicero ergo venit in castra Pompei, sed fere nihil fecit. Pompeius, sicut licentia-permission
iam dictum est,victus est in hoc hello et coactus est fugere in Aegyptum. vates-soothsayer
lbi interfectus est a quibusdam militibus. Sed Caesar misericordiam mag­ monitio-warning
nam habuit; celeriter ignovit Ciceroni et etiam dedit licentiam reverti p6stea-afterwards
Romam. Sed Cicero non voluit se dare vitae publicae post hoc bellum. avunculus-unde
Itaque,per tres vel quattuor (3-4) annos,scripsit multos libros de rebus
philos6phicis et rhet6ricis.
Annus quadragesimus quartus ( 44) venit, et, in mense Martio, ldus
etiam venerunt. Caesar monitus est a multis. Etiam vates m6nuit eum:
"Necesse est cavere ldus Martias!" Sed Caesar resp6ndit: "ldus Martiae
venerunt!"-"Sed non discesserunt," dixit vates. Caesar nihil fecit de his
moniti6nibus sed-venit in senatum. lbi interfectus est a coniuratoribus.
Caesare mortuo,Cicero venit rursus in vitam publicam. Multas orati6nes
vehementes habuit contra Marcum Ant6nium, amicum Caesaris.
Bella civilia venerunt post mortem Caesaris. Caesar fflium non habuit.
Sed adoptaverat Gaium Octavium (qui p6stea vocatus est Augustus).
(lulius Caesar etiam erat avunculus magnus huius Gai Octavi.) Post
mortem Caesaris Octavius venit in ltaliam,et pugnavit contra Ant6nium.
Antonius victus est,et fugit trans Alpes. Octavius reversus est Romam,et
factus est consul. (Continuabitur eras)

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
IMPERFECT TENSE OF SUBJUNCTIVE Mooo: So far we
ign6scere,ign6vit, p6stea-a/terwards have been using infinitives and indicative forms of the
ign6tus-forgive (with si-if verb (we have not called them indicative mood). We
dat. and obj. Caesari sicut,-as, just as, as if must now learn some subjunctive forms. The imperfect
multa ign6vit-He for­ ut-that ( with subj.), so tense is wonderfully easy to form; merely add -t or -nt
gave Caesar many that, in order to, in to the present infinitive active. Thus:
things.) order that
ne-lest, so that ... not 1 . pararet pararent 3. p6neret p6nerent
avunculus, o-uncle (on mother's side: on 2. haberet haberent 4. audiret audirent.
father's side is patruus)
But how to translate the subjunctive? The translation
licentia, a-permission
varies according to use. Hence we must observe each
bona monitio, monitione-advice, warning
use separately (sometimes we translate just like an in­
bonus vates,i-soothsayer, prophet
dicative, but other times we use English forms with
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may or might) .Therefore we must learn just a few uses hello civili. Sed remansit in castris Pompei. Non enim
of the subjunctive. v6luit pugnare.
Pompeius victus est et etiam interfectus. Pompeio
PUR.POSE (FINAL) CLAUSES: They have chiefly two victo, Caesar ign6vit Ciceroni. Rogavit Cicer6nem ut
forms in English: veniret ad se. Cicero in vita publica non remansit.
He went out to see Caesar. Discessit ut multa scriberet. Scripsit de philosophia et
He went out that he might see Caesar. de arte rhet6rica.
Post mortem Caesaris Cicero habuit multas orati6nes
In Latin purpose clauses are easy; here are two ex­ vehementes. Has habuit ut deleret potestatem Ant6ni­
amples: sed non p6tuit. Re vera, Antonius delevit non solum
1. Exivit ut videret Caesarem. He went out that he potestatem Cicer6nis, verum etiam vitam eius--Sed
might see Caesar. bonum est audire etiam de antiquis amicis-Columbus
2. Imperavit ut mHites pugnarent. He ordered that v6luit habere naves ut navigaret in Americam. Isabella
the soldiers fight. pecuniam dedit ut posset habere naves.Isabella rogavit
The negative form (lest or that ...not) uses ne instead ut inveniret lndiam. Columbus etiam v6luit invenire
of ut: lndiam-nihil scivit de America.Et Maria non rogavit
agnum album ut veniret in scholam-et agnus non
Discessit ne videret mortem coniurat6rum. rogavit Mariam ut licentiam haberet ire in scholam.
He left, lest he see the death of the conspirators. Agnus venit in scholam sine licentia! Sed Maria non
(or: that he might not see ...) accusavit agnum-amavit enim eum.Marcus non v6luit
(or: so that he would not see ...) habere agnum in schola.Sed nihil dixit Mariae de hoc,
ne Maria exclamaret.
As TO THE TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE: we ordinarily
use the imperfect (in a purpose clause) after a past
ENGLISH TO LATIN
tense of the main verb (in the sentence above--he
came). Again it would be worthwhile to memorize one 1. He came to see Caesar.2. They were led into prison,
Latin example of a purpose clause. so that men might kill them. 3. Cicero was sent into
NOTE: We never use ut in place of quod for an indirect Cilicia, to be governor (gubernator) there. 4. Caesar's
statement. uncle sent him to find Cicero. 5. Caesar forgave Cicero
many things. 6. Cicero gave many speeches to destroy
the power of Anthony. 7. He said nothing to Cicero,
NuNC EXERCEAMUS Nos lest Cicero arrest him.
Notice the ut and subjunctive patterns.
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Cicero discessit Roma ut iret in exsflium. Cicero non
v6luit ire in exsilium.Sed Pompeius non dedit auxflium Ut c6geret omnes venire in castra sua, Pompeius dixit:
ne deberet ire in exsHium. Consuluerat senatum ut sciret "Si vir non pugnabit pro me, punietur." Hist6ria Ro­
de legibus. Et placuit senatui ut Cicero interficeret mana dicit Cicer6nem venisse in castra Pompei-sed
coniurat6res. Cicero ergo iusserat eos interfici. Ducti ibi fere nihil fecisse. Quia Caesarem non amavit et ne
sunt in carcerem ut alii viri possent interficere eos. puniretur a Pompeio, in castra venit Pompei.Nihil6mi­
Magno dol6re affecti sunt. nus, hist6ria dicit Caesarem ignovisse Ciceroni post
Sed Cicero non v6luit agere contra leges, contra id bellum. His factis, ex vita publica discessit Cicero et
quod ius erat. Cicero dixit se habere ius ut faceret haec. laborabat ut multos de rebus philos6phicis libros scri­
Non remansit in exsflio per totam vitam suam; revoca­ beret. Ex quibus libris multos viri in nostris (our)
tus est anno quinquagesimo quinto.Cicero etiam erat in temp6ribus legunt.Hi libri etiam imprimuntur (print).

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA SECUNDA
De modo subiunctivo in tempore imperfecto passivo
De dativo casu pronominum

SUMMARY: Octavius became reconciled to Anthony, and, with him and Lepidus,
formed the second triumvirate. Proscriptions followed, in which Cicero died.
Augustus and Anthony next defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, in 42 BC. Some
years later, in 36, Augustus defeated Sextus Pompey in Sicily.

Octavius ( qui p6stea vocatus est Augustus) iam vicerat Antonium. Sed brevis-short
brevi tempore factus est amicus Antoni. Caesar, Pompeius, et Crassus quotidie-daily
fecerant "Primum Triumviratum," et vocati erant "Triumviri." lam An­ proscriptus-proscribed
tonius, Octavius, et Lepidus fecerunt "Secundum Triumviratum." Sulla similis-similar
quotfdie posuerat in foro n6mina proscript6rum. Hoc modo Sulla inter­ permisit-permitted
fecerat multos homines. Simili modo hi triumviri, id est, Antonius, et n61uit-was not willing
Octavius, et Lepidus, interfecerunt multos, in quibus erant fere duo millia decollavit-beheaded
equitum (2000) et trecenti senatores (300). Cicero, sicut iam dictum classis-fleet
est, habuerat multas et vehementes orationes contra Antonium. Propter
hanc causam Antonius voluit nomen Ciceronis esse inter proscriptos.
Cicero auxilium dederat Octavio, sed nihilominus, Octavius permisit
Antonio ut scriberet nomen Ciceronis inter proscriptos. Milites Antoni
ergo venerunt ut invenfrent Ciceronem. Cicero conatus est fugere; sed
milites secuti sunt eum, et ceperunt eum. Servi Ciceronis voluerunt de­
fendere eum-Cicero enim bonus fuerat servis suis-sed Cicero noluit.
Cicero enim dixit necesse esse mori. Mflites decollaverunt eum. ltaque
Cicero mortuus est, die septimo Decembris, in anno quadragesimo tertio
(43) ante nativitatem Christi. Habuerat fere annos sexaginta et quattuor
(64).
Augustus et Antonius navigaverunt in Graeciam, et vicerunt Brutum et
Cassium in proelio magno ad Philippos. (Brutus et Cassius fuerant in
coniurati6ne quae interfecit Caesarem.) Hoc proelium factum est in anno
quadragesimo secundo ( 42). In anno trigesimo sexto ( 3 6) Augustus vicit
Sextum Pompeium ( ille erat fflius Gnaei Pompei Magni, victi a Caesare
in hello civili). Sextus Pompeius post mortem Caesaris, cepit Sicfliam
classi magna. Sextus Pompeius, victus ab Octavio, fugit in Asiam, sed ibi
interfectus est in anno trigesimo quinto (35). ( Continuabitur eras)

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE: To form the pas­
decollare, avit, atus­ (permisit hoc Marco) sive, just add the letters -ur to the active forms of the
behead proscribere, scripsit, third singular and plural. Thus:
nolle, noluit, --be scriptus-proscribe,
list pararetur pararentur
unwilling (forms are
like those of v6luit, quotidie-daily With deponent verbs, we use what looks like an active
except that third sing. brevis, breve, i-short infinitive form, and then add endings: e.g., conaretur
is non vult, instead of magna classis, i-fleet ( I ) , loqueretur ( 3).
nult) similis, simile, i-like,
DATIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS: We remember how easy
permittere, misit, similar
it was to form the possessive case of the pronouns; the
missus-permit
singulars all ended in -ius, and the plurals were like
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bonus. Now, in the dative, the singulars all end in -i. Romanum ducebat. Sed diebus Augusti, imperator
Thus (all genders same) : omnes Romanos ducebat.
huic, illi, ipsi, ei, efdem, cui, cuidam. Cicero Augusto auxflium dederat, sed Antonius
The plurals are not all the same as bonus now-but they milites misit ut Cicero decollaretur. Decollatio fit
are the same as the ablative plurals of the same words. (happens) quando caput viri movetur de collo (neck)
Thus (all genders same) : eius. Hoc factum est Ciceroni--ergo necesse erat ut ex
his, illis, ipsis, eis, eisdem, quibus, quibusdam hac vita discederet. Cicero enim sine capite non p6terat
As for the interrogative quis-it also has cui and quibus, loqui; orationes vehementes habere v6luit. Sed difficile
for all genders. erat orationes sine capite habere. Cicero ergo, nolens
hoc facere, ex hac vita discessit. Sed hoc accidit non
POSSESSIVE AND DATIVE CASE OF SoME ADJECTIVES: solum Ciceroni, verum etiam multis aliis homfnibus.
There are nine adjectives that behave like the pronouns Alii enim Antonium oderunt, alii Augustum oderunt,
in the possessive and the dative singulars ( otherwise alii Lepidum oderunt. Hi omnes proscrfpti sunt. Erat
they are normal) : res nullfus difficultatis interficere cos. Triumviri enim
Dative maximam habuerunt potestatem. Magnum habuerunt
Nominative Possessive
exercitum. Sed etiam classem magnam habuerunt.
alius alius (rare- alii-some, other, another In classi erant multae naves. Nos sumus (we are)
solus usually use: soli-alone, only etiam in classi nunc. Sumus ergo naves? Non. Sed naves
ullus alterius) ulli-any
sunt in mari--et quidam dicunt quod nos sumus etiam
unus solius uni-one in mari. Ergo dicunt quod nos sumus in classi. Fuit qui­
lotus ullius toti-whole
dam magnus (sed malus) vir in Russia. Ille vir non
nullus unius nulli-none, no
amavit Status Foederatos Americae. Multas habuit
alter totius alteri-one, the other naves, et magnum exercitum. Americam delere voluit.
uter nullius utri-which ( of two)
Libertatem delere voluit.
neuter alterius neutri-neither
utrius ENGLISH TO LATIN
neutrfus
1. He sent soldiers to speak (use a form of loqui) to
Notice that we have two words whose meaning is almost Cicero. 2. After the soldiers departed, Cicero could not
the same: alius and alter. They both mean: one ... speak. 3. Not only the soldiers, but Cicero also had
another-but-alter . . . alter is used when we have departed. 4. This man is not similar to that man. 5. The
only two to talk about---alius is used when we have man to whom he gave the names is not his friend.
more than two. Notice the way the list of nominatives 6. Because of Anthony's hatred, Augustus sent soldiers
forms a sort of jingle----best to memorize them in that to kill Cicero. 7. The names were written in the forum
order (we have already seen all but the last three) . that they might be killed.
As for the accent of the possessive singulars-all are
accented on the letter i except alterius, which is accented SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
on the letter e.
Triumviris inter se pugnantibus, Cicero contra Anto­
nium, qui unus ex triumviris erat, orationes multas et
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
vehementes habuit ut populum Romanum contra An­
Look for the dative case patterns. tonium moveret. ltaque, ne posset alias tales orationes
Omnis potestas data est soli Augusto. Estne bonum habere, Antonius Octavium rogavit ut licentiam baberet
uni homini omnem potestatem dare? Difficile est dicere. interficere Ciceronem. Quern decollari permisit Octa­
Lepidus et Antonius etiam fuerunt in secundo trium­ vius, quamquam Cicero pro ipso multa bona fecerat.
viratu, sed neutri horum data est potestas suprema. Sine Militibus venientibus ut Ciceronem decollarent, servi
ulla difficultate Augustus factus est imperator Romanus. Ciceronis eum defendere conati sunt. Dixerunt enim
Antfquis temp6ribus imperator erat vir qui exercitum eum virum non malum fufsse; bonum servis fufsse.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA TERTIA
De subiunctivo activo in tempore plusquam perfecto
De cum causali, concessivo, et temporali

SUMMARY: Augustus not only defeated Sextus Pompey, but deprived Lepidus of his
power. Thus there were only two triumvirs left. Anthony fell in "love" with Cleo­
patra, queen of Egypt. He therefore divorced Octavia, sister of Augustus. Augustus
defeated Anthony near Actium in a sea battle. He then pursued Anthony and Cleo­
patra to Egypt. There, in the next year, they committed suicide. Augustus surrendered
power to the senate, but soon received it all back.

Lepidus erat unus ex triumviris. Navigavit in Siciliam cum Augustus cum-when, although, because
pugnaret cum Sexto Pompeio ut auxflium daret Augusto. Augustus vicit privavit-deprived
Sextum Pompeium ( sicut iam dictum est) , sed etiam privavit Lepidum deseruit-deserted
potestate. Lepidus enim, cum Sextus fugisset, conatus est maiorem po­ esset- subj. of esse
testatem capere. Sed milites Lepidi deseruerunt eum. Augustus non inter­ p6ntifex-priest
fecit Lepidum; misit eum Romam. Ibi Lepidus remansit per reliquam pulcher-beautiful
vitam suam. Erat pontifex maximus. lam erant duo soli qui habebant pinguis-fat
potestatem in mundo Romano: Augustus et Antonius. pepulit-rout
Antonius duxerat Octaviam in matrimonium. Octavia erat soror Augusti
(qui erat Octavius). Sed Antonius navigavit in Aegyptum. In Aegypto vidit
Cleopatram, quae erat regina Aegypti. Videos Cleopatram, Antonius
putavit se amare earn. Antonius putavit Cleopatram esse pulchram; sed re
vera erat pinguis. Antonius ergo dimisit uxorem suam, Octaviam. Octavia
ira affecta est contra Antonium, et locuta est cum fratre suo, Augusto. Ille,
motus dolore et ira, movit bellum cum Antonio. In anno trigesimo primo
(31), ad Actium, classis Augusti pepulit classem Antoni. Sed Antonius ipse
(et Cleopatra cum eo) evasit ex manibus Augusti, et iit in Aegyptum.
Augustus itaque, in proximo anno ( id est,. in anno trigesimo) navigavit in
Aegyptum. Antonius et Cleopatra, audientes Augustum venire, inter­
fecerunt se.
Omnibus inimicis victis, Augustus reversus est Romam. Habuit multas
potestates extraordinarias, a senatu acceptas. In anno vigesimo septimo
(27) , venit in senatum Romanum, et reddidit omnem potestatem senatui.
Sed, non post multos annos, senatus et populus Romanus reddidit omnem
potestatem Augusto.

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE: We have already
pellere, pepulit, pulsus- reddere, reddidit, learned how to make the perfect active infinitive-just
drive, rout redditus-give back, substitute -isse for the third singular ending -it. Thus we
privare, privavit, return have, for example, paravisse. Now, to make pluperfect
privatus-deprive cum-when, after, subjunctive:
(with ab/. privare although, because
Mariam agno-deprive pinguis, pingue-fat Just add-t or -nt-third singular and plural, active-­
Mary of the lamb) thus-
magnus p6ntifex, pontifice-priest paravisset paravissent
pr6ximus, a, um-next, nearest
CUM CLAUSES: We have been using the PREPOSITION
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum-beauti/ul
cum with the ablative to mean with. But the word cum
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can also be a CONJUNCTION meaning: when (while), Cum A. pugnti.ret, L. venit-When A. was fighting,
after, although, or because. L. came.
Cum L. venisset, A. mis it eum-When L. had come,
A conjunction starts a whole CLAUSE A. sent him.
A preposition starts a PHRASE
For example: Venit cum militibus. He came with the
soldiers. NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
This cum militibus is a prepositional phrase. Antonius Ciceronem proscripsit, cum Cicero fufsset
Cum Augustus pugnaret, Lepidus venit. When amicus Augusti. Cum milites Antoni Ciceronem in­
Augustus was fighting, Lepidus came. venissent, decollaverunt eum. Sed Antonius ipse non
Cum Augustus pugnti.ret is a clause. est decollatus, Antonius se interfecit. Antonius enim
Notice that cum can have three quite different mean­ regi'.nam Aegypti vfderat, quae Cleopatra vocabatur.
ings: when ( or while or after) although, and because Antonius putavit se amare earn, sed verum amorem non
(or since). For example: habuit. Antonius uxorem suam Octaviam dimisit.
Octavius ira motus est, et helium movit.
1. Cum Lepidus venisset, Augustus misit eum in Eratne Cleopatra pulchra? Antonius putavit earn esse
ltaliam. pulchram. Sed h6mines in his temp6ribus (id est, sae­
When Lepidus had come, Augustus sent him into culo vigesimo) non putarent ( would not think) earn
Italy. esse pulchram. Erat enim pinguis. Puellae quae nunc
pulchrae putantur non debent esse pingues. Sed quid est
2. Cum Lepidus auxilium dedisset, Augustus priva­ verum? Vera pulchritudo non est in c6rpore solo. Sed
vit eum potestate.
h6mines in tempore Augusti putabant quod puellae
Although Lepidus had helped, Augustus deprived
pingues erant pulchrae.
him of power.
Quinque porci etiam pingues sunt. Suntne illi etiam
3. Cum Antonius vidisset Cleopatram, putavit se pulchri? Quinque porci sese esse pulchros putant. Si
amare eam. quaestio rogatur: "Suntne hi porci pulchri?" quid res­
Because Anthony had seen Cleopatra, he thought pondent porci? Respondent: Oui, oui. (Sunt enim ex
that he loved her. Gallia).
Lepidus, cum Augustus privavisset eum omni potes­
How do we know which English meaning to use for tate, erat p6ntifex maximus. Augustus v6luit esse
cum? We know merely by the general sense of the story, etiam p6ntifex maximus; post mortem Lepidi, pontifica­
but when in doubt, try WHEN or WHILE first ( they are tum accepit. Sed non decollavit Lepidum. N6luit hoc
the most vague, and so most likely to work). Some­ facere, ne multi h6mines odissent eum. In antiquis die­
times more than one meaning would work. Try out bus, cum Romani reges ex urbe pepulissent, Etrusci
other meanings on the examples given above. bellum moverunt, ut reges Romae redderent. Sed Ro­
mani accipere reges noluerunt. Propter bane causam
f6rtiter pugnaverunt. Voluerunt libertatem habere. Sed
RULES FOR USING CuM: When cum means because or
patricii soli plenam (full) libertatem habuerunt. Plebeii
although, always use the subjunctive.
pugnare debuerunt ut iura a patriciis acciperent.
When cum means when ( while or a/ter) sometimes use
the subjunctive sometimes the indicative. There will be
more on this later. Meanwhile, notice the usages in the
ENGLISH TO LATIN
stories.
(Use cum wherever possible)
TENSE OF SUBJUNCTIVE: If the verb of the main 1. Although Cicero had given help to Augustus, Augus­
clause is a past tense, we will always find an imperfect tus did not help Cicero. 2. Anthony hated Cicero, be­
or pluperfeel subjunctive ( if any subjunctive at all). cause Cicero had made speeches against him. 3. Al­
(We shall see later what happens if the main verb is though Cicero was not an enemy of Rome, he was killed
other than past tense. ) What is the difference between by the sword. 4. Although Cicero had been his friend,
imperfect and"pluperfect? Obvious-merely notice the Augustus allowed him to be killed. 5. Anthony said that
examples: Cicero had been an enemy of Rome. 6. Since he saw that
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he was defeated, Anthony killed himself. 7. Caesar gave se amare Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti. Quae femina
back all rights to Cicero. non re vera pulchra fuit-pinguis enim sicut quinque
porci, amici nostri (our), fuit. Sed quidam vir dixit
ScRAMBLE EXERCISE amorem esse caecum, et veritatem dixit. Antonius enim,
Cum Cicel"onem interfecfsset, Antonius ipse interfectus classi magna facta, pugnavit cum Octavio. Classi magna
est. Cum quidam vir ex Gallia dixisset necesse cavere victa, Antonius et Cleopatra, ne caperentur, sese inter­
feminas, Antonius non audfvit. Antonius enim putavit fecerunt.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA QUARTA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Augusto irnperat6re, Christus natus est in Bethelehem in ludaea. Sed nunc relinquere-leave
tempus est ut relinquatur hist6ria Romana. Bonum erit legere hist6riam vet us-old
sacram veteris testamenti. Liber prirnus veteris testamenti vocatur Genesis. sacer-sacred
In hoc libro narratur hist6ria creati6nis mundi totfus. adhuc-yet
In principio enirn, solus Deus erat; nulla creatura adhuc facta erat. Geneseos-poss. sing. of
Scriptor huius libri Geneseos scripsit de septem diebus creati6nis, vel Genesis (Greek)
p6tius de sex diebus creati6nis--in septirno enim die Deus requievit ab vel-or
operibus suis. Sed sacer scriptor huius libri non v6luit dfcere quod Deus re p6tius-rather
vera fecit 6mnia in septem diebus. Forsan illi dies erant re vera multi anni. requievit-rested
Sed bonum erat docere hoc modo quod fecit 6mnia. ltaque, dixit quod in opus-work
primo die Deus creavit coelum et terram. Sed adhuc nihil erat in terra; nulla docere-teach
alia creatura erat facta. Sed Spiritus Dei erat super aquas. Deus iussit lucem coelum-heaven
fieri. Et lux facta est. Et Deus vidit lucem esse bonam. Deus etiam separa­ spiritus-spirit
vit lucem a tenebris. Vocavit lucem diem. Et vocavit tenebras noctem. super-above
Haec Deus fecit in primo die creati6nis. Sed Deus non fecit haec cum lux-light
magno lab6re. H6mines, quando faciunt opera sua, faciunt ea saepe cum separavit-separated
magna difficultate vel cum lab6re magno. Deus loquitur--et res fit. Si tenebrae-darkness
Deus solummodo dicit: "Fiat"-statirn factum est. Hoc modo ergo Deus nox-night
fecit mundum et 6mnia quae in eo sunt. Iussit: "Fiant hae res," et factae solummodo-only
sunt. Deus etiam .vidit quod ea quae fecit erant bona. Hoc necesse est, fiat-let it be
Deus enim non potest facere malum.

of: hie, ille, ipse, idem, quis, qui, is. 4. Give possessive
VOCABULARIUM singular and plural of: hie, ille, ipse, idem, quis, qui, is.
docere, d6cuit, doctus- relictus-leave
teach adhuc-yet, still NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
requiescere, requievit, solummodo-only Diebus antiquis Romae, Romani multa gesserunt bella.
requietus-rest super (with obj.)-above, Sed non solum antiquis diebus, sed fere omni anno
relinquere, reliquit, over Romani bellum gesserunt. Inter alia bella, bella cum
coelum, o (but plural is masc.; coeli)- Albanis habuerunt. Sed in hoc bello Albano, duces
heaven, sky Romani venerunt ad duces Alban6rum. Romani locuti
magna lux, luce-light sunt: "Non est necesse ut multi viri ex exercitu Romano
longa nox, nocte-night interficiantur, et etiam multi ex exercitu Albano. Ro­
magnum opus, 6pere-work mani mittere volunt solummodo tres viros bonos et
vetus, vetere-old fortes in pugnam, si Albani idem facient." Hoc consi­
lium Albanis bonum visum est. ltaque Romani tres viros
fortes miserunt. Hi tres Romani Horatii vocabantur.
VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES Albani etiam tres viros fortes miserunt, ut cum tribus
Romanis pugnarent. Hi tres Albani Curiatii voca­
1. Give imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of: bantur.
docere, decollare, nolle, esse, pellere. 2. Give pluperfect In prima parte pugnae, duo ex tribus Horatiis inter­
subjunctive active of: permittere, proscribere, privdre, fecti sunt. Romani milites qui pugnam videbant, magno
reddere, ign6scere. 3. Give dative singular and plural affecti sunt dol6re. Sed etiam ille unus Horatius qui
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remansit maximo aflectus est dol6re. Dixit enim, "O! ENGLISH TO LATIN
O! Necesse est timere.Sed adhuc spes (hope) remanet. 1. It was not necessary that many Romans and Albans
...Quamquam difficile est interficere tres-unus solus be killed. 2. The Roman departed lest the Curiatii cap­
interfici potest!" ltaque celeriter currere (run) coepit. ture him and kill him. 3. Although he was alone, the
Tres Curiatii venerunt ut eum caperent. Post breve Roman did not fear.4.The Old Testament teaches that
tempus, Romanus vidit quod tres Curiatii adhuc se­ the world was created by God. 5. After He made all
quebantur-sed sequebantur intervallis magnis (at things, God rested on the seventh day. 6. The work of
large intervals). Romanus itaque stetit. Primus ex God is still being done. 7. When Christ was born, a
Curiatiis venit; Romanus celeriter eum interfecit. Sed great light came in the sky.
duo alii adhuc veniebant.Romanus ftaque currere cele­
riter coepit. Post breve tempus, vidit duos Curiatios ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
sequi intervallo magno. Stetit ergo. Unus ex reliquis Horatius unus, cum alios Horatios duos interfecfssent
Curiatiis ad eum venit. Romanus celeriter eum inter­ Curiatii, nihil6minus pugnare v6luit. Quamquam enim
fecit. Post breve tempus alius Curiatius solus venit ad in perfculo sunt magno, boni Romani fortes erunt sem­
unum Romanum. Romanus fortis erat; etiam tertium per. Ut Roma servaretur, multi ex his f6rtibus et bonis
interfecit Curiatium. Hoc modo Romani Albanos vi­ viris sunt m6rtui. Hae ergo in pugna, propter unius
cerunt. Romani servi non sunt facti Albanis. Romani Romani virtutem, non sunt facti Albanis servi Romani.
adhuc libertatem habent. Libertas enim Romae adhuc remanet.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA QUINTA
De subiunctivo passivo in tempore plusquamperfecto
De clausulis consecutivis

Sacer scrfptor docet nos quod Deus 6mnia fecit. Narrati6nem suam sub-under
divisit in sex dies. Non est necesse credere quod sacer scrfptor v6luit dfcere deinde-then, next
6mnia facta esse hoc 6rdine. Forsan in alio 6rdine 6mnia facta sunt. Sed proferre-bring forth
bonum est audfre narrati6nem libri sacri. Dicit quod Deus fecit lucem in herba-vegetation
die primo. Quid fecit in secundo die? Secundo die fecit firmamentum, id sol-sun
est, coelum. Deus fecit firmamentum ut divfderet aquas quae super firma­ luna-moon
mentum erant ab aquis quae sub firmamento erant. Defnde Deus iussit signum-sign
aquas, quae sub firmamento erant, c6lligi in locum unum. Et factum est avis-bird
sicut Deus iusserat. Hoc modo terra facta est, et maria facta sunt. Deus imago-image
etiam iussit terram proferre herbas. Et terra profert herbas sicut Deus limus-slime
iusserat. Haec facta sunt die tertio. Et Deus vidit 6mnia esse bona quae piscis-fish
fecerat. inspiravit-breathed in
Pr6ximo die, id est, die quarto, Deus fecit solem et lunam, ut essent facies-face
signa dierum et temporum et ann6rum. Sed adhuc erant nulla animalia in spiraculum-breath
toto mundo. Quinto die ergo Deus fecit animalia in aquis, id est, pisces, lingua-language
et fecit etiam aves. Hi omnes etiam boni erant, quia Deus fecit eos. Sexto s6cia-companion
die Deus fecit animalia quae vivunt in terra. Sed adhuc homo non erat imperavit-ordered
factus. Deus dixit se velle facere h6minem ad imaginem suam. Ergo fecit comedere-eat
h6minem de limo terrae et inspiravit in faciem eius spiraculum vitae. Et lignum-wood, tree
Deus vocavit hunc primum h6minem Adam. scientia-knowledge
In lingua enim Hebraica, terra vocatur "adamah." Sed primus homo
Adam factus est de "adamah." Ergo nomen eius erat Adam. Sed adhuc
nullus alius homo erat in terra; Adam solus erat. Deus dixit: "Non est
bonum quod homo solus est." Deus ergo fecit s6ciam pro Adam. Fecit
primam feminam, cuius nomen erat Eva. Deus p6suit Adam et Evam in
paradfso. In paradiso habuerunt 6mnia bona quae voluerunt habere. Sed
Deus imperavit eis ne comederent de ligno scientiae boni et mali.

INDECLINABLE NAMES: Notice the name Adam in to­

VOCABULARIUM day's story. The name Adam cannot be declined-it has
comedere, comedit, pounds of the simple the same endings in every case. But the name Eva can
comesus-eat verb ferre, to bear, be declined. Soon we shall meet other indeclinable
imperare, avit, atus­ are thus) names, such as Cain and Abel. But if we watch the way
command deinde-then, next they are used in the stories we can catch on easily;
proferre, pr6tulit, sub-under (cases are there is no need to memorize any. Some names will be
prolatus-bring forth like in-obj. for mo­ declinable, but have unusual combinations; thus, we
(present: pr6fert, tion; ab/. for rest) will see the name Abraham, which has the following
pr6ferunt-note ir­ tam-so forms: Abraham, Abrahae, Abrahae, Abraham, Abra­
regularities. All com- ham. But again, just watch how such names are used,
bona imago, imagine-image and they will cause no trouble.
lignum, o-wood
lingua, a-tongue, language
luna, a-moon NuNc CooITEMUS
signum, o-sign, signal, standard PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE: To form it is
bonus sol, sole-sun
simple: we merely use esset or essent ( imperfect sub-
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junctive of esse) with the perfect passive participle. Sacer enim scrfptor huius libri scripturae docere
Thus: v6luit h6mines quod Deus h6minem fecit. Similiter,
factus esset facti essent Deus feminam fecit, et earn ex primo h6mine fecit. Sed
non est necesse dicere Deum physice, manibus physicis,
RESULT (CONSECUTIVE) CLAUSES: The usual form in fecisse haec 6mnia; Deus sicut iam dictum est, manus
English is: physicas non habet. Deus enim spfritus est.
He was so good that all loved him. Quidam h6mines in his temp6ribus dicunt h6minem
Tam bonus erat ut omnes amarent eum. descendisse ex simio (ape). Estne hoc verum? Adhuc
Notice that the English form does not use may or might non clarum est. Deus enim hoc modo h6minem facere
combinations, as purpose clauses do (but the negative p6terat, si v6luit. Deus permittere p6tuit ut corpus h6mi­
for result clauses is ut . .. non, not ne). Notice the word nis fieret ex c6rpore simii. Deinde spiritum inspirare in
so (tam) in the example-it does not always come in re­ hoc corpus simium p6tuit, ut homo fieret homo, habens
sult clauses, but is frequent. Or some similar expres­ corpus animale, et animam (soul) spiritalem. Quidam
sion is often used. Another form often seen is this: viri h6die putant quod iam probatum est h6minem
venisse ex simio; sed veritatem non dicunt: possibile est,
Accidit ut Caesar venfret in castra. sed nondum probatum est.
It happened that Caesar came to the camp.
Verum est quod quidam h6mines agunt sicut simii
Note here we have no word so, or anything like it-yet agunt. Hoc non probat h6minem descendfsse ex simio,
it is clearly result. In case of doubt insert the words "so sed fere probat quosdam nondum descendfsse.
that as a result"-if they fit, it is a result clause ( but if
they do not fit, it still might be one, like the dccidit ut
ENGLISH TO LATIN
type).
1. Catiline was so bad that Cicero did not love him.
2. Caesar forgave Cicero, although he had fought
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
against him. 3. When all things had been made, God
Cum 6mnia animalia facta essent, Deus h6minem saw that they were good. 4. God ordered the earth to
creavit. Deus tam bonus erat ut ad imaginem suam bring forth vegetation. 5. When the sun and moon had
h6minem faceret. Sacra Scriptura dixit Deum fecisse been made, there were still no animals on the earth.
h6minem ex limo terrae. Estne ergo verum quod Deus
manus duas habet, et limum ex terra accepit, et imagi­
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
nem ex limo fecit et spfritum in eum inspiravit?
Sanctus Augustinus dixit quod Deus manus duas non Herbis die tertio creatis, die quarto solem et lunam fecit
habet; Deus enim spfritus est. Et spiritus manus non Deus. Hos fecit ut in caelo essent, ut lucem toti darent
habet. Spfritus corpus non habet. Ergo, dicit Sanctus mundo. Multis ftaque bonis creatis, nulla adhuc in mun­
Augustinus, necesse est dfcere Deum re vera h6minem dum venerat creatura quae Deum bona voluntate
fecisse, sed non est necesse dicere Deum physice (physi­ amare posset. De terra ergo primum creavit Deus h6mi­
cally) fecisse imaginem ex limo et inspiravisse in imagi­ nem; et e primo h6mine feminam. Quos in paradisum
nem ut homo fieret. deinde p6suit Deus.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA SEXTA
De subiunctivo activo et passivo in tempore praesenti

Cum creavisset primos h6mines, Adam et Evam, Deus imperavit eis ne obedivit-obeyed
comederent de fructu ligni scientiae boni et mali. Hoc lignum stetit in diabolus-devil
medio paradiso. Adam et Eva obediverunt Deo. Sed non semper obedive­ serpens-snake
runt. interrogare-question
Quodam die, diabolus venit ad Evam. Eva non erat cum Adam illo num-whether
tempore. Adam enim erat in alia parte paradisi. Eva non tfmuit diabolum. credidit-believed
Diabolus enim venit ad earn in forma serpentis. Diabolus ergo, sub forma fructus-fruit
serpentis, locutus est cum Eva, et interrogavit earn num Deus imperavisset sensit-felt
eis ne comederent ex omni ligno quod in paradiso erat. Eva resp6ndit quod nudus-naked
licebat eis comedere ex omni ligno--sed non ex ligno scientiae boni et mali. vox-voice
Eva etiam dixit quod Deus promiserat eis mortem si non obedfrent. Dia­ absc6ndere-hide
bolus deinde resp6ndit: "Deus non dixit veritatem. Deus enim novit quod
si homo c6medet ex hoc ligno, fiet sicut Deus. Homo enim sciet bonum et
malum. Homo non morietur si c6medet ex hoc ligno."
Eva credidit diabolo. Vidit enim fructum huius ligni esse pulchrum.
Accepit ergo de fructibus huius ligni et comedit. Deinde Eva dedit partem
huius fructus ad Adam. Adam etiam comedit. Sed diabolus non dixerat
veritatem. Adam et Eva non facti sunt sicut dei; re vera senserunt se esse
nudos, et timuerunt.
Audiverunt vocem Dei in paradiso. Deus vocabat eos. Voce Dei audita,
Adam et Eva con,ti sunt absc6ndere se. Sed Deus invenit eos. Nihil enim
absc6nditum est a Deo. Deus interrogavit eos ubi essent. Adam resp6ndit
quod timebat cum nudus esset. ( Continuabitur)

Notice that they all have the same -t and -nt as in the
VOCABULARIUM indicative. But the vowels are different. Notice that the
absc6ndere, absc6ndit, obedfre, obedivit, first conjugation has e, while the others have a. The
absc6nditus-hide obeditus-obey ( with
verbs that have -iunt for the third present indicative,
credere, credidit, dat. )
keep the i in the subjunctive: -iat, -iant. But we would
creditus-believe(Maria sentfre, sensit, sensus- not expect the e before the a in the second conjugation.
credit Marco: Mary feel, realize, perceive
The easiest way is merely to memorize the above set of
believes Marcus.) num-whether forms.
interrogare, avit, atus- diabolus, o-devil
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE: Simply add -ur to the
question, ask magna vox, voce-voice
above endings:
paretur parentur
NUNC COOITEMUS habeatur habeantur
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE: Study these forms: ponatur ponantur
capiatur capiantur
1. 2.
USE OF THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: We have seen that
amet ament teneat teneant
in dependent clauses, the imperfect and pluperfect sbb­
3. 3. 4. junctive appear only when the principal verb is in a past
ponat ponant capiat capiant audiat audiant tense. The present subjunctive appears only after a
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present or future tense of the main verb ( there is only semper sit in aquis." Aquae ergo in unum locum vene­
one more tense of the subjunctive, the perfect,which we runt, et fecerunt maria. Deus etiam dixit: "Pr6ferat
shall see later-then there will be a pair, present and terra herbas." Et terr a pr6tulit her bas. Dixit etiam:
perfect, when the main verb is present or future-and "Herbae faciant fructus suos." Et factum est. �tiam
another pair, imperfect and pluperfect, when the main imperat ut sol et tuna sint in coelis, ut dies et nox divi­
verb is in any past tense). But the present subjunctive dantur. Deus imperat aquis ut pr6ferant pisces. Et pisces
also has another use: in aquis coeperunt esse. lmperat ut aves fiant. Et factae
sunt.
HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE: Deus etiam primum h6minem, cuius nomen erat
Veniat-Let him come (or May he come.) Adam, fecit. �tiam feminam, ux6rem pro Adam, cre­
Audiatur-Let him be heard (or May he be heard). avit. Nomen huius feminae erat Eva. Deus eos in para­
Notice that this use is independent-it may be the main disum posuit. Permittit eis ut ex omni ligno paradisi
verb. Remember the translations given above. It would c6medant, sed non permittit ut c6medant ex ligno
be good to memorize a pair of samples. If we need a scientiae boni et mali. Quodam ergo die diabolus ad
negative,it is ne: Ne veniant ...Let them not come. Evam in paradiso venit. lnterrogat num permittatur eis
ut c6medant ex omni ligno paradisi. Eva dicit quod
INDIRECT QUESTIONS: Notice this example from the permittitur comedere ex omni ligno, sed non ex ligno
reading above: scientiae boni et mali, ne moriantur. Deinde diabolus
Interrogavit earn num Deus imperavisset ... dicit Deum veritatem non dixfsse. Sed Deus non potest
He asked her whether God had ordered... non dkere veritatem. Diabolus dicere id quod non
verum est potest. Id quod non verum est vocatur "men­
We call it an indirect question because of the question
dacium." Et diabolus est pater mendacii. Eva non
word "Whether." But we call it an indirect question,
obedit Deo; c6medit ex ligno scientiae. Adam idem
because it does not ask a question--only reports (or sug­
facit. Sed audiunt vocem Dei interrogantis eos ubi sint.
gests) one.But there is no problem about it; we mention
Voce Dei audita, timent respondere.
it merely to state that indirect questions most commonly
have the subjunctive.But sometimes a Late Latin writer
will use the indicative. Find another example in the ENGLISH TO LATIN
story above.
I . Let them obey God, lest they die. 2. The devil asks
whether they know good and evil. 3. He does not permit
SUBJUNCTIVE OF IRREGULAR VERBS:
them to eat it. 4. He asks why Adam and Eve are not
sit sint obeying God. 5. May they never (numquam) believe
possit possint the devil. 6. Let them not attempt to hide from God.
velit velint 7. Let them not eat of the tree of knowledge of good
nolit nolint and evil.

NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos ScRAMBLE EXERCISE

In initio 6mnium rerum, Deus coelum et terram creavit. Primis hominibus iam creatis imperat Deus ne ex fructi­
Quo modo omnes res creavit? Deus locutus est. Deus bus ligni scientiae boni et mali c6medant. Cum iussis
dixit: "Fiat tcrra." Et terra facta est. �tiam iussit: "Fiat Dei obedfrent Adam et Eva, in paradiso habentes bona
lux." Et lux facta est. Secundo die imperat ut sit firma­ multa remanserunt. Sed serpens qui olim ex coelis
me�tum, id est, coelum. Et coelum factum est. Tertio superbia cecidisset cos temptavit. "H6mines erunt sicut
die Deus dixit: "Veniant aquae in unum locum, ne terra dii," dixit sub forma serpentis diabolus.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA SEPTIMA
De prima et secunda persona in subiunctivo activo

Adam et Eva non obediverant Deo. Propter bane causam timuerunt, et omnipotens-omnipotent
conati sunt absc6ndere se a Deo. Sed Deus omnfpotens e�t; tanta est tantus-so great
potestas eius ut nulla creatura possit absc6ndere se a scientia Dei. Deus cur-why
ergo interrogavit Adam cur non obedivisset. Adam dixit quod femina malum-apple
dederat ei malum, id est, fructum ligni scientiae boni et mali. Deus ergo fefellit-deceive
interrogavit feminam, id est, Evam, cur comedisset malum. Eva resp6ndit conterere-crush
se comedisse propter serpentem. Dixit enim serpentem fefellisse ipsam. virgo-virgin
Serpens enim dixerat: "Homo fl.et sicut Deus si c6medet de fructu huius mater-mother
ligni scientiae boni et mali." spes (5th)-hope
Deus ergo expulit Adam et Evam ex paradiso. Sed promisit Redemp­ agricola-farmer
t6rem, id est Christum. "Ille Redemptor enim c6nteret caput serpentis." Et off.erre-offer
etiam quaedam femina promfttitur a Deo, quae semper inimica erit ser­ pastor-herdsman
penti. Haec femina est Virgo Maria, quae est mater Christi. Ergo Deus, secum-cum se
propter suam magnam miseric6rdiam, dedit spem primis hominibus nescire-not know
etiam post peccatum originate.
Adam et Eva habuerunt multos filios et filias. Inter hos erant Cain et
Abel. Cain erat agricola, et labor eius erat in agris. Accepit multos fructus
terrae. Ex his fructibus, Cain offerebat sacrificia Deo. Abel autem erat
pastor. Abel ergo offerebat animalia Deo in sacrificiis. Probabiliter Abel
offerebat agnos. Sacrificia Abel placuerunt Deo. Sed sacrificia Cain non
placuerunt Deo. Cain ergo motus est ira.
Quodam die Cain rogavit Abel ut iret in agros secum. Abel ergo in agros
iit cum Cain. Sed cum essent soli in agris, Cain interfecit Abel. Deus ergo
vocavit Cain, et rogavit ubi Abel esset. Cain dixit se nescfre. Sed Cain non
p6terat fallere Deum. Cain ergo iit in exilium.

they have many uses. Learn first to recognize a form

VOCABULARIUM when you see it in the book-gradually you will learn
to make forms. Here are the endings:
fallere, fefellit, falsus­ bona mater, matre-mother
deceive bonus pastor, past6re­
Singular Plural
offerre, 6btulit, oblatus­ shepherd, herdsman
offer ( compare tantus, a, um-so great, so 1. m or o (/) mus (we)
proferre in Lesson 45) large 2. s (you) tis (you)
bonus agricola, a-farmer bona virgo, virgine-virgin, 3. t (He, she, it) nt (they)
malum, o-apple maiden
Most of these endings merely substitute for the t of the
third singular. We shall see the application of these
endings a bit at a time, including the distinction of the
NUNC COGITEMUS
o and m in the first person ( all but present indicative
PREVIEW OF ALL FIRST AND SECOND PERSON ACTIVE and the future indicative of first and second conjugation
FORMS: It is very easy to learn to RECOGNIZE the first use m).
and second person active in indicative and subjunctive
forms except for the perfect indicative. There is a simple But now we apply the new endings to: ALL ACTIVE SUB·
set of personal endings. Learn these endings at once- JUNCTIVES: Here we merely take the third singular
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form, which we already know, and apply a magic stick, catum originale commiserunt. "Ante hoc peccatum,"
thus: dixit Deus, "non erat necesse ut vos discederetis ex hac
vita per portas mortis, sed nunc mortem videbitis."
Present Adam ergo interrogavit Deum, "Videbimus mortem,
m m quia peccavimus. Sed videbuntne etiam fflii nostri (our)
s s mortem?" Deus dixit, "Otique--et vos et fflii vestri
ame t tenea t debetis mori. Et nunc, discedatis ex paradfso." Deus
mus mus etiam angelo magno imperavit ut staret ad portam ne
tis tis Adam et Eva possent rursus venire in paradfsum. Deus
nt nt dixit angelo, "Stes in hoc loco, ne h6mines possint
venire in paradisum."
Imperfect Pluperfect Cain et Abel fuerunt filii Adam et Evae. Nati sunt in
m m primis diebus mundi. Sed etiam erant multi alii fflii
s s Adam et Evae. Scriptura enim Sacra non dat n6mina
amare t amavisse t 6mnium h6minum qui in illis temp6ribus nati sunt.
mus mus Non enim necesse est ut 6mnia illa n6mina sciamus. Et
tis tis Scriptura id quod non necesse est non dicit. Sanctus
nt nt Augustinus dicit quod Sacra Scriptura vult ostendere
quod erant duae urbes; una est urbs Dei, id est, urbs
And so on for absolutely any active subjunctives, of all bon6rum h6minum, qui Deum amant. Sed altera urbs
tenses. Pretty simple! est urbs huius mundi. In hac urbe sunt h6mines mali,
qui se ipsos plus quam ( more than) Deum amant. Sanc­
SUBJUNCTIVE OF IRREGULAR VERBS: It is really com­ tus Augustinus etiam multa alia de his duabus urbibus
pletely regular. Just take the third singular-sit, possit, dixit. Sed non est necesse ut 6mnia scribamus in hac
velit, nolit-and use the above stick. lecti6ne.
SECOND PLURAL PRONOUN: vos, vestrum, vobis, vos,
vobis (you, of you, to you, you, etc.) (The adjective is: ENGLISH TO LATIN
vester, vestra, vestrum-"your"-referring to more
I. He is sending you (plural) that you may capture
than one person) .
Catiline. 2. Since (cum) you had committed a sin, God
sent you out of paradise. 3. The devil speaks so well
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos that we believe him. 4. May you not believe the devil.
Deus dfxerat ad Adam et Evam: Ne comedatis ex 5. God's power is so great that you cannot hide your­
fructu ligni scientiae boni et mali. Sed Adam et Eva selves from Him. 6. Cain cries out with so loud a voice
Deo non obediverunt. Serpens Evam fefellit dicens, "Si that we hear him. 7. Since Abel was a shepherd, he
ex hoc ligno c6medes, eris sicut Deus." Et Eva fefellit offered lambs.
Adam. Deus ergo vocavit Adam et Evam, et dixit:
"Necesse est ut puniam vos." Malum enim fecerunt non
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
obedientes Deo. Malum enim erat comedere malum ex
ligno scientiae boni et mali. Comedere malum non erat Omnium qui nunc in terra vivunt h6minum mater Eva
malum in se, sed malum erat non obedire. Deus ergo est, et pater Adam. Ut fferent sicut dii, Deo non obedi­
interrogavit: "Cur non obediebatis?" Adam dixit, verunt. Sed fefellit eos diabolus. Oblatum ab ux6re
"Diabolus locutus est tam bene (well) ut crederemus." malum Adam comedit: quam propter causam a para­
£tiam Eva conata est excusare se. Sed excusati6nes non diso missi sunt. His factis, Deus adhuc eis miseric6rdiam
erant bonae; peccatum commfttere non debuerunt. Pee- dare volebat. Redemptor itaque promittitur a Deo.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA OCTAVA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Adam et Eva habuerunt multos ffiios et filias. Et filii e6rum habuerunt plurimus-very many
etiam multos filios et filias.Multi ex his vixerunt per annos plurimos.Sed commisit-committed
non omnes homines boni erant; plurimi erant mali, et peccata multa com­ corpus-body
miserunt contra Deum.Illi homines erant magni corpore, sed parvi virtute. iratus est-was angry
Deus ergo iratus est illis et voluit delere genus humanum de terra. genus-race, kind
Sed nihil6minus unus homo erat qui placuit Deo.Ille homo vocabatur caro-flesh
Noe. Noe erat vir iustus in omnibus operibus suis.Noe erat pater trium mens-mind
fili6rum.N6mina horum filiorum sunt: Sem, Cham, et Japheth.Sed quia pessimus-very evil
Noe erat iustus, et placuit Deo, Deus non iratus est ei, nee iratus est ffliis diluvium-flood
Noe propter Noe. ltaque Deus dixit Noe: "Finis universae carnis est in spiritus-breath
mente mea. Omnes enim homines facti sunt pessimi.Necesse est ergo ut fac-make! (a command)
deleam eos.ltaque magnum diluvium veniet super omnem terram.Omnes area-ark
homines delebuntur.Sed etiam omnia animalia in quibus est spiritus vitae tibi-for yourself
non iam vivent; omnia delebuntur diluvio." tu us-your
"Sed fac arcam tibi et ffliis tuis et ux6ribus fili6rum. Et due in arcam due-lead! (a command)
animalia ex omnibus generibus animalium ut servari possint in area." Noe imber-rain
ergo fecit 6mnia quae Deus imperaverat ei.Deinde Deus dixit ei: "Venias
in arcam cum filiis tuis et cum omnibus animalibus sicut imperatum est
tibi. Post septem dies enim imber maximus veniet super omnem terram.
Et omnia animalia quae sunt super terram, insuper et omnes h6mines
delebuntur de terra."
Noe ergo venit -in arcam, et cum eo venerunt tres filii eius, id est Sem,
Cham, et Japheth, et cum eis venerunt uxores e6rum.lnsuper venerunt in
aream animalia omnis generis, sicut Deus imperaverat Noe. (Continua­
bitur cras)

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

VOCABULARIUM
1. How do you say: Let us ...eat, bring forth, believe,
committere, commisit, irascitur Marco: Mary obey, deceive? How do you say: Let me ...eat, bring
commissus-commit, is angry at [with] forth, believe, obey, deceive? 2. How do you say, in
intrust Marcus.) subjunctive: It is . . . commanded, hidden, asked
fac-imperative singular bona caro, came-flesh, (interrogare), felt, not known? Make the same forms
( the form that gives a meat plural. 3.How do you say, in subjunctive: You (both
command) of facere magnum corpus, corpore- singular and plural) .. .eat, command, believe, ques­
( The plural is regular, body tion, feel, deceive, say, do?
as we shall see later. diluvium, o-flood, deluge
There are four irregu- bonum genus, genere-
lar imperative singu- kind, race NuNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
Lars: die, due, fac, bonus imber, imbre-rain
fer.Last is from ferre, mea mens, mente-mind "Adam et Eva, vos tam mali eratis ut peccatum primum
bear, the simple verb (poss. pl.-mentium) committeretis.Vocamus hoc peccatum peceatum origi­
from which come pessimus, a, um-very bad, nate. Sed non debetis desperare. Deus enim tantam
offerre and proferre) . worst habet misericordiam ut vobis Redempt6rem promittat.
irasci, iratus est-be angry plurimus, a, um-very Multi ex filiis vestris mali erunt-non omnes, sed plu­
at (with dative-Maria many, most rimi." Inter eos, Cain interfecit Abel, et alii alios inter­
fecerunt.ltaque tempore Noe, fere omnes h6mines mali
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erant. Noe et fflii eius dixerunt: "Ne committamus pec­ ex porcis dixit, "Non dicimus quod amamus aquam sim­
catum. Deus bonus est. Ne faciamus ea quae ille non pliciter-amamus enim aquam solummodo quando in
amat." "Noe, Sacra Scriptura dicit vos esse iustos. Ergo terra est, ut lutum possimus facere ex terra et aqua." Sed
habetis omnes virtutes. Quando enim Sacra Scriptura amici quinque non erant in diluvio. Nondum in hac vita
dicit h6minem esse iustum, signfficat eum omnes habere erant in illo tempore; alii porci erant in hac vita in
virtutes. ftaque in Scriptura 'homo iustus' h6minem tempore diluvii. Hi erant avunculi porc6rum quinque.
bonum significat. Semper faciamus 6mnia quae Deus Multi ex antiquis porcis deleti sunt in diluvio-et mors
vult." terribilis est porco deleri in aquis! Sed duo porci erant
Scriptura 16quitur e6dem modo de Sancto Joseph, in area, et non interfecti sunt.
qui erat pater putativus (foster-father) Christi. Scrip­
tura dicit simpliciter (simply) quod Joseph iustus erat,
et non est necesse ut aliud dicamus de eo. ENGLISH TO LATIN
Noe erat tam iustus ut in area servaretur. Deus dixit
1. Let us come into the ark. 2. God is so good that He
ei, "Peccata h6minum tanta sunt ut necesse sit delere
loves all men. 3. Christ is the Good Shepherd, and He
eos."
will die for the lambs. 4. The human race was so evil
Quo modo faciet Deus diluvium? Magnos mittet im­
that God was angry at them. 5. He sent great rains to
bres super omnem terram. Sed etiam faciet ut mare
destroy them. 6. Let us make a ship for Noe and his
super terram veniat. Hoc modo factum est dihivium
sons. 7. It happened that men were very bad in the days
magnum. <'.'>mnia animalia deleta sunt hoc diluvio. of Noe.
Suntne pisces deleti? Non. Deus enim dixit necesse esse
delere 6mnia animalia in quibus est spfritus vitae. Sed
in piscibus non est spiritus vitae. Pisces sunt semper sub
ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
aquis. Aqua pisces non delebit. Pisces aquam amant.
Vobis et filiis navem magnam, quae area erit, fac-haec
dixit Deus Noe. Cum enim pessima peccata peccavis­
AUDIAMUS DE AMICIS VETERIBUS
sent h6mines fere omnes, ut eos deleret, diluvium misit
Sed non 6mnia animalia amant aquam. Quinque enim Deus. E coelis magni venerunt imbres et ex mari aquae
porci dicunt, "Nullo modo amamus aquam: lutum multae. lrascebatur enim Deus ira nimia propter pessi­
( mud) amamus." "Sed amici! Noone etiam aquam ama­ m6rum h6minum peccata. Noe autem et ffliis eius, Deus,
tis? Quia sine aqua non potestis habere lutum." Unus cum boni essent, miseric6rdiam dedit.

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LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA NONA
De prima et secunda persona in indicativo imperfecto
et plusquamperfecto

Cum Noe et fflii eius et ux6res fili6rum eius et animalia venissent in arcam, clausit-closed
Deus clausit portam arcae. Defnde Deus aperuit coelos, et misit imbres aperuit-opened
magnos in terram. J:.tiam fontes maris rupti sunt et aquae maris venerunt fons-/ountain
super terram. Diluvium maximum factum est. H6mines territi sunt, et loca ruptus-broken
alta invenfre conati sunt ut ab aquis servarentur. Sed aquae magnae sem­ territus-terrified
per invenerunt h6mines. Et non potuerunt evadere. Noe autem et qui altus-high
cum eo erant, servati sunt in area. Aqua venit etiam super montes altos. nisi-unless, except
Nemo h6minum servatus est nisi ei qui in area erant cum Noe. J:.tiam ascendit-rose
6mnia animalia in quibus erat spfritus vitae interfecti sunt in aquis. Sed recordatus-remembered
animalia quae in area erant servata sunt. Imbres et diluvium venerunt ventus-wind
super terram per quadragfnta dies. Et aquae ascenderunt super terram minuere-diminish
centum et quinquagfnta dies (150). euntes-/rom ire
Defnde Deus recordatus est Noe et 6mnium qui cum eo erant in area. fenestra-window
Et Deus misit ventum super aquas. Post dies centum quinquagfnta, aquae corvus-raven
coeperunt mfnui super terram. Deus etiam clausit fontes maris, et non columba-dove
iam misit imbres de coelis. Et aquae reversae sunt de terra, euntes et ferre-bear, bring
redeuntes. In mense septimo, in die vigesimo septimo mensis, area re­ ramus-branch
quievit super montes Armeniae. In decimo mense, montes coeperunt olfva-olive, olive tree
videri. Et post quadragfnta dies, Noe aperuit fenestram in area, et misit intellegere-understand
corvum ex area. J:.tiam dimfsit columbam ex area. Sed columba non in­
venit locum ubi requiesceret pes eius--columba ergo reversa est ad Noe in
arcam. Sed post septem dies, Noe rursus dimfsit columbam. Columba
reversa est ferens ramum olivae. Noe ergo intellexit quod p6terat stare in
terra. 1taque venit ex area.

subjunctives, we use a magic stick. Now, for the imper­

VOCABULARIUM fect and pluperfect indicative, we stick to the same
stick-no trouble at all.
claudere, clausit, rumpere, rupit, ruptus­
clausus-close break
ferre, tulit, latus-bear, terrere, terruit, territus­ Imperfect
bring (forms like terrify m m
proferre) cur-why s s
recordari, recordatus nisi-unless, except, amaba t teneba t
est-remember ( with if ... not mus mus
poss. case) tis tis
altus, a, um-high, deep nt nt
magnus fons, fonte (poss. pl.-ium)
fountain, spring Pluperfect
ventus, o-wind m m
s s
amavera t tenuera t
NUNC COGITEMUS
mus mus
FIR.ST AND SECOND PER.SON IN IMPERFECT AND PLU­ tis tis
PERFECT INDICATIVE: To make these forms on all active nt nt
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And so on-for absolutely any imperfect or pluperfect Cain itaque dixit Deo, "Cur non amabas sacrificium
active indicative. quod offerebam?" Et Deus dixit, "Quia tu non habebas
cor (heart) bonum." His auditis, Cain rogavit Abel
SECOND SINGULAR PRONOUN: tu, tui, tibi, te, te (you, venire in agros secum. Dixit, "Venias in agros mecum
of you, to you, you, etc.). (with me).'' Et cum in agros venissent, et soli essent,
Cain interfecit Abel. Sed Cain sese absc6ndere non
SECOND SINGULAR ADJECTIVE (to refer to only one p6terat. Deus enim 6mnia videt. Deus ergo eum inter­
person's possessions): tuus, a, um (your). rogavit, "Ubi est Abel?" Et Cain resp6ndit, "Estne
necesse ut defendam Abel?" Et Deus dixit: "Putabas
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON OF IRREGULAR VERBS: quod nemo te videbat cum Abel interficeres-sed vide­
Completely regular in imperfect and pluperfect: Just bam te. Deus enim semper 6mnia videt. Non licebat tibi
take the third singular forms-erat, fuerat, p6terat, interficere Abel. Ergo-discedas ex hac terra! Sed ne
potuerat, volebat, nolebat, voluerat, noluerat-and use timeas. Nemo enim te interficiet. Accfpies signum, ne
the same stick as for any other verbs. homo te interficiat."

NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos ENGLISH TO LA TIN

Deus interrogavit Adam, "Cur abscondebas te?" Et 1. Why did you come into the fields with him? 2. He is
Adam resp6ndit, "Hoc faciebam quia timebam." Sed
sending you in order that you may bring water. 3. Noe,
Adam etiam dfcere coactus est quod malum comederat.
God commands you that you make an ark. 4. Let us
Dixit enim Evae, "Tu dabas mihi (to me) malum." Et
come into the ark with Noe. 5. Men were so evil that
Eva serpentem accusavit. Serpens autem alium accusare they could not hear these words. 6. Noe, you were mak­
non p6terat-serpens erat diabolus ipse. "O Eva, quare ing a ship (so) that you might sail in it in the flood.
credebas diabolo?" "Quia diabolus dixit quod homo fiet 7. May you have many good things with you.
sicut Deus si ex hoc ligno c6medet." "Sed Eva, nonne
scire p6teras quod diabolus id quod non verum est dfcere
amat? Deus dixerat tibi, 'Ne c6medas ex hoc ligno.'
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Semper facere debes id quod Deus tibi imperat. Deus
bonus est. Sed Deus Redempt6rem tibi promittet. Nunc, Aquis magnis e coelo et mari venientibus super terram
si facies id quod Deus imperabit, Deus tibi peccatum omnem, multi h6mines locum in quo servari possent
tuum ign6scet. Ne alia peccata committas!" invenire conati sunt, nee p6terant. Super omnes enim
Sed h6mines boni esse non amant. 1taque alter al­ montes venerunt magni aquae diluvii. Qui in area erant
terum interfecit, id est, Cain Abel interfecit. Cain enim servati sunt--ex aliis nemo. Post dies multos, Deus im­
et Abel sacrificia Deo offerebant. Sed sacrificia Cain bres non iam misit, et e6rum qui cum Noe in area
Deo non placuerunt, sicut sacrificia Abel placuerunt. erant recordatus est ut ex area eos duceret.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo perfecto

Cum aquae discessissent de terra, Noe et fflii eius, et uxores filiorum eius egressus-go out
egressi sunt ex area. Sed etiam animalia egressa sunt. Et Noe fecit altare altare-altar
Domino. Deinde accepit multa animalia ex eis quae fuerant in area secum D6minus-Lord
( omnia enim alia animalia in quibus erat spiritus vitae interfecta erant numquam-never
diluvio)--et obtulit sacrificia Deo. Sacrificia Noe placuerunt Deo. Domi­ arcus-bow
nus ergo promisit Noe quod numquam post illud tempus diluvium delebit recordari-remember
omnem terram et omnia viventia quae in ea sunt. Deus etiam dedit signum turris-tower
promissionis suae, "Verum est quod imbres venient de coelis. Sed ut civitas-city
sciatis quod numquam dih1vium delebit omnem terram, arcus meus erit in conffdere-trust
coelis post imbres. Hoc modo scies Deum semper recordari promissionis efficere-bring about
suae." mutavit-changed
Post dih1vium, omnis terra habebat soh1mmodo linguam unam. Sed cum
homines iter facerent ad orientales partes mundi, venerunt in terram
Senaar, et voluerunt remanere ibi. Coeperunt itaque aedificare turrem
maximam. Hi enim homines superbi erant. Et D6minus descendit ut
videret turrem et civitatem quam aedificabant. Sed opera horum hominum
non placuerunt Deo-confidebant enim in se, et in potestate sua. Sed non
debuerunt confidere in se. Homo enim non est tam fortis ut possit vivere et
agere sine Domino. Propter bane causam, opera horum non placuerunt
Deo. ltaque Deus punivit eos. Effecit ut unus homo non posset intelligere
alios homines. Mutavit linguas e6rum. Linguis mutatis, magna confusio
erat in illo loco. Multae enim linguae audiebantur, sed nemo p6terat alios
intelligere. ltaque homines discesserunt ex illo loco, et non iam voluerunt
aedificare turrem.

different magic stick. You already know amavit and

VOCABULARIUM amaverunt. The others are also easy to learn.
Now try any verb:
confidere, conffsus est­ normal, others are
trust in ( confidere is deponent)
i
half-deponent-that [egrediuntur], gredi,
isti
is, all forms made gressus est-go out
amav it
from the first part are mutare, avit, atus-cfzange
imus
numquam-never
istis
magnum altare, i-altar
erunt
arcus, u-bow
magna civitas, civitate-city, citizenship ( I loved have loved did love, etc.)
d6minus, o-lord, master
magna turris, i-tower THE IRREGULAR VERBS: Use the same endings on: fuit,
potuit, voluit, noluit. (All irregular verbs are normal in
all forms made on their second and third parts).
NUNC COGITEMUS
FIRST PLURAL PRONOUN: nos, nostrum, nobis, nos,
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON OF PERFECT INDICATIVE nobis (Why ask permission of the five pigs for this
ACTIVE: The perfect requires its own set of endings-a one?)
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FIRST PLURAL ADJECTIVE: nosier, nostra, nostrum­ mundum venit-id est, etiam super Americam Septen­
our. trionalem et Meridionalem, et super Africam, et super
omnes alias terras?" Homo potest credere quod hoc re
vera accidit, si vult. Sed Sacra Scriptura hoc non dicit.
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
Scriptura enim elicit quod diluvium super totam terram
Quodam die magfster in schola nos interrogavit, "Ubi venit: et quaestio est; quid significat tota terra? Forsan
est terra Senaar?" Dfximus quod Senaar est in parte tota terra significat solummodo totam terram Mesopo­
orientali mundi. Noveramus enim quod non in Palestina tamiae. Hoc non certum est.
est. Hebraei in illa terra ( id est, in Palestina) erant. Sed
Senaar est ad orientem a Palestfna: in Mesopotamia est.
"Sed dicas nobis quae sit significatio huius n6minis ENGLISH TO LATIN
'Mesopotamia.'" Mesopotamia est nomen Graecum. In
1. What did you do when the flood came? 2. We came
lingua Latina dfcitur: In medio inter flumina. Haec est
into the ark. 3. Why did you want to build that tower?
significatio n6minis "Mesopotamia." In Graeca enim
4. God is so good that you should trust Him. 5. We have
lingua, potamos est flumen et mesos est medius. Sed, ut
built an altar. 6. We have come to build the tower.
dicatur simplfciter, Senaar idem est ac (as) Babylon.
7. We asked why you had changed your plans.
"Noone tu dixfsti nobis, magister, quod Babylon in
lingua Hebraica signfficat confusio?" Otique, hoc dixi.
In Babylonia enim accidit confusio linguarum. Sed in
ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
lingua h6minum qui in Babylonia erant, nomen "Baby­
lon" signfficat "porta Dei." ltaque, quamquam Baby­ Noe, tu et filii tui Deo sacrificium offeratis. Qui enim
lonii ( the Babylonians) urbem suam vocaverunt "porta omnes alios in aquis delevit, te et tuos servavit. Ut
Dei," Scriptura dicit quod melius est vocare earn "con­ servari possetis, tibi ut arcam faceres imperavit. In
fusio," propter confusionem linguarum. Re vera, quam cum venissetis, vos ab omni periculo liberavit
scriptor Sacrae Scripturae fecit lusum verb6rum (a play Deus. In eo confidatis in quo misericordia magna est.
on words). Et cum videbitur in coelis arcus, in mentem veniat
"Estne necesse credere quod diluvium super totum vestram promfssio, quam Deus vobis dedit.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA PRIMA
De prima et secunda persona in indicativo praesenti

Diluvio finito, et turri Babyl6nica relicta, h6mines discesserunt in multas finitus-ended

terras. Sed mem6ria diluvii non ita terruit eos ut non committerent multa ita-so
peccata. 1nsuper facti sunt pei6res quam fuerant ante diluvium. Sed Deus peior-worse
promiserat quod numquam diluvium deleret omne genus humanum. Et quam-than
Deus semper veritatem dicit. H6mines saepe dicunt hoc et faciunt illud, vel-or
sed Deus verus est. millenarium-a thousand years
Sed non omnes h6mines pessimi facti sunt. Quidam viri adhuc servi utilis- use/ul
Dei erant. Inter hos bonos viros erat Abram. Non clarum est in quo anno, satis-su(ficiently
vel etiam in quo saeculo diluvium accidit. Quidam putant dihivium acci­ habitavit-dwelt
disse in millenario sexto vel quinto ante Christum. Alii putant id accidisse mai6res-ancestors
in millenario tertio, sed non utile est putare de hac re; homo non potest c6lere-worship
scire. Probabile autem est quod, Abram natus est in prima parte saeculi polytheista-polytheist,
vigesimi ante Christum. Abram habitavit in terra quae vocatur Chaldaea. worshipper of many gods
Abram natus erat in civitate cuius nomen erat Ur. Ur erat in parte meridio­ luna-moon
nali Babyl6niae. Mai6res Abram colebant multos deos; erant ergo poly­
theistae. Sed Abram ipse c6luit solummodo unum Deum. Abram habuit
fratrem, cuius nomen erat Aran. Post mortem autem Aran, Abram dis­
cessit ex Ur, et venit in Haran. Pater enim Abram (cuius nomen erat
Thare) discessit ex Ur et cum eo venerunt Abram ipse, et uxor Abram
(quae erat Sara) et Lot, qui erat filius Aran.
In Haran etiani erant multi polytheistae. lbi multi h6mines coluerunt
lunam. Putaverunt enim lunam esse deum, et vocaverunt lunam, in lingua
Babyl6nica, "Sin." Erat magnum templum huius falsi dei "Sin" in Haran.
Sed Abram non c6luit Sin. (Continuabitur)

s s s
VOCABULARIUM poni t capi t audi t
mus mus mus
finfre, ivit, itus-finish quam-than
tis tis tis
complete satis-sufficiently, very,
habitare, avit, atus- enough All the forms we have just made are entirely regular,
dwell, inhabit vel-or, even and fit easily on the short stick.
mai6res, mai6ribus-ancestors (merely pl. Now we recall that we already know the bottom
of maior in special sense) forms for each line, that is, the third plurals:
peior, peius, pei6re-worse
amant tenent ponunt capiunt audiunt
So all we really have to learn today is just five words:
NUNC COGITEMUS amo teneo pono capio audio
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON INDICATIVE: It is easy to What are the meanings? For amare they would be:
make these forms, starting from the third singular, I love we love
which we already know. The easiest way is to make a you love you love
short stick, leaving out the first and last forms: he loves they love
s s And of course, we can vary these forms just as we have
ama t tene t been doing for a long time. That is, besides "he loves"
mus mus we can say: "he does love, he is loving." And so on with
tis tis other forms.
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FIRST SINGULAR PRONOUN: ego, mei, mihi, me, me aream, et in arcam ingressus est. Et imber maximus
(I, of me, to me, me, etc.) super omnem terram venit per dies quadragfnta et noe­
tes quadraginta. Et Noe dixit, "Magnos videmus imbres,
FIRST SINGULAR ADJECTIVE: meus, a, um (my, mine) et diluvium! Deus meus, bonus es (you are). Me et meos
in area hae servavisti." Et post diluvium Deus dixit,
PRESENT TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS: We shall save "Pono arcum meum in eoelis, ut seire possitis quod
these for a few lessons later, since we have to learn the semper in mem6ria habeo promissi6nem meam. Num­
above forms-but, if anyone is curious, here are some: quam delebo omnes h6mines aquis diluvii. Verum est
sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt quod h6mines mali fient, sed alio modo punientur, et
possum, potes, potest, p6ssumus, potestis, possunt non per aliud diluvium."
volo, vis, vult, v6Iumus, vultis, volunt
nolo, non vis, non vult, n6lumus, non vultis, nolunt
ENGLISH TO LATIN
1. I am sending a messenger in order that you may
NuNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
know the truth. 2. Are you coming with me? 3. I now
Deus vocavit Cain, "Quid facis Cain?" Cain dixit, have the name "Abram"-but God will change my
"Nihil facio. Quid mihi imperas ut faciam?" Deus dixit, name, He will call me "Abraham." 4. I dwell in Egypt
"Tu fratrem tuum Abel interfecfsti. Cur fecisti hoc? but I do not know the gods of Egypt. 5. This land is
Ego interffcere te noii volo, sed necesse est ut te puniam. so good that we will not depart. 6. Our ancestors had
Mitto ergo te in exsflium." many gods, but we have the one true God. 7. We did not
Sed postquam omnes h6mines pessimi facti sunt, finish the tower.
Deus etiam Noe vocavit. Noe enim vir iustus erat, quam­
quam fere omnes alii pessimi facti sunt. Noe Deo dixit,
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
"Faciam (/ will do) 6mnia quae iubes. Quid ergo facere
debeo?" Et Deus dixit, "Debes arcam facere. Due (lead) Deus dixit, "Ego 6mnia quae in hoc mundo sunt feci.
in bane arcam animalia ex omnibus generibus anima­ Volebam omnibus hominibus per Adam et Evam qui
Iium quae in terra sunt et in se spiritum vitae habent." homines primi erant dare multa bona. Vos autem non
Noe ergo narravit haec 6mnia filiis suis. Dixit enim, permisistis mihi ut ea quae volueram facerem. Peccatis
"Deus mihi imperavit ut aream facerem. Vos etiam mihi vestris pessimis necesse est ut, cum amem vos, vos
auxilium dare debetis, ut in area servari possitis. Venia­ puniam. Nihi16minus autem, miseric6rdia mea magna
tis mecum, ut materiam colligamus." Noe ergo fecit vobis Redemptor dabitur."

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA SECUNDA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Difficile est bonus esse inter �alos. Sed Abram, cum esset in medio tam polytheista-polytheist
mult6rum polytheistarum, adhuc colebat solum Deum verum. Et Deus c6lere-worship
locutus est ei, et dixit: Abram, volo ut discedas ex hac terra tua, et de volo-J wish
domo patris tui, et venias in aliam terram, quae ostendetur tibi. Volo enim gens-people
facere te in gentem magnam, et benedfcere tibi, et facere nomen tuum benedicere-b/ess
magnum. Abram itaque egressus est ex terra Haran sicut D6minus iterum-again
imperaverat ei. Lot venit cum eo. Abram erat vir septuaginta quinque apparuit-appeared
ann6rum cum egrederetur de Haran. :8tiam Sara, uxor Abram, venit cum fames-famine
eis. Venerunt in terram Chanaan. Sed Deus iterum apparuit Abram et valde-very
dixit ei: Omnis terra haec crit tua. Et Abram aedificavit ibi altare D6mino dives-rich
qui apparucrat ei. Sed Abram non rcmansit in terra ilia. Fames enim erat ecce-behold
ibi. Descendit ftaque in Aegyptum. eligere-choose
Sed Abram non scmper remansit in Aegypto. Reversus est in terram circa-about
Chanaan. Lot etiam venit cum Abram ex Aegypto. Et Lot et Abram facti S6doma, is-Sodom
sunt valde dfvites. Habuerunt multos agnos et multa alia. Terra non p6terat stella-star
tcnere omncs possessi6ncs e6rum. Abram ergo dixit ad Lot, "Ecce, uni­
versa terra est coram tc. :8Iigas partcm terrae tibi. Si tu eligis unam partem,
ego accfpiam alteram." Lot itaque vidit terram quae erat circa Iord{mem
esse bonam, et babitavit ibi. In illis enim diebus, terra quae est circa
S6doma et Gom6rrham valde bona erat multis fructibus. D6minus enim
adhuc non deleverat illas urbes. Lot fecit domum suam in S6domis. Sed
h6mines Sodomftae erant p6ssimi.
Et Deus apparuit iterum Abram et dixit ei, "Vides omnes stellas quae in
coelo sunt? Posteritas tua erit maior numero quam stellae." Et Abram
credidit Deo. ( Continuabitur eras)

mutare. Give also all the "we" forms. 3. Make all the
VOCABULARIUM indicative forms in number 2 (above) subjunctive
(omit: I have opened). 4. Summarize the rules for form­
apparere, apparuit, iterum-again
ing the first and second person in all tenses of the sub­
apparitus-appear valde-very
junctive. Make up a rule for as many indicatives as you
ecce-behold
can.
dives, dfvite-rich (poss. pl. -um)

magna fames, fame-hunger, famine NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos

Abram, quid facis nunc? "Multas res paro ut discedam
ex hac terra. Deus enim mihi locutus est." Quid dixit tibi
VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES
Deus? "Mihi imperavit ut ex hac terra mea discedam
1. How do you say in the subjunctive (both singular cum omnibus possessi6nibus meis. ltaque reHnquimus
and plural): you open, you were opening, you had 6mnia quae portari (to be carried) non possunt." Cur
opened. Give the same forms for: rumpere, terrere, vult Deus ut hoc faciatis? "Deus mihi causam non dixit,
mutare. 2. How do you say in the indicative: I open, I sed eum interrogare n6lui. Satis est mihi ut sciam Deum
was opening, I will open, I have opened, I had opened. locutum esse. Si ille iubet, nos non interrogare, sed
Now, do the same with: claudere, finire, rumpere, obedire debemus. Sed Deus etiam magnam dedit mihi
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prom1ss1onem. Faciet me in gentem magnam." Sed auxilium a Deo. Amant res temporales, et res aeternas
Abram, non iam es (you are) adulescens (young man). negligunt.
Noone multos annos habes? "Non multos-solummodo
septuaginta quinque annos habeo. Seel, sicut iam dixi, ENGLISH TO LA TIN
non debemus considerare difficultates quando Deus 1. We are leaving this land because there is a famine
nobis imperat; si ille imperat, etiam potestatem nobis in it. 2. Although my ancestors thought there were many
dabit ut 6mnia quae iubet faciamus." In quam terram gods, I know that there is only one God. 3. I have built
discedis? "In Palestinam." Et ubi est Palestina? "Est ad an altar in this place because God appeared to me. 4. The
occidentem a terra hac. Illa terra bona nobis erit, quia famine was so great that many men died. 5. God has
Deus illam nobis dabit." told me that the Hebrews will become great. 6. He is so
rich that no one loves him. 7. Do you see the stars?
Your sons will be greater in number.
PAUCA DE CIVITATE DEi
Sanctus Augustinus scripsit de duabus civitatibus. Dixit ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
haec: Duo am6res aedificaverunt duas civitates. Unus Vir bonus Abram, cum inter multos polytheistas esset,
amor est amor Dei. Hie amor fecit civitatem Dei. Alter visi6nem vidit, in qua ei apparuit Deus ut ex terra sua
amor est amor sui. Hie amor fecit civitatem huius discederet. Ille, ut obedfret Dei iussis, venit in Chanaan.
mundi. Cives civitatis Dei non confidunt in se ipsis; con­ Propter famem autem in Aegyptum venit, terram in qua
fidunt in Deo. Exspectant auxilium ab eo. Sed cives dei multi et falsi ab hominibus esse putabantur. Ille
civitatis huius mundi confidunt in potestate sua, et autem unum, qui verus Deus est, qui etiam apparuerat
navibus, et in exercitibus magnis. Non exspectant ei, amabat.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA TERTIA
De prima et secunda persona in indicativo futuro
De imperativo activo

Quodam die Abram audivit quod quattuor reges cepissent Lot. Abram salvare-save
ergo collegit omnes servos suos, et secutus est illos reges. Hoc modo salvavit sacerdos-priest
Lot. Post haec, Melchisedech, qui erat rex Salem venit ad Abram. panis-bread
Melchisedech erat sacerdos Dei. 1taque obtulit sacrificium Deo. In hoc vinum-wine
sacrificio offerebat panem et vinum. Hoc modo praefigurabat sacrificium gens-people, nation
Missae. circumcidere-circumcise
Post haec, Deus fterum apparuit Abram, et mutavit nomen eius. Dixit, foedus-covenant
"Nomen tuum non iam erit Abram, sed Abraham. Quia volo facere te ierunt-went
patrem multarum gentium. Iubeo te circumcidere omnes pueros in die Domine-Lord ( vocative form)
octavo post nativitatem e6rum. Haec circumcisio erit signum foederis inter parcere-spare
me et te. 1nsuper, tu et Sara uxor tua habebitis filium, et vocabitis nomen causa-for the sake of
eius Isaac." ( with poss.)
Cum Abraham habitaret in Mambre, Deus ipse cum duobus angelis petitio-request
venerunt ad eum in forma humana. Abraham accepit eos in domum suam. perseverare-continue
Postea Deus discessit, et Abraham secutus est eum. Duo angeli ierunt in ultimo-finally
S6doma, sed D6minus remansit cum Abraham, et dixit ei, "Homines qui
in S6domis habitant pessimi facti sunt. Necesse est ergo delere eos et
civitatem e6rum." Abraham autem non amavit peccata, sed amavit amicos
suos, quorum mu!ti habitabant in S6domis. Ergo rogavit D6minum dicens:
"Domine, si quinquaginta viri iusti invenientur in S6domis, parces civitati
illi?" Et Dominus resp6ndit: "Si in S6domis invenientur quinquaginta viri
iusti, eorum causa non delebo (I will not destroy) hanc civitatem."
Abraham ergo fterum rogavit Dominum dicens: "Domine, si in illa civitate
invenientur quadraginta quinque iusti, parces civitati?" Et Dominus
iterum dedit ei petitionem eius. Abraham ftaque perseverabat rogans in
hoc modo. Oltimo Dominus dixit: "Si solummodo decem iusti invenientur,
non delebo S6doma." ( Continuabitur eras)

lar which we already know. The easiest way is to use a

VOCABULARIUM short stick ( as we did in Lesson 51 ), leaving out the
first and last forms:
circumcidere, cidit, perseverare, avit, atus-
cisus-circumcise continue, persevere s s
parcere, pepercit, causa-for sake of amabi t tenebi t
parcitus (or parsus)- (with poss.) mus mus
spare ( takes dat. case) ultimo-at last tis tis
Abraham-poss. and dat. are s s
Abrahae, other forms: Abraham pone t capie t
bonus panis, e�bread mus mus
bonus sacerdos, dote-priest tis tis
s
NUNC COGITEMUS
audie t
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON FUTURE INDICATIVE: It is mus
easy to make these forms, starting from the third singu- tis
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 All the forms we have just made are entirely regular, petimus-we ask
and fit easily on the short stick. petemus-we will ask
Now we recall that we already know the bottom petamus-let us ask.
forms for each line, that is, the third plurals: For practice, make a similar list for each of these verbs:
amabunt tenebunt ponent capient audient dicere, p6nere, claudere, rumpere, mfttere. It will help
So all we really have to learn today is just five words: too if we make them not only for we forms, but also for
forms to mean: /, you (singular and plural), he, they.
amabo tenebo ponam capiam audiam Notice especially what happens in the capiunt type verbs
What are the meanings? For amare they would be: in the forms that mean / and they (test it out on facere
I shall love we shall love and accipere).
you will love you will love
he will love they will love NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
And of course, we can vary these forms just as we have D6minus Abraham vocavit ad se et dixit, "Veni ad me,
been doing for a long time. That is, besides "he will Abraham. Tibi explicabo bane rem. Olim totum delevi
love" we can say: "he will be loving." And so on with mundum diluvio quia h6mines omnes pessimi facti sunt.
other forms. Sed etiam illo tempore familiam unam servavi, id est,
Noe et filios eius, et ux6res fili6rum eius. Noe enim fuit
IMPERATIVE ACTIVE: The imperative is the form that iustus coram me. Nunc in S6domis et Gom6rrha fterum
gives a command._ It is easy to make; merely remove the fere omnes h6mines pessimi facti sunt. Et tu Abraham
letters -re from the present active infinitive, thus: para rogabis me ut illi civitati parcam (spare)? Sed nihi16-
habe pone cape (the iunt verbs are not odd here) audi. minus, hoc re vera faciam si numerus sufficiens h6mi­
The plural is almost as easy--except in the third con­ num iust6rum in ea invenientur." Abraham ftaque dixit,
jugation, just add -te to the imperative singular: "Rogo te, Domine, ut dicas mihi: Quot (how many)
parate habete audite h6mines dices satis esse?" Et D6minus resp6ndit ei, "Si
quinquagfnta iustos ibi inveniam, civitates illas non
But in the third conjugation we get not ponete but
delebo." Sed quinquagfnta iusti non sunt inventi. Abra­
p6nite, capite.
ham autem perseverabat rogans D6minum. Oltimo Do­
How do we translate it? It merely gives a command:
minus promisit ei: "Si inveniam decem iustos, urbes illas
prepare! have! put! seize! hear!
servabo." Sed etiam decem non inventi sunt.
NEGATIVE:
Ubi erant hae urbes? In parte meridionali Palestinae
Suppose we want to say: "Don't do it!" That is, use a erant. Sed nunc in illo loco est Mare M6rtuum. Deus
negative with the imperative. Sometimes (but rarely) enim non solum S6doma, sed etiam Gom6rrham delevit,
ne is used: ne parate. But ordinarily, Latin will talk propter peccata maxima quae h6mines in illis urbibus
around a negative, by using the imperative of nolle (be faciebant. Multis aliis temp6ribus Deus punfvit h6mi­
unwilling) followed by an infinitive. Thus: nes propter peccata. Saepe Hebraeos punivit, sed ignem
de coelis non misit in urbes e6rum. Alias gentes misit ut
nolite venfre
be unwilling to come-don't come contra eos pugnarent exercitibus magnis. Exempli
causa, Assyrios et Babyl6nios misit. Assyrii erant gens
COMMANDS:
(nation) fortis in hello. Omnes h6mines terrebantui
The singular of nolite is, of course, noli. cum Assyrios viderent. Non enim p6terant stare contra
The hortatory subjunctive with ne is about the same eos. Assyrii autem non omnes ludaeos interfecerunt;
as a negative command: quosdam in pugnis interfecerunt, sed alios e terra e6rum
in Assyriam portaverunt ( carried). Sed Iudaei in terra
Ne faciat-Let him not do it.
nova noluerunt habitare. Assyriam non amaverunt.
Ne facias-May you not do it.
Assyrii autem eos non dimiserunt ut in terram 1srael
This seems like a "mild" command. redfrent.
UN-SCRAMBLE EXERCISE: We have now seen some
forms that are very similar. But they are easy to keep BUGS LEPUS
unscrambled if we take a close look at them lined up one Duo operarii (laborers) cenam (dinner) comedebant.
under the other, e.g.: Panem et carnes habebant. Unus ad alterum locutus est,
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"Uxor mea carnes bonas mihi dat semper." Et alter 4. We will circumcise our sons because God commands
interrogavit, "Quales ( what kind) carnes babes?" Cui it. 5. For the sake of Abraham, God will spare the
primus operarius resp6ndit: "Uxor mea capit lepores Hebrews. 6. I will continue asking God to spare that
(rabbits) in nocte." "Sed quo modo potest uxor tua city. Come with us and we will ask God to give us help.
lepores videre in tenebris (darkness)?" "Non potest eos
videre, sed potest eos audfre cum exclamant." "Illa po­
test audfre lepores! Sed lepores nihil dicunt!" "Sed hi SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
lepores re vera exclamant---dicunt enim: meow, meow." Lot capto, Abram exercitum ex servis fecit suis ut contra
quattuor reges pugnaret. Quam post vict6riam, Mel­
chisedech vini et panis sacrificium 6btulit. Abrahae
ENGLISH TO LATIN
habit4nti in Mambre, du6bus cum angelis apparuit
1. Abraham, I will not spare that city. 2. I have spoken, Deus. Cui necesse esse delere S6doma, pessima propter
and I will do all that I said. 3. Put your hand on the altar peccata dixit Deus. Abraham autem Deum rogare perse­
and promise that you will do all that I will ask you. veravit ne illam deleret urbem.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA QUARTA
De prima et secunda persona in verbis: velle, nolle, et ire

Sed decem iusti non inventi sunt in S6domis. ftaque duo Angeli missi sunt destruere-destroy
ut destruerent S6doma. Sed primum venerunt ad Lot. Lot sedebat ad por­ primum-first
tam civitatis. Angeli dixerunt ei, "Surge, discede ab hoc loco, D6minus sedere-sit
enim destruct illum." Illa nocte, Lot venit ad duos iuvenes qui voluerunt surgere-rise
ducere fflias Lot in matrim6nium et dixit eis, "D6minus destruct bane iuvenis-youth
urbem, propter peccata multa turpia quae h6mines in ea committunt." turpis-shameful
Sed illi iuvenes noluerunt credere Lot, et putabant eum iocari. iocari-to joke
Mane angeli iterum venerunt ad Lot, et monebant cum ut statim mane-in morning
discederet ne perfret cum illa turpi civitate. Dixerunt, "Uxor tua veniat perire-perish
tecum, et etiam duae ffliae tuae exeant." Sed Lot adhuc morabatur, ita ut exfre-go out
necesse esset ducere cum manu, quasi contra voluntatem eius. Angeli ergo morari-delay
duxerunt Lot et famfliam eius e S6domis, et monuerunt eos ne respicerent ita-so
post se. Dixerunt, "Nolite respicere. Si enim hoc facietis, moriemini (you quasi-as if
will die)." Uxor Lot erat curi6sa-volebat videre quid D6minus faceret voluntas-will
illi civitati. Respexit ftaque, et statim conversa est in statuam salis. respicere-/ook back
Deus misit ignem et sulphur de coelis et destruxit S6doma et Gom6r­ conversus-turned
rham. Locus harum urbium nunc est sub Mari M6rtuo. Id quod accidit his sal-sa/t
civitatibus debet monere omnes h6mines ne peccata commfttant contra certe-certainly
Deum. Quamquam enim Deus non semper punit peccata in hac vita, certe
puniet ea in futura vita.

VOCABULARIUM m
s
Today we take it a bit easy, since we have had t Except that the first singular future turns
many new forms lately. We will merely apply the mus out to be -am ( not -em).
new forms to three somewhat irregular verbs: velle, tis (It is just like a future of third conjugation.)
no/le, ire. nt
VELLE AND NOLLE: We already know all the third
person forms of these verbs. To refresh memories: That means we now have to pick up only the present
indicative! Here it is:
INDICATIVE

Imperfect Future Perfect volo v6lumus

vis vultis
volebat volet v6luit vult volunt
nolebat nolet n6luit
nolo n6lumus
SUBJUNCTIVE
non vis non vultis
Present Imperfect non vult nolunt
velit vellet
nolit nollet We do have the normal present indicative endings:
o, s, t, mus, tis, nt-but they are attached in strange
The per/ect indicative has its special set of endings, ways. We would have no trouble in recognizing these
like other perfects: i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt. forms-to make them, ,there is no way out but to
The other forms given above just use the magic stick: memorize.
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 IRE: In Lesson 40, in the vocabulary, we learned the dabo (from dare) tibi. Urbs clara est in Graecia; Delphi
third person indicatives of this verb: vocatur. In hac urbe est oraculum (oracle) magnum in
Present: it, eunt quo deus Apollo ( nominative case) resp6nsa dat peten­
Imperfect: ibat, ibant tibus ( to those who ask). Si ad hoc oraculum ibis, et
Future: ibit, ibunt Ap6llini (dative) sacrificia 6fferes, scio quod deus tibi
resp6nsum de hoc bello dabit.
The imperfect and future will run just like any Gratias egit (thanked) Plat6ni Philippus, et in viam
other -bat and -bit imperfects and futures. But the suam ibat ad oraculum clarum Ap61linis. lter non erat
present needs just a bit of attention: longum ex domo Philippi. Cum ad oraculum venisset,
pecuniam sacerd6tibus dedit suam, "Volo hoc scire: ibo
Ego eo Nos imus
ad bellum? Et si hoc faciam, redibo (return-a com­
Tu is Vos itis
pound of ire: redfre) sine iniuria?"
Is it Ei eunt
Vox mysteri6sa ex oraculo venit. Philippus non
Almost like endings looking around for something p6tuit intellegere ( understand)--quaedam enim femina
to end! The subjunctive starts out with eam-and quae Pythia vocabatur locuta est, sed sacerd6tes de­
then uses the familiar stick: derunt ei interpretati6nem. Et hoc erat resp6nsum, "Ibis
m redibis numquam peribis in armis."
s Et nunc, quid putamus? Quid dicit oraculum? Morie­
ea t tur Philippus?
mus
tis ENGLISH TO LATIN
nt
1. We are going to Rome to see Caesar. 2. We do not
want to hear Cicero. 3. You want to know whether
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos you will return. 4. We will go lest the fire destroy us.
H6die fabulam le'gamus de Graecia. In Graecia erant 5. Let us arise and go quickly lest we perish. 6. That
quaedam loca quae oracula vocabantur. In his locis falsi which God wills is certainly (certe) good for us. 7. We
dei videbantur resp6nsa dare quaesti6nibus. Sed re­ certainly will not remain here.
sp6nsa saepe erant nullo modo clara. Erant ambigua.
Quidam adulescens (young man) Graecus-voce­ SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
mus eum Philippum--qui in Ph6cia habitabat, ad hel­
ium vocatus est. Quae cum audivisset ad amfcum suum Decem iustis in S6domis non inventis, a Deo missi sunt
Plat6nem locutus est Philippus, "Plato, civitas mea ad ut illam urbem destruerent duo angeli. Quibus loquenti­
bellum vocat, sed nolo ire. Numquam vidi bona venfre bus de destructi6ne urbis, Lot credidit. Huie autem duo
ex hello. 1nsuper, mortem timeo. Nondum multos annos iuvenes qui in matrim6nium filias Lot ducere voluerunt
habeo, et celeriter mori non volo." credere noluerunt. Lot enim dixit illis, "Evadamus nos
His verbis auditis, Plato amfco suo Philippo dixit, "Si ex ruina urbis huius ne pereamus omnes cum viris
vis veritatem de hac re cum certitudine audfre, consflium peccat6ribus."

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA QUINTA
Iterum videamus formas novas activas

Deus promiserat Abrahae quod faceret eum in gentem magnam. Ut gens-nation

impleret bane promissi6nem, Deus dedit ei puerum, cuius nomen erat implere-fill
Isaac. Abraham ipse erat centum ann6rum quando Isaac natus est. secundum-according to
Abraham ergo arnavit Isaac rnultum, quia putabat quod Deus impleret foedus-covenant
promissi6nem suam per Isaac. Secundum foedus quod fecerat cum Deo, plus-more
Abraham circumcidit puerurn octavo die post nativitatem eius. t6llere-take
Sed quodam die Deus vocavit Abraham. V 6luit enim videre num Abra­ adsum-/ am here
ham amaret filium suum plus quam Deum. ltaque Deus dixit, "Abraham, monstrare-show
Abraham." Ille resp6ndit, "Adsum Domine." Et Deus dixit illi, "Tolle surrexit-arose
filium tuurn quern amas, Isaac, et 6fferes eum in holocaustum super unum fili mi-my son
m6ntium quern monstrabo tibi." ligavit-bound
Abraham ergo surrexit et paravit 6mnia quae necessaria erant ad hoc extendere-extend
sacrificium. Isaac fecit iter cum patre suo Abraham. Et fecerunt iter per antequam-before
tres dies. Et die tertio viderunt montem quern Deus monstraverat. Abra­ tangere-touch
ham ergo imperavit servis suis ut remanerent in quodam loco. lpse et aries-ram
puer Isaac ascenderunt. Isaac portabat ligna pro holocausto. Abraham benedicere-bless
ipse portabat ignem et gladium. Et cum iter facerent, Isaac interrogavit
patrern suurn, "Pater, habemus ligna, ignem, et gladium, sed ubi est
victima pro holocausto?" Cui Abraham resp6ndit, "Ne timeas, fili mi,
Deus ipse dabit victimarn pro holocausto." Cum venissent ad locum sacri­
ficii, Abraham tenuit et ligavit Isaac, et p6suit eum super ligna. Et
extendens manum, paratus erat interficere puerum suum. Sed antequam
posset tangere filium gladio, ecce, angelus vocavit eum et dixit, Abraham,
ne extendas manum tuarn in filiurn tuum. Nunc enim novi quod times
Deum, et non pepercisti filio tuo propter Deum." Abraham ergo respexit
post se, et vidit arietem. Hunc cepit, et 6btulit in holocaustum pro puero
suo. Deus fterum locutus est ei, "Quia fecisti bane rem, et non pepercisti
fflio tuo, benedicam tibi, et faciam te in gentem magnam, et omnes gentes
terrae benedicentur in te, quia obedivisti voci meae."

1. The perfect indicative has its own endings: i, isti,

VOCABULARIUM it, imus, istis, erunt.
adesse, adfuit, 2. All active subjunctives and imperfect and plu-
t6llere, sustulit, sublatus-
* adfuturus-be present remove, take, lift,
perfect indicatives- rn
ligare, avit, atus-bind raise
use the stick: s
tangere, tetigit, tactus- secundurn ( with obj.)- t
touch according to mus
plus, plure ( has only neuter form tis
in sing. pl. is: plures, plura­
nt
two termination type, with -ium 3. PRESENT AND FUTURE INDICATIVE: Use the short
poss. pl.)-more stick for both present and future ( that is, the stick
covers all but first and last forms). For example:
s
VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES IN PERSONA J • ET 2• ama t amabi t
We can now sum up the first and second person active mus �mus
forms: tis IS

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Then recall the third plurals we learned long ago: Non enim re vera v61uit Deus sacrificium humanum.
amant, tenent, ponunt, capiunt, audiunt. Finally, we Deus enim sacrificia humana pr6hibet. Et Deus non
add the first singulars: amo, teneo, pono, capio, audio. tentavit Abraham quia ipse ( id est, Deus) nesdret vir­
In general, then, for all actives except the perfect indi­ tutem Abrahae. Deus enim 6mnia novit, et nihil potest
cative, we have: o or m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (o for present ab eo absc6ndi. Sed, haec imperans, Deus monstrare
indicative and future of conjugations one and two-­ v6luit omnibus nobis magnum exemplum fidei ( of faith)
otherwise m) . et obedientiae. Abraham vocatus est "Pater 6mnium
credentium," id est, pater 6mnium h6minum qui credunt
Practice: l. Give the second singular active of all Deo. In hoc sensu Deus promisit Abrahae, "In te bene­
tenses of indicative and subjunctive of: habitare, tenere, dfcentur omnes gentes." Non autem necesse est ut homo
mittere, rapere, scire. sit filius Abrahae secundum carnem, id est, ut sit Iudaeus
2. Give the first singular active of all tenses of indi­ nativitate. Sed necesse est imitari fidem Abrahae. Hoc
cative and subjunctive of the same verbs. modo, sensu spiritali, nos p6ssumus esse filii eius, et
3. Do the same with the first plural on your own list benedicti6nem, quam Deus promisit ei, recipimus.
of verbs. Be sure to use the tape for this lesson!

ENGLISH TO LATIN
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
1. Let us go to find Abraham. 2. We do not wish to
"Cur vis interffcere me?" rogavit Isaac. "H6die enim
remain in that place. 3. It is necessary that I see him.
tecum egressus sum ut sacriffcium Deo offerrem, sed
4. I am willing to do all that he asks. 5. He has sent me
nescivi quod ipse deberem sacriffcium esse. Estne re vera
so that I may learn the truth. 6. When he had raised his
bonum ut hoc fiat? Nonne satis est animalia offerre?"
hand, God ordered him not to touch his son. 7. Are you
Cui Abraham resp6ndit, "Deus mihi imperavit ut te in
not willing to hear me?
(for a) holocaustum offerrem, fili mi. Verum est quod
Deus mihi magnam promissi6nem fecit dicens, 'Faciam
te in gentem magnam,'--et videtur mihi quod promissio
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
debet per te impleri. Sed confidere Deo debemus. Omnia
enim quae ille promisit certe nobis venient. Deus enim Abraham post filii nativitatem eius vocavit Deus ut
non solum verus est, sed est Veritas ipsa. ltaque, fili mi, eundem sacrificaret filium imperans. Omnibus quae hoc
confidamus in eo. Quamquam enim te interffciam­ ad sacriffcium necessaria erant paratis, ad locum quern
Deus facere potest ut a m6rtuis surgas. lpse est D6minus monstraverat Deus cum filio est profectus pater. Filium
vitae et mortis, et nihil est difficile ei. Debemus semper autem antequam interffcere posset, per angelum ne vfc­
dfcere: Fiat voluntas (will) eius." timam tangeret paratam Abrahae imperavit. Magnam
Sed hoc modo Deus v61uit tentare (try) Abraham. quod benedicti6nem daret Abrahae promisit Deus.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA SEXTA
De prima et secunda persona in verbis: esse, posse et ferre

Abraham senex erat, et multos iam annos habuit. Vocavit itaque unum ex senex-o/d man
servis suis et dixit ei, "Ego iam senex sum, et D6minus benedixit mihi in sum-/ am
multis. Sed ante mortem meam volo providere ux6rem bonam pro filio meo providere-provide
Isaac. Sed ne accipias uxorem ei de filiis quae habitant in hac terra-eas ad filia-daughter
terram meam unde discessi et accipe ibi uxorem pro filio meo Isaac." eas-subj. of ire
Resp6ndit servus, "Quid faciam si mulier nolet redfre mecum in bane unde-whence
terram: debeo ego ducere filium tuum in terram Haran unde tu venisti?" mulier-woman
Et Abraham dixit: "Nullo modo-homines enim qui habitant in Haran colere-worship
multos deos colunt. Nolo filium meum habitare cum illis. Sed insuper, gens-people
Deus promisit mihi quod faceret me in gentem magnam in terra hac. Debeo implere-fulfill
implere voluntatem eius." voluntas-will
1taque servus discessit, et iter fecit in Haran. Cum ad urbem esset, servus haurire-draw
vidit mulieres egredientes ut haurirent aquam. Servus Abrahae autem hoc oravit-prayed
modo ad Deum oravit, "Domine Deus, fac misericordiam cum domino fac ( imperative of facere)
meo Abraham. Ego itaque rogabo puellas has ut dent (from dare) mihi camelus-camel
aquam. Puella ergo quae dicet mihi: '£tiam camelis tuis aquam dabo'­ parentes-parents
illa sit puella quam tu, Domine, paravisti filio domini mei. Hoc modo
sciam voluntatem tuam."
Servus non finiverat orationem suam ad Dominum-et ecce puella
pulchra, cuius nomen erat Rebecca, venit ad eum. ftaque cum servus peti­
visset aquam ab ea, Rebecca dixit, "£tiam camelis tuis aquam dabo."
Hoc modo invenit servus Abrahae uxorem bonam pro Isaac. Parentes
enim Rebeccae, audientes omnia quae acciderant, dixerunt, "Voluntas
Domini Dei clara est. Redeat Rebecca tecum, ut sit uxor bona fflio domini
tui."

SUBJUNCTIVE
VOCABULARIUM
Present Imperfect Pluperfect
c6lere, c6luit, cultus­ magna gens, gente-tribe, sit esset fuisset
worship, till, cultivate people (poss. p/.-ium) sint essent fuissent
implere, implevit, bona voluntas,
On most of these we can make the first and second
impletus-fill, fulfill voluntate-will
person simply--of course, the perfect indicative be­
fflia, a-daughter unde-whence, from
haves like other perfects--0f the rest, all but the present
where
and future indicative use the stick that has: m, s, t, mus,
tis, nt.
NUNC COGITEMUS Now the future is almost the same:
FORMS OF EssE: We already know the third person ero erimus
forms of esse: eris eritis
erit erunt
INDICATIVE
But the present indicative is quite irregular:
Presen. Imperfect Future Perfect sum sumus
est erat erit fuit es estis
sunt erant erunt fuerunt est sunt
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FORMS OF PossE: Outside of the infinitive, this verb is dico de Marco P6rcio Catone. Ille vult esse consul
merely esse with the prefixes pot- and pos-: we use pot­ Romanus. Nos debemus facere 6mnia quae p6ssumus ut
before forms beginning with e-such as p6tero, potes, ille re vera fiat consul. Cato enim promisit quod si fl.et
potest, etc. Before forms beginning with s we have pos-, consul, omnes h6mines nullas alias carnes c6medent nisi
thus: possum, p6ssumus, possunt, etc. Only the present carnes bovinas assas. Cato etiam dixit in senatu, 'Audite
indicative is any bother (because it jumps around): me, amici mei. Nos veri Romani sumus. Ergo faciamus
possum p6ssumus legem novam. Ne Romani c6medant alias carnes nisi
potes potestis carnes bovinas assas.'" Et parvus porcus dixit, "Si ha­
potest possunt bebimus bane legem, non iam in magno perlculo erimus.
Forms for the rest are easy-such as present subjunc­ Laboremus (let us work) ergo, et audiamus Cat6nem
tive possim (with stick) . Write out a table of the rest.nostrum."
Sed agnus dixit, "Maria et ego venimus quotidie in
FORMS OF FERRE: This verb acts just like a normal third scholam. In schola discimus multa. Melius enim est nos
conjugation verb outside the present indicative. Thus esse in schola quam in foro. In foro enim audfre p6ssu­
we have imperfect indicative-/erebam; future­ mus Cat6nem et Cicer6nem. Sed in nostra schola audi­
feram, feres, etc.; present subjunctive-/eram, feras, mus Marcum. Maria saepe dicit Marco, 'Maree, tu es
etc.; imperfect subjunctive-/errem, ferres, etc. Here is parvus agnus meus.' Forsan verum est, sed numquam
the present indicative: audfvimus Marcum dicentem baa. Nescio quid Marla
significare velit. Marcus enim videtur esse homo."
fero ferimus
fers fertis
fert ferunt ENGLISH TO LATIN
These are easy to recognize-to make them, remember 1. It is better to see Caesar than to see the five pigs.
to drop the normal connection vowel in second and 2. You are a good orator. 3. We are able to hear him
third singular and second plural. That is all. often. 4. I am a servant of Abraham, who is a good man.
5. I will bring water for your camels. 6. We are always
able to do that which God commands. 7. His will is
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
always good for us.
"Ubi sumus?" dixerunt quinque porci. "Sumus in foro,"
resp6ndit unus ex eis. "V6lumus audfre Cicer6nem.
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Cicero enim habebit orati6nem vehementem." Sed alius
porcus dixit, "Ille? Nullo modo. N6lumus audfre eum. Suam ante mortem ut filio ux6rem provideret bonam,
Inflatus est magno vento. �rimus aegri si audimus illum. in terram ex qua venerat servum misit Abraham. Qui
Sed audite me, amici mei-si nos v6lumus facere rem d6minum quid faciat si mulier cum eo redfre nolet in­
magnam, ut simus veri porci, et ut hon6rem demus (from terrogat. Cui ille ne mulierem venfre cogat fmperat. Qui
dare) generi nostro, consllium habeo. H6die alius orator servus ut patris celeriter voluntatem impleret est in Ha­
habebit orati6nem. Hie orator amat nos, et dedit nobis ran profectus. Ux6rem pro filio bonam Rebeccam quae
magnum hon6rem: habet enim nomen nostrum. Certe, camelis etiam aquam dedit invenit. Dei qui bonus est
nemo est ex nobis qui nesciat h6minem de quo dico- voluntate acciderunt haec.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA SEPTIMA
De prima et secunda persona in perfectis passivis

Isaac et Rebecca duos filios habuerunt, quorum n6mina erant Esau et simulatio-pretense
Jacob. Esau autem irascebatur quia Jacob acceperat benedicti6nem patris morari-delay
Isaac per simulati6nem. Rebecca itaque, videns iram Esau, dmuit ne irater-brother
interficere vellet Jacob. Vocavit ergo Jacob, et m6nuit eum ne moraretur campus-plain
sed celeriter discederet dicens, "lrascitur tibi Esau. Timeo ne te interficere lapis-stone
conetur. Fuge itaque in Haran, ad Laban fratrem meum. Post dies paucos donnire-sleep
reverti p6teris." scala-ladder
Jacob ergo profectus est in Haran, et cum iter faceret, nox invenit eum in cacumen-top
quodam campo. Tulit itaque lapidem, et ponens eum sub capite suo, ita-so
donnivit. Et cum dormfret, vidit visi6nem magnam: scala stabat in terra, numerare-count
et cacumen huius scalae coelum tangebat. Angeli Dei ascendebant et renovare-renew
descendebant per scalam; D6minus Deus ipse in coelo erat, et locutus est foedus-pact, covenant
ad Jacob, "Ego sum D6minus Deus Abrahae, patris tui, Deus Isaac. Hebraicus-Hebrew
Terram in qua donnis tibi et ffliis tuis dabo." Deus promiserat Abrahae
quod filii eius essent multi, ita ut nemo posset numerare eos. Deus reno­
vavit idem foedus cum Jacob, et dixit, "In te omnes gentes terrae bene­
dicentur."
Post haec Jacob surrexit et dixit, "Re vera D6minus est in hoc loco, et
ego nesciebam. Terribilis est locus hic-nihil enim aliud est nisi domus
Dei et porta coeli!" Jacob itaque vocavit nomen loci illius Bethel, id est,
domus Dei. "Beth" enim in lingua Hebraica est "domus" et "El" est Deus.

changing sum to sim ( subjunctive of esse) we get per­

VOCABULARIUM fect subjunctive:
dormire, ivit, itus-sleep numerare, avit, atus- paratus sim, sis, sit parati simus, sitis, sint
morari, moratus est- count, number
delay, stay ita-so USE OF PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: Ordinarily it will be
campus, o-field, plain found only in dependent clauses, when the main verb
bonum foedus, foedere-pact, covenant refers to present or future time. The perfect subjunctive
bonus frater, fratre-brother then could indicate completed action, e.g.:
Rogat num milites interfecti sint.
He asks whether the soldiers have been killed.
NUNC COGITEMUS
But this is enough for our use now-it is easy to see how
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON PERFECT PASSIVES: We to translate it from Latin to English. As to the perfect
learned long ago to make the third person forms of the active subjunctive-we shall learn it soon.
perfect and pluperfect passives (both indicative and
subjunctive). Now that we know the first and second
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE: We make it
person forms of esse, it is obvious that we can fill out the
simply-add the future of esse to the perfect participle,
table and make all three persons. A few samples:
thus:
paratus sum, es, est parati sumus, estis, sunt
paratus ero, eris, erit para.ti erimus, eritis, erunt
paratus cram, eras, erat parati eramus, eratis, erant
Translation?-! shall have been prepared, you will
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE: Since paratus sum, have been prepared, etc. We shall learn the future per­
etc., gives perfect indicative, it is obvious that by feet active soon.
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 NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos ENGLISH TO LATIN
"Esau, cur locutus es haec verba contra Jacob fratrem 1. He asks whether you have attempted to do it. 2.
tuum?" "Quia ille malus est. Benedicti6nem quam pater Jacob, why have you gone out from your own land?
mihi dare v6luit, ille accepit." "Sed nonne tu vendidfsti 3. I have said these words (use loqui) because I hate
(sold) illi primogenita (birthright) tua quodam die him. 4. You have been sent by your mother into Haran.
cum de agris reversus esses?" "Hoc verum est, sed Jacob 5. I do not know why you have said these things. 6. You
non debuit simulare (pretend) se esse me. Nonne men­ have been filled with good things because you have ful­
dacium (lie) est dfcere id quod non verum est?" filled the will of God. 7. Have you attempted to count
"Otique, sed post haec, tu ingressus es ad patrem tuum, the stars?
et aliam benedicti6nem accepfsti." "Verum est, accepi,
sed benedfctio quam fratri meo dedit melior erat." "Sed
rem pei6rem de te audivi-nonne conatus es etiam in­
terffcere Jacob?" "Hoc non sum conatus facere--sed ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
vellem (I would like) interflcere eum!"
"Jacob, quare de terra tua egressus es? Et in quam Cum Jacob benedicti6nem quam ipse a patre accfpere
terram profectus es?" "Profectus sum quia mater mea voluerat accepfsset eum odit Esau. Ut e domo, ne eum
de ira fratris mei m6nuit me. Iter itaque in Haran facio." interffcere posset Esau, fugeret m6nuit mater Jacob.
"Sed in Haran nonne multi polythefstae sunt?" "Otique, Aperto in campo cum in Haran iter faceret Jacob in­
sed ibi non remanebo. Pater enim meus vult ut ux6rem venit eum nox. Quo in loco vidit d6rmiens magnam a
ibi accfpiam ex filiabus (daughters-abl. pl.) Laban, Deo visi6nem e coelo scalae descendentis. Hoc sciens
avunculi mei. Laban enim vir bonus est." "Puer bonus modo esse sanctum locum, dedit nomen loco Bethel
es. Bonam invenfas ux6rem." Jacob.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA OCTAVA

De prima et secunda persona passiva in subiunctivo

praesenti et imperfecto

Sunt multa alia de Iacob quae legere p6ssumus in Scripturis Sanctis. Sed s6mnium-dream
h6die audire v6lumus de du6decim filiis Iacob, et praesertim de uno ex manipulus-sheaf
his filiis, cuius nomen erat losephus. circumstare-stand around
Quodam die fratres losephi fecerunt rem pessimam. Josephus venit ad adorare-adore
patrem suum Iacob et narravit ei id quod fratres eius fecerant. Propter num-do not translate
hanc causam fratres eius irati sunt ei, et coeperunt odisse eum. lnsuper, (see below)
Jacob amavit Ioseph plus quam alios--ecce alia causa 6dii. subicere-subject
loseph etiam habuit duo s6mnia, quae narravit fratribus suis. Dixit quasi-as it were
enim, "Audfte s6mnium meum quod vidi: putabam nos ligare manipulos pecus-cattle
in agro. Et manipulus meus surrexit et stetit, sed vestri manipuli cir­ pr6sperus-favorable
cumstantes adoraverunt manipulum meum." custodire-watch
Somnio audfto, fratres eius responderunt, "Num rex noster eris? Aut nos somniator-dreamer
subiciemur (be subjected to) tibi?" Post haec, fratres eius senserunt odium occidere-kil/
maius contra Iosephum. Sed Ioseph etiam vidit aliud s6mnium, et narravit prosint-be helpful
fratribus suis. Dixit, "Vidi per s6mnium, quasi solem et lunam et stellas
undecim adorare me." Audito hoc s6mnio, pater eius dixit, "Quid sibi vult
hoc s6mnium ( What does it mean)? Num ego et mater tua et fratres tui
adorabimus te super terram?" Pater eius non odit losephum, sed fratres
eius oderunt eum.
Quodam die, Iacob vocavit losephum. Qui dixit, "Adsum; quid vis a
me?" Et pater resp6ndit, "Veni, mittam te ad fratres tuos, ut videas si
6mnia prospera sint cum eis et cum pec6ribus quae cust6diunt." losephus
ergo discessit, et secutus est fratres suos, ut videret si 6mnia pr6spera
essent eis et pec6ribus. Fratres eius viderunt eum venientem et dixerunt,
"Ecce, somniator venit! Venite, occidamus eum, et videamus quid prosint
illi s6mnia eius." ( Continuabitur eras)

duce a question, and shows that one expects the answer

VOCABULARIUM no. We can get the same effect in English, not by one
adorare, avit, atus­ fitable to (dat., word, but in a round about way-thus:
respect, reverence, compound of esse) You aren't going to the city, are you?
adore subiciunt, subicere, iecit, Num vadis in urbem?
circumstare, -stetit, iectus-subject The enclictic particle -ne that we have been using, is
--, -surround magnum pecus, pecore- neutral-expects no particular answer. But -neon the
ocddere, ocddit, cattle end of non (nonne) expects the answer yes:
occisus-kill s6mnium,o-dream N onne vadis in urbem?
prodesse, pr6fuit, num (see below) Aren't you going to the city?
•profuturus-be pro- quasi-as if, as it were
NUNC COGITEMUS
NuM: There is no English equivalent for the use of PREVIEW OF PASSIVE FORMS OF SIMPLE TENSES ( all
num we have just seen ( we saw it some time ago in the but the perfects-that is, present, imperfect, and fu­
sense of whether-a different use). It serves to intro- ture): We saw that one set of endings, m or o, s, t, mus,
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tis, nt accounted for nearly all active forms. We also saw Imperfect
that perfect passives are made with the perfect partici­ r r
ple and a form of esse. But all simple tenses of passives ris ns
are made with just one set of endings-no exceptions­ parare tur habere tur
which are: mur mur
mm1 m1m
r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
ntur ntur
We already know two out of the six. and so have only And so on in any con­
four to learn. It is perfectly easy to learn to recognize jugation ( write out a
any passive form. There are a few special things to watch set of samples for
in making them. and so we take them up a little at a time. yourself).

TODAY WE LEARN THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT SUB- NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
.JUNCTIVE. There we merely use the old stick method: Nomen meum est Iacob. Mater mea me vocavit. et in
Haran me mittere v6luit. His auditis. dixi, "Estne re
Present vera necesse ut ego in Haran proficiscar?" Et mater mea
r r resp6ndit, "Otique, ne a fratre tuo Esau interficiaris. Sed
ris ris ne moreris. Fae iter celeriter ne ab illo videaris."
pare tur habea tur Celeriter itaque sum profectus ne viderer et interfi­
mur mur cerer ab illo. Sed aliquando (sometime) redibo ut
mini mini matrem meam videam et ut cum Esau 16quar. Nolo
ntur ntur enim inimicus ei esse.

AUDIAMUS ALIAM NARRA TIONEM

Quidam ex pharisaeis rogavit Iesum ut comederet secum. Iesus ergo venit recubuit-reclined
in domum huius pharisaei. et recubuit ut cibum comederet. Et ecce, mulier-woman
mulier mala, quae erat peccatrix. id est, quae multa peccata committebat pecca.trix-sinner
in illa civitate, cum novfsset Iesum venisse in domum pharisaei. tulit alabaster-box
alabastrum unguenti. et venit in domum ad lesum. Haec mulier ad pedes unguentum-ointment
Iesu stetit et coepit rigare pedes eius lacrimis, et ungebat pedes unguento. rigare-wash
Seel ille pbarisaeus qui invitaverat Iesum (nomen huius pbarisaei erat lacrima-tear
Simon) videos bane peccatricem ad pedes Iesu. dicere coepit in mente sua. ungebat-anointed
"Hie vir Iesus certe non est propheta, sicut putaveram. quia nescit bane a.liquid-something
mulierem esse peccatricem!" ait-said
Seel Iesus videre p6terat ea quae agebantur in mente Simonis, et re­ faenerator-money lender
sp6ndit ei. "Simon, habeo a.liquid quod volo dicere tibi!' Simon ait, "Die, s6lvere-pay
D6mine." Et Iesus dixit ei, "Quidam faenerator habebat duos debit6res qui denarius-denarius
debebant pecuniam ei. Sed. cum non haberent pecuniam ut s6lverent, ille dimittere-forgive
faenerator dimisit debitum eis. Unus ex eis debuerat quingentos (500) 6leum-oil
denarios, et alius debuerat quinquaginta (50). Haec ergo est quaestio mea:
Quis ex illis debit6ribus amavit illum faenerat6rem plus?" Simon resp6ndit.
"Probabiliter ille cui plus dimissum est."
Et D6minus ait. "Veritatem dixisti. Videsne bane mulierem? Veni in
domum tuam. Aquam pedibus meis non dedisti. Sed haec mulier lacrimis
rigavit pedes meos. Et caput meum oleo non unxisti. Seel illa unxit pedes
meos unguento. Ergo dico tibi: multa peccata dimittuntur illi. quia
amavit multum. Seel is cui minus dimittitur, minus amat."
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 ENGLISH TO LATIN ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
1. Let us speak (use loqui) lest we be put into prison. Huius Isaac, de quo iam legimus quod pater eius non
2. You (plural) were so good that you were loved by nolebat sacrificare eum, iubente Deo, erant nep6tes
all. 3. Let us fight bravely lest we die. 4. Let us adore (grandsons) du6decim. Inter quos erat losephus qui
the one true God and not many gods. 5. May you be s6mnia magna vidit. De uno s6mnio dixit, "In agro
filled with good things. 6. I will not be a slave will I? manf pulos nos ligantes vidi. Inter quos manfpulos meum
7. My enemies have surrounded me to kill me. surrexfsse et stetisse-vestros autem meum adorare."
Hoc propter s6mnium ei fratres irati sunt.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA NONA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Fratres losephi comprehenderunt eum, et ligaverunt eum. Voluerunt occf­ fera-wild beast
dere eum, et dicere patri suo Iacob: Fera mala devoravit filium tuum devorare-eat
Ioseph. Sed unus ex fratribus Josephi, cuius nomen erat Ruben, nolebat merere-earn, deserve
interficere fratrem suum. Sciebat enim quod losephus meruerat nihil mali. anima-soul, life
V6luit ergo liberare eum. Sed non p6terat simpliciter dicere aliis fratribus, fundere-pour, shed
"Volo liberare losephum." Ergo dixit, "Ne interficiatis animam eius, nee sanguis-blood
fundatis sanguinem eius. Mittamus eum in bane cisternam veterem." verbum-word
(Non erat aqua in hac cisterna.) sedere-sit
Haec verba placuerunt aliis fratribus, et miserunt losephum in cisternam argenteus-silver (piece)
veterem. Sed · cum sederent ut comederent panem, viderunt mercat6res vendere-sel/
venientes. Hi mercat6res erant JsmaeHtae, et faciebant iter in Aegyptum. polluere-defile
Unus ex fratribus, Judas, videos hos mercat6res, dixit aliis: "Quid prodest traxit-drew
nobis si occidemus fratrem nostrum? Nonne melius est vendere eum intingere-dip
Jsmaelitis? Hoc modo manus nostrae non polluentur." Cum ergo Jsmaelitae haedus-goat
venissent ad eos, traxerunt Iosephum ex cisterna, et vendiderunt eum
viginti argenteis ( ab/. case-price).
Ruben non aderat cum alii fratres venderent Iosephum. Cum ergo
venisset ad cisternam, et non invenisset fratrem suum, magno dol6re
affectus est. Sed fr�tres tulerunt (from ferre ) tunicam Iosephi, et intinxe­
runt in sanguine haedi quern occiderant.
Tune ierunt ad patrem suum, et monstraverunt ei tunicam intinctam
sanguine. Et dixerunt, "Vide, estne baec tunica Iosephi?" Et pater, motus
dol6re maximo dixit, "Fera pessima devoravit filium meum Iosephum."
Jsmaelitae autem duxerunt Iosephum in Aegyptum.

called, we had been called, we shall have been called.

VOCABULARIUM Now make the same forms for tenere and capere. 3.
fundere, fudit, fusus- anima, a-soul, life, How do you say in the subjunctive (singular and plural):
pour, shed breath
You have been sent, you had been sent. Now make the
merere, meruit, meritus- ferus, o & fera, a-wild same forms for imp/ere and ferre. 4. How do you say in
beast the subjunctive ( plural only) : You are being counted,
earn, deserve
trahere, traxit, tractus- bonus sanguis, sanguine- you were being counted. Now make the same forms for
habere, occidere, finire.
draw, drag blood
vendere, vendidit, verbum, o-word
venditus-sel/
AUDIAMUS DE TERRA AEGYPTI
Amicus noster, Sanctus Josephus, a fratribus suis
VIDEAMUS FoRMAS VETERES
venditus est. Mercat6res Jsmaelitae eum in terram
1. How do you say in the indicative (both singular Aegypti ducunt. ltaque, nos etiam ingrediamur in bane
and plural): You are, you were, you will be, you have terram, ut earn videamus. Ubi est Aegyptus? Est in
been, you had been; and in the subjunctive: you are, Africa. Non est terra magna, sed est terra valde antiqua.
you were, you had been. Now make the same forms for In media terra est flumen magnum, cuius nomen est
posse and ferre. 2. How do you say: We have been Nilus. Hoc flumen necessarium est in Aegypto. Omni
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anno hoc flumen diluvium parvum facit super magnam propter bane causam, omni die domfnica (Sund ay)
partem terrae. Sine hoc diluvio annuali (annual) Aegyptii psittacum ponebat in caveam (cage) et eum tegebat
non possent (could not) c6lere agros suos. Non possent (covered ), ne in die dominica psittacus talia verba
habere panem et alios cibos necessarios. In parte enim diceret. Sed quadam hebd6meda (week), in feria sec­
septentrionali terrae, ad Mare Mediterraneum, terra unda (Mond ay), Margarita vidit ministrum ( a min­
imbres ( rains) moderatos accipit. Sed aliae partes ister) venientem ad domum suam. Celeriter f taque
Aegypti fere numquam imbrem accipiunt. Ergo dilu­ psittacum in caveam p6suit et texit eum. Post haec,
vium annuale fluminis Nili valde necessarium est. minfster in domum venit, et loquebatur cum Margarita,
Sed ecce-vir Aegyptius ad nos venit. Interrogemus quando vox querens (complaining) ex cavea audieba­
eum de terra hac. Amiee! (friend) Veni ad nos. Quis es? tur, "Unam ##% ??!!! brevem hebd6medam!!!"
"Nomen meum est Ptahotep." Nomen novum est.
Numquam tale nomen audivimus. Quid signfficat? "Ptah
est magnus deus in terra Aegypti. Ptah enim est intellec­ ENGLISH TO LATIN
tus et lingua 6mnium de6rum. Haec sufficiant de prima 1. Let us try to learn all that we can about this land.
parte n6minis mei. Secunda pars, id est, hotep, significat 2. A man is coming. Let us see if he knows many things
'satis est.' Ergo totum nomen significat: Satis est pro about this land. 3. Let us speak to this man. 4. We will be
Ptah-vel, in aliis verbis: Placet Ptah.'' Sed v6lumus in danger if we remain here. 5. We were dragged into
scire quid signfficat id quod tu dicis, "Ptah est lingua prison although we did not deserve it. 6. Let us not shed
6mnium de6rum." "Difficile est bane rem explicare, sed his blood-let us sell him to these men. 7. Will they
conabur (I will try) . Ptah est potestas per quam omnes believe our words?
alii dei imperare possunt. Ptah ergo est super omnes
alios deos. Habemus enim multos alios deos. £tiam ipse
rex noster est deus magnus." (Cras audiemus plura de SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Aegypto)
Idem patriarcha aliud etiam narravit s6mnium: se
vidfsse quasi solem et lunam et stellas undecim adorare
PSITTACUS (Parrot) DIXIT # # % * ??! ! ! se. Quibus audftis interrogavit pater num ipse et mater
Quaedam bona femina, Margarita n6mine, psittacum et fratres deberent adorare illum super terram. Fratribus
habebat. Sed psittacus, qui olim cum nautis navigaverat, autem eius irascentibus bane propter causam, pater
semper multa verba profana (profane language) dice­ losephi non est iratus. In Aegyptum ut servus fieret
bat. Margarita verba profana audfre non amabat, et vendiderunt eum fratres eius.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo imperfecto

De pronomine: aliquis

1gitur Josephus ductus est in Aegyptum, emftque eum Putiphar, princeps i.gitur-therefore
exercitus. Sed Deus erat cum Iosepho et benedfxit ei. Iosephus habitabat emit-bought
in domo d6mini sui. Et Deus benedfxit d6mui Putiphari propter losephum. -que-and
Iosephus ipse placuit Putipharo, et datum est ei ut administraret 6mnia administrare-manage
neg6tia domus illius. Sed uxor Putiphari odit Iosephum, et accusavit eum neg6tium-business
crimine falso. Putiphar credidit verbis ux6ris suae, et iecit Iosephum in crimen-charge
carcerem. Sed Deus erat cum Iosepho, et dedit ei gratiam in conspectu gratia-favor
principis carceris. conspectus-sight
In hoc carcere erant multi alii viri. Inter hos erant duo servi regis. Unus pistor-baker
ex his fuerat pistor regis. Alius fuerat pincema regius (ille ferebat pincerna-butler
calicem vini ad regem). Hi duo viderunt s6mnia quadam nocte, et narra­ calix-cup
verunt s6mnia sua Iosepho. Pincerna narravit s6mnium suum, "Videbam vitis-vine
coram me vitem in qua erant tres propagines in quibus uvae erant. Habui propago-branch
calicem Phara6nis in manu mea, et pressi uvas in calicem et dedi calicem uva-grape
Phara6ni." pressit-pressed
Iosephus autem resp6ndit ei, "Haec est interpretatio s6mnii-tres pro­ restituere-restore
pagines, tres adhuc dies sunt. Post hos dies Pharao recordabitur tui et an tea-before
ministerii tui, et restituet te in locum tuum, et dabis ei calicem secundum
officium tuum, sicut antea faciebas. Sed cum venies in domum Phara6nis,
rogo te ut loquaris illi pro me, ut exeam ex hoc carcere. Quia venditus sum
e terra Hebrae6rum a fratribus meis, et innocens missus sum in hunc
carcerem."

r
VOCABULARIUM ris And, since all imperfects are the same,
amaba tur there is no use to write out more
administrare, avit, atus­ magnus calix, calice-cup
mur examples in this book (but you write
govern, manage malum crimen, cri.mine­
mini some for practice).
emere, emit, emptus­ charge, crime
ntur
buy gratia, a-favor, grace,
restituere, restituit, gratitude
restitutus-restore neg6tium, o-business, THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN ALIQUIS, ALIQUID: It
antea (adv.)-before, trouble means: "someone, something."
formerly Declension-just like the interrogative quis, quid
(see Lesson 38) except: Neuter nominative and ob­
jective plural is aliqua-not aliquae.
NUNC COGITEMUS How does it differ in meaning from quidam? Quidam
means: a certain one (I know but won't tell). Aliquis
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON PASSIVE OF IMPERFECT means: someone (I don't know who).
lNDICATIVE: We already know the third person passive
of the imperfect indicative-and we know the stick:
THE INDEFINITIVE ADJECTIVE: It has the same forms
r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur as qui,quae,quod,except for three: aliqua (used in three
Put them together, and we have what we want: places): nominative singular feminine, (2) nominative
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and objective plural neuter. Therefore it has three forms domus magna. Nemo enim in persona secunda loqui
in the nominative singular: <iliqui, aliqua, aliquod. potest huic regi. Semper dicimus de eo in tertia persona.
P6ssumus dicere de 'Quodam'. Ille enim est etiam ka
THE ENCLITIC -QUE: In the story above, we saw -que totius terrae Aegypti." Sed quid signfficat illud verbum
used to mean and. It is different from et in two ways: ka? "Difficile est explicare. Pharao est, ut ita dicam
I. -que is attached to the end of a word, but is translated ( so to speak) anima terrae huius. Omnia enim per eum
before the same word. 2. -que is a closer connective vivunt. Sol etiam movetur potestate eius. Sed etiam est
than et: English has only one and-Latin has three-in protector Aegypti. ltaque duplici (double) sensu
order of closeness of connection: -que, ac (atque), et. dicimus quod ille est ka totius Aegypti." Sed nonne
Et is the loosest; but -que is the closest: agnus porcique m6ritur rex vester? et si m6ritur, quo modo deus esse
-the lamb and the pigs (The lamb would prefer to potest? Deus enim immortalis est. "Rex noster non
have et.) solum est deus unus -est plures dei. Est Horus, id est,
accipiter (falcon)-qui est etiam deus et filius dei. Sed
etiam est Seth. ltaque rex est duo d6mini. Sed post
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
mortem fit alius deus. Fit Osiris, qui est deus, rex mor­
"Iosephe, quare in Aegyptum ducebaris?" "Fratres mei tu6rum." Sed nos credere n6lumus quod ille est deus qui
me oderunt." "Sed cur te oderunt? Conabaris aliquid semper remanet et remanebit in sepulchro. Deus enim
mali contra eos facere?" "Nullo modo. Sed s6mnia vere immortalis est. Est rex viv6rum et mortu6rum.
habui: In uno s6mnio in agris cum eis eram, et adora­
bar a manipulis e6rum. In altero s6mnio a sole, luna, et
undecim stellis co lebar." "Cum haec eis loquereris, ENGLISH TO LATIN
nonne timebas ne occidereris ab eis?" "Otique, sed 1. You were called the great house. 2. We were heard
Deus non permisit ut occiderer-solummodo permisit by all men in this land. 3. Joseph (losephe), .xou were
ut venderer servus in Aegyptum. Sed Deus bonus est. bought by the men of Egypt. 4. He will attemi to gov­
Faciet ut bona etiam ex his malis meis veniant." ern this great land. 5. Let them speak to Joseph, for he
will restore everything. 6. I was sent here because of a
false charge ( use ablative without preposition). 7. You
AUDIAMUS PLURA DE TERRA AEGYPTI were restored to the favor of Pharao.
Quid loquebaris? Dicisne quod rex tuus est deus? Nos
credere hoc non p6ssumus-nos enim Hebraei sumus,
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
et unum verum Deum c6limus. Sed nihil6minus, de rege
vestro audfre v6lumus. Quod est nomen eius? "Nomen Pater materque eius magno affecti sunt dol6re putantes
eius est Pharao." Et quis erat pater eius? "Pater eius eum interfectum esse, cum re vera in terra Aegypti
etiam erat Pharao--semper enim reges nostros 'Pharao' servus esset. Non solum autem in illa terra servus factus
vocamus. Verum nomen eius est nomen sacrum. Non est Iosephus, verum etiam in carcerem propter odium
licet nobis pronuntiare verum nomen eius." ux6ris d6mini sui missus est. Cui cum in carcere esset
Quid ergo significat hoc verbum Pharao? "Signfficat: narraverunt s6mnia pincerna pist6rque Phara6nis.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA PRIMA
De prima et secunda persona in indicativo passivo praesenti
De pronomine: quis

Iosephus, in carcere in terra aliena, iam interpretatus est s6mnium principis alienus-foreign
pincernarum Phara6nis. Seel etiam princeps pist6rum Phara6nis narravit canistrum-basket
s6mnium suum, dicens: "Et ego vidi s6mnium, quod tria canistra farinae farina-meal
haberem super caput meum. Et in uno canistro portabam omnes cibos auferre-take away
qui fiunt arte pist6ria, et aves coeli comedebant ex eo. Rogo te, ut explices suspendere-hang
mihi interpretati6nem s6mnii huius." Respondet Iosephus, "Haec est crux-cross
interpretatio s6mnii: Tria canfstra, tres adhuc dies sunt: post quos auferet natalitius-birthday
Pharao caput tuum, ac suspendet te in cruce, et aves c6medent carnes convivium-banquet
tuas." porrigere-reach
Et post tres dies natalitius Phara6nis erat, et in convfvio Pharao re­ tamen-nevertheless
cordatus est pincernae et pist6ris qui erant in carcere. Et restftuit alterum oblitus-forgot
in locum suum, ut porrigeret ei calicem, alterum autem suspendit in cruce. bos-cow
Pincerna tamen oblitus est losephi, et hie remansit in carcere. crassus-fat, thick
Post duos annos, vidit Pharao s6mnium. Putabat se stare ad flumen, de pasci-feed
quo ascendebant septem boves pulchrae et crassae valde, et pascebantur paluster-marshy
in locis palustribus. Etiam aliae septem boves venerunt e flumine, de­ def6nnis-ugly
f6rmes et exiles valde, et septem def6rmes boves comederunt septem exflis-thin
pulchras boves. spica-ear of grain
Seel eadem nocte, Pharao vidit et aliud s6mnium. Septem spicae erant in culmus-stalk
culmo UDO, et plenae et pulchrae erant. Seel aliae septem oriebantur, plenus-full
exi1es valde, et septem exi1es comederunt septem pulchras. Post haec, oriri-arise
Pharao surrexit a s6mniis suis, et territus est. Et misit ad omnes vates in
omni terra Aegypti ut venfrent et interpretarentur s6mnia sua. Sed non
p6terant. ( Continuabitur)

VOCABULARIUM ris ris

ama tur tene tur
auferre, abstulit, pasci, pastus est-feed on mur mur mur
ablatus ( compound of ( with abl.) mini mini mini
ferre)-take away: suspendere, pendit,
Aufert arma militi: pensus-hang ris
He takes arms from alienus, a, um-foreign, audi tur
the soldier · unfavorable mur mur
oblivisci, oblitus est- bos, hove-cow, bull, ox mini mini
forget (with poss. or (masc. or fem.)
obj.) bona crux, cruce-cross Then we recall that we already know the third
oriuntur, oriri, ortus est- tamen-nevertheless plurals:
rise, arise amantur tenentur ponuntur capiuntur audiuntur
So we have to learn only five forms:
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON PRESENT INDICATIVE PAS- amor teneor ponor capior audior
SIVE: Here the short stick works reasonably well­ And to note the two irregulars: p6neris and ctiperis.
though there are two forms, in circles, where it does not The easiest way to deal with these forms is merely
fit perfectly: to memorize them! But concentrate on recognizing them
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for the moment, and learn to make them gradually. Seth Osiridem 6derat, et eum ocddere v6luit. Ut hoc
Compare them to the present subjunctive-there are faceret, Seth magnum fecit convivium (banquet) et
some similarities. invitavit Osiridem et ux6rem eius fsidem. Cum omnes
cibos bonos comederent in hoc convivio, Seth surrexit
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN Qms, Qum: Declension et dixit, "Audite me, amici mei! Volo magnum dare
is no problem-just the same as that of the interrogative vobis donum (gift)! Videte hanc arcam (box, coffin)
pronoun quis, quid, which we already know. It means: egregiam in- qua homo m6rtuus poni potest. Uni ex
someone, anyone; something, anything. Qua may re­ vobis volo bane arcam dare. Si quis ex vobis earn habere
place quae, except in the nominative singular feminine. vult, iaceat (lie) in hac area. Ille cui aptissima ( best
fitting) est, earn habebit!"
THE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE: Qui, QuAE, QuoD: Omnes qui convi vio aderant voluerunt iacere in hac
Same declension as the relative pronoun, qui, quae, area. Necesse enim est ut corpus m6rtui h6minis serve­
quod. tur-ali6quin (otherwise) ka eius vivere non potest.
Inter alios, Osiris in hac area iacuit. Et area ei aptissima
USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE: erat! Sed Seth et amici eius celeriter arcam clauserunt, et
The meaning is about the same as that of the indefinite illam in flumen Nilum iecerunt. 1taque haec area, in
aliquis ( and its adjective form aliqui)-but Latin used qua erat Osiris, portata est ( was carried) aquis in mare,
quis, quid ( and the adjective form likewise, of course) et in mari portata est in quandam urbem Phoeniciae
-always and only after: si, nisi, ne, num, and an. quae Byblos vocabatur. Ibi area in terra iacta est, et
arbor (tree) magna circa earn crevit (grew).
Sed quid fecit Isis? Isis audivit ubi corpus Osiridis
NuNc ExERCEAMus Nos
esset, et in Phoenfciam venit. Ibi regem Phoenfciae
Iosephus venerat ut fratres suos inveniret, sed cum ad rogavit ut corpus Osiridis liceret portare (carry) iterum
eos venfsset, noluerunt ei loqui. Iosephus ftaque dixit, in Aegyptum. Rex permisit ei hoc facere. Sed Seth
"F1atres mei, quid vultis? Quare non loquimini mihi? audivit Osiridem iterum esse in Aegypto. 1taque venit et
Irascimini mihi? Si quid contra vos feci, dicite mihi quid corpus eius in quatu6rdecim ( 14) partes scidit (cut)."
sit." Sed fratres coeperunt ligare eum dicentes, "Somni­ Sed iam tempus est ut discedamus. Audiemus te de hac
ator es. Videas nunc quid prosint tibi s6mnia tua." re eras.
Iosephus autem, "Cur ligor a vobis? Conamini me
interffcere?" Post aliquid temporis fratres viderunt mer­
ENGLISH TO LATIN
cat6res venientes ad sese, et vocaverunt eos, "Merca­
t6res, venite ad nos. Vultis servum emere?" Sed Iosephus 1. You are being sold to the Egyptians. 2. I am being
dixit, "Quid nunc facis mihi? Cur vendor his viris?" Illi led to a strange land. 3. If anyone questions you, say,
autem responderunt dicentes, "6dimus te. Discede a "We are following Joseph." 4. He asks whether anyone
nobis--sis servus in Aegypto." wishes to see him. 5. Pharao will take away your head
and the birds will feed on it ( abl. alone). 6. He asked
whether anyone would forget Joseph. 7. Because the
NUNC AUDIAMUS PLURA DE AMICIS
king loves Joseph, we will remain in this land.
NosTRIS IN AEGYPTO
(Note: In this story we must use two verbs that are very similar:
[iaciunt), iacere, iecit, iactus-throw SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
iacere, iacuit, iacitus-lie )
Non solum h6mines qui in carcere sunt s6mnia videre
Velimus ( we would like) plura de hoc Osiride audire. possunt. Ipse enim Pharao nocte quadam duo s6mnia
Quis erat ille? "Antiquis temp6ribus Osiris erat rex in quae omnes in terra Aegypti vates non possent inter­
Aegypto. Uxor eius Isis vocabatur. Osiris et Isis h6mines pretari ( deponent verb) vidit. His s6mniis visis, Pharao
agros c6lere docuerunt et frumentum comedere. Antea territus est, sed virum qui interpretari posset in carcere
enim h6mines in Aegypto alios h6mines comederant. esse nesdvit. Iosephi enim pincerna cuius s6mnium olim
Sed Osiris fratrem habuit, cuius nomen erat Seth. in carcere explicaverat oblitus erat.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA SECUNDA
De prima et secunda persona. in indicativo passivo futuro
De casu vocativo

Pharao, rex Aegypti vocaverat omnes vates in terra Aegypti, ut interpre­ tum-then
tarentur s6mnia sua. Sed non p6terant. Tum pincema cuius s6mnium interpretari (deponent)-
Iosephus interpretatus erat recordatus est Iosephi, qui adhuc erat in interpret
carcere, et locutus est Phara6ni, "Domine mi rex, liceat mihi a.liquid loqui. Domine mi-my Lord
Servus tuus olim erat in carcere, et etiam s6mnium somniavi. Sed mecum in somniare-dream
carcere erat puer Hebraeus, qui recte explicavit s6mnium mihi. Ego recte-rightly
pollicitus sum quod recordarer eius-sed oblitus sum. Ille p6terit inter­ pollicitus-promised
pretari s6mnium regis. Habet enim magnam sapientiam a Deo." praecfpere-command
Rex ergo praecepit ut Josephus adduceretur ad se. Cum Josephus staret sapientia-wisdom
coram rege, Pharao narravit ei duo s6mnia. Et Josephus respondit: "Duo adducere-lead to
s6mnia regis re vera unum sunt. Deus enim ostendere vult ea quae venient plenus-full
in terra Aegypti. Septem boves pulchrae et septem spicae plenae sunt ubertas-fertility
septem anni ubertatis. Sed septem boves exiles et septem spicae exiles, implere-fu/fill
septem anni famis sunt. Et hi anni hoc 6rdine implebuntur: Ecce primum oblivio-forgetfulness
venient septem anni fertilitatis magnae in universa terra Aegypti: quos tradere-give over
sequentur septem anni tantae sterilitatis ut oblivi6ni tradatur cuncta cunctus-all
abundantia praeterita. Fames enim consumet omnem terram, et magni­ praeteritus-past
tudo in6piae perdet magnitudinem ubertatis. Deus misit duo s6mnia tibi, in6pia-need
ut ostenderet finnitatem consilii sui-quia haec 6mnia sine aliquo dubio perdere-destroy
venient super terram bane. Nunc ergo provfdeat rex virum sapientem et providere-provide
industrium, et praeficiat eum terrae Aegypti. Et hie vir praeficiat alios sapiens-wise
viros per cunctas regi6nes. Et servetur quinta pars ( ¼ ) fructuum per praeficere-put in charge of
septem annos fertilitatis. Et omne frumentum sit sub potestate Phara6nis,
et servetur in urbibus. Hoc modo praeparetur futurae fami septem an­
n6rum, ne consumetur terra Aegypti." (Continuabitur eras)

But, just as in the present passives, so too here there

VOCABULARIUM are two forms, in circles, where it does not fit perfectly:
adducere, duxit, ductus- thing (praefecit lose- ris
-lead to, influence phum urbi) pone tur
polliceri, pollicitus est- tradere, tradidit, traditus- mur mur mur
promise hand over mini mini mini
[praecfpiunt], praecfpere, in6pia, a-need
praecepit, praeceptus- plenus, a, um-full ris ris
command sapientia, a-wisdom capie tur audie tur
[praeficiunt], praeffcere, magna ubertas, ubertate- mur mur
fecit, fectus-put some- fertility, richness mini mini
one in charge of some- tum-then
Then we recall that we already know the third plurals:
amabuntur tenebuntur ponentur capientur audientur
NUNC COGITEMUS So, we have to learn only five forms:
FIRST AND SECOND PERSON FUTURE INDICATIVE PAS- amabor tenebor ponar capiar audiar
SIVE: Our short stick here works again reasonably well. and to note the two irregulars: amaberis and teneberis.
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We have, therefore, a total of three irregular second Seth fecit hoc? "Nescio, sed probabHiter ne Osiris posset
singulars in the passive: two presents: p6neris and esse immortalis-homo enim non potest esse immortalis
ctiperis, and one future, paraberis ( or teneberis, vide­ sine c6rpore. Seth enim magno odit 6dio.
beris, same thing). Sed dei boni sunt. Non semper permittunt malis ut
Are any of these forms spelled the same as any other 6mnia quae volunt faciant. Ergo magnus deus Ra (qui
form we know? Yes-the future second singular poneris est sol) duos alios deos misit, id est, Thoth et Anubem
looks like the present second singular p6neris: but the (Anubis). Hi dei quatu6rdecim partes m6rtui Osfridis
accent is different. The future is pronounced poneris; invenerunt, et partes eius per artem magicam com­
the present p6neris. posuerunt (put together) . Tum Isis aperuit os eius (his
mouth) et vanno ( fan) ftavit ( blew) spiritum in os eius.
VOCATIVE CASE: When we call someone by name, we Hoc modo Osiris vitam recepit-sed non vitam huius
use the vocative case. Most nouns have no special form mundi: Osiris enim in sepulchro remansit. Deus mor­
for the vocative-so we use the nominative. Only in the tu6rum est."
singular of the second declension do we have special Qui manet in sepulchro non videtur nobis esse deus.
forms, thus: Sed quo modo nunc fit rex Osiris? "Rex per magicas
NOUNS: ending in -us--e. For example, Maree, artes fit Osiris. Olim plebs Aegyptiaca has artes nescie­
Domine bat. Sed nunc omnes sciunt. Ergo per magicas artes,
ending in -ius-i. For example, Porci (in omnes nos fiemus Osiris post mortem."
Marcus P6rcius Cato) Tum Ptahotep, non sine superbia, etiam dixit, "Ipse
ADJECTIVES: Both forms in -ius and forms in -us use etiam flam Osiris!" Poteratne Osiris vindictam sumere
-e. For example, bone. (get revenge) de Seth? "Osiris et Isis filium habuerunt,
Notice the one odd adjective form, mi, as in: Domine cuius nomen erat Horus. Ille Horus post mortem Osfri­
mi Rex-My Lord King. Learn all easily: 0 mi egregie dis natus est. Sed Horus vicit Seth, et regnum sibi ac­
et bone Maree Porci! cepit. lnsuper, Horus olim auxilium dedit etiam magno
N.B. Deus never changes. deo Ra. Quam propter causam, Horus in navi solis
sedere potest. Omni nocte, haec navis solis navigat in
Nilo quae sub terra est. Horus in navi sedet omni nocte,
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
et defendit Ra a monstris quae sub terra sunt."
Josephus ex carcere in Aegypto ductus est, et nunc
coram Phara6ne stat. Pharao 16quitur, "losephe, veni
ad me." "Quid vis a me, Domine mi Rex?" "Servus ENGLISH TO LA TIN
meus dicit quod tu conaberis interpretati6nem somni-
1. We will be saved by Joseph. 2. You will be led into
6rum me6rum dare. Si p6teris, non solum a carcere
Pharao's house. 3. You (plural) will be restored to
liberaberis, sed a me honoraberis." Cumque Josephus
your place. 4. You and your friends will forget me.
Regi explicavisset de fame futura, Rex dixit: "Si septem
5. We will not be killed, for the King loves us. 6. I will
anni famis in hanc terram venient, omnes moriemur."
not delay but will set out swiftly. 7. If he asks anything,
Josephus autem resp6ndit, "Si consilium meum seque­
I will promise to do it.
mini, servabimini et non moriemini. Praeficiat Rex
virum qui frumentum servet per annos fertilitatis sub
potestate tua." Et Rex dixit, "Consilium tuum mihi
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
placet-tu vocaberis Salvator (Savior) mundi."
losephum interpretatum ( participle of interpretari)
s6mnium praefecit Pharao omni terrae Aegypti. Ille
VELIMUS AUDIRE PLURA DE OSIRIDE
autem explicaverat de septem annis ubertatis futuris, et
lam audivimus ab amico nostro Ptahotep quo modo de septem aliis annis famis futuris. Ut ostenderet firmi­
Seth corpus m6rtui Osiridis invenit, quern Isis e Phoe­ tatem consili sui misit Deus Phara6ni duo quae eandem
nicia reportaverat (had carried back). "Seth scidit significati6nem haberent s6mnia. Hominibus universae
corpus Osiridis in quatu6rdecim partes, et sparsit (scat­ terrae praecepit Josephus ut frumentum servaretur in
tered) partes per terram ad flumen Nilum." Seel quare urbibus sub Phara6nis potestate.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA TERTIA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Consilium losephi placuit Phara6ni et omnibus ministris eius. Pharao sapientior-wise,

itaque locutus est ad eos, "Ubi invenire poterimus talem virum, qui os, ore-mouth
spiritu Dei plenus sit?" Dixitque Pharao Iosepho, "Quia ostendit tibi Deus tantum-only
6mnia, quae locutus est, numquid sapienti6rem virum invenire p6tero? numquid-num ( see Lesson 58)
Tu eris super domum meam, et ad tui oris imperium, omnis p6pulus soIium-throne
obediet: uno tantum regni s6lio te praecedam. Ecce, constitui te super praecedere-be ahead
universam terram Aegypti." constituit-set up
Pharao tulit anulum de manu sua, et dedit eum in manum losephi, anulus-ring
vestimentaque meli6ra dedit ei. Fecitque eum ascendere super currum currus-chariot
suum secundum, clamante praec6ne, ut omnes sciant Iosephum secundam clamare-cry
habere potestatem universae terrae Aegypti. Pharao etiam vertit nomen praeco-herald
losephi, et vocavit eum lingua Aegyptiaca "Saphaneth-phanee." (Nesci­ verto-change, turn
mus significati6nem huius n6minis. Scientia enim linguae Aegyptiacae salvator-savior
adhuc imperfecta est. Sanctus Hieronymus putabat hoc nomen probabiliter circumire-go around
significare "Salvator mundi.") arena-sand
Iosephus erat triginta ann6rum quando stetit ante Phara6nem. Post coaequare-make equal
haec, losephus circumivit omnes regi6nes Aegypti. Venitque fertflitas h6rreum-barn
septem �nn6rum, cum magna abundantia 6mnium frument6rum. Tanta­
que fuit abundantia frumenti, ut arenae maris coaequaretur. Iubente
Iosepho, multa frumenta p6sita sunt in h6rrea Aegypti, ut servarentur in
annis fertilitatis magnae. Venerunt etiam quos losephus praedixerat sep­
tem alii anni magnae famis. £tiam in aliis terris fames valde magna erat.
(Continuabitur eras)

imperfect indicative merely use the full stick: r, ris, tur,

VOCABULARIUM mur, mini, ntur.
b) The present and future indicatives use the short­
circumire, fit, *iturus­ vertere, vertit, versus-
stick, ris, tur, mur, mini except for three second singular
go around /urn, change, translate
forms:
constituere, stituit, h6rreum, o-barn
Present of third conjugation: poneris and caperis
stitutus-set up, decide, magnum os, ore-mouth
Future of first and second conjugation: amlberis
determine bonus praeco, praec6ne-
(tenlberis). We already knew the third plurals:
praecedere, cessit, hera/d
PRESENT: amantur tenentur pon(mtur capiuntur
•cessurus-go before tantum-only
audiuntur
FUTURE: amabuntur tenebuntur ponentur capientur
audientur
VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES
So we had to memorize only the first singulars:
REVIEW OF ALL PASSIVES: PRESENT: amor teneor ponor capior audior
1. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect pas­ FUTURE: amabor tenebor ponar capiar audiar
sive simply use the passive participle with the suitable PRACTICE: 1. How do you say, in the indicative: you
form (present, imperfect, or future) of the verb esse. are loved, you were being loved, you will be loved, you
2. That leaves us with the simple tenses: present, have been loved, you had been loved, you will have been
imperfect, and future. loved; and in the subjunctive: you are loved, you were
a) The present and imperfect subjunctive, and the being loved, you have been loved, you had been loved.
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-Now make the same forms for tenere, ducere, capere, non omnes reges haec crediderunt." (Continuabitur
audire. eras)
2. How do you say, in the indicative: we are being
killed, we were being killed, we shall be killed, we have
ENGLISH TO LATIN
been killed, we had been killed, we shall have been
killed; and in the subjunctive: we are being killed, we 1. Will you promise to save Egypt? 2. I will attempt to
were being killed, we have been killed, we had been do that. 3. He put grain into the barns so that we might
killed. Now make the same forms for amare, videre, be saved. 4. We know why you have been put into prison.
ponere, audire. 5. Having given him a ring, Pharao set Joseph over the
3. Give the vocative of: Marcus P6rcius Cato, Quin­ whole land. 6. But the king himself did not have the
tus Servilius, good lamb. grain; he ordered them to follow Joseph. 7. You are
BE SURE TO USE THE PATTERN TAPE FOR THIS LESSON. being sold because we hate you.

ADHUC PLURA DE REBUS AEGYPTIACIS SCRAMBLE EXERCISE

Viri Hebraici duo, amici nostri, quodam die in terra losephi nomen a Phara6ne in aliud nomen versum est.
Aegypti ambulabant ( were walking). Fere hoc modo Nomen novum eius erat: Saphaneth-phanee. Huius
unus ad alterum locutus est, "Ea quae Ptahotep nobis verbi significati6nem cum sit in lingua Aegyptiaca quae
de Osfride et de regibus Aegypti narrabat, sunt mirabflia quibusdam viris modernis nota est, nescimus. Cum enim
( wonder/ul). Sed non possum talia credere. Non enim multa de hac lingua n6verint, nihil6minus adhuc quae­
facile est credere ilia. Insuper prophetae nostri veritatem dam quae interpretari non possunt remanent. Salva­
nobis dicunt: unum tantum esse Deum. Ergo certum t6rem mundi hoc nomen significare putavit Sanctus
est quod rex Aegypti re vera non est deus. Probabfliter Hieronymus (Jerome).
quidam ex illis regibus mali sunt. H6die si videbimus
Ptahotep, interrogabimus eum de hac re. Sed ecce-ibi
ille est. Ptahotep! Veni ad nos. V6lumus plura a te de PSITTACUS ET MAGUS
terra tua audire. (The Parrot and the Magician)
Ptahotep non odit de terra sua loqui, et de se. Celeri­ Quidam bonus magus laborabat in magna navi transat­
ter cucurrit (ran) ad amicos nostros, "Quid vultis amici lantica. Omni nocte ostendebat artem suam aliis qui iter
mei? Forsan vos etiam vultis esse Osiris post mortem?" faciebant in hac navi. Sed psittacus, cuius d6minus
Hoc non v6lumus. Sed die nobis de magnis regibus nauta erat, semper ridebat (laughed), "Ille re vera non
Aegypti. Tu dicis eos esse deos. Nos, qui Hebraei sumus, est magus! Nihil enim potest facere evanescere (vanish)
credimus, sicut scis, solummodo unum Deum esse. Sed nisi cerevisiam (beer)." Illa nocte venit tempestas
nunc ne de quaesti6ne illa loquamur. Habemus aliam (storm) magna in mari. Navis in qua amici nostri erant
quaestionem: suntne omnes reges Aegypti boni? "Oti­ mersa est ( was sunk). Sed magus et psittacus servati
que, amici mei--qui enim deus est, qu6modo potest non sunt, tenentes tabulam (a plank). Cum ergo illi iam in
bonus esse?" Ergo omnes reges Aegyptiaci crediderunt aquis essent, psittacus dixit, "Awk. Concedo (I admit)
narrati6nem de Osiride veram esse? "Hoc non nego-- te esse bonum magum-sed quid fecisti navi?"

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA QUARTA

De indicativo futuro perfecto et de subiunctivo perfecto

De formis passivis modi imperativi

Septem anni magnae famis iam aderant. H6mines venerunt ad regem, cla­ quidquid-whatever
mantes se non habere cibum. Pharao autem dicebat, "Ite ad Joseph: et minimus-least
quidquid ille vobis dfxerit, facite." Etiam in terra Chanaan, in qua habita­ simulare-pretend
bat Iacob, pater losephi, fames venit. Ille ergo misit decem ex filiis suis in suspicari-suspect
Aegyptum ut emerent frumentum. Benjamin autem, filium suum mini­ explorator-spy
mum, non misit in Aegyptum ne quid mali accideret ei. pacfficus-peaceful
Decem filii Iacob venerunt in Aegyptum, et viderunt Iosephum. Sed non ferte-carry!
sciverunt eum esse fratrem suum. Forsan putaverunt cum iam m6rtuum abfre-go away
esse. Josephus ipse scivit fratres sed, ut probaret cos, non dixit se esse sermo-word
fratrem e6rum. Interrogavit cos, "A qua terra venistis?" Qui responderunt, merito-rightly
"A terra Chanaan, ut emamus quae necessaria sunt. Omnes nos filii unius pati-suffer
viri sumus. Pater noster du6decim filios habuit, e quibus decem venimus, peccare-sin
minimus cum patre nostro est, et ,ilius non iam super terram est." exquirere-demand
Iosephus autem simulabat se suspicari cos, "Re vera vos explorat6res interpres-interpreter
estis--ut videatis muniti6nes terrae huius venistis." Et misit cos in car­ flere-weep
cerem. Post tres dies eduxit eos e carcere et dixit eis, "Facite quae dixi, et saccus-sack
vivetis: Deum enim timeo. Si pacifici estis, frater vester unus ligetur in
carcere: vos autem abite, et ferte frumenta quae emistis in domos vestras,
et fratrem vestrum minimum ad me adducite ut possim vestros probare
serm6nes, et non moriamini."
Fratres ergo locuti sunt ad invicem, "Merito haec patimur, quia pecca­
vimus in fratrem nostrum. Ergo venit super nos haec tribulatio." E quibus
unus, Ruben, dixit, "Nonne dixi vobis: Nolite peccare in puerum, et non
audivistis me? Ecce, sanguis eius exquiritur."
Fratres autem nesciebant quod intelligeret Josephus, quia per inter­
pretem loqueretur ad eos. Josephus autem flevit, et mox reversus est ad eos.
Josephus iussit Sime6nem ligari, illis praesentibus, et etiam iussit pecuniam
poni in saccis e6rum.
Cum in via essent, viderunt pecuniam esse in saccis suis. Et timuerunt
multum. ( Continuabitur eras)

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE: To form this
abire, iit, *iturus-go bonus explorator, 6re­
away spy, scout tense we use the second part of the verb, the perfect
flere, flevit, fletus-weep minimus, a, um-least, active. Merely remove the third singular ending -it and
patiuntur, pati, passus smallest substitute:
est-suffer bonus sermo, one-word, ero erimus
peccare, avit, atus-sin conversation eris eritis
merito-deservingly
erit erint
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 parav ero parav erimus interrogavit, "Pater, quid faciemus si Rex noluerit fru­
Thus: eris eritis mentum vendere?" Cui Iacob resp6ndit, "Ferte pecu­
erit erint niam multam vobiscum, et loquimini illi de magna fame
in terra nostra. Sed praecipue (especially) orate ad Deum
Notice that these endings are the same as the future of nostrum. Si nos 6mnia quae p6ssumus fecerimus, ille
esse except that the third plural future perfect has -erint nos non relinquet."
instead of -erunt. Sed in Aegypto Josephus primum simulat se eos non
Translation: I shall have prepared, you will have novisse, et interrogat eos num contra Aegyptum
prepared, he will have prepared. venerint.

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE: In spelling, all forms DE REGE AEGYPTI HAERETICO

are the same as the future perfect indicative, except for
the first singular-the subjunctive has -erim, not -ero. Deinde Ptahotep rem novam dixit, "Re vera, unus ex
But the accent of the subjunctive is different in some regibus nostris olim factus est haereticus!" Haereticus!
few forms, as follows: Hoc valde mirabile est. "Utique-nomen eius fuit
Amenhotep quartus. Sed ille rex significati6nem huius
Future Perfect Indicative Perfect Subjunctive n6minis non amavit-nomen enim significat, 'Satis est
paraverimus paraverimus pro Amen.' Mutavit itaque nomen suum, et se vocavit
paraveritis paraveritis 'Ikhnaton'--quod significat, 'Ille qui agit pro Aton.'
Aton enim est sol. Ikhnaton dixit quod Aton erat solus
USE OF THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: We have already Deus. Hoc modo similis vobis Hebraeis erat." Nos sci­
seen this (for the perfect passive) in Lesson 57. But mus solumodo unum verum Deum esse, sed non p6ssu­
here it is again: it is ordinarily found only in dependent mus dicere quod sol est solus Deus. Sol enim non solum
clauses, when the main verb refers to present or future non solus deus est, sed etiam sol omnino non est Deus.
time. The general sense will show the difference between Deus enim verus videri 6culis (eyes) mortalibus non
present and perfect subjunctive, in English to Latin. potest. Sed si Aton est sol-nonne etiam Ra est sol, et
Study the following pair, one having the present, one Horus est filius solis? "Utique, veritatem dixistis-sed
having perfect subjunctive: diversis (various) modis illi sunt sol. Sed, ut revertamur
ad quaesti6nem nostram-Ikhnaton dixit solum Aton
Rogal ex qua terra venerint. Rogal ubi sint.
deum esse. Ergo omnes alii dei, secundum illum, non
He asks from what land they have come. He asks sunt re vera dei. Re vera non sunt. Sequitur ut Osiris non
where they are. sit deus, et nos omnes, qui putamus nos fieri Osfridem
post mortem, nihil erimus. Quam propter causam,
IMPERATIVE PASSIVE: In the singular, the forms are the omnes boni Aegyptiaci noluerunt verbis Ikhnaton cre­
same as the active infinitive endings. Thus: dere. Ikhnaton Aton colebat, sed omnes alii colebant
amare, habere, p6nere, capere, audire Ikhnaton et alios deos multos." Ikhnaton itaque se esse
be loved! be had! be put! (etc.) deum non putavit? "Dtique. Videtisne omnes has statuas
In the plural, the forms are the same as the second regum antiqu6rum? Noone videtis divinam maiestatem
plural present indicative passive. Thus: paramini, (majesty) in faciebus (faces) e6rum? Sed Ikhnaton
habemini, ponimini, capimini, audimini. iussit statuas picturasque de se fieri aliis modis. In his
Deponent verbs will use the same endings as above, statuis Ikhnaton non videtur esse deus. Videtur esse
including the singular forms that seem like active in­ homo aeger. Sed iam tempus est ut discedam. Narrabo
finitives. Thus: vobis plura de hoc rege eras."
16quere-speak!
loquimini-speak! ENGLISH TO LATIN

1. He asks us why we have attempted to conquer Egypt.

2. We really have not come here to conquer the country,
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
but to buy grain. 3. Since he has warned us, we ought
lacob filios suos ad se vocavit, dixitque eis, "Nisi emeri­ to fear him. 4. We suffer these things deservingly, since
tis frumentum nobis in Aegypto, omnes nos moriemur. we sold our brother. 5. Joseph left so that he might weep.
Proficiscimini ergo celeriter." Unus ex filiis eius eum 6. I will ask him why Ikhnaton wished to destroy all the
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other gods. 7. So that they would not know him, Joseph rogatque eos qua ex terra venerint et quid habere velint.
spoke to them through an interpreter. Et iussit eos, ..Loquimini mihi de 6mnibus quae vultis
veritatem et paramini ut faciatis 6mnia quae vobis
dixerim. Cum enim multis videamini viri boni esse, mihi
ScRAMBLE EXERCISE explorat6res esse videmini. Ut bellum contra nos faciatis
Fratribus per interpretem 16quitur losephus suis inter- venfstis.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA QUINTA
De participiis futuris passivis
De casu obiectivo spatii et temporis

Novem fratres Iosephi, pecunia reperta in saccis, timuerunt accedere ad repertus-found

patrem suum. Timebant etiam de salute Simeonis, quern Josephus coegit accedere-approach
manere in Aegypto. 1taque, dolentes accesserunt ad patrem suum, et salus-safety
narraverunt ei 6mnia quae acciderant eis in Aegypto. Omnibus auditis, manere-remain
Iacob d6luit vehementer et flevit. Praesertim nolebat mittere Beniamin dolere-grieve
cum eis in Aegyptum, sicut Josephus mandaverat. N61uit amittere Beni­ vehementer-great/y
amin, sicut olim Iosephum amiserat. At necesse erat emere frumentum, ne amittere-lose
omnes perirent. ltaque, magno cum metu, permisit eis ut redirent in at-but
Aegyptum cum Beniamin. Misit etiam cum eis multa egregia dona. metus-fear
Cum eos vidisset, Josephus mandavit servis suis ut cenam pararent. donum-gift
Fratres autem territi sunt, dicentes, "Hie vir vult facere omnes nos servos cena-dinner
suos, propter pecuniam quam reperuimus in saccis nostris." Venerunt ita­ dispensator-steward
que ad dispensat6rem domus Iosephi, et narraverunt ei de pecunia reperta lavare-wash
in saccis. At ille dixit eis, "Pax vobiscum, nolite timere: Deus vester, et pes-foot
Deus patris vestri dedit vobis pecuniam in saccis vestris. Nam pecuniam continere-restrain
quam dedistis mihi accepi." Eduxitque ad eos Simeon. Defnde duxit eos in cubiculum-bedroom
domum et dedit eis aquam ut lavarent pedes suos. P6stea Josephus ipse
venit et interrogavit eos, "Vivftne adhuc pater vester? Qui responderunt,
"Otique, pater noster, servus tuus, adhuc vivit." At cum Josephus vidfsset
Beniamin, non p6tuit se continere, sed discessit in cubfculum suum et
flevit. (Continuabitur eras)

parandus, habendus, ponendus, capiendus, audiendus

VOCABULARIUM
How is it used? It expresses obligation. Study this sam­
accedere, cessit, manere, mansit, ple:
•cessurus-go to, •mansurus-remain Hoc est faciendum mihi.
approach reperire, reperuit, This is TO BE DONE by me.
amittere, misit, missus- repertus-find, find Therefore, we might make a crude but simple transla­
lose out tion formula, which will work with all normal examples:
dolere, d61uit, *doliturus- metus, u-fear TO BE plus the third part (participle) of the English
grieve, be pained mille-thousand (see below) verb.
mandare, avit, atus- bona salus, salute-safety, Notice in the above example that we use the dative for
entrust, command salvation the agent--ordinarily we use ab with the ablative for
at-but such ideas, but not with the future passive participle.
Notice also that this future passive participle nor­
mally comes with a linking verb--that is, the verb to be
NUNC COGITEMUS
or any other verb that behaves in the same way, such as:
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE: It is formed on the first to seem, to be called, etc.
part of the verb, using the ending -ndus, with the same Now notice that Hoc est faciendum mihi could be
connective vowels as in the imperfect indicative. There­ translated: / must do it.
fore, we could take any imperfect form, e.g., third Therefore, the dative would become the English subject,
singular, remove the -bat, add -ndus. The participle has and we would insert must before the English verb. With
all the endings of bonus: Thus: that in mind, we could translate an odd sort of example
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because some verbs that have no passive in English Quibus interrogantibus, Ptahotep resp6ndit, "Ikhna­
can be used in this construction in Latin, thus: ton non conversus est ab haeresi sua. M6rtuus est in
Veniendum est mihi. Eundum est tibi. impietate sua. Post regnum breve regis Smenkh-ka-Re,
I must come. You must go. factus est rex alius vir-vel, ut veritatem dicam-puer.
We could not say: "It is to be corned by me"-but we Novus enim rex adhuc puer erat cum in s61ium Aegypti
can soon learn to jump at once to say: I must come. veniret. Nomen huius regis fuit Tutankhaton. Signi­
This construction is really very handy, once one gets ficatio huius n6minis vobis clara est-vos enim linguam
used to it. But we will need some practice (and will get nostram scitis--significat 'Imago viva de Aton.' Hunc
it). regem, cum puer adhuc esset, sacerd6tes magni dei
Amen coegerunt relinquere vanam religi6nem Aton, et
OBJECTIVE CASE OF EXTENT OF SPACE AND TIME: redire ad deum magnum, Amen. Hoc modo 'Amen'
The objective case w ithout any preposition can indicate scriptus est religi6ni Aton. Et nomen regis mutatum est
extent. Study these examples: in Tutankhamen--cuius significati6nem facile videre
Erat in carcere tres dies. potestis. Ille paucos regnavit annos et m6rtuus est."
He was in prison for three days.
Venerunt tria millia passuum. ENGLISH TO LATIN
They came three miles (literally: three thousands of
1. There are many things to be done. 2. Why do we
paces).
have to go to Egypt? 3. We shall have to go for many
days and many miles. 4. But we must have grain--0r
Mille: The word mille, meaning a thousand, is peculiar.
we shall all die. 5. The Egyptians thought that the re­
In the singular, to mean one thousand, it is not de­
ligion of Aton was to be destroyed. 6. It follows that
clined, and acts like an adjective agreeing with a noun.
Osiris also is not a god. 7. Ikhnaton did not think that
Thus:
he himself should be worshipped.
mille viri-a thousand men
But when it means more than one thousand, it be­
comes a third declension neuter noun, with a word in the ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
possessive depending upon it. Thus: Multa millia passuum iter fecerant Iosephi fratres
tria millia vir6rum-three thousand men (literally: 3 antequam in saccis pecuniam invenerunt. Qua inventa
thousands of men). It is sometimes spelled: milia instead multum doluerunt dixeruntque, "Quid faciendum nobis?
of millia. Revertendum ad virum magnum ilium in Aegyptum?
An in terram nostram? Ducendus erit nobis ad eum
etiam frater minimus quern pater amat Beniamin?
NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos
Dolendum erit patri nostro si ille ducendus est."
Iacob, pater du6decim fili6rum, dixit filiis suis, "Fames
magna iam venit in terram nostram. Sed audivi frumen­
tum esse in Aegypto. Quid ergo faciendum est nobis? PSITT ACHUS ( a parrot) SUB AULAEO FERREO
Frumentum emendum est in Aegypto. Discedendum est ( iron curtain)
vobis, et in Aegyptum est e(mdum (from ire) vobis. Quodam die in Hungaria, miles Russicus superbus in
Dona bona sunt ferenda vobis ad regem terrae illius, tabernam (tavem) venit ut biberet (drink) Vodkam.
ut ille det vobis sufficientiam 6mnium bon6rum. Non Et cum biberet, vidit, et etiam audivit psittachum.
revertendum est vobis sine frumento." Ad quae Simeon Psittachus saepe dicebat, "Mors Communistis! (Com­
resp6ndit, "Pater mi, 6mnia quae dicis nobis facienda munista, a-Communist) Mors Communfstis!" Miles
sunt. Et nos ea faciemus celeriter. Plura verba nunc non vehementer iratus est haec verba audiens, dixftque
sunt dicenda. Statim discedemus." caup6ni (caupo, one-tavern-keeper) : "Cras (tomor­
row) fterum in bane tabernam veniam-si psfttachus ille
adhuc in hoc loco est-mors tibi et psittacho!" Caupo
PLURA DE IKHNATON
timuit multum. Cum ergo Communista discessisset,
Pr6ximo die Hebraei nostri iterum amicum suum caupo, tollens psittachum suum, cum dol6re ivit ad
Ptahotep viderunt. Sine mora (delay) ille ad eos venit, sacerd6tem, explicavitque ei difficultatem suam. Cui
quia multa adhuc remanebant dicenda de rege haeretico. sacerdos resp6ndit, "Fili mi (my son), nulla difficul-
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tas est. Ego etiam psittachum habeo. Dabo tibi psitta­ "Mors Communistis!" Psittachus autem haec verba non
chum meum, et tuum accipiam." Reversus est itaque dixit. Tandem (finally). cum multam Vodkam bibisset,
caupo, cum psittacho sacerd6tis. Pr6ximo die, cum et nullum verbum ex psittacho audivisset, miles in ira
novus psittachus in taberna esset, idem miles Russicus dixit psittacho, "Euge, euge (come on)-Mors Com­
in tabernam venit, bibitque Vodkam. Cumque biberet, munistis!" Et psittachus celeriter resp6ndit ei: "D6minus
semper psittachum spectabat, exspectabatque audire, det (from dare) tibi id quod rogas, fili mi!"

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA SEXTA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

ftaque undecim fratres cenam cum losepho habuerunt, sed non cognove­ cena-dinner
runt eum esse fratrem suum. Cogitabant eum esse virum Aegyptiacum qui cogn6vit-learned
magnam habebat auctoritatem. Sed etsi hi fratres olim voluerant nocere cogitare-think
Josepho, hie n6luit nocere eis. fnsuper, Josephus dedit eis multa bona auct6ritas-authority
munera, sed dedit maxima munera Beniamin. Et iam tempus erat ut etsi-alt hough
discederent. Josephus itaque iussit ministros suos implere saccos e6rum nocere-harm ( with dat.)
frumento. Sed etiam iussit pecuniam clam poni in saccis 6mnium, et in munus-gift
sacco Beniamin, poni scyphum suum argenteum. clam-secretly
Cumque fratres iam iter facerent in terram suam, misit Josephus servos scyphus-cup
suos post eos. Qui, consequentes fratres, accusaverunt eos, dicentes unum argenteus-silver
ex eis cepisse scyphum argenteum. Fratres deposuerunt saccos in quibus c6nsequi-catch
frumenta portabant, e6sque aperuerunt. Ecce in ore sacci Beniamin in­ portare-carry
ventus est scyphus argenteus Josephi! pes-foot
Omnes territi sunt. Reversi sunt ad domum losephi. Cumque vidissent proiecit-threw
eum, se in terram ante pedes eius proiecerunt dixeruntque, "Ecce, omnes ceteri-the rest
servi erimus tibi domino nostro." Sed Josephus resp6ndit, "Nullo modo ita
fiat, sed is qui cepit scyphum meum-ille sit servus meus. Ceteri discedatis
ad patrem vestrum." Judas itaque, accedens ad losephum, v6luit clam loqui
cum eo, dixftque, "Domine mi, loquatur servus tuus verbum tecum. Ne
irascaris servo tuo. Ego pollicitus sum patri nostro quod servarem vitam
huius pueri. Pater enim noster amat eum am6re magno. Nisi puer reversus
erit ad patrem nostrum, pater morietur. Da mihi ut maneam hie, et sim
servus tuus pro eo." ( Continuabitur eras)

stituere. 5. Give the present imperative passive of:

VOCABULARIUM amittere, reperire, vertere.
cogitare, avit, atus-think *nociturus-harm (with
REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES OF SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE UsE:
cogn6scere, n6vit, n6tus­ dat.)
Now that we know all four tenses of the subjunctive, let
learn ( and therefore portare, avit, atus-carry
us make our information more exact on when to use
the perfect means: magna auct6ritas, tate­
them. Their use is controlled by a law called sequence
know) authority, influence
of tenses ( consecutio temporum). But it is very easy.
c6nsequi, consecutus est­ bonum munus, munere­
ALL THIS LAW DOES IS TO TELL US WHICH TWO SUB­
follow up, overtake, duty, gift
JUNCTIVE TENSES WE MUST PICK FROM ( IN A DE­
accomplish clam-secretly
PENDENT CLAUSE) ACCORDING TO WHICH TIME THE
nocere, n6cuit, etsi-even if, although
MAIN VERB IS IN. So-

l. If the main verb refers to anything but past time

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES (that is, to present or future)-we pick from present
or perfect subjunctive in the dependent clause. Gen­
1. Give the future perfect indicative active of: praece­
eral sense tells which to pick.
dere, cogitare, nocere. 2. Give future perfect indicative
passive of: cognoscere, flere, mandare. 3. Give perfect 2. If the main verb refers to past time-we pick from
subjunctive active of: manere, accedere, do/ere. 4. Give imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive in the dependent
perfect subjunctive passive of: reperire, amittere, con- clause. Again, general sense tells which to pick.
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Here is a set of samples, to show each combination. Facienda erant 6mnia quae ille v6luit. Pater enim a Deo
1. Cum Caesar haec sciat, non vult venire. nostro auctoritatem habet. Sed cum consecutus essem
Although Caesar knows these things, he does not fratres, in periculo eram. Cum enim me vidissent, com­
want to come. prehenderunt et ligaverunt. Sed unus ex fratribus,
Cum Caesar Galliam vicerit, Romani laeti sunt. Ruben, rogavit alios ut me in cisternam rnitterent.
Since Caesar has conquered Gaul, the Romans are Postea, mercat6ribus euntibus in bane terram venditus
glad. sum."
2. Cum Caesar haec sciret, non v61uit venire. "In hac terra, sicut audivisti, emptus sum a Putipharo.
Although Caesar knew these things, he did not want Sed uxor eius accusavit me. Putiphar ergo me vocavit et
to come. dixit, 'Estne verum id quod uxor mea dicit? Revera
Cum Caesar Galliam vicisset, Romani laeti erant. malum fecisti?' Cui ego, 'Malum non feci.' Nihil6minus,
Since Caesar had conquered Gaul, the Romans were in carcerem missus sum. lbi manendum erat multos dies.
glad. Duo autem servi vestri s6mnia etiam habuerunt. Haec
(Note: The two examples under 1 are said to be in interpretatus sum pro eis. Et a pincema petfvi, 'Cum in
PRIMARY SEQUENCE, because they follow a main palatium fterum veneris, ne obliviscaris mei. Sed lo­
verb referring to present or future. The two ex­ quaris pro me ad regem, ut egrediar ex hoc loco.' Ni­
amples under number 2 are said to be in SEC­ hil6minus, pincema, cum restitutus esset, mei oblitus est
ONDARY SEQUENCE, because they follow a main multos dies. Sed in palatium vocatus sum ut interpre­
verb referring to the past.) tarer s6mnium vestrum."

PHARAO VULT AUDIRE DE VITA IOSEPHI

ENGLISH TO LATIN
Quodam die, Pharao cum Iosepho in palatio loquebatur,
1. We do not know who the Pharao was who did not
"Audivi de te, quod servus eras antequam s6mnium
know Joseph. 2. Do you know why he wanted to harm
meum interpretatus es. Quis vendidit te ut servus esses?"
the Jews? 3. For ·many years, Joseph had done many
Cui respondit Josephus: "Domine mi rex, quia tu im­
things for Egypt. 4. Nevertheless the people suffered
peras, veritas dicenda est. Quodam die dixerat pater
such great evils that they asked God to free them. 5.
meus mihi: 'Eundum tibi. Videndum si 6mnia bona sint
Their salvation was in the power of God. 6. Pharao at­
cum fratribus tuis. Cum videris eos, et inveneris 6mnia
tempted to overtake them, but was not able. 7. The army
bona esse, redeundum ad me.' Revera fratres meos time­
of the king of Egypt was destroyed in the sea.
bam. Me enim oderunt. Dixi enim in corde meo: Si
viderint me fratres rnei, forsan ligabor, forsan nocebunt
mihi; forsan etiam interficiar ab eis."
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Et Pharao interrogavit, "Quare timendi erant fratres
tibi? Feceras aliquid mali contra eos?" Cui Josephus, Cum Iosepho fratre suo quern non cognoscebant cenam
"Nihil mali feceram. Sed illi malum fecerant, et ego habebant alii fratres. At cum venfsset ut discederent
patri meo narravi. lnsuper, duo s6mnia habui. S6mnia tempus iussit Josephus poni in saccos e6rum iterum pe­
videbantur significare quod fratres mei deberent me cuniam. Sed ut videre posset num adhuc invidia move­
adorare super terram." Cui Pharao, "Et nonne s6mnia rentur iussit ille clam in saccum Beniamin scyphum
vera erant? Revera adorandus es eis nunc! Sed reliqua poni argenteum suum. Consecuti eos ministri Iosephi
narranda de fratribus." Josephus ergo narravit, "Sicut ubi scyphum posuissent interrogaverunt. In Beniamin
dicebam, timebam fratres. Sed pater meus locutus erat. sacco invento illo multum doluerunt.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA SEPTIMA

De gerundivis fi,nalibus
De dativo possessionis

Ex his verbis ludae, et etiam ex eis quae alii fratres fecerant, Josephus continere-restrain
p6terat scire fratres suos non iam malos esse, non iam invfdiam habere confestim-at once
sicut olim habuerant cum venderent eum in Aegyptum. ltaque, hi� audftis, praeter-besides
Josephus non iam p6terat se continere, sed confestim iussit servos suos elevavit-raised
abfre ne quis adesset praeter fratres. Elevavftque vocem suam, ftens mul­ valere-be well
tum, ita ut Aegyptii omnfsque domus Phara6nis audfrent, et dixit fra­ durus-hard
tribus suis: "Ego sum Josephus. Valetne pater meus?" Non p6terant re­ al ere-nourish
spondere fratres, nimio terr6re territi. Ad quos ille sine ira: "Accedite ad hue-to this place
me. Ego sum £rater vester, quern vendidfstis in Aegyptum. Nolite timere, quasi-as it were
neque vobis durum videatur quod vendidistis me in his regi6nibus: pro regere-rule
salute enim vestra misit me Deus ante vos in Aegyptum. lam enim duos morari-delay
annos habuimus famem. Adhuc quinque anni famis venient. Sed Deus misit 6culus-eye
me ante vos ut habeatis frumentum quo ali possitis in hac fame. Non vestro
consilio, sed Dei voluntate hue missus sum. Deus fecit me quasi patrem
Phara6nis. Pharao enim dedit mihi magnam potestatem, ut secundus post
ipsum regam universam terram bane. Sed celeriter ite ad patrem meum,
et dicetis ei: 'Haec mandat fflius tuus Josephus: Deus fecit me d6minum
universae terrae Aegypti. Descende ad me, ne moreris, et habitabis in terra
Gessen. lbfque te. alam--quinque enim anni famis adhuc sunt." Dixftque
etiam Josephus fratribus suis: "Ecce, 6culi vestri et 6culi fratris mei
Beniamin vident quod os meum loquatur ad vos. Dfcite patri meo univer­
sam gl6riam meam, et 6mnia quae vidfstis in Aegypto. Celeriter agite, et
adducite eum ad me." (Continuabitur eras)

Venit ad videndum Caesarem.

VOCABULARIUM He came to see Caesar.
alere, aluit, alitus-feed, valere, valuit,. valiturus- Notice that the form videndum is an adjective, agree­
nourish be well, be strong ing with Ctiesarem. The whole phrase: ad videndum
continere, continuit, durus, a, um-hard Caesarem, is in the objective case because of the prepo­
contentus-hold 6culus, o-eye sition ad. Notice that the whole phrase is equivalent to
together, restrain confestim-at once an English infinitive plus an object: Caesar-to see
regere, rexit, rectus-ru/e praeter (with obj.)- Caesar.
beyond, besides, except Now instead of ad, other prepositions could be used.
The most common are causa and grtitia (strictly speak­
ing not prepositions, but close enough), which follow
GERUNDIVE TO EXPRESS PURPOSE: The gerundive the phrase, instead of coming ahead as ad does. With
seems to be the same as the future passive participle, causa and grtitia we get the possessive case. Thus:
which we have already learned. The same form may be Venit videndi Caesaris causa or
used to express the idea of purpose. We have already Venit videndi Caesaris gratia.
seen that Latin can express purpose by ut with the The meaning is still: He came to see Caesar. Therefore
subjunctive. It seldom used the infinitive as English we should consider that ad, causa or grtitia plus the
does. But the gerundive is almost as easy to use as the gerundive is equivalent to an English infinitive (in a
infinitive, once you get used to it. purpose construction).
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(Certain other prepositions can also be used, but we eos: fratres enim mei adhuc sunt. Et insuper, n6Iui
need not learn them now: they are, chiefly-with ob­ pecuniam accipere pro frumento ad patrem meum alen­
jective: ob, propter, -with ablative: pro). dum." "Sed nonne etiam audivi," interrogavit rex, "te
posuisse scyphum argenteum qui tibi est, in sacco
DATIVE OF POSSESSION: Languages, like people, are dif­ Beniamin p6stea, cum discederet cum aliis fratribus tuis.
ferent. Not all say the same thing with the same twist. Quare hoc fecisti? Num volebas eum scyphum tuum
English prefers to say: habere?" "Non hoc v6lui," explicavit Iosephus, "sed hoc
He has a book. Latin can also say: Habet librum. feci ad fratres meos probandos. Volebam videre num
But Latin is very fond of saying: invidia eis adhuc esset contra fratrem meum minimum.
A book is to him or, There is a book to him: Liber Propter bane causam ergo imperavi ut scyphus in sacco
est ei. eius poneretur. Cum autem illi reversi essent ad pala­
tium, et audivissem eos loquentes, et vidissem illis nul­
lam invidiam esse, non p6tui me continere. Flendum
PHARAO ITERUM CUM IOSEPHO LOQUITUR erat, et flevi."
Pr6ximo die Pharao fterum cum amfco nostro Iosepho
loquebatur: "losephe, iam narravfsti mihi quaedam de
fratribus tuis. Quot (how many) fratres tibi sunt?" Cui ENGLISH TO LATIN
Iosephus: "Domine mi rex, undecim mihi fratres sunt."
1. Let us go to Egypt to buy grain. 2. The army came
Et Pharao interrogavit: "Quare venerunt fratres tui in
quickly to catch the Jews. 3. But God led the Egyptians
bane terram?" "Fames venit in terram e6rum, et pater
into the sea to destroy them. 4. Joseph had no money
misit eos in terram Aegypti ad emendum frumentum,"
when he came to Egypt. 5. Now he has many good
dixit Iosephus. Cui rex: "Venerunt omnes fratres in
things. 6. Joseph ordered money put into their sacks to
itinere primo? Solummodo decem vidi tum." Iosephus
test them. 7. God sent him into Egypt to save his
autem explicavit: "Verum est, d6mine mi rex, solum­
brothers.
modo decem venerunt in itfnere primo. Pater enim meus
magn6pere amavit fflium minimum, Beniamin, et n6Iuit
mittere eum. Sed misi fratres meos in terram e6rum
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
iterum ad Beniamin in Aegyptum ducendum. Dfxeram
eis: 'Nonne vobis est etiam alius frater? His auditis, Ad probandos fratres suos fecit haec 6mnia Josephus.
fratres probabiliter timebant et cogitabant de me, quern Non ad eos qui meruerant pati puniendos persecutus est
vendiderant ut servus essem. Sed nesciverunt me­ fratres. Non enim sicut illis, ita Iosepho invidia erat.
loquebar enim eis per interpretem." "Sed audivi," dixit Illi enim ei ob malam voluntatem suam nocere volue­
rex, "te posuisse pecuniam iterum in saccis e6rum cum rant vendentes eum in terram alienam servum. Ipse
reverterentur. Quare hoc fecisti?" "Revera," ait Jose­ autem eis pro malis bona dedit e6rum servand6rum
phus, "n6lui pecuniam e6rum accipere. Non enim odi causa.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA OCTAVA
De gerundio
De dativo fmali et dativo iudicantis

Post haec, Iosephus dedit munera bona sfngulis fratribus suis, et profi­ singuli-one at a time
ciscentibus illis dixit: "Ne irascamini in via." Qui ascendentes ex Aegypto, nuntiavit-reported
venerunt in terram Chanaan ad patrem suum Jacob, et nuntiaverunt ei, dominari-be a ruler
dicentes: "losephus fflius tuus vivit, et ipse dominatur in omni terra gravis-heavy
Aegypti. Quo audito, Iacob, quasi de gravi somno evfgilans, tamen non somnus-sleep
credebat eis. Illi narraverunt ei 6mnia de Iosepho et de magna c6pia evigilare-wake up
6mnium rerum quam habebat. Cumque Jacob vidisset 6mnia quae mfserat c6pia-abundance
filius suus, dixit: "Satis est mihi si adhuc fflius meus vivit: ibo et videbo liberi-children
eum antequam m6riar." Profectus est ergo cum omnibus quae habebat, et appropinquflre-approach
fflii eius et h'beri fili6rum eius cum eo. Venerunt ad fines Chanaan, ibfque cucurrit-ran
Jacob sacrificium Deo 6btulit. His factis, in visi6ne noctis, Jacob audi vit osculari-kiss
Deum vocantem se et dicentem sibi: "Jacob, Jacob." Cui resp6ndit: "Ecce, tribuere-give
adsum." Dixftque ei Deus, "Ego sum Deus patris tui: noli timere. Descende 6ptimus-best
in Aegyptum, quia in gentem magnam faciam te ibi. Ego descendam tecum aetas-age
in terram illam, et ducam te revertentem. losephus etiam ponet manus quot-how many
suas super 6culos tuos."
Cum Josephus audivisset patrem suum iam appropinquare, ascendit ad
videndum cum. Vidensque cum, cucurrit et osculatus est eum flevitque
multum. losephus etiam nuntiavit Phara6ni patrem suum venfsse. Pharao
laetus fuit, et mandavit Iosepho tribuere patri suo terras 6ptimas. Cumque
Pharao vidisset Jacob, interrogavit cum de aetate eius: "Quot sunt dies
ann6rum vitae tuae?" Qui resp6ndit: "Dies mei sunt centum triginta anni,
parvi et mali." ( Continuabitur)

1. To express purpose-just like the gerundive, ex­

VOCABULARIUM cept that this is a noun, and so ( in English) there
will be no object; e.g., Venit in silvas septentrio­
appropinquare, avit, c6pia, a-abundance,
miles ad piscandum.
atus-approach ( with supply ( pl.-troops)
He came into the north woods to fish.
dat.) gravis, e, i-heavy
liberi, is (pl. only)-children (Of course, we could also use: piscandi causa, piscandi
currere, cucurrit,
6ptimus, a, um-best, very gratia, ob piscandum, etc.)
•cursurus-run
good 2. As a mere verbal noun, translated by the English
tribuere, tribuit, tributus­
singuli, ae, a (pl. only)­ noun in -ing: A variety of combinations are possible
assign, give
one at a time, each ( but, for the most part, no object should be used).
magna aetas, aetate-age
1. Amor piscandi traxit cum in silvas.
Love of fishing drew him into the woods.
2. Expectando, Fabius servavit Romam.
NUNC COGITEMUS
By waiting, Fabius saved Rome.
GERUNDS: Gerunds are verbal nouns-that is, half
noun and half verb ( compare participles: half verb, DATIVES OF PURPOSE AND REFERENCE: These two
half adjective). But the Latin gerund has only a few datives often, though not always, come in a pair. Some­
forms-possessive, dative, objective, and ablative sin­ times they are called double dative. The basic meanings
gular: i, o, um, o-no other forms are in use. are easy: the dative of purpose expresses the goal of
How is it used? There are chiefly two kinds of uses: something, that for which it is or is done. Often English
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would use merely nominative instead of one dative. Pharao, "sed vellem de hac promissi6ne Dei tui audfre.
Thus: Quid fecit Abraham pater tuus?" "Quodam die apparuit
Hoc est auxilio mihi. ei Deus, et imperavit ut sacrificaret filium suum Isaac.
This is (for) a help to me. Deus promiserat Abrahae quod faceret eum in gentem
English would prefer to leave out the word for. magnam per lsaac-sed p6stea iussit Isaac duci in moo­
A uxilio is, of course, dative of purpose, while mihi is tern ut sacrificaretur. Abraham autem credidit Deo.
dative of reference. The latter expresses the one con­ Deus enim potest 6mnia facere quae vult. Quando Deus
cerned, or in whose eyes a thing is so (hence the Latin 16quitur, credendum est, non interrogandum. Seel cum
name: dativus iudictintis). filium ligavisset ad occidendum, angelus Domini ei
apparuit, imperavitque ut caperet arietem ad sacrifi­
candum. Non enim interficiendus erat Isaac. Sacriffcium
PHARAO ET IACOB
enim humanum Deo nostro non placet."
Cum patrem suum vidisset, Josephus laetus erat, et
cucurrit ad eum videndum. Pharao etiam ipse Iac6bum
videre v6luit. Ductus est itaque in palatium. Pharao ENGLISH TO LATIN
locutus est: "Placet mihi valde te videre. Multa de te
1.Joseph was sent into Egypt to be (for) salvation to
audivi a filio tuo. Nonne multos annos babes?" Cui
his brothers. 2. Many nations were to be conquered be­
Jacob: "Non multos, solummodo centum triginta an­
fore the Jews entered Palestine. 3. By remaining in
nos." "Filius tuus egregius," dixit Pharao, "magna
Egypt Joseph became a great man. 4. The love of ruling
somnia vidit, potuitque interpretari s6mnia mea. Credo
has destroyed many men. 5. Joseph forgave his brothers.
Deum misisse eum saluti omni terrae Aegypti. Vidfsti tu
6. He was a servant to the king. 7. Jacob was heavy with
etiam s6mnia aliqua?" "Otique," resp6ndit Jacob,
age but great in good works.
"quadam nocte maximum s6mnium vidi. Faciebam iter
in Haran. Nox me in quodam campo invenit. Lapides
(stones) itaque tuli, et p6sui sub capite meo, dormiendi
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
causa. Et ecce! In somnio vidi scalam (ladder) . Scala
a terra ascendebat ad coelum ipsum! In scala, angelos Cumque vidfsset Josephus fratres suos non iam nocendi
Dei vidi, ascendentes et descendentes per earn. Seel in voluntatem habere, se esse fratrem e6rum confessus est:
coelo ipso D6minum Deum nostrum vidi, et locutus est "Quern in Aegyptum vendidistis sum ego frater vester.
mihi: 'Terram bane, in qua dormis, tibi tdbuam, et Nee vobis timendum est. Saluti enim vobis me in bane
filiis tuis. Lfberi tui erunt valde multi, sicut promisi terram misit Deus patrum nostr6rum. Mihi autem dedit
patribus tuis Abrahae et Isaac. Faciam enim te in gen­ Deus voluntatem vobis ignoscendi quae fecistis.
tern magnam.'" "Magnum miraculum erat," respondit Omnium bon6rum c6piam vobis tribuam."

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA NOVA

De participio et infinitivo in tempore futuro activo

De verbis regentibus duplicem obiectivum

Post haec, Iacob benedfxit Phara6ni et discessit. Iosephus autem patri benedicere-bless
suo agros trfbuit in Gessen, parte Aegypti valde fertili. Gratum enim erat gratus-pleasing
Phar6ni iuvare Hebraeos ob merita 6ptima Iosephi. Jacob et ceteri iuvare-he/p
Hebraei habuerunt c6piam 6mnium bon6rum. Hoc modo annos septen­ ob-on account of
decim vixit Iacob. Cum autem cemeret mortem suam appropinquare, ceteri-others
Iacob benedixit du6bus filiis Iosephi, £pbraim et Manasse. Post baec Jacob cernere-see
vocavit filios suos, et ait eis: "Venite ut annuntiem quae ventura sunt ait-he says
(are about to come) vobis in diebus novfssimis. Venite et audite filii Iacob, novissimus-last
audfte Israel patrem vestrum." Et locutus est Iacob prophetfam longam de venturus, a, um-about to come
ffliis suis et de eis quae ventura essent eis in diebus novissimis. Inter alia auferre-take away
haec dixit, benedfcens Iudae: "Non auferetur sceptrum de Iuda, et dux de femur-thigh
femore eius, donec veniat ille qui mittendus est; et ipse erit exspectatio donec-until
gentium." sepelire-bury
Haec prophetia 16quitur de Christo qui venturus erat. Christus re vera ruere-rush, fall
est ille quern omnes gentes exspectaverunt. facies-face
Prophetia finfta, Iacob imperavit filiis suis ut sepelirent eum in terra praecipere-command
Chanaan in loco suo, et m6rtuus est. Josephus, cernens patrem suum ar6mata-spices
m6rtuum esse, ruit super faciem eius, flens multum. Et praecepit servis suis condfre-embalm
medicis ut aroma.tibus condfrent patrem suum. Et omnis Aegyptus flevit
eum septuaginta dies.

The meaning is easy to learn: about to prepare, going

VOCABULARIUM to prepare, intending to prepare.
ait-he says ruere, ruit, rutus-fall,
benedfcere, dixit, dictus­ rush FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE: If we use the infinitive
bless (sometimes with ceteri, ae, a-the rest, the esse ( to be) with a future active participle, we have the
dat.) others future active infinitive. We must remember to use the
cernere, crevit, cretus­ gratus, a, um-pleasing right ending on the participle--gender, number, and
see, distinguish donec-while, until case. Recall that one form of indirect statement uses
iuvare, iuvit, iutus-help, usque ad-as far as, even to objective case with an infinitive. For example:
please Dicit Caesarem venire.-He says that Caesar is com­
ing.
Dicit Caesarem venisse.-He says that Caesar came.
NUNC COGITEMUS Now-with the future:
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE: For some time we have Dicit Caesarem venturum esse.-He says that Caesar
been learning a third part for some verbs, that is not a will come.
perfect participle. Those forms have been marked•. Dixit Caesarem venturum esse.-He said that Caesar
Notice that they all end in -urus. The same form can would come.
be made for any verb-merely change the final -us of Notice that the ending of venturum agrees with the
the perfect participle to -urus. It bas all the endings of subject of the infinitive, Caesarem.
bonus. Note also that the infinitive expresses time relative to
paratus-becomes: paraturus. the time of the main verb:
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Therefore: Present infinitive-same time as main verb Cum ergo Jacob haec dixisset, vocavit etiam filios
Perfect infinitive-action done before main suos ut annuntiaret eis multa ventura. In benedicti6ne
verb et prophetia data Iudae, dixit sceptrum non discessurum
Future infinitive-action to come after time esse a Iuda donec veniret ille qui mittendus erat. Christus
of main verb erat ille qui mittendus erat. Jacob etiam praedixit multa
alia ventura esse filiis suis. His prophetiis datis, m6rtuus
DoUBLE OBJECTIVE CASE WITH SoME VERBS: Some est lacob.
verbs (not all-we must learn by experience, or by the Similiter Josephus ipse, antequam m6rtuus est, pro­
dictionary those which do) can have two objects: phetavit Deum ducturum esse Hebraeos ex terra Aegypti
Rogat Marcum pecuniam. in terram quam eis promiserat. Scivitne Josephus etiam
He asks Marcus for money. Hebraeos multa passuros esse in terra Aegypti antequam
But the verb petere, also meaning ask, doesn't have two discederent? Difficile est dicere. Si revera haec scivit,
objects: Sacra Scriptura non dicit eum praedixisse eos talia
Petit pecuniam a Marco. passuros esse.

DE PROPHETIA IACOB ENGLISH TO LATIN

Temp6ribus Veteris Testamenti, Deus populo suo I. We are about to hear a prophecy. 2. He says that
multos misit prophetas ad eos iuvandos. Hi prophetae these things will come to us in the last days. 3. They wept
multa quae ventura erant dixerunt. Sed etiam patri­ for him seventy days. 4. Jacob gave them a prophecy
archae Jacob et Josephus prophetias de rebus futuris that the Jews would have their own leaders until Christ
dederunt. Quodam die Josephus audivit patrem suum should come (use subj.). 5. Jacob saw that death would
aegrum esse. Cogitavit ergo patrem suum moriturum come soon. 6. It pleased Pharao to help the Hebrews.
esse. Et verum erat: Jacob revera moriturus erat. Cum­ 7. Joseph ran to see his father.
que ad eum venisset Josephus, Jacob eum m6nuit de
promissi6nibus Dei. Deus enim promiserat se facturum
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
esse eos in magnum p6pulum. Dixitque se tributurum
esse eis terram Chanaan. Benedix.it ftaque Jacob duobus Josephus Phara6ni patrem suum venturum esse dixit, et
filiis losephi, dixitque gentes magnas venturas esse ex Phara6nem bona multa fratribus suis rogavit. Qui illi ut
illis filiis. �tiam praedixit Deum iterum ducturum esse terram 6ptimam eis daret imperavit. luvit enim Phara-
p6pulum suum ex terra Aegypti in terram Chanaan. 6nem iuvare fratres patremque Iosephi. At ante mortem
Non dixit Iosephum ipsum habitaturum esse in terra suam prophetiam magnam daturus erat Jacob Iosephi
patrum ipsius. Josephus enim remansurus erat in pater de rebus venturis. Inter alia de Messia futuro
Aegypto et moriturus erat ibi. praedixit non nulla: eum mittendum esse ex Juda.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Post mortem patris sui, Iosephus iit ad Phara6nem, dixitque ei, "Pater cupere-desire
meus cupivit sepelfri in terra patrum su6rum, in Chanaan. Ascendam igitur-therefore
igitur, et sepeliam patrem meum, ac revertar." Dixitque ei Pharao,
"Ascende et sepeli patrum tuum sicut pollicitus es." Cum ergo Iacob con­
.
conditus-embalmed
mos-custom
ditus aromatibus esset secundum morem Aegypti, Iosephus profectus est senex-old man
ut iret in terram Chanaan. Et ierunt cum eo omnes senes domus Phara6nis, supplicium-punishment
et multi a.Iii. sumere-take, exact
Cumque sepelivissent Jacob, reversi sunt in terram Aegypti. Quo m6r­ 6bsecro-beg
tuo, timentes fratres eius dixerunt, "Ne Iosephus nunc irascatur nobis, exercere-practice
velitque supplicium sumere de nobis ob peccata nostra, ea.mus (let us go) malitia-malice
ad eum." Dixeruntque ei, "Pater tuus praecepit nobis antequam moreretur pronus-prostrate
ut haec tibi in n6mine suo diceremus, 'Obsecro ut obliviscaris peccat6rum salvus-safe
fratrum tu6rum, et malitiae quam exercuerunt contra te.' " prope-near
Quibus auditis, flevit loseph. Veneruntque ad eum fratres sui, et proni visitare-visit
adorantes in terram dixerunt, "Servi tui sumus." Quibus ille resp6ndit, os, osse-bone
"Nolite timere. Num p6ssumus Dei resistere voluntati? Vos cogitavistis de 16culus-coffen
me malum: sed Deus vertit illud in bonum, ut exaltaret me, sicut nunc
cemitis, et salvos faceret multos p6pulos. Nolite timere. Ego alam vos et
lfberos vestros."
Iosephus vixit in Aegypto cum omni domo patris sui. Vixitque centum
decem annos, et vidit filios £phraim usque ad tertiam generati6nem.
Cumque sentfret finem vitae suae prope esse, locutus est fratribus suis,
"Post mortem meam Deus visitabit vos, et ascendere vos faciet de terra hac
ad terram quam pollicitus est ad Abraham, Isaac, et Iacob. Portate ossa
mea vobiscum de loco hoc." Et m6rtuus est, et conditus aroma.tibus,
p6situs est in 16culo in Aegypto.

b) I must help them. 2. Translate in two ways: He has

VOCABULARIUM ten brothers. 3. Give the gerundive of: tilere, regere,
currere, tribuere, benedicere, auferre. 4. Give future
cupiunt, cupere, cupivit, bonus mos, more­
custom, habit ( in pl.: active infinitive of: cernere, ruere, appropinqutire.
cupitus-desire
exercere, exercuit, morals, character)
exercitus-practice, durum os, osse-bone I TER FACIAMUS IN ALIAS TERRAS
train (compare: os, ore­
sumere, sumpsit, mouth) Ad Orientem a Iudaea habitatur terra magna et antiqua.
sumptus-take, assume bonus senex, sene-old Huius terrae nomen est Mesopotamia. Significatio huius
( sumere supplicium man n6minis nobis paucis verbis explicari potest. Est enim
de eo--exact punish­ supplicium, o-punishment nomen Graecum-flumen in Graeca lingua dicitur
ment from him) igitur-therefore potam6s, et medius in eadem lingua dictus mesos.
prope-near Mesopotamia ergo terram quae inter flumina est signi­
ficat. Et verum est, nam terra du6bus magnis flumfnibus
irrigatur, scilicet ( that is) Tigride et Euphrate. Haec
VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES
duo flumina, scilicet Tigris et Euphrates, terram bane
1 . Translate these sentences in as many ways as possi­ habitabilem (habitable) faciunt. Quidam h6mines in
able: a) Joseph was sent into Egypt to save his brothers. hac terra paradisum fuisse putant. Quorum sententia
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nee probari nee omnino disprobari potest. Certum est ENGLISH TO LATIN
h6mines bane habitavfsse terram saltem ( at least)
1. Mesopotamia must have floods to irrigate the land.
quinque mfllia ann6rum ante Christi nativitatem.
2. The love of ruling is a danger to many men. 3. To
In Aegypto, flumen Nilus diluvium (flood) omni anno
feed an army, much food is needed. 4. There is no
facit. Aegyptii haec diluvia amant; sine his diluviis,
one here except us Egyptians. 5. Iacob said that Christ
terra e6rum nullo modo habitabilis esset (would be). In
would come. 6. Joseph said that the Jews would leave
Mesopotamia etiam diluvia sunt. Saepe haec diluvia
Egypt. 7. The brothers feared lest Joseph punish them.
sunt bona; praebent (provide ) aquam ad irrigati6nem
necessariam. Sed saepe etiam agros et domos huius ter­
rae delent. ScRAMBLE EXERCISE
Multae fabulae mirabiles ( wonderful) in hac terra
namintur. Inter alia, narrati6nem epicam de Gilgamesh Ad sepeliendum patrem suum in terra patrum eius ex
habent. Quidam h6mines putant Homerum scripsfsse Aegypto cum multis ex Aegypti seni6ribus profectus est
primum epicum. Sed verum non est. Narratio enim de Iosephus. Jacob enim moriturus rogaverat losephum
Gilgamesh comp6sita est multis saeculis ( many cen­ sepulchrum in terra illa. Post haec autem fratres eius ne
turies) ante poemata Homerica. Cras mirabilem narra­ illi esset voluntas puniendi se timebant. Qui timentes ei
ti6nem de hoc Gilgamesh audiemus. appropinquaverunt, rogaveruntque ne irasceretur.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA PRIMA

De formis comparativis et superlativis

De ablativo comparationis

Post mortem Iosephi, Hebraei fuerunt in Aegypto multos annos. Et crevit-grew

creverunt numero, ita ut multi Aegyptii mirarentur et timerent. Etiam rex mirari-wonder
Aegypti animadvertit Hebraeos factos esse numer6sos. Post annos multos animadvertit-noticed
venit in s61ium Aegypti Pharao qui ignorabat Iosephum. Hie rex con­ ignorare-not know
tempsit Hebraeos, et quaesfvit quo modo deleret eos. Ait f taque ad contemnere-despise
populum suum, "Ecce, populus fili6rum fsrael multus, et f6rtior (stronger) quaesivit-sought
nobis (than us) est. Venfte, opprimamus eum, ne, si bellum contra nos opprimere-crush
veniat, transeat ad hostes nostros, et, victis nobis, egrediatur e terra." transfre-go over
Praeposuit fgitur eis magfstros duros, ut afflfgerent eos oneribus. Et egredi-go out
aedificaverunt Phara6ni duas urbes, Phithom et Ramesses. Cumque magi­ praeposuit-put over
stri duri opprimerent eos, Hebraei crescebant numero, oderantque filios affligere-afflict
fsrael Aegyptii, et affligebant eos. onus-burden
Cum Pharao animadvertisset Hebraeos, etsi graviter oppressos, adhuc graviter-gravely
crescere, mandavit ut omnes pueri Hebrae6rum interficerentur statim post statim-at once
nativitatem suam. parvulus-child
Inter alios pueros Hebraeos, natus est unus parvulus pulcher. Mater abdidit-hid
eius abdidit eum tres menses post nativitatem eius. Seel post haec, putans sporta-basket
se non iam posse servare puerum, p6suit eum in sporta, inter calamos in calamus-reed
aqua ad ripam �uminis Nili. Soror huius pueri stetit procul, et spectabat ripa-bank
fratrem parvulum suum. procul-far off
Ecce, venit fHia Phara6nis cum puellis suis, videruntque parvulum. spectare-look at
Filia Phara6nis mota est miseric6rdia, videos hunc parvulum, et dixit,
"De infantibus Hebrae6rum est hie." (Continuabitur eras)

Sometimes the comparative uses the word more, e.g.,

VOCABULARIUM more ready.
Now Latin has a similar set of forms for all adjectives
animadvertere, vertit, wonder, admire
-to make the comparative we get a base from the
versus-notice, punish quaerere, quaesivit,
ablative singular of an adjective ( ablative singular less
contemnere, tempsit, quaesitus-seek
the ablative ending) and add to that base: -ior, -ius.
temptus-despise, scorn spectare, avit, atus-look
at We have already had some of these words, such as
crescere, crevit, cretus­
durum onus, 6nere­ melior-they are all declined like melior-that is, all
grow ( compare parts
( even those that come from bonus type words) are third
of cernere) burden
declension, with ablative in -e.
mirari, miratus est- statim-at once
For the superlative, we use the same base, and add:
-issimus ( declined like bonus) .
NUNC COGITEMUS Therefore take the adjective clarus-clarior, clarfssi­
mus
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES: In English, an adjective Translations: for the comparative--clearer
has three degrees: quite clear
clear, clearer, clearest for the superlative-most clear
The first form is called positive (clear), the second, clearest
comparative (clearer), the third, superlative (clearest). very clear
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IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES: The ipsos, in urbem vocaverunt quoddam monstrum. Nomen
above method is used for most adjectives-but there are huius monstri fuit Eabani-ille erat semibestia et semi­
a few exceptions homo. Gilgamesh (qui etiam fere monstrum erat) factus
1. Adjectives in -er (such as acer, or pulcher) make est amicus huius Eabani. Hi duo itaque ex urbe profecti
the superlative by adding -rimus to the nominative singu­ sunt ad venandum (hunt) .
lar masculine: acerrimus, pulcherrimus. Veniunt in silvas (forest) cedrinas (cedar) occi­
2. Six adjectives make the superlative by adding dentales. Ibi terribile inveniunt monstrum (multa mon­
-limus to the base (ablative singular minus ending): stra sunt his temp6ribus), cui nomen est Humbaba.
Quidam deus tempestatum, Enlil n6mine, Humbabam in
facilis-facillimus (easy)
hac silva p6suit, ad custodiendam (guard) earn. Hum­
difficilis-difficillimus (hard)
baba terribilis est�t amici ( !) nostri, id est Gilgamesh
similis-simHlimus (similar)
et Eabani, terribili6res sunt quam Humbaba. 1taque
dissimilis-dissimHlimus (dissimilar)
Humbabam interficiunt! Pere hoc tempore, quandam
humilis-humillimus (humble)
mulierem (woman) vident, vel p6tius (rather) <learn
gracilis-gracHlimus (slender)
quae vocatur Ishtar. Ishtar amat Gilgamesh, sed ille non
3. Many common adjectives have completely un­ vult mulieres amare: interficere monstra vult. Ishtar
predictable forms-but we have already learned the itaque, ira mota, quia contempta est a Gflgamesh, mittit
most important of them, a few at a time: here they are- aliud monstrum, quod vocatur "taurus (bull) coel6rum"
bonus-melior-optimus contra eos. Sed Gilgamesh et amicus eius hunc taurum
malus-peior-pessimus coelorum celeriter interffciunt. Quidam poeta dixit,
parvus-minor-minimus "Etiam in inferno non est furor (fury) furi6sior quam
multus-plus (has no masculine and feminine mulier quae contempta est." 1taque, Ishtar facit ut
singular)-plurimus Eabani aeger fiat et moriatur. (Continuabitur).
magnus-maior-maximus

ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON: How can we say than after ENGLISH TO LA TIN

a comparative? Two ways:
I. Gilgamesh is fiercer than Humbaba. 2. Was he the
1. Use quam (same case after and before):
fiercest king in the world? 3. The Jews grew and became
Iosephus melior est quam Pharao. (Notice Pharao
greater in number than the Egyptians. 4. Joseph was
is nominative).
more pleasing to his father than the rest of his brothers.
Joseph is better than Pharao.
5. By running swiftly he escaped his enemies. 6. Marcus
2. Use the ablative case: is brave, Julius is braver, and Augustus is the bravest of
Iosephus melior est Phara6ne. all. 7. The authority of the king is not to be scorned.

DE POEMATE EPICO: GILGAMESH

SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
Quo tempore comp6situm est hoc poema? Nescimus­
probabiliter fere saeculo vigesimo secundo (twenty­ Peccata e6rum ignoscendo eis monstravit Iosephus se
second century) ante Christum. Certe antiquior est illis meli6rem esse. Post cuius mortem Hebraei cre­
poematibus Homericis. Sed ad narrati6nem ipsam scendo celeriter facti sunt numerosissimi. Etsi non erant
procedamus. ipsis Aegyptiis numerosi6res causam dederunt timendi.
Gflgamesh rex durissimus erat, qui urbem quae voca­ Quos rex ipse ne ad hostes transirent timuit. Quam
batur Erech regebat. Pauci reges crudeli6res erant illo propter causam ut infantes mox post nativitatem inter­
Gilgamesh. Cives igitur huius urbis, ad liberandos se ficerentur imperavit rex.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA SECUNDA
De adverbiis
De nominibus neutralibus declinationis quartae

Quaedam mulier Hebrae6rum ausa erat servare filium suum parvulum tres mulier-woman
menses etsi Pharao mandaverat ut omnes pueri Hebrae6rum interficerentur ausa erat-dared
statim post nativitatem suam. At post tres menses non iam p6terat absc6n­ absc6ndere-hide
dere eum, exposuitque eum in sporta, in aqua inter calamos ad ripam flu­ sporta-basket
minis Nili. Filia Phara6nis invenit hunc puerum, et, miseric6rdia mota, calamus-reed
cupiebat servare eum. E6dem tempore soror pueri parvuli spectabat, et ripa-bank
cum vidisset filiam Phara6nis desiderare curare eum, cucurrit celeriter ad desiderare-desire
earn. Cui soror pueri ait, "Vis ut vadam et vocem tibi mulferem Hebraeam, curare-care for
quae curare possit infantulum?" Quae resp6ndit, "Vade." Puella vadit et vadere-go
vocavit matrem suam, quae erat mater huius parvuli. Ad quam locuta iste-this
filia Phara6nis, "Accipe, ait, puerum istum, et ale eum mihi: ego dabo tibi merces-pay
mercedem tuam." Suscepit mulier puerum sine mora, et aluit eum. Post suscipere-take
paucos annos, dedit ilium ffliae Phara6nis. Illa autem adoptavit eum in mora-delay
locum fflii, vocavitque nomen eius Moysen dicens, "Quia de aqua tuli
eum." (Nomen "Moyses" probabfliter est solummodo pars secunda nomi­
nis hujus pueri. Multi reges Aegypti habent similia n6mina, e.g., Thutm6-
ses. Nunc autem, nomen Thutm6ses significat, "Thoth est pater eius" vel
"natus est ex Thoth." Ergo nomen Moyses forsan significavit: "natus est ex
aqua.") Moyses igitur doctus est omnem sapientiam Aegypti6rum.
At postquam Moyses crevit, et vir factus est, ostendit se esse amicum
Hebrae6rum. Hane propter causam, Pharao non amavit eum, et Moyses
fugit in terram Madian. In terra Madian duxit in matrim6nium Seph6ram,
filiam Jethro.

Comparative and Superlative of adverbs:

VOCABULARIUM 1. The comparative is the same as the neuter singular
form of the comparative adjective: clarius-more
audere, ausus est-dare suscipiunt, suscipere,
clearly.
(notice that the first cepit, ceptus-under­
2. The superlative uses the -e ending instead of the
part is normal, but the take, take
-us of the adjective: clarissime-most clearly.
rest is deponent) vadere (no other parts)-
curare, avit, atus-take go
IRREGULAR ADVERBS: Most of these can be formed by
care of ( with obj., not mora, a-delay
the use of the above rules on the irregular adjective
poss. case) bona mulier, re-woman
forms which we already know. But there are a few
desiderare, avit, atus­ iste-this, that (see below)
peculiarities:
desire, miss
bene (well) melius (better) 6ptime (very well)
FORMATION OF ADVERBS (Regular): male (badly) peius (worse) pessime (very badly)
a) From first and second declension adjectives: Take (no form) magis (more) maxime (most)
the base (ablative singular minus ending) and add -e. minus (less) minime (least)
Thus: clarus-clare (clearly) multum (much) plus (more) plurimum (most)
b) From third declension adjecitves: Take the base
(ablative singular minus ending) and add -iter. Thus: NEUTERS OF FOURTH DECLENSION: There are just a
acer-acriter (keenly) few of these-the most common are probably genu
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(knee) and cornu (horn, or flank of an army). They are non vult desperare. Pergit (goes on) itaque, et ad litus
declined thus: (shore) maris venit. In hoc mari sunt aquae mortis.
Quo in litore navem et magistrum navis invenit. Huie
genu genua
persuadet (persuades) ut eum ad Utanapistim portet.
genus genuum
Utanapfstim autem ei immortalitatem dare non
genu genibus
potest, sed narrati6nem ei narrat de mirabili diluvio
genu genua
(flood) ex quo ille et uxor salvi (saved) facti sunt. Post
genu genibus
hoc diluvium, quidam deus, cui nomen erat Enlil, dedit
The singular is monotonous, and therefore easy. The ad Utanapfstim vitam aeternam. Sed tales condici6nes
plural is about what we should expect from a neuter­ iterum non sunt venturae. Utanapfstim fgitur non potest
but note that it has not just -a, but -ua. dicere Gilgamesh quo modo vitam aeternam c6nsequi
A few fourth declension words use -ubus instead of possit.
-ibus ( dative and ablative plural). Nihil6minus, Utanapistim dicit quod forsan Gilga­
Domus, which is feminine in a mostly masculine mesh possit cum morte pugnare. ltaque, Gilgamesh pug­
declension, is also odd in that it uses some second nare conatur cum somno (sleep) magico (hie somnus
declension forms: most common are domo (abl.) and re vera est genus mortis). At hie somnus f6rtior eo est,
dom6rum (poss. pl.) and domos (obj. pl.). et Gilgamesh mori coepit. (Continuabitur)

lsTE: Declined just like ille. Meaning: this, that. Some­ ENGLISH TO LA TIN
times it has an extra idea: "that of yours." Sometimes it 1. Did Humbaba have many horns? 2. Gilgamesh de­
gives a tone of contempt. But these extras are not always sired immortality more than anything else. 3. He even
present. attempted to fight with a magic sleep, and fought well
but the sleep fought better. 4. On his knees he asked
PLURA DE GILGAMESH Utanapistim for eternal life. 5. The way of dying is
known to all, but the way of living eternally is not
Antequam cum Humbaba pugnarent, Gilgamesh horta­ known to them. 6. Gilgamesh did not see this clearly,
tus erat (encouraged) amicum suum Eabani ne pug­ and so he dared to fight bravely against death. 7. All
nam timeret. Nunc autem Eabani m6rtuus est. Gilga­ men told Gilgamesh: "Death is a heavy burden that the
mesh patienter eum spectat, sperans eum ad vitam re­ gods have given to men-there is no hope of escaping."
versurum esse. Sed Eabani non revertitur--corpus eius
corrumpitur. Gilgamesh ipse nunc timet. Sentit mortem
SCRAMBLE EXERCISE
etiam sibi venturam esse. Proficiscitur itaque, quaerens
quo modo mortem vitet (avoid). Gilgamesh iam de Ausa est fflia quaedam ex Hebraeis, quae Moysis soror
quodam mirabili (wonderful) viro audfvit, qui propin­ erat, ffliae Pharaonis loqui. Illa enim, genu flectendo
quus (relative) ei est: Utanapfstim. Hie Utanapistim puellae Aegyptiacae, num vellet vocari mulferem ex
consecutus est immortalitatem. Gilgamesh, per multa Hebraeis pueri curandi causa, interrogavit. Qua iubente,
monstra ad finem terrae vadit. Omnes h6mines quos ad matrem celeriter cucurrit suam Moysis soror. Hoc
videt interrogat de modo consequendi immortalitatem. modo iste in palatio vixit regis Aegypti, sapientiamque
Omnes ei nullam esse spem (hope) dicunt. Ille autem Aegypti doctus est.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA TERTIA
De conditionibus realibus
De ablativo differentiae

Moyses itaque mansit apud Jethro multos annos, et pastor erat. Quodam apud-with
die, cum gregem duxisset in desertum, ad Horeb, montem Dei, D6minus pastor-shepherd
apparuit ei in flamma ignis de medio rubi. Cum ergo conspexisset flam­ grex-flock
mam, Moyses dixit, "Vadam et videbo visi6nem hanc magnam, quare non rubus-bramble bush
comburatur rubus." Rubus enim videbatur ardere et nihil6minus integer conspexit-saw
manere. Cemens autem D6minus quod Moyses veniret ad videndum, comburere-burn up
vocavit eum de medio rubi, et ait, "Moyses, Moyses." Qui resp6ndit, ardere-burn
"Adsum." At ille, "Ne appropfnques, ait, hue: solve calceamentum de integer-whole
pedibus tuis: locus enim, in quo stas, terra sancta est." Dixitque Deus, hue-to this place
"Ego sum Deus patris tui, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac, et Deus Iacob." s6lvere-loose
Absc6ndit Moyses faciem suam; non enim audebat spectare Deum. calceamentum-shoe
Cui ait D6minus, "Vidi afflicti6nem p6puli mei in Aegypto, et clam6rem pes-foot
eius audfvi ob duritiam e6rum qui afflfgunt eos. Et sciens dol6rem eius, absc6ndere-hide
descendi, ut liberem eum de manibus Aegypti6rum, et ducam de terra illa facies-face (5)
in terram bonam et spati6sam, in terram quae fluit lacte et melle. Sed veni, ob-on account of
et mittam te ad Phara6nem, ut ducas p6pulum meum, fflios Israel de duritia-hardness
Aegypto." Dixitque Moyses ad Deum, "Quis sum ego ut vadam ad dolor-grief, pain
Phara6nem, et ducam fflios Israel de AegyptoT' Qui dixit ei, "Ego ero spati6sus-extensive
tecum, et hoc habebis signum quod mfserim te: cum duxeris p6pulum fluere-flow
meum de Aegypto, immolabis Deo super montem istum." lac-milk
Ait Moyses ad Deum, "Ecce ego vadam ad filios Israel, et dicam eis: met-honey
Deus patrum vestr6rum misit me ad vos. Si dixerint mihi: Quod est immolare-sacrifice
nomen eius? quid dicam eis?" Dixit Deus ad Moysen, "Ego sum qui sum." sic-thus
Ait, "Sic dices ffliis Israel: 'Qui est, misit me ad vos.' " (Continuabitur
eras)

1. Si venerit (veniet)-bonum erit.

VOCABULARIUM If he will have come (will come, or comes)-it will
be good.
conspiciunt, conspicere, integer, gra, grum-fresh,
spexit, spectus-see, untouched 2. Si adest-bonum est.
catch sight of apud ( with obj.)-with, If he is here-it is good.
fluere, fluxit,. fluxurus­ at the house of 3. Si adfuit (or aderat)-bonum fuit (or erat).
flow hue-to this place If he was here-it was good.
s6lvere, solvit, solutus­ ob (with obj.)-on These are all called REAL CONDITIONAL sentences-they
loosen, pay account of have indicative. Notice that there is a future, a present,
facies (5), facie-face and a past real (in that order).

NUNC COGITEMUS ABLATIVE OF MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE: We already

know how to say than after a comparative. For example:
REAL CONDITIONS: There are six principal kinds of sen­
tences in which one clause starts with if. Let us learn He is taller than Marcus.
how to handle three of them today, and three later. It is Altior est Marco (or quam Marcus) .
best to work by imitating a set of samples (it would be But how do we say how much taller? Just use the ablative
good to memorize them): without a preposition:
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 He is taller than Marcus by two feet. oculos p6puli sui in Erech. Profectus est itaque, et, mag­
Altior Marco est du6bus pedibus. nis itineribus factis, fere ad urbem suam venit. At dies
or again: calidus (h ot) fuit, et Gilgamesh, ad aestum vitandum
He is much taller than Marcus (taller by mu ch)­ (av oid the heat) vult natare. Dum natat, herbam mira­
M ulto altior quam Marcus est. bilem in ripa relinquit. Sed ecce! serpens quidam ad
ripam venit, herbam videt, c6medit, et, dep6sita cute
(sk in), revertitur in iuventutem. Quam ob causam ser­
GILGAMESH QUAERIT IMMORTALITATEM
pentes etiam nunc cutem dep6nere et in iuventutem
Gilgamesh cum quoclam somno magico ( qui re vera reverti possunt ( non verum est serpentes hoc facere
genus mortis est) pugnare conatus est. Gilgamesh f6rti­ posse, sed quidam hoc dicunt). At miser ( wretched)
ter pugnavit, sed somnus multo f6rtius pugnavit. 1taque Gilgamesh, quid ille facere potest? Non iam mirabilem
amicus noster fere m6rtuus est, et re vera m6rtuus esset habet herbam: moriendum est. Nihi16minus, ante mor­
( wo uld have died) nisi uxor Utanapistim, miseric6rdia tem, spiritum Eabani per artes magicas evocat (sum­
mota, eum suscitavisset (had awa kened). mons), qui ei multa de regi6nibus mortu6rum narrat.
Post haec Gilgamesh discessurus erat ut in urbem
suam reverteretur. At uxor Utanapistim virum suum
ENGLISH TO LA TIN
hortatur ( u rges) ut ei aliquocl donum det priusquam
discedat. Utanapistim igitur explicat ad Gilgamesh quod 1. If Gilgamesh finds the plant, he will live eternally.
herba (plant) mirabilis in fundo (bottom) maris in­ 2. If he does not watch it, a snake will take it. 3. There­
veniri possit. Omnis qui hanc c6medit herbam, in fore snakes now have the power of not dying. 4. Is
iuventutem iterum revertitur. Magnis lab6ribus Gilga­ Gilgamesh much better than a snake? 5. Some of the
mesh ad fundum maris natat (swims), invenitque bane citizens whom he rules think not. 6. If the people do not
herbam. Herba inventa, Gilgamesh statim comedere believe, what should I do? 7. He went into the sea to
earn non vult. Melius esse putat earn comedere ante seek the plant.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA QUARTA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

Dixit Moyses Deo, "Non credent mihi p6puli mei, neque audient vocem persuadere-persuade
meam, sed dicent, "Non apparuit tibi Dominus." Sed Deus dedit Moysi virga-rod
potestatem magnam, ut posset persuadere Hebraeis. Dixit itaque Deus, proicere-throw
"Quid est quod tenes in manu tua?" Resp6ndit, "Virga." Dixitque D6mi­ apprehendere-take
nus, "Pr6ice earn in terram." Proiecit, et versa est in serpentem, ita ut fugeret cauda-tail
Moyses. Dixitque D6minus, "Extende manum tuam, et apprehende cau­ inc6lumis-unharmed
dam eius." Qui manum extendit, et versa est in virgam, ita ut Moyses ipse vulnus-wound
inc6lumis esset, sine vulnere. Deus etiam dedit Moysi potestatem faciendi 6bviam-to meet (adv.)
signa alia, imperavitque ei ut faceret ea coram Phara6ne. simul-at the same time
Moyses itaque reliquit Jethro, et iter fecit per desertum. Aaron autem, congregare-gather
frater Moysis, m6nitus a Deo, venit 6bviam Moysi in deserto. Moyses et pronus-prostrate
Aaron venerunt simul, et congregaverunt omnes seni6res fili6rum tsrael. intellexit-understood
Locutusque est Aaron 6mnia verba quae dixerat D6minus ad Moysen; et praefectus-pre/ect
fecit signa coram p6pulo, et credidit p6pulus. Audiveruntque quod visita­ ultra-any more
visset D6minus filios Israel, et proni adoraverunt. lntellexerunt enim quod praebere-/urnish
Deus re vera locutus erat Moysi. palea-chaff
Post haec ingressi sunt Moyses et Aaron, et dixerunt Phara6ni, "Haec later-brick
dicit D6minus Deus Israel: Dimitte p6pulum meum, ut sacrificet mihi in
deserto." At ille resp6ndit, "Quis est D6minus, ut audiam vocem eius, et
dimittam tsrael? Nescio D6minum, et Israel non dimittam." Praecepit ergo
in die illo praefectis 6perum dicens, "Ne ultra praebeatis paleas p6pulo
Hebrae6rum ut faciant lateres. Sed ipsi vadant et c6lligant paleas suas."
( Continuabitur eras)

NARRATIO BABYLONICA DE DILUVIO

VOCABULARIUM
In poemate epico de Gilgamesh, Utanapistim de max­
intellegere, lexit, lectus­ forth imo diluvio quod in diebus suis venerat narravit. lam
understand inc6lumis, e, i-unharmed narrati6nem in Scripturis Sacris de diluvio bfblico leg­
persuadere, suasit, magnum vulnus, vulnere­ imus. Nunc narrandum est de diluvio Babyl6nico.
suasus-persuade ( with wound P6stea comparati6nem (comparison) inter utramque
dat.) 6bviam ( adverb)-to meet (each) versi6nem faciemus.
praebere, praebuit, (dat.) Olim dei concilium habuerunt. In hoc concilio de
praebitus-furnish, simul-at the same time humano genere deliberaverunt. Quandam ob causam
offer ultra (adverb and prep. ( nihil de peccato dicitur in versi6ne Babyl6nica) dei
[proiciunt] proicere, with obj.)-more, humanum genus delere volunt, diluviumque mittere
iecit, iectus-throw further, beyond statuunt (decide).
Unus ex his deis amicum humanum quern non vult
delere habet. Hie deus, cui nomen est Ea ( deus aquarum
VIDEAMUS FoRMAS VETERES
est) ad amicum suum Utanapistim vadit, et eurn de
diluvio venturo monet. lnsuper, Ea mandat ut Utanapis­
1. Give comparative and superlative adjective forms of: tim navern aedificet, mensurasque (dimensions) navis
integer, durus, bonus, parvus. 2. Give the comparative ei dat. lmperat etiam ut Utanapistim animalia omnis
and superlative adverbs of: fortis, pulcher. 3. Decline generis in navem suam ducat. Utanapistim 6mnia sicut
together: cornu fortius, facies melior. Ea mandavit facit, et in navem ingreditur cum ux6re
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sua, omnibusque animalibus. Imber de coelis dies sep­ in the desert. 4. Moses did not understand why the bush
tem cadit. Omnes alii h6mines animaliaque in aquis in­ remained unharmed. 5. Was Bel a much greater god
terfecti sunt. Utanapistim autem, et qui cum eo in navi than Ea? 6. The gods came down like flies to take the
sunt, salvi (safe) sunt. Quodam die post imbres, navis in sacrifice. 7. Utanapistim escaped from the danger of
montem qui Nisir vocatur venit. Utanapistim columbam dying in the flood.
(dove) et passerem (sparrow) ex navi mittit, sed ad eum
revertuntur. P6stea cornicem (crow) emittit ex navi.
Cornix non reversa est. Utanapistim fgitur ex navi
SPECTACULUM NOVUM
egreditur, et sacrificium offert. Dei, qui in coelum fuger­
ant, timentes diluvium, sicut muscae (flies)-sic enim Quidam bonus agricola, Egbertus n6mine, non p6terat
narrat narratio Babyl6nica-ad sacrificium descendunt. bene videre propter debilitatem (weakness) ocul6rum.
Sed quidam deus qui vocatur Bel irascitur quia Utana­ lter ergo fecit in urbem ad optometristam (id est, ad
pfstim ex diluvio inc61umis evasit. Nihil6minus alius oculorum medicum [ eye doctor]). Optometrista posuit
deus, Enlil, praemia ad Utanapistim dare wit, quia illeante Egebertum Htteras parvas et interrogavit, "Potesne
genus humanum servavit. 1taque Enlil ponit Utanapis­ legere has litteras?" Cui Egbertus resp6ndit, "Non
tim et ux6rem eius in locum trans aquas mortis, datque possum." Deinde p6suit optometrista alias Htteras
eis immortalitatem (Comparatio cum Scripturis fiet mai6res, et e6dem modo interrogavit. lterum resp6ndit
eras.) Egbertus se non posse legere illas litteras. Mai6res litte­
ras iterum p6suit medicos, et idem resp6nsum accepit.
Oltimo litteras pedis unfus (one foot) p6suit medicos,
ENGLISH TO LATIN
interrogavitque Egbertum, "Certe, nunc legere has lit­
I. The gods held a council and sent a flood to destroy teras potes?" Cui Egbertus resp6ndit, "Non possum."
the human race. 2. If Ea does not warn Utanapistim, "Qu6modo (how) accidit?" dixit medicos. Et Egbertus
he also will be destroyed. 3. Aaron came to meet him resp6ndit, "Numquam didici legere."

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA QUINTA

De conditionibus idealibus
De formis verbi: malle

Moyses et Aaron semel venerant coram Phara6ne rogantes ut concederet semel-once

licentiam discedendi Hebraeis. Qui non solum negavit licentiam, verum concedere-grant
etiam magis oppressit Hebraeos. P6pulus Israel venit ad Moysen et Aaron, negare-re/use
querentes de oppresi6ne. Deus itaque mandavit Moysi et Aaron ut iterum queri-complain
venirent ad Phara6nem, ut liberaretur p6pulus ab oneribus quae vix vix-hardly
sustinere p6terant, et ut licentiam haberent egrediendi ex Aegypto. sustinere-bear
lam Moyses vidit se frustra locuturum esse verba Phara6ni, nisi etiam frustra-in vain
miracula faceret. Aaron ergo convertit virgam in serpentem coram Phara- magus-magician
6ne. Hie autem vocavit magos suos, qui idem fecerunt. Sed virga Aaron devorare-eat
devoravit virgas e6rum. duritia-hardness
At Pharao remansit in duritia cordis sui, prohibuftque Hebraeos egredi cor-heart
ex Aegypto. Deus ergo fecit decem signa magna, quae fuerunt decem prohibuit-forbade
plagae Aegypti. Aaron venit ad ripam fluminis Nili, percussitque flumen plaga-plague
virga sua. Ecce, aqua fluminis facta est sanguis. Pharao autem adhuc percussit-struck
durus erat. Post dies septem, Aaron extendit manum suam super flumina rana-/rog
Aegypti, et statim multitudo magna ranarum venerunt ex aquis, et imple­ implevit-fil/ed
verunt omnem terram. Ranae venerunt in domos 6mnium, etiam in pala­
tium regis. Pharao territus est, vocavitque Moysen et Aaron, "Rogate
D6minum pro me, ait, ut ranae discedant a me et p6pulo meo et dimittam
p6pulum tuum." Moyses fecit quae rex petfverat, et ranae discesserunt. At
Pharao, videos se populumque suum liberatos esse a ranis, adhuc n61uit
dimittere Hebraeos. (Continuabitur eras)

2. Si adesset-bonum esset. (present ideal)

VOCABULARIUM If he were here-it would be well.
3. Si adfuisset-bonum fuisset. (past ideal)
concedere, cessit, cessus­ queri, questus est­
If he had been here-it would have been well.
yield, grant complain
Notice the distinguishing marks of these kinds-sub­
negare, avit, atus-deny, sustinere, sustinuit,
junctive in Latin-would in the second part of the sen­
say no, refuse sustentus-withstand,
tence (main clause) in English. Notice also how the
prohibere, prohibuit, hold up, bear
Latin tenses run: one notch off (we have no future sub­
prohibitus-prohibit, frustra-in vain
semel-once
junctive, and so use present subjunctive for future ideal):
prevent
Future ideal: present subjunctive (sometimes per­
vix-hardly, scarcely
fect subjunctive in the si clause)
Present ideal: imperfect subjunctive
Past ideal: pluperfect subjunctive
NUNC COGITEMUS
IDEAL CONDITIONS: Here are samples of the three kinds THE VERB MALLE ("PREFER"): Its forms are much
of IDEAL CONDITIONAL sentences. Again, it is best to like those of velle (wish) :
work by imitating a set of samples (would be good to Present indicative: malo, mavis, mavult, malumus,
memorize them ) : mavultis, malunt
1. Si venerit ( veniat) -bonum sit. (future ideal) Imperfect indicative: malebam, etc.
If he should come (or comes ) -it would be well. Future indicative: malam, males, etc.
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 Perfect indicative: malui, isti, etc. sacrificiis nostris, et ea habere vult solummodo in sig­
Present subjunctive: malim, etc. num bonarum dispositionum cordis (heart) humani. In
The other forms are too obvious to need to be written Babylonia dei congregantur "sicut muscae"-sunt verba
out. ipsa narrationis Babylonicae. Nihil tam indignum
(unworthy) Deo in Scripturis habetur. In Babylonia,
COMPARATIO INTER DUAS NARRATIONES DILUVII deus Bel irascitur quod (because) Utanapistim ex
diluvio evasit. In Scripturis, Deus non irascitur. Ipse
Prima facie (at first sight) namitio Babylonica simil­
enim, qui solus est Deus, fecit Noe evadere.
lima videtur esse narrationi in Sacris Scripturis. Sed si
Valde magnae ergo sunt differentiae inter utramque
diligenter studeamus, maximas adesse differentias vide­
(each) narrationem. Quid ergo dicendum est de multis
amus. In Scripturis enim diluvium non a multis deis, sed
rebus similibus in eis? Veritas in hac re non clara est·
a Deo uno mittitur. Et saepe videmus hanc differentiam
-forsan utraque (each) narratio venit traditi6nibus
in duabus narrationibus-Babylonica enim supp6nit
antiquis. In Babylonia, hae traditi6nes mutatae sunt
(supposes) polytheism um verum esse. Scriptura, e con­
polytheistice (po/ytheistically, i.e., so as to speak of
tra, omnino monotheistica est. In Scripturis, diluvium
many gods). In Scriptura, scriptor humanus, sub in­
est poena (punishment) peccatorum hominum. In
spiratione divina scribens, omnem vitat (avoids) er­
Babylonia, e contra, diluvium non dicitur esse poena
rorem.
peccati. In Scriptura, unus solus verus Deus monet Noe
de diluvio venturo. In Babylonia unus parvus deus,
ENGLISH TO LATIN
contra voluntatem aliorum deorum, vult servare
Utanapistim. Mensurae (dimensions) navis diversae in 1. If Ea had not warned him, Utanapistim would have
duabus narrationibus sunt-sed differentia huius modi died. 2. Most of the gods would have preferred to kill
non gravis est. Similia sunt ea quae narrantur de imbri­ him. 3. If Bel should see the ship, would he destroy it?
bus, de monte Nisir, de avibus (birds) missis ex area. 4. If they did not have sacrifices, what would the gods
Post diluvium, et Noe et Utanapistim sacrificia offerunt. do? 5. Gilgamesh says, "If I were immortal, I would
Sed in Babylonia, videtur quod sacrificium fere neces­ be happy." 6. Pharao would yield if he knew the truth
sarium deis est. In Scriptura, Deus non eget (needs) about God. 7. If Pharao wants to see me, let him call me.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA SEXTA

De gerundivo

Pharao, vi dens ranas abifsse, fterum induravit eor suum, nee permfsit indurare-harden
Hebraefs ut exfrent ex Aegypto. At Aaron, iussu Dei, pereussit virga sua eor-heart
pulverem terrae. Confestim multa mfllia cfnifum venerunt e pulvere in exfre-go out
omnes h6mines et in animalia in universa terra Aegypti. Magi Phara6nis iussu-by order
eonatf sunt educere cfnifes e terra, nee potuerunt. Et magi Phara6ni dixe­ percussit-struck
runt, "Dfgitus Dei hie est." Pharao autem non audfvit cos. lnduratum est pulvis-dust
enim cor illius. Dixit quoque D6minus ad Moysen, "Vade ad Phara6nem cfnifes-gnats
et dices ad cum: Haec dicit D6minus: Dimftte p6pulum meum, ut sacrfficet educere-lead out
mihi. Quod si non dimfseris cum, ecce ego mittam in te et in servos tuos digitus-finger
et in p6pulum tuum et in domos tuas omne genus muscarum. Faciamque hie-here
mirabilem in die illa terram Gessen in qua p6pulus meus est, ut non sint ibi quoque-also
muscae: et scias quod ego D6minus in medio terrae. Ponamque divisi6nem quod si-but if
inter p6pulum meum et p6pulum tuum: eras erit signum istud. Fecftque musca-fly
Dominus ita. Et venerunt museae gravfssimae in domos Phara6nis et fferi-be done
serv6rum eius, et in omnem terram Aegypti; corruptaque est terra ab huius pergere-go
modi muscis. verumtamen-nevertheless
Vocavftque Pharao Moysen et Aaron et ait eis, "Ite et saerifieate Deo orare-pray, beg
vestro in terra hae.•• Et ait Moyses, "Non potest ita fferi. Sed viam trium egressus-go out
dierum pergemus in solitudinem, et sacrifieabimus D6mino Deo nostro,
sicut praecepit nobis." Dixftque Pharao, "Ego dimittam VOS, ut saerificetis
D6mino Deo vestro in deserto; verumtamen 16ngius ne abeatis. Rogate
pro me."
Egressusque Moyses a Phara6ne, oravit Dominum. Qui fecit secundum
verbum illius, et abstulit muscas a Phara6ne et a servis eius, et a p6pulo
eius. At cor Phara6nis fterum induratum est, et non dimfsit p6pulum.
(Continuabitur eras)

POSE-in that sense it was used with ad, causa, gratia,

VOCABULARIUM and sometimes ob, propter, or pro. When the gerundive
is used without any of those prepositions (and, of course,
indurare, avit, atus­ on
digitus, o-finger not with a linking verb to express obligation), it may
harden
multus pulvis, pulvere- give the same effect as the ENGLISH GERUND WITH AN
orare, avit, atus-beg,
dust OBJECT. Quite a variety of combinations are possible:
pray
percutiunt, percutere, hie (adverb)-here 1. Marcus consul factus est donis dandis.
pereussit, percussus­ quod si-but if Marcus became consul by giving bribes (gifts).
strike quoque-also, even 2. Brutus interfectus est in liberanda patria.
pergere, perrexit, (never first word) Brutus was killed in freeing his country.
perreetus-proceed, go 3. Scripsit librum de contemnenda gloria.
He wrote a book about despising glory.
4. Curavit pontem faciendum.
NUNC COGITEMUS
He took care of making a bridge (or he had a
FURTHER USES OF THE GERUNDIVE: We have already bridge made).
seen how to use the gerundive (-ndus) to express PUR- Notice how these translations work:
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 1. Translate the preposition ( if any--or consider lis ante regnum vestrum. Ouidam dicunt cos venisse ex
what case we have). Chanaan." Cui rex, "Sed nonne h6mines boni sunt?
2. Translate the -ndus form by the English gerund Ouare eos timendos esse credis?" Resp6ndens itaque
(-ing). consiliarius dixit, "Videtur quod Hebraei in terram
3. Put the Latin noun ( the one with which the nostram venerunt tempore quo reges mali bane terram
gerundive agrees) after the gerund in English, as regebant, d6mine mi rex. Id est, venerunt tempore quo
its object. reges Aegypti erant h6mines qui vocabantur Hyksos. Hi
Test this procedure on each of the above examples. enim reges in Aegypto fuerunt plus quam centum annos.
It will seem strange at first-but actually this use of the Non erant reges boni. Non enim regnabant per potesta­
gerundive is a handy short cut in Latin. tem dei magni qui est in coelis, quern vocamus 'Horus.'
Sed solummodo per potestatem alterfus dei 'Seth'
regnaverunt. Hebraei autem videntur potestatem mag­
DE PHARAONE ET IUDAEIS nam habuisse in diebus horum regum malorum." ( Con­
Ouodam die, unus ex consiliariis (counsellors) regis ad tinuabitur)
Phara6nem accessit, et fere hoc modo locutus est ei,
"Domine mi rex, licetne mihi servo vestro loqui vobis de
ENGLISH TO LATIN
rebus magnis faciendis?" Cui Pharao, "Licet. Loquaris
nobis. Consiliariis audiendis, multa bona facere p6s­ 1. By destroying the ships, the Romans defeated
sumus." "In regno vestro," ait servus regis, "p6pulus Carthage. 2. The gods spoke about destroying all men.
novus est. Hie p6pulus crescit, et fit gens magna. Ergo, 3. The art of ruling men is quite difficult. 4. By striking
timor mihi est." "Sed quare timendum est," interrogavit the dust, Aaron called forth thousands of gnats ( cini­
rex. "Nonne bonum est ut multos subiectos habeamus? Jum). 5. If Pharao had feared God, he would not have
Possunt tributa (taxes) s6lvere; possunt in operibus hardened his heart. 6. If the Hebrews had not been in
magnis faciendis laborare. Sed qui sunt hi homines?" Gessen, would they have had gnats? 7. God preferred to
"Hebraei vocantur, d6mine mi rex." "Ex qua terra vene­ send Moses to free His people by working ( use facere)
runt?" "Audivi eos venisse in bane terram, multis saecu- miracles.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA SEPTIMA

De verbis impersonalibus
De ablativis causae et separationis

Dixit autem D6minus ad Moysen, "lngredere ad Phara6nem, et 16quere impedire-hinder

ad eum: Haec dicit D6minus Deus Hebrae6rum: Dimftte p6pulum meum retinere-ho/d back
ut sacrfficet mihi. Quod si adhuc impedis eos et retines eos, ecce manus pereat ( from perire)
mea erit super agros tuos, et super animalia vestra. Et faciet D6minus pertinere-belong to
mirabile inter possessi6nes Israel et possessi6nes Aegypti6rum, ut nihil statuere-set
omnino pereat ex his quae pertinent ad filios Israel." Statuitque D6minus quidquam-anything
tempus, dicens, "Cras faciet D6minus verbum istud in terra." Fecit ergo possidere-possess
D6minus verbum hoc altera die. Mortuaque sunt multa animalia Aegypti- cor-heart
6rum ex omnibus generibus animalium e6rum; de animalibus vero fili6rum cinis-ashes
Israel nihil omnino periit. Et misit Pharao ad videndum: nee erat quid­ spargere-scatter
quam m6rtuum de his quae possidebat Israel. Induratumque est cor iumentum-beast of burden
Phara6nis, et non dimfsit p6pulum. ulcera-ulcers
Et dixit D6minus ad Moysen et Aaron, "T6llite plenas manus cineris et op6rtuit-was necessary
spargat cinerem Moyses in coelum coram Phara6ne. Sitque pulvis super
omnem terram Aegypti: erunt enim in hominibus et iumentis ulcera in
uni versa terra Aegypti."
Tulerunt itaque Moyses et Aaron cineres, steteruntque coram Phara6ne.
Et sparsit cineres �foyses in coelum; factaque sunt ulcera in hominibus et
in iumentis. Nee p6terant magi Phara6nis stare coram Moyse propter
ulcera quae in illis erant et in omni terra Aegypti. Pharao autem ipse mansit
adhuc in duritia cordis sui, et n6luit dimfttere p6pulum Israel de Aegypto.
Hoc modo Deus misit per Moysen plagas multas in Phara6nem et in
omnem p6pulum eius. At op6rtuit adhuc mittere alias plagas in Aegyptum
antequam Pharao vellet dimittere filios Israel ex terra illa. ( Continuabitur
eras)

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM
IMPERSONAL VERBS: There are some verbs that have
impedire, ivit, itus­ possidere, possedit, no forms except the third person singular, with the
hinder, impede possessus-possess subject it in English. These verbs are always impersonal.
licet, licere, licuit, retinere, retinuit, (There are, as we shall see, many verbs that may be used
lfcitum est-it is retentus-keep back,
impersonally, but have more forms than merely third
permitted retain
singular.) For example:
op6rtet, oportere, statuere, statuit, statutus­
op6rtuit-it is neces­ set, decide Placuit senatui mittere eos in carcerem.
sary, it is proper multus cinis, cinere-ashes It pleased the senate ( or the senate decided) to send
pertinere, pertinuit, -: quisquam, quicquam ( or them to prison.
pertain, belong quidquam-decline We could also write the same sentence thus:
placet, placere, placuit, the quis part, not the Placuit senatui ut mitterentur in carcerem.
placitum est-it pleases, quam)--anyone, any­
it is decided thing Or another: Licet vobis discedere ex Aegypto.
It is permitted to you to depart from Egypt.
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Which could also be: Licet ut discedatis ex Aegypto. enim dixi, in terram nostram venerunt temp6ribus
Another example: Oportet vos discedere. mal6rum regum. Sed fnsuper, hi Hebraei loquuntur
It is proper that you go. saepe de magno viro ex gente sua quern vocant Iose­
Which could be: Op6rtet (ut) vos discedatis. phum. Dicunt hunc virum Iosephum fufsse magnum
Notice that some of these verbs, such as placet and licet,
prfncipem sub quodam ex his regibus malis." "Et quis
take the dative. Notice also that to explain the subject it,
revera erat hie Josephus," interrogavit Pharao. "Eum
we may have a clause-this clause is sometimes objec­
nescio." Cui consiliarius, "Ego quoque losephum nescio.
tive with infinitive, sometimes ut with subjunctive. In
general, any impersonal verb may have the objective Nihil6minus, si quodam tempore hi Hebraei mag­
with the infinitive clause--but the ut-subjunctive is nam habuerunt potestateIIl in terra nostra, nonne peri­
culum est ne, si iterum gentes aliae faciant bellum contra
usually restricted to verbs that have an idea of willing,
wanting, permitting, deciding or something similar. nos, Hebraei pugnent cum illis contra nos? Crescunt
As to verbs that are sometimes, not always, impersonalnumero valde, sicut dixi. Ergo videtur mihi oportere ut
--consider this example: aliquid faciamus de his hominibus. Nunc autem, Hceat
Nuntiatur Caesarem adesse. mihi ut explicem consilium novum et bonum de Hebraeis
It is reported that Caesar is present. impediendis." Cui rex, "Licet ut explices. Semper nos
No real problem in it. But some others are a bit different:
op6rtet audire consflia vir6rum egregi6rum. Sed expli­
Ventum est in terram novam. candum est consilium tuum." "In parte septentrionali
They came into the new land. terrae vestrae, d6mine mi rex, olim fuerunt duae urbes
We cannot translate ventum est literally; it would mean
bonae. Nunc autem, in eadem parte terrae vestrae He­
"it was corned" (by--). Instead of they, in the above
braei agros p6ssident. ltaque, si liceat mihi loqui, hoc
sentence, the general sense might have called for he, she,
we, you or even/. videtur bonum: Op6rtet ut rex edictum faciat de his
urbibus fterum aedificandis. Hebraei cogendi sunt ut
ABLATIVE OF CAUSE AND ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION: lab6rent in urbibus faciendis. Si ergo Phara6ni placeat
We have already learned that the ablative without a haec imperare, ego servus vester statim curabo haec
preposition may be translated in English by: in, by, facienda." Cui rex, "Ea quae dixfsti bona videntur.
with. Now we must add two more meanings: because of
Perge, cura statim urbes aedificandas."
and from. Of course an ablative of separation ( from)
often does have a preposition (ab, ex, de), but some­
times it does not. Hardly ever does it have one with ENGLISH TO LA TIN
names of towns, as we have already seen.
1. Peccatis meis Deus haec fecit. 1. They were not permitted (literally: it was not per­
Because of my sins God has done this. mitted to them) to go out of Egypt. 2. It was necessary
2. Liberavit me omni cura. that Moses send more plagues. 3. Because of the great
He freed me from all care. war, we do not wish to stay here: we prefer to leave.
4. Pharao decided to let them go, but then hardened his
CONTINUANTUR VERBA PHARAONIS ET heart again. 5. Because of many plagues the Hebrews
CoNSILIARII Ems feared God. 6. Did Moses scarcely escape death in sav­
"Nunc autem," perrexit consiliarius loquens Phara6ni, ing the people? 7. But if Aaron had not struck the earth
"videtur mihi quod periculum est ex hoc p6pulo. Sicut with his rod, the gnats would not have come.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA OCTAVA

Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

etiam post ulcera accepta Pharao n6luit dimfttere Israel. Moyses itaque, mane-in the morning
iubente Domino, mane surrexit vaditque ad Phara6nem. Dixftque Moyses, en-behold
"Haec dicit D6minus Deu� Hebrae6rum: Dimftte p6pulum meum ut grando-hail storm
sacrfficet mihi. Ut scias quod non sit similis mei in omni terra, nunc ex­ nimis-very
tendens manum percutiam te et p6pulum tuum. En pluam eras hac ipsa qualis-such, such as
hora grandinem multam nimis, qualis non fuit in Aegypto a die qua tonitruum-thunder
fundata est, usque in praesens tempus." discurrere-run about
Extendente itaque Moyse manum suam in coelum, facta est grando in fulgur-lightning
universa terra Aegypti, et D6minus dedit tonitrua ac discurrentia fulgura cunctus-all
super terram Aegypti. Et percussit grando, in omni terra Aegypti, cuncta desinere-cease
quae fuerunt in agris, ab h6mine usque ad iumentum. Tantum in terra nequaquam-by no means
Gessen, ubi erant fflii Israel, grando non cecidit. tetendit-stretched
Misitque Pharao et vocavit Moysen et Aaron, dicens ad eos, "Peccavi cessavit-ceased
etiam nunc. D6minus iustus; ego et p6pulus meus, impii. Orate D6minum quod-because
ut desinant tonftrua Dei, et grando: ut dimfttem vos, et nequaquam hie auxit-increased
ultra maneatis."
Egressusque Moyses a Pbara6ne ex urbe, tetendit manus ad D6minum;
et cessaverunt tonftrua et grando, nee ultra venerunt super terram. D6mi­
nus feeit haec quod Moyses rogaverat eum. Pharao autem, videos quod
cessavfsset grando et tonitrua, auxit peccatum suum; et induratum est cor
eius, nee dimfsit fflios Israel, sicut praeeeperat D6minus per manum
Moysis.

ablative without a preposition-invent examples of

VOCABULARIUM each (it is well to have one example of each memorized) .
3. Give the third singular of all tenses and moods of the
augere, auxit, auctus­ cunctus, a, um-all
verb malle. 4. Summarize the entire rule for Latin con­
increase clarum fulgur, fulgure­
ditions, both real and ideal, in one sentence (make it
cessare, avit, atus-cease lightning
short, not more than 20 words will easily do) .
desfnere, desfvit, desitus­ qualis, e, i-such, what kind
cease, stop nimis (adverb )-very,
tendere, tetendit, tentus­ exceedingly, too PHARAO DE MOYSE AUDIT
stretch, spread quod-because
"Vocavistine me, Domine mi Rex?" dixit senex, qui erat
princeps inter omnes consiliarios Phara6nis. "Otique,"
NOTE: Notice the new use of quod in the sense of be­ rex ait, "audfvimus virum novum in bane terram venisse
cause. Quod also may mean that, for indirect state­ cui nomen Moyses. Alii consiliarii nostri monuerunt nos
ments, or for substantive clauses. It can also be one form de hoc viro. Dicunt eum esse periculo omni terrae
of the relative pronoun, meaning which or that. Aegypti. Sed n6vimus te fufsse consiliarium patris mei et
monuisse eum de p6pulo quodam qui dicuntur Hebraei.
Nunc autem, hie Moyses dicitur esse vir ex Hebraeis."
VIDEAMUS FoRMAS VETERES
"Vera sunt haee," resp6ndit vetus consiliarius. "Paucis
1. Find three basic English translations that will cover annis ante mortem patris vestri, ad eum veni et per­
all uses of the future passive participle, gerundive, and suasi ut c6geret hunc p6pulum laborare in lab6ribus
gerund. 2. List all the meanings you know for the duris. Si haec non monufssem, et si Pharao haec non
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imperavisset, forsan hi Hebraei plus aucti essent, et UBI EST GEORGWS WASHINGTON?
regnum Phara6nis delevissent. £tiam consilium dedi de Quidam senex ( old man) per viam ambulans (walk)
interficiendis 6mnibus pueris Hebrae6rum in infantia." vidit quinquc pueros cum cane (dog). "Quid facitis?"
"Qu6modo ergo hie vir Moyses non est interfectus?" in­ interrogavit senex. "Mendacia (lies) dfcimus," rc­
terrogavit Pharao. "Mater huius pueri novum consflium sp6ndit unus ex pueris, "Quisquis (whoever) maximum
ad puerum servandum invenit. P6suit enim eum in narrat mcndacium, canem hunc habebit." "Sed ego,"
sporta in ftumine sacro. Filia regis, hunc puerum videns, dixit senex, "cum puer esscm, numquam mendacium
desideravit eum habere. ltaque, fflia Phara6nis iubente, di.xi." Silentium breve crat-deinde unus pucr ad scncm
mater ipsa huius Moysis aluit puerum paucos annos. His locutus est: "Accipc cum-<:anis tuus est."
annis finitis, puer in palatium regis ipsius venit, vixitque
ibi. Pharao autem nesciebat puerum esse Hcbraeum. ENGLISH TO LATIN
Cum autem pucr crevissct ct vir factus cssct, ostendit se 1. If Pharao had not sinned, the plagues would not have
amarc Hebraeos, etiam virum Aegyptiacum pcrcussit. come. 2. Why did he not decide to let Israel go? 3.
Hane propter causam, fugiendum crat ci in tcrram Pharao did not free them from work. 4. Pharao in­
Madian. lbi multos annos remansit. Sed dfcunt cum creased his sin by hardening his heart. S. Lightning,
vidisse visi6nem Dei Hebrae6rum. Deus dixit ei redeun­ such as Egypt had never seen before that time, came
dum esse in terram nostram, et Hebraeos ducendos essc upon the whole land. 6. When Moses extended his hand,
ex regno vestro. Melius csset nobis si m6rtuus essct in the thunder stopped. 7. The lightning was seen in all the
flumine!" land except the part in which the Hebrews lived.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA NONA
De casu locativo
De ablativo instrumenti et personae agentis

Introierunt ergo Moyses et Aaron ad Phara6nem et dixerunt ei, "Haec introf vit-went in
dicit D6minus Deus Hebrae6rum: Osquequo non vis obedfre mihi? Di­ usquequo-how long
mitte p6pulum meum ut sacrificet mihi. Sin autem resistis, et non vis sin-but if
dimittere eum: ecce ego inducam eras locustam in fines tuos et si quid resistere-resist
grando non delevit, c6medent locustae. Et implebunt domos tuas et servo­ inducere-bring in
rum tu6rum." Dixerunt autem servi Phara6nis ad eum, "Osquequo patie­ locusta-locust(s)
mur hoc sc{mdalum? Dimitte h6mines ut sacrificent. Nonne vides quod eicere-throw out
perierit Aegyptus?" Revocaveruntque Moysen et Aaron, et Pharao v6luit conspectus-sight
permittere eis ut solummodo viri sine mulieribus et liberis irent et sacrifi­ urere-burn
carent. Statfmque eiecti sunt de conspectu Phara6nis. levare-raise
Extendit Moyses virgam super terram Aegypti; et D6minus induxit festfnus-swift
ventum urentem tota die ilia et nocte; et mane, ventus urens levavit locustas. flare-blow
Quae ascenderunt super universam terram, vastantes 6mnia. Quam ob arripuit-snatch
rem Pharao festinus vocavit Moysen et Aaron, et dixit, "Peccavi in Domin­ ruber-red
um Deum vestrum et in vos. Sed nunc dimittite peccatum meum." Moyses tenebrae-darkness
itaque egressus oravit D6minum. Qui flare fecit ventum ab occidente ubicumque-wherever
vehementissimum, et arripuit locustas proiecitque in Mare Rubrum. oves-sheep
At Pharao iterum induravit cor suum, nee dimisit fsrael. armentum-flock
Moyses igitur extendit manum in coelum; et factae sunt tenebrae hor­ quicumque-who(what)-ever
ribiles in universa terra Aegypti tribus diebus. Nemo vidit fratrem suum, ut-as
nee movit se de loco in quo erat. At ubicumque habitabant filii fsrael lux
erat. Vocavitque Pharao Moysen et Aaron et dixit eis, "lte, sacrificate
Domino. Oves tantum vestrae et armenta remaneant." At Moyses negavit
se posse ire sine armentis. Dixitque Pharao ad Moysen, "Discede a me, et
cave ne ultra videas faciem meam. Quocumque die apparueris mihi,
morieris." Resp6ndit Moyses, "lta fiet ut locutus es. Non videbo ultra
faciem tuam."

town. Now when the sense is that of staying in the town,

VOCABULARIUM something similar happens. We have the locative case
( which is used only on names of towns, cities, and a few
flare, avit, atus-blow only the qui- )-whoever,
stray other words, such as domus-domi: at home).
introfre, iit, *iturus-enter whichever, whatever
This locative case exists only in the FIRST AND SECOND
levare, avit, atus-raise, ruber, rubra, rubrum-red
DECLENSIONS.
relieve tenebrae, is-darkness
Endings are: I. -ae 2. -i
urere, ussit, ustus-burn sin-but if
quicumque, quaecumque, ut ( with indicative )-as, Thus: Romae Tarenti
quodcumque ( decline when (In the plurals of first and second declensions, and in
the third declension, we use the ablative.)
Seldom do we find: in Roma, in Tarento, etc.
NUNC COGITEMUS
Lcx::ATIVE CASE: We have already noted that the names ABLATIVES OF INSTRUMENT AND PERSONAL AGENT:
of towns and cities do not usually use a preposition with For the most part we have not found it necessary to give
the objective and the ablative to mean to or from the special rules on when to use or omit prepositions with
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the ablative: in most uses, it is possible to use the case mai6res sunt quam dei Aegypti!' Sed iterum cogitavi non
either way. But there are two uses in which most authors oportere hoc modo loqui. Deinde post septem dies,
are particular about the prepositions: manu extensa super flumen, idem Aaron fecit multitudi­
Instrument-no preposition ( some Late authors use nem magnam ranarum venire. Etiam in palatium sac­
de or ex, but not very commonly) rum venerunt! P6stea, pulvere percutiendo, vocavit
Personal agent-uses ab Aaron multa millia cinifum e terra. Magi autem vestri
The difference is not hard to see from a pair of examples: hoc non potuerunt facere, ita ut dicerent: 'Manus Dei est
1. Interfectus est gladio. hie!' Cum autem cinifes discessissent, misit Deus e6rum
He was killed by a sword. muscas in omnem terram Aegypti-sed non in partem
2. Interfectus est a Marco. terrae ubi habitant Hebraei isti! Magno terr6ri erat mihi
He was killed by Marcus. cogitare de his! Post haec multa animalia nostra m6rtua
In other words, in both examples we have something sunt-sed non animalia Hebrae6rum. Deinde Moyses
done by a person or thing. But when we have a person, ipse, cinere spargendo in coelum coram Phara6ne, misit
a preposition (ab) is normal-when we have a thing, no ulcera gravia in nos omnes. lnsuper, extendenda manu,
preposition is ordinarily used. misit idem vir in nos grandinem, locustas, et tenebras
horribiles, quae tamen in partem terrae ubi Hebraei sunt
non venerunt! Ergo, si liceat loqui, hoc dicam, 'Forsan,
PHARAO AUDIT CoNSILIUM BoNUM ne pei6ra accidant terrae nostrae, melius esset ut Hebraei
"Licetne ut loquar pauca ad d6minum meum regem?" isti discedant.' "
interrogavit idem vetus consiliarius, cum ad Phara6nem
introisset. Cui Pharao, "Licet, sed breviter. Valde enim
ENGLISH TO LATIN
moti sumus illis rebus quae facta sunt a viro pessimo
Moyse." "Breviter faciam," resp6ndit consiliarius. "Ego 1. There were many great men at Rome and at Athens.
quoque passus sum multa ab eo. Ipso die in quo Moyses 2. Caesar was killed by Brutus. 3. He was killed with
ante vos venit, ad petendam licentiam discedendi p6pulo a dagger. 4. If he had not desired to be a king, would
suo, timui. Non solum enim frater eius Aaron virgam he have been killed? 5. Pharao said that he did not wish
suam in serpentem convertit, sed etiam, percutiendo to see the face of Moses again. 6. God sent lightning
flumine, fecit aquam sacri fluminis in sanguinem! Dixi into all Egypt, so that the people were terrified. 7. Be­
enim in mente mea: 'Magno periculo terrae nostrae sunt cause of the sins of Pharao, ten plagues came upon the
hi viri! Videtur quod magni dei pro eis pugnant. Forsan land.

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LECTIO OCTOGESIMA
De clausulls introductis coniunctione: cum
De variis rebus in declinatione tertia

Et dixit D6minus ad Moysen, "Adhuc una plaga tangam Phara6nem et compellere-drive

Aegyptum, et post haec dimfttet vos, et exire compellet." Dixitq ue Dominus primogenitus-f,rst-born
etiam, "Media nocte egrediar in Aegyptum, et morietur omne primogeni­ s6lium-throne
tum in terra Aegypti6rum, a primogenito Phara6nis, qui sedet in s6lio ancilla-slave girl
eius, usque ad primogenitum ancfllae quae est ad molam, et 6mnia primo­ mola-mill
gentia iument6rum. Erftque clamor magnus in universa terra Aegypti, iumentum-beast of burden
qualis nee ante hoc tempos fuit, nee p6stea futurus est. Mensis iste, vobis clamor-shout
erit principium mensium: primus erit in mensibus anni. Loqufmini ad principium-beginning
universum coetum fili6rum Israel et dfcite eis: Decima die mensis huius coetus-assembly
tollat unus quisque ( each and every one) agnum per famflias et domos quisque-each
suas. Sin autem minor est numerus, ut sufficere possit ad vescendum agnum , per-by
assumet vicfnum suum, qui iunctus est d6mui suae, secundum numerum sufficere-sufjice
animarum quae sufffcere possunt ad esum agni. Erit autem agnus absque vesci-eat
macula, masculus, annfculus. Et servabitis eum usque ad quartam deci­ assumere-take also
mam diem mensis huius. Immolabitque eum universa multitudo fili6rum vicious-neighbor
Israel ad vesperam. Et sument de sanguine eius, ac ponent sanguinem iunctus-joined
super utrumque postem, et in superliminaribus dom6rum in quibus come­ es us-eating
dent illum. Et edent carnes nocte illa assas igni, et azymos panes cum absque-without
lactucis agrestibus. Et transfbo per terram Aegypti nocte illa, percutiamque macula-spot
omne primogenitum in terra Aegypti. Erit autem sanguis vobis in signum anniculus-one year old
in d6mibus in quibus eritis, et videbo sanguinem, et transfbo vos, nee erit vespera-evening
in vobis plaga delens quando percussero terram Aegypti. Habebitis autem uterque-each, both
hunc diem in monumentum, et celebrabitis earn solemnem Domino in postis-door post
generati6nibus vestris." superliminare-lintel
Factum est autem in noctis medio, percussit D6minus omne primogeni­ assus-roasted
tum in terra Aegypti, a primogenito Phara6nis usque ad primogenitum azymus-unleavened
captivae, quae erat in carcere. Surrexftque Pharao nocte, et omnes servi agrestis-wild
eius, omnfsque Aegyptus, et factus est clamor magnus in Aegypto. Neque lactuca-lettuce
enim erat domus in qua non erat m6rtuus. Vocatisque Moyse et Aaron in-as
nocte, Pharao ait, "Surgite et egredfmini a p6pulo meo, vos et fflii Israel:
ite, immolate Domino sicut dfcitis, et abeuntes benedfcite mihi."

NUNC COGITEMUS
VOCABULARIUM CuM CLAUSES: It is good now to review and make
iungere, iunxit, iunctus- princfpium, o-beginning more precise our information about clauses introduced
join, yoke quisque, quaeque, by cum. We already know that cum may have three
vesci ( no other parts)-eat quidque ( or quodque )- classes of meanings:
(often with abl.) each, each one I. Time-when or after
absque ( with ab/.)- ( unus quisque--each 2. Cause-because or since
without and every one) 3. Concession--although
coetus, u-assembly, crowd vicious, o ( noun or adj.)- We know that:
macula, a-spot neighbor, neighboring l . Cause and concession always have the
mola, a-mill, meal subjunctive.
2. Time sometimes has the subjunctive.
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But precisely when does time have the subjunctive? We tunately, there are exceptions to these rules-but they
must distinguish primary and secondary sequence (see are still a help to memory.
Lesson 66-we have primary sequence when the main
verb refers to present or future time; secondary, when it DE ELIA PROPHETA ET PROPHETIS BAAL
refers to past time) .
In diebus Eliae prophetae, cum Iudaei deos falsos et
In primary sequence, cum will have the indicative
id6la c6lerent, Elias ad omnem p6pulum lsrael locutus
whenever it is to be translated by when or after.
In secondary sequence, however, cum will have the est dicens, "Osquequo (how long) claudicatis (waver)
inter duas partes. Si D6minus est Deus, sequimini eum:
indicative only when the clause means merely time (i.e.,
si autern Baal est deus, sequfmini ilium." Et non resp6n­
no other idea, such as because or although is strongly
dit ei p6pulus verbum. Et ait rursus Elias ad p6pulum,
felt in the background). E.g.:
"Ego remansi propheta Domini solus: prophetae autem
Cum sol oriebatur, Caesar profectus est. Baal quadringenti et quinquaginta (450) viri sunt. Den­
When the sun was rising, Caesar set out. tur (from dare) itaque nobis duo boves, et illi eligant
The indicative is used because the idea is purely time (choose) sibi bovem unum, et in frusta (pieces) caed­
-there is no thought that Caesar was starting because entes (cutting) super ligna ponant, ignem autem non
or although the sun was rising. supp6nant (put beneath) ; et ego bovem alterum pa­
rabo, et super ligna imp6nam, ignem autem non supp6-
MIXED STEM NOUNS IN THIRD DECLENSION: We have nam. Invocate n6mina de6rum vestr6rum, et ego nomen
already learned that there are two large groups of nouns Domini mei invocabo: et Deus qui per ignem exaudiverit
in third declension, depending on the ablative singular: (hear, grant favor), ipse sit Deus." Resp6ndens omnis
i-means that possessive plural will be- ium p6pulus ait, "Optima propositio."
nominative-objective plural of neuters will be -ia Dixit ergo Elias prophetis Baal, "Eligite vobis bovem
e-means that possessive plural will be -um unum, et parate primi, quia vos plures estis: et invocate
nominative-objective plural of neuters will be -a n6mina de6rum vestr6rum, ignemque non supponatis."
Actually, there are some nouns that are half-breeds, Qui cum tulissent bovem quern dederat eis, invoca­
or mixed stems. They have e in the ablative singular, but bant nomen Baal de mane (morning) usque ad meri­
-ium in the possessive plural. Which are these nouns? diem (noon) dicentes, "Baal, exaudi nos." Et non erat
There is no simple rule-experience and much reading vox, neque qui responderet. Transiliebantque (jump
is the best teacher. But we may note that no neuters are over) altare quod fecerant.
mixed stems. And most nouns of one syllable in the Cumque iam esset meridies, illudebat (mock) illis
nominative that end in -ns, -rs, -rx, -Ix in the nominative Elias, dicens, "Clamate voce mai6re (louder) : deus
are mixed. enim est, et forsan 16quitur, aut in divers6rio (inn) est,
aut in itinere, aut certe dormit (is asleep), ut excitetur."
RULES FOR I-STEM NOUNS: I-stem nouns are those that Clamabant ergo voce magna, et incidebant se (cut
we have learned with i in the ablative singular. There themselves) secundum ritum suum donec perfunderen­
are three rules to help our memory in learning that abla­ tur (be covered) sanguine. (Continuabitur eras)
tive singular.
1. Monosyllables (i.e., nouns with one syllable in the ENGLISH TO LATIN
nominative) whose bases (ablative singular minus end­ 1. When Pharao saw that his own son was dead, he
ing) end in two consonants-will be either I-stems or called Moses and Aaron. 2. He told them that he would
mixed stems. (This group is masculine or feminine) let Israel go. 3. Each and every one prepared to leave
2. Parasyllables (i.e., nouns with same number of Egypt at night. 4. When they had eaten the lamb, they
syllables in nominative and ablative singular-e.g., put its blood on the doors. 5. The Egyptians were killed
civis, civi) with nominative singular in -is or -es (will by the angel of the Lord. 6. Because of the blood of the
be masculine or feminine)-will be I-stems. lamb, the angel did not kill the Jews. 7. By sacrificing
3. Neuters in -e, -al, or -ar-will be I-stems. Unfor- the lamb the Jews were saved.

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LECTIO OCTOGESIMA PRIMA
De verbis regentibus casum ablativum
De variis terminationibus
De usu lexici

Pharao dederat p6pulo 1srael licentiam discedendi ex Aegypto. Illi fgitur nubes-cloud
surrexerunt nocte, et, portantes ossa Iosephi, discesserunt. D6minus autem defuit-be lacking
praecedebat eos ad ostendendam viam per diem in columna nubis et per nuntiare-announce
noctem in columna ignis, ut dux esset itineris utr6que tempore. Numquam immutare-change
defuit columna nubis per diem, nee columna ignis per noctem coram servire-be slave
p6pulo. currus-chariot
Et nuntiatum est regi Aegypti6rum quod fugfsset p6pulus; immutatum­ (fourth declension)
que est cor Phara6nis et serv6rum eius super p6pulo, et dixerunt, "Quid assumere-take
voluimus facere ut dimitteremus 1srael ne serviret nobis?" Iunxit ergo quidquid-whatever
currum, et omnem p6pulum suum assumpsit secum. Tulftque sescentos electus-picked
currus electos et quidquid in Aegypto curruum fuit, et duces totfus exer­ nequaquam-by no means
citus. Cumque appropinquasset Pharao, levantes fflii Israel 6culos, vide­ tacere-be silent
runt Aegyptios post se: et timuerunt valde, clamaveruntque ad D6minum. siccus-dry
Et ait Moyses ad p6pulum, "NoHte timere, state et videte res magnas murus-wall
Domini quas facturus est h6die.Aegyptios enim, quos nunc videtis, nequa­ dexter-right
quam ultra videbitis in sempiternum. D6minus pugnabit pro vobis, et vos laevus-le/t
tacebitis." Profecti sunt fgitur fflii 1srael ad Mare Rubrum. Cumque occurrere-meet
extendisset Moyses manum super mare, abstulit mare D6minus, ftante ftuctus-wave
vento vehementi et urente, et vertit in siccum; divisaque est aqua. Et in­ ne ... quidem-not even
gressi sunt filii Israel per medium sicci maris; erat enim aqua quasi murus laudare-praise
a dextra e6rum et a laeva. Persequentesque Aegyptii ingressi sunt post
eos. Et ait D6minus ad Moysen, "Extende manum tuam super mare, ut
revertantur aquae ad Aegyptios super currus et equites e6rum." Cumque
extendisset Moyses manum contra mare, reversum est ad pri6rem locum.
Fugientibusque Aegyptiis occurrerunt aquae, et inv6lvit eos D6minus in
mediis ftuctibus. Ne unus quidem superfuit ex eis. Filii autem 1srael per­
rexerunt per medium sicci maris et laudaverunt D6minum.

are five deponent verbs whose apparent object is in the

VOCABULARIUM ablative:
uti, usus est-use; gladio utitur-he uses a sword.
deesse, defuit, tacere, tacuit, tacitus-be
frui, fructus est-enjoy; frumento fruitur-he enjoys
*defuturus-fail, be silent
grain.
lacking to dexter, tera, terum-right
fungi, functus est-busy self with, perform; consul­
immutare, avit, atus­ murus, o-wall
atu fungitur-he per/or med the duty of a consul.
change siccus, a, um-d ry
potfri, potitus est-get possession of; terra potitus
laudare, avit, atus-praise ne ...quidem-not even
est-he got possession of the land.
servfre, servivit, servitus­ ( note the word order)
vesci (sometimes with objective)-eat; cibis vesci­
be slave to ( with dat.)
tur-he eats foods.
Actually, the five verbs are in the middle voice ( some­
thing neither active nor passive, which has no special
NUNC COGITEMUS
forms in Latin. The passive in a few examples has such
FIVE DEPONENTS GOVERNING THE ABLATIVE: There a rneaning)-they mean the subject acts so as to affect
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himself: Thus: uti: to serve oneself by means of some­ There are a few other occasional contracted forms­
thing; fungi: to busy oneself with, etc. such as those from noscere-novisti becomes nosti;
noverunt becomes norunt; noveram, etc., becomes
OPTIONAL ENDINGS IN THIRD DECLENSION: In addi­
noram, etc., novisse becomes nosse.
tion to the endings we have already learned, there are
some optional endings that are sometimes used, as fol­
lows: CoNTINUATUR NARRATIO DE ELIA PROPHETA
1. The ablative singular of most I-stems can also be Sed vox non audiebatur, et nemo prophetis Baal
e ( but the ablative singular of consonant stems can
respondebat. Dixit itaque Elias omni p6pulo, "Venite ad
never be i). This holds for nouns, not for adjectives. me." Et accedente ad se p6pulo, curavit altare Domini,
Nor does it hold for neuter nouns. Present participles do quod destructum erat. Et tulit du6decim lapides (stones)
have the choice. secundum numerum tribuum (tribes) fili6rum lacob.
2. The objective plural of I-stems can be -is (with Et de lapidibus altare in n6mine Domini aedificavit;
long i) instead of -es. E.g., the noun navis could have fecitque fossam (ditch) in circuitu (around) altaris. Et
ablative nave; objective plural navis. comp6suit ligna, divisitque bovem et super ligna p6suit.
OPTIONAL ENDINGS OF VERBS: Et ait, "lmplete quattuor hydrias (water jars) aqua
1. The second person singular passive ending is (ablative) et fundite super holocaustum et super ligna."
usually -ris, as we have seen, in forms made on the first Et fecerunt hoc ter (three times), Elia iubente. Et
part of the verb. But instead of -ris we may have -re: currebant aquae circum altare, et fossa repleta est. Cum­
pararis could be parare. que iam tempos esset ut offerretur holocaustum, ac­
2. The third person plural of the perfect indicative cedens Elias propheta ait: "Domine Deus Abraham et
active is usually -erunt. It could also be -ere (with the lsaac, ostende h6die quia (that) tu es Deus Israel, et
first e long) : ego servus tuus, et iuxta (according to) praeceptum
paraverunt could be paravere. tuum 6mnia verba haec feci. Exaudi (hear) me, Domine,
exaudi me, ut discat p6pulus iste, quia (that) tu es
CONTRACTIONS IN THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT
D6minus Deus, et tu convertisti cor e6rum iterum."
ACTIVE OF VERBS: These contractions are rather com­
Cecidit autem ignis Domini, et voravit (consumed)
mon in the perfect tense of verbs that have their perfect
holocaustum, et ligna, et lapides, pulverem quoque, et
ending in: -avit, -evit, -ivit:
aquam quae, erat in fossa, lambens (licking it up).
1. -avit and -evit perfects lose v and the following
Quod cum vidisset omnis p6pulus, cecidit in faciem
vowel before s or r.
suam, et ait: "D6minus ipse est Deus, D6minus ipse est
2. -ivit perfects lose v and the following vowel before
Deus."
s-and also lose v before r.
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE ENGLISH TO LATIN
Perfect Perfect
1. How did the Jews get possession of the Holy Land?
amasti delesti audisti amarim delerim audierim2. They enjoyed all the things that the Lord had given
amastis delestis audistis etc. etc. etc.
them. 3. Not even one thing was lacking to them. 4. If
amarunt delerunt audierunt they had served the Lord well, they would have remained
Past Perleel Past Perfect there. 5. We ought to use well all that God has given us.
amaram deleram audieram amassem delessem audissem 6. Although the holocaust was not dry, fire from heaven
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. came down upon it and consumed it. 7. The Lord is to
be praised greatly (magnopere).
Future Perlect
amaro delero audiero
THE USE OF THE LATIN DICTIONARY
etc. etc. etc.
Latin Dictionaries (and other texts also) do not use
INFINITIVE
the new forms of listing of words such as we have
Perfect learned. But it is easy to learn to follow them.
amasse They give four parts for normal verbs instead of our
delesse three. The last three are the same (substantially) as ours
audisse (the difference is that we use the third person ending in
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the perfect active, while they use the first person). The As to nouns, other books give the possessive singular
additional part they give is the first part. It is the present instead of the ablative singular as the second form. But
indicative active, first singular. Compare it to our pre­ we can handle that easily-the disadvantage in giving
liminary part on such verbs as capiunt. Here are a few the possessive singular is that we then do not learn easily
examples, listed in both ways: how to distinguish the various subdivisions within third
ouu: cApiunt, cApere, cepit, captus declension ( we must try to work them out by rules such
THEIRS: capio, capere, cepi, captus
as those given in Lesson 80). For example:
OUllS: loqui, locutus est
OURS: bona veritas, veritate-truth
THEIRS: loquor, loqui, locutus sum
OURS: parare, paravit. parAtus THEIRS: veritas, veritatis-/-truth
THEIRS: paro, parare, paravi, paratus ouu: servus, o-slave
ouu: conari, conatus est THEIRS: servus, i-m-slave
THEW: conor, conan, conatus sum They give the gender by a letter instead of by an
The first part they give is really unnecessary-we have adjective. On the bonus type they list: bonus, a, um: the
all the neceuary information from three parts-why three forms of the nominative singular, just as we do.
memorize four? But if we want that other part, we can On third declension adjectives they give the same listing
easily make it from the principles we have learned: as we do except that they do not give the ablative singu­
merely make the present indicative active first singular. lar, and so do not tell us what type of declension to
That will be it.
follow.
On the last part of the verb, practice varies. Some
books will give perfect passive participles instead of fu­ So the differences are not extremely great. The older
ture active participles on some verbs. There is no method calls for more memory work, but gives less in­
uniformity between various dictionaries and texts. For formation, since it fails to help us in third declension.
example on the verb ire, some will give the last part as Other grammars write similarly to this book, but in
itus, others as iturus. But if you know one you can easily the names of the cases they use the term genitive instead
make the other. of possessive, and accusative instead of objective.

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 DECLENSIONS OF NOUNS

1 2(M) 2(N) 3(M-F) 3(M-F)

Norn. puella agnus helium rex navis
Poss. puellae agni helli regis navis
Dat. puellae agno hello regi navi
Obj. puellam agnum helium regem navem
Abl. puella agno hello rege navi(e)
Norn. puellae agni hella reges naves
Poss. puellarum agn6rum hellorum regum navium
Dat. puellis agnis hellis regibus navibus
Obj. puellas agnos hella reges naves(is)
Ahl. puellis agnis hellis regibus navibus

3(N) 3(N) 4(M) 4(N) 5

Norn. nomen mare senatus genu dies
Poss. nominis maris senatus genus diei
Dat. nomini mari senatui genu diei
Obj. nomen mare senatum genu diem
Abl. nomine mari senatu genu die
Nom. nomina maria senatus genua dies
Poss. nominum marium senatuum genuum dierum
Dat. nominibus maribus senatibus genibus diebus
Obj. n6mina maria senatus genua dies
Ahl. nominibus maribus senatibus genibus diebus

DECLENSIONS OF ADJECTIVES

POSITIVE DEGREE
Singular

M F N M-F N M-F N
Norn. bonus bona bonum ferox ferox fortis forte
Poss. boni bonae boni fer6cis fer6cis fortis fortis
Dat. bono bonae bono fer6ci fer6ci forti forti
Obj. bonum bonam bonum fer6cem ferox fortem forte
Abl. bono bona bono feroci fer6ci forti forti

Plural
Nom. boni bonae bona feroces ferocia fortes f6rtia
Poss. bon6rum bonarum bon6rum fer6cium fer6cium f6rtium f6rtium
Dat. bonis bonis bonis fer6cibus fer6cibus f6rtibus f6rtibus
Obj. bonos bonas bona fer6ces fer6cia fortes f6rtia
Abl. bonis bonis bonis fer6cibus fer6cibus f6rtibus f6rtibus
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 Singular
M F N M-F N
Norn. acer acris acre vetus vetus
Poss. acris acris acris veteris veteris
Oat. acri acri acri veteri veteri
Obj. acrem acrem acre veterem vetus
Abl. acri acri acri vetere vetere

Plural
Norn. acres acres acria veteres vetera
Poss. acrium acrium acrium veterum veterum
Oat. acribus acribus acribus veteribus veteribus
Obj. acres acres acria veteres vetera
Ahl. acribus acribus acribus veteribus veteribus

COMPARATIVE DEGREE
Singular
M-F N
clarior clarius
clari6ris clari6ris
clari6ri clari6ri
clari6rem clarius
clari6re clari6re

Plural
clai6res clari6ra
clai6rum clari6rum
clari6ribus clari6ribus
clai6res clari6ra
clari6ribus clari6ribus

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
All are declined liked bonus

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 CONJUGATIONS OF VERBS
INDICATIVE ACTIVE

PRESENT: He loves, he does love, he is loving

1 2 3 3 4
1. amo habeo pono capio audio
2. ama s babe s poni s capi s audi s
3. ama t babe t poni t capi t audi t
1. ama mus babe mus p6ni mus capi mus audf mus
2. ama tis babe tis p6ni tis capi tis audf tis
3. amant habent ponunt capiunt audiunt
IMPERFECT: He loved, he did love, he was loving
1. amaba m babeba m poneba m capieba m audieba m
2. amaba s habeba s poneba s capieba s audieba s
3. amaba t habeba t poneba t capieba t audieba t
1. amaba mus habeba mus poneba mus capieba mus audieba mus
2. amaba tis babeba tis poneba tis capieba tis audieba tis
3. amaba nt habeba nt poneba nt capieba nt audieba nt
FUTURE: He will love, he will be loving
1. amabo babebo ponam capiam audiam
2. amabi s habebi s pone s capie s audie s
3. amabi t babebi t pone t capie t audie t
1. amabi mus babebi mus pone mus capie mus audie mus
2. amabi tis habebi tis pone tis capie tis audie tis
3. amabunt habebunt ponent capient audient

PERFECT* PLUPERFECT* FUTURE PERFECT*

1. amavi amaveram amavero
2. amavfsti amaveras amaveris
3. amavit amaverat amaverit
1. amavimus amaveramus amaverimus
2. amavfstis amaveratis amaveritis
3. amaverunt amaverant amaverint

• The perfect active tenses of all conjugations are the same.

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 INDICATIVE PASSIVB

amor babeor ponor capior audior

PllESENT: He is loved, he is being loved

amaris babe ris p6ne is ca is audt ris

1.

amatur babe tur p6ni ur capi ur audf tur

2.
� � �
3.
amamur habe mur p6ni ur capi ur audimur
amamini babe mini pon{ ini cap{ ini audt mini
1.

amantur babentur ponuntur capiuntur audiuntur

2.
3.

amaba r habeba r poneba r capieba r audieba r

IMPERFECT: He was loved, he was being loved

amabaris habebaris ponebaris capicbaris audiebaris

1.

amabatur habebatur poneba tur capiebatur audiebatur

2.
3.
amabamur habebamur ponebamur capiebamur audiebamur
amabamini habebamini poncbamini capiebamini audiebamini
1.

amab ntur habebantur poneba ntur capiebantur audiebantur

2.
3.

amabor habe bor ponar capiar audiar

FUTURE: He will be loved

amabe ris babebe " pone ris capie ris audie ris
1.
amabi ur habebi r pone tur capie tur audie ur
2.
� b
3.
amabi mur habebi ur pone mur capie mur audie mur
amabimini habeb{ "ni pone mini capie mini audie mini
1.

amabuntur habebuntur ponentur capie ntur audie ntur

2.
3.

amatus sum amatus cram amatus ero

PERFECT* PLUPERFECT* FUTURE PERFECT*

amatus es amatus eras amatus eris

1.

amitus est amitus erat amatus erit

2.
3.
amiti sumus amati eramus amati erimus
amati estis amiti eratis amati eritis
1.

amati sunt amiti erant amati erunt

2.
3.
• The perfect passive tenses of all conjugations are the same.

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 SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE

PllESENT
1. ame m pona m capi m audia m
2. ame s s pona s capia s audia s
3. ame t t pona t capia t audia t
1. ame mus mus pona mus capia mus audia mus
2. ame tis tis ,pona tis capia tis audia tis
3. ame nt nt pona nt capia nt audia nt

IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT

1. amare m Other conjugations The conjugations are the amaveri m amavisse m
2. amar s are the same: same in the perfect and amaveri s amavisse s
3. amare t haberet, etc. pluperfect. amaveri t amavisse t
1. amare mus p6neret, etc. amaveri us amavisse mus
2. amare tis caperet, etc. amaveri tis amavisse tis
3. amare nt audfret, etc. amaveri nt amavisse nt

SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

PllESENT
1. ame r habea r pona r capia r audia r
2. ame ris habea ris pona ris capia ris audia ris
3. ame tur habea tur pona tur capia tur audia tur
1. ame mur habea mur pona mur capia mur audia mur
2. ame mini habea mini pona mini capia mini audia mini
3. ame ntur habea ntur pona ntur capia ntur audia ntur
IMPERFECT PElll'ECT PLUPERFECT
1. parar r Other conjugations All conjugations arc the amatus sim amatus essem
2. parare ris are the same: same in the perfect and amatus sis amatus esses
3. parare tur haberetur, etc. pluperfect. amatus sit amatus esset
1. parare mur poneretur, etc. amati simus amati essemus
2. parare mini caperetur, etc. amati sitis amati essetis
3. parare ntur audiretur. etc. amati-sint amati essent

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 INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE: to love PRESENT pASSIVE: to be loved
1 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 4
arnare habere p6nere capere audfre amari haberi poni capi audfri

PERFECT ACTIVE: to have loved PERFECT PASSIVE: to have been loved

(all conjugations are same)
arnavisse, habuisse, posuisse, etc. amatus esse, habitus esse, p6situs esse, etc.

FUTURE ACTIVE: to be about to love FUTURE PASSIVE: to be about to be loved

(all conjugations same)
amaturus esse, habiturus esse, etc. amatum iri, habitum iri, etc.

PARTICIPLES
PRESENT ACTIVE: loving FUTURE ACTIVE: about to, going to, intending to love
M-F N amaturus, a, um (decline like bonus)
amans arnans
amantis arnantis PERFECT PASSIVE: having been loved
amanti amanti amatus, a, um (decline like bonus)
amantem amans
amante(i) amante(i)
PERFECT DEPONENT: having spoken
arnantes amantia
locutus, a, um
amantium amantium
amantibus amantibus
amantes(is) amantia
arnantibus amantibus

GERUNDIVE
arnandus, a, um habendus, a, um ponendus, a, um capiendus, a, um audiendus, a, um
IMPERATIVES
ACTIVE: love! PASSIVE: be loved!
ama babe pone cape audi amare habere p6nere capere audfre
amate habete p6nite capite audite amamini habemini ponimini capimini audimini

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 LATIN NUMBERS 13. tredecim tertius decimus
14. quattu6rdecim quartus decimus
There are several different kinds of numbers both in
15. quindecim quintus decimus
English and in Latin. We are concerned with chiefly two
16. sedecim sextus decimus
kinds: the ordinal and cardinal numbers. The ordinal
17. septendecim septimus decimus
numbers are: first,second,third,etc. They tell in what
18. duodeviginti duodevicensimus
order a thing comes. The cardinal numbers are: one,
19. undeviginti undevicensimus
two,three,etc.
20. viginti vigesimus ( vicensimus)
In Latin,all ordinal numbers are declined,like bonus,
21. viginti unus vigesimus primus ( vicensimus
a, um. Of the cardinal numbers,unus, duo, and tres are
(unus et primus)
declined-but after that no cardinals are declined until
viginti)
we reach ducenti, ae, a (200). Of course, compound
22. viginti duo vigesimus secundus ( vicensimus
numbers, having the words unus, duo, tres in them,
secundus)
decline those parts. Unus is declined like the nine irregu­
30. triginta trigesimus ( tricensimus)
lar adjectives (possessive singular in -ius and dative
40. quadraginta quadragesimus(quadragensimus)
singular in -i). Duo has only a few forms:
50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus ( quinquagensi­
Masculine and Neuter: duo, du6rum, du6bus, duos mus)
(duo) du6bus 60. sexaginta sexagesimus ( sexagensimus)
Feminine: duae,duarum,duabus,duas,duabus 70. septuaginta septuagesimus (septuagensimus)
Tres has only a few forms: 80. octoginta octogesimus ( octogensimus)
Masculine and Feminine: tres, trium, tribus, tres 90. nonaginta nonagesimus ( nonagensimus)
( tris), tribus 100. centum centesimus ( centensimus)
Neuter: tria, trium, tribus, tria, tribus 200. ducenti,ae,a ducentesimus ( ducentensimus)
300. trecenti,ae,a trecentesimus ( trecentensimus)
CARDINALS ORDINALS
400. quadringenti, quadringentesimus ( quadringen­
ae, a tensimus)
1. unus primus 500. quingenti,ae, quingentesimus ( quingentensi­
2. duo secundus a mus)
3. tres tertius 600. sescenti,ae,a sescentesimus ( sescentensimus)
4. quattuor quartus 700. septingenti, septingentesimus ( septingenten­
5. quinque quintus ae,a simus)
6. sex sextus 800. octingenti,ae, octingentesimus ( octingentensi­
7. septem septimus a mus)
8. octo octavus 900. nongenti, ae, nongentesimus (nongentensimus)
9. novem nonus a
10. decem decimus 1000. mille (several millesimus (millensimus)
11. undecim undecimus JOOO's:
12. du6decim duodecimus millia)

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 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
abesse,ifuit,afuturus-be absent auxilium, �elp contemnere, tempsit, temptus-despise,
abfre,iit,ituru..,_go away avunculus, �uncle ( on mother's side: on scorn
Abraham-J)OSS. & dat.: Abrahae, other father's side is patruus) contincre, continuit, contentus-hold to-
forms: Abraham gether, restrain
absc6ndere, absc6ndit, absc6nditu..,_hide helium, �war contra (with obj.)-against
absque (with abl.)-without benedfcere, d(xit, dictu..,_bless (sometimes c6pia,a-abundance
accedere,cessit,cessurus-go to,approach with dat.) coram (with abl.)-in the presence of,
accidere,accidit, --, happen bonus,a,um-good before
accipiunt, ere, cepit, cept�receive bos, bov�w. bull, ox (masc. or fem.) corpus, c6rpore, magnum-body
accusare, avit, itu..,_.ccuse brevis, e, i-short creire, ivit, itu..,_make, create
acer, acris, acre, i-sharp, eager, keen credere, credidit, creditu..,_believe (with
ad (with obj.)-to, near caecus,a,um-blind dat. of the person believed)
adducere,duxit,ductu..,_lead to,influence crescere, crevit,cretu..,_grow
cidere, cecidit, casu..,_fall
adesse, idfuit, adfut�be present crimen, crimine, malum--charge,crime
Caesar,are-Caesar
adhuc-yet,still crux,cruce,bona--cross
calidus,a,um-hot
administrare, avit, itus-govem, manage cum-when,after,although,because
calix, cilice, magnu�up
adorare, ivit, itus-respect, reverence, cum (with abl.)-with
campus, �eld, plain
adore cunctus,a, um-all
capillus �hair
aedificire,-avit, -it�uild cupiunt, cupere, cupivit, cupitus-desire
cipiunt, ere, cepit, captu..,_take, capture
aeger, aeara,aearuffl--8ick cur-why
caput, cipite, magnum-head
aetas, aetite, ntagna-age career, carcere, magnu�rison curare, avit, atu..,_take care of (with obj.,
afficiunt, afficere, affecit, affectus-affect, not possessive case)
caro, came, bona-flesh, meat
move causa-for sake of (with poss.) currere,cucurrit,cursuru..,_run
ager,agr�field,farm causa, a--cause, case, reason
agere, egit, actus-do,drive,discuss, spend cavere,cavit,cautus-beware,guard against dare, dedit, dat�give
(time) celeriter-quickly, swiftly de (with abl.)--about, concerning, down
aggrediuntur,aggredi,aggressus est-attack certus, a, um--<:ertain from
agnus,o-lamb cibus, o-food debc:re, debuit,debitus-owe,ouaht
alibi-elsewhere cinis, cinere, multu..,_ashes decollire, ivit, atu..,_behead
alienus,a, um-foreign, unfavorable circum (with obj.)--around deesse,defuit,defuturu..,_fail,be lacking to
iliqui,quae, quod-some, any circumcidere, cidit, cisu�ircumcise deinde-then, next
aliquis, iliqui�meone,anyone circumire, iit, ituru..,_go around delectus, u-draft,levy
ilius, a, um--other, another circumstire,stetit,--, surround delere, delevit, deletus-destroy
altare,i,magnum-altar civis, i, bonu�itizen deliberare, avit, itus-deliberate
alter, era, erum--one,the one . . . the other civitas, civitite, magna--city,citizenship dep6nere, p6suit, p6situ�ut down
altus,a,um-high, deep clam-secretly desiderire,avit,atu�sire,miss
amire, avit,it�love clarus, a, um-famous, brilliant desinere,desivit,desituS--<:Case,stop
amittere,misit,missu..,_lose classis, i,magna-fleet Deus, o-God (dea, a-goddess)
amor, 6re, magnu..,_love claudere, clausit, clausu�lose dexter, tera, terum-right
an--or (in questions only) coelum,o (but pl. is masc.: coeli)-heaven, diabolus,�evil
inima,a-soul, life, breath sky dicere,dixit,dictu..,_say,tell
animadvertere,vertit,versu..,_notice,punish --, coepit, coeptus (the last part has dies, die (5)-day
annus,�year active meaning)-begin difficilis, e,i-difficult
ante (with obj.)-before coetus, u-assembly, crowd digitus,o-finger
intea (adv.)-before c6gere, coegit, coict�ompel diluvium, �flood, deluge
intequam (conjunction)-before cogitire, ivit, itu..,_think dimittere,misit, missus-dismiss
aperire,aperuit,apertus--open cogn6scere, n6vit, nitu..,_leam (and there- discere, didicit, --, learn
apparere, appiruit, appirit�ppear fore the perfect means:-lcnow) discedere, cessit, cessurus-depart
appropinquire, ivit, itu..,_.pproach (with c61ere,c61uit,cultu..,_worship,till,cultivate diu-a long time
dat.) colligere, collegit, collectu�ollect dives, divite-rich (poss. pl.-um)
apud (with obj.)-with,at the house of comedere, comedit, comesu�at dividere, divisit, divisus-divide
aqua,a-water committere, commisit, commissu�om- docere, d6cuit, doctu..,_teach
arcus, u-bow mit, intrust dolor, 6re, magnu..,_sorrow, pain, grief
arena, a-sand comprehendere, prehendit, prehensu..,_ domi--at home
ars,arte,bona (poss . pl. -ium)--art,skill grasp, arrest d6minus,�lord,master
at-but coniri, com\tus est-attempt donec-while, until
atque-and concedere, ccssit, cessus-yield, grant dormire, ivit, itus-sleep
auct6ritas, tite, magna-authority, influ­ confestim-at once dubium, �oubt
ence confidere, confisus est-trust in (half de­ ducere, duxit, ductu..,_lead (ducere in
audax, ici-bold ponent) matrim6nium-marry)
audere, ausus est--dare (notice that the coniuritio, i6ne, mala--conspiracy dum-while
first part is normal, but the rest is c6nsequi, consecutus est-follow up, over­ durus, a, um-hard
deponent) take,accomplish dux, duce, magnu..,_leader
audire, ivit, itu..,_hear consilium,o-plan
auferre, ibstulit,ablitu..,_take away some- conspiciunt, conspicere, spexit, spectu..,_
thing (obj.) from someone (dat.) see, catch sight of e, ex (with abl.)-from, out from
augere, auxit, auctus-increase constituere, stituit, stitutus--set up, decide, ecce-behold
aurum, �gold determine egrediuntur, gredi, gressus est-go out
aut--or; aut . .. aut-either . . . or consuetudo,tudine,bona--custom egregius,a, um-excellent
autem-however, moreover (never first consulatus, u-consulship emere, emit, empt�uy
word in its clause) consulere, consuluit, consultu�nsult enim (never 1st word)-for

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epistola, a-letter hie (adverb)-here levare, avit, atus-raise, relieve
equus, o--horse hodie-today lex, lege, bona-law
eques, equite, bonus-horseman homo, homine, bonus-man (vir is man in liber, libro-book
ergo--therefore the strictly masculine sense, almost mean­ liberare, avit, atus--free
esse, fuit, futurus-be ing hero; homo is more general, and lfberi, is (pl. only)---children
etiam-even, also means merely: human being-may in­ liccntia, a-permission
etsi-even if, although clude women and children) licet, liccre, licuit, lfcitum est-it is per-
evadere, evasit, evasus--escape horreum, o--bam mitted
exercere, exercuit, excrcitus-practice, hostis, i, magnus--enemy ligare, avit, atus-bind
train hue-to this place lignum, o-wood
excrcitus, u-anny lin1ua, a-ton,uc, language
exclamare, avit, atus--shout iaciunt, 3, iecit, iactus-throw locus, o (plural shifts to neuter: loca)-
expellere, pulit, pulsus--expell iam-already place
explicare, avit, atus--explain ibi-therc loqui, locutus est-speak
explorator, ore, bonus-spy, scout idem, eadem, idem-same tuna, a-moon
exsilium, o--exile igitur-therefore lux, lucc, magna-light
exspectare, avit, atus--expect ignis, i, calidus-fire
ignoscere, ign6vit, ign6tus-forgive (with macula, a-spot
fabula, a-legend, story dat. and obj.: Caesari multa ign6vit­ magfster, tro-teacher
fac-imperative singular of facere (pl. is He forgave Caesar many things) magnus, a, um-great, large
regular: fticite) There are 4 irregular ille, ilia, illud-that maior, maius, mai6re-greater
imperative singulars: Die, Due, Fae, Fer imago, imagine, bona-image mai6res-ancestors ( merely pl. of maior
facies, e (S)-face, appearance imber, imbre, bonus-rain in special sense)
facilis, e, i-easy immutare, avit, atus--change malle, maluit-prefcr
faciunt, 3, fecit, factus--do make impedfre, ivit, itus-hinder, impede malum, o--apple
fallere, fefellit, falsus--deceive imperare, avit, at�mmand malus, a, um-bad, evil
fames, fame, magna-hunger, famine imperator, 6re, bonus--1eneral mandare, l�rder, send word, intrust
femina, a-woman imperium, o--command, power manere, mansit, mansurus--remain
fere-almost, in general, about implere, implevit, implctus-fill, fulfill manus, u, longa-hand
ferox, feroci-fierce in (with abl.)-in, on (with obj.)-into mare, i, magnum-.ea
ferre, tulit, latus-bear, bring, carry inc61umis, e, i-unharmed mater, matre, bona-mother
ferus, o and fera, a-wild beast indurare, avit, atus-harden maximus, a, um-very great, ,reatest
filia, a---0augbter infundere, fudit, fusus-pour in mclior, mclius, meli6re-better
filius, o----son ingenium, o-talent, natural ability mens, mente, mea-mind (poss. pl.-men-
finire, ivit, itus-finish, complete inimicus, o--enemy (personal enemy) tium)
finis, e (poss. pl. -ium), bonus-end initium, o--beginnin1 mensis, i, unus--month
fiunt, fieri, factus est-become, happen iniustus, a, um-unjust merere, meruit, mcritus--earn, deserve
(the infinitive is irregular-/actus est is in6pia, a-need mcridionalis, e, i-south
really the last part of fticere-to be insidiae, is-ambush, snare mcrito--deservingly
made means the same as: to become) 1nsuper-in addition metus, u--fear
flare, avit, atus-blow integer, gra, grum-fresh, untouched meus, a, um-my, mine
flere, flevit, fletus--weep intellegere, tellcxit, tellcctus-understand miles, mllite, bonus-soldier
fluere, fluxit, fluxurus-flow inter (with obj.)-between, among minimus, a, um-least, smallest
flumen, flumine, magnum-river intercludere, interclusit, interclus�ut off mirari, miratus est-wonder, admire
foedus, foedere, bonum-pact, covenant interea-meanwhile miseric6rdia, a-mercy, pity
fons, fonte (poss. pl. -ium), magnus-- interficiunt, 3, fecit, fcctus--kill Mithradates, e, malus-Mithradates
fountain, spring interrogare, avit, atus-question, ask mittere, misit, miss�nd
forsan-perhaps introfre, iit, iturus--enter modus, o-manner, way, measure, limit
fortis, e, i-brave, strong invenire, venit, vcntus--find mola, a-mill, meal
f6rtiter-bravely invidia, a-envy, unpopularity moncre, m6nuit, m6nitus-warn, advise
forum, o--market, forum ipse, ipsa, ipsum-himself, herself, itself monftio, 6ne, bona-advice, warnin1
frangere, fregit, fractus-break ira, a-anger mons, monte, magnus--mountain
frater, fratre, bonus--brother irasci, iratus est-be angry monstrare, avit, atus-show
frfgidus, a, um�ld ire, iit, iturus-go mora, a--delay
frumentum, o--grain is, ea, id-this, that, he, she, it morari, moratus est--delay, stay
frustra-in vain iste, ista, istud-this, that (often with feel­ moriuntur, mori, m6rtuus est---0ie
fugiunt, fugere, fugit, fugiturus-flee ing: "that of yours," or with feelin1 of mon, morte, bona---0eath
fulgur, fulgure. clarum-lightning contempt) mos, more, bonu�ustom, habit (in plural:
fundere, fudit, fusus-pour, shed ita-so morals, character)
haque-and so movere, movit, motus-move
gens, gente, magna-tribe, people (poss. pl. iter, itfnere, magnum-journey mox--soon
-ium) fterum-again mulier, re, bona-woman
genu, u-knee iubcre, iussit, iussus-order multus, a, um-much, many
genus, genere, bonum-kind, race iudicium, o-judament, court, trial mundus, o-world
gerere, gessit, gestus--wage, wear iunaere, iun:xit, iunctus-join, yoke munus, m6nere, bonum---0uty, pft, bribe,
gladius, o--sword ius, iure, verum-riaht, law function
gratia, a-favor, grace, gratitude iuvare, iuvit, iutus-help, please murus, o--wall
gratus, a, um-pleasing iuventus, tute, bona-youth (time of life) mutare, avit, atus--change
gravis, e, i-heavy mysterium, o-mystery, rite
guttur, ure, magnum-throat labor, 6re, multus--work, sufferin1
laccssere, cessivit, cessitus-harass narrare, avit, atus-tell
habere, habuit, babitus-bave laetus, a, um-glad nasci, natus est-be born
habitare, avit, atus--dwell, inhabit laudare, avit, atus-praise nauta, a-sailor
hie, haec, hoc-this legere, legit, lectus-read navigare, avit, atus-ail

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navis, i, longa-ship pastor, ore, bonus-shepherd, herdsman promittere, misit, missus-promise
ne-lest pater, tre, bonus-father prope-near
ne . . . quidem-not even (Lat.word comes patiuntur, pati, passus est-suffer prop6ncre, p6suit, p6situs-propose
in between, but is translated after the pauci, ae, a (plural only)-few propter (with obj.)-on account of
quidem) pax, pace, bona-peace proscribere, scripsit, scriptus-proscribe'
nec(neque)-and not; nee . ..nee-neither peccare, avit, atus-sin list
. ..nor peccatum, o-sin pr6ximus, a, um-next, nearest
neccsse (indecl.)-necessary pecunia, a-money puella, a-girl
negare, avit, atus--deny, say no, refuse peior, peius, pei6re-worse puer, puero-boy
neg6tium, o-business, trouble pellere, pepulit, pulsus-drive, rout pugna, a-battle
nemo, nemine (has no poss.)-no one per ( with obj.)-through pulcher, chra, chrum-beautiful
nescire, nescivit, nescitus-not know percutiunt, percutcre, percussit, percussus- pulvis, pulvere, multus--dust
neuter, Ira, trum-neither strikc punire, punfvit, punitus-punish
nihil-nothing; nihil certi-nothing certain pergere, perrexit, perrectus-proceed, go on putare, avit, atus-think
nihil6minus-nevertheless periculum, o-<ianger
nimis (adverb)-very, exceedingly, too permittere, misit, missus-permit (per­ quaerere, quaesfvit, quaesitus-seek
nimius, a, um--excessive, very great misit hoc Marco) qualis, e, i-such, what kind
nisi-unless, except,if . . . not perseverare, avit, atus--continue, persevere quam-than
nocere, n6cuit, nociturus-harm (with dat.) persuadere, suasit, suasus-persuade (with quamquam-although
nolle, n6luit, --, be unwilling dat.) quando-when
nomen, n6mine, bonum-name pertinere, pertinuit, --, pertain, belong quare-why
non-not, no pes, pede, magnus-foot -que-and
nondum-not yet pessimus, a, um-very bad, worst queri, questus est-complain
non iam-no longer petere, petivit, petitus-ask, seek qui, quae, quod-who, which, that
non solum ... verum ctiam-not only ... pinguis e, i-fat quia-because
but also placet, placere, placuit, placitum est (with quic�mque, quaecu�que, quodcumque (de­
n6scere, novit, notus-learn (but the per- dat. )-it pleases, it is decided cline only the qm-) whoever, whichever,
fect means: has learned, knows) planus, a, um-flat whatever
novus, a, um-new plenus, a, um-full quid-what?
nox, nocte, longa-night plurimus, a, um-very many, most quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam)-
nullus, a, um-no one plus, plure (has only neuter form in sing.; certain
num-whether plural is: plures, plura-two termination quis, quid-who, what?
numerare, avit, atus-count, number type, with -i11m poss. plural)-more quis, quid-someone, anyone (indef.)
nunc-now polliceri, pollicitus est-promise quisquam, quicquam (or: quidquam-de-
nuntius, o-messenger, message p6nere, p6suit, p6situs-put, place cline the quis part, not the quam)-any­
pons, ponte, longus-bridge one, anything
ob (with obj.)-on account of p6ntifex, lice, magnus-priest quisque, quaeque, quidque (or: quodque)
obedire, obedivit, obeditus-obey (with porta, a-gate, door --each, each one
dat.) portare, avit, atus-carry (unus quisque---each and every one)
oblivisci, oblitus est-forget (with poss. or posse p6tuit, --, be able quod-because, that (ind. disc.), the fact
obj.) possidcre, possedit, possessus-possess that, as to the fact that
6bviam (adverb)-to meet (with dat.) post (with obj.)-after quotiue-also, even (never first word)
occidentalis, e, i-western p6stea-afterwards quotidie-daily
occidere, occidit, occisus-kill postquam-after
6culus, �ye potestas, late, magna-power rapiunt, rapere, rapuit, raptus-seize,
odit, osurus-hate praebere, praebuit, praebitus-furnish, offer snatch
odium, o-hatred praecedere, cessit, cessurus-go before recipere se-retreat
offcrre, 6btulit, oblatus-offer praecipiunt, praecipere, praecepit, prae- recipiunt, recipere, cepit, ceptus-take back
omnrno-altogether, at all, in all ceptus-command recordari, recordatus est-remember (with
omnis, omne, i-all, every praeco, c6ne, bonus-herald poss.)
onus, 6nere, durum-burden praeffciunt, praeficere, fecit, fectus-put reddere, reddidit, redditus-give back, re-
op6rtet, oportere, op6rtuit-it is necessary, someone in charge of something (prae­ turn
it is proper fecit losephum frumento) redire, rediit, rediturus-return, go back
6ppidum, o-town praemium, o-reward regere, rexit, rectus-rule
6ptimus, a, um-best, very good praesertim---especially regina, a--<1ueen
opus, 6pere, magnum-work praeter (with obj. )-beyond, besides, ex- regnare, avit, atus-reign
orare, avit, atus-beg, pray cept relinquere, reliquit, relictus-leave
oratio, 6ne, magna-speech praevidere, vidit, visus-foresee reliquus, a, um-rest of (used like medius:
orati6nem habere-give a speech primus, a, um-first middle of)
ordo, 6rdine, bonus-row, order, rank princeps, cipe, magnus-chief, leader remanere, mansit, mansurus-remain
orientalis, e, i---eastern principium, o-beginning reperire, reperuit, repertus-find, find out
oriuntur, oriri, ortus est-rise, arise privare, avit, atus-deprive (with abl.) requiescere, requievit, requietus-rest
os, ore, magnum-mouth pro (with abl.)-for res, re(S )-thing
os, osse, durum-bone (compare: os, ore- probare, avit, atus-prove, test respondere, resp6ndit, resp6nsus-answer
mouth) prodesse, pr6fuit, profuturus-be profitable resp6nsum, o-answer
ostendere, ostendit, ostensus-show to (with dat.) restituere, restituit, restitutus-restorc
proelium, o-battle retinere, retinuit, retentus-keep back, re-
panis, e, bonus-bread profanare, avit, atus-defile tain
parare, avit, atus--prepare proferre, pr6tulit, prolatus-bring forth rcverti, reversus est-return
parcere, pepercit, parcitus (or: parsus)- proficisci, profectus est-set out revocare, avit, atus-recall
spare (with dat.) prohibere, prohibuit, prohfbitus-prohibit, rex, rege, magnus-king
pars, parte (poss. pl., -ium), bona-part prevent rogare, avit, atus-ask
parvus, a, um-small proiciunt, proicere, iecit, iectus-throw rotundus, a, um-round
pasci, pastus est-feed on (with abl.) forth ruber, rubra, rubrum-red

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ruere, ruit, rutus--fall, rush spectare, avit, atus-look at tum-then
rumpere, rupit, ruptus-break sperare, avit, atus-hope turris, i, magna-tower
stare, stetit, staturus-stand
statim-at once ubertas, tate, magna-fertility, richness
sacerdos, d6te, bonus-priest statuere, statuit, statutus-set, decide, ubi-where
saeculum, o---century, age establish ullus, a, um-any
saepe--often sub-under (cases are like in--obj. for mo- ultimo-at last
salus, salute-safety, salvation, health tion; abl. for rest) ultimus, a, um-last
sanguis, sanguine, bonus--blood subiciunt, subicere, iecit, icctus-subject ultra (adv. and prep. with obj.)-more,
sapientia, a-wisdom sui, sibi, se, se-himself, etc. further, beyond
satis-sufficiently, very, enough sumere, sumpsit, sumptus-take, assume unde-whence, from where
scire, ivit, itus--know (sumere supplicium de eo--exact punish­ urbs, be, magna-city
scribere, scripsit, scriptus-write ment from him) urere, ussit, ustus--burn
scriptor, 6re, bonus-writer super (with obj.)-above, over usque ad-as far as, even to, up to
secundum (with obj.)-according to superbus, a, um-proud ut-that (with subj.)
secundus, a, um-second, successful supplicium, o--punishment
sed-but suscipiunt, suscipere, ccpit, ccptus-under­ vadere (no other parts)-go
semel--once take, take valde-very
semper-always suspendere, pendit, pensus--hang vates, i, bonus-soothsayer, prophet
senator, 6re, magnus--senator sustincre, sustinuit, sustcntus-withstand, vehemens, menti-forceful
senatus, u-senate hold up, bear vel--or, even
senex, sene, bonus--old man suus, a, um--one's own, his, hers, its, theirs velle, v61uit-wish
sentire, sensit, sensus-feel, realize, per- vendere, vendidit, vcnditus--sell
ceive venire, venit, venturus-come
septentrionalis, e, i-northern taccre, tacuit, tacitus-be silent ventus, o--wind
sequi, secutus est-follow talis, e, i-such verbum, o--word
sermo, 6ne, bonus-word, conversation tam-so vcritas, tate, bona-truth
servare, avit, atus--save tamen-nevertheless vertere, vertit, versus--turn, change, trans­
servire, 4 (with dat.)-serve, be slave to tangere, tetigit, tactus--touch late
servus, o--slave tantum--only verus, a, um-true; re vera-in truth, really
si-if tantus, a, um-so great, so large vesci (no other parts)--eat (often with
siccus, a, um--dry tempus, tempore, longum-time ab!.)
sicut-as, just as, as if tendere, tetendit, tentus (tensus)-stretch, vetus, vetere--old
signum, o--sign, signal, standard spread via, a-way, road, means
similis, e, i-like, similar (with poss. or tenebrae, is--darkness vict6ria, a-victory
dat.) tenere, tenuit, tentus--hold, keep videre, vidit, visus--see
vincere, vicit, victus--conquer
simul-at the same time terra, a-land vinculum, o--bond, chain
simulare, avit, atus-feign, pretend terrere, terruit, territus-terrify vir, viro--man
sin-but if timere, timuit-fear virgo, virgine, bona-virgin, maiden
sine (with abl.)-without t611ere, sustulit, sublatus--remove, take, vita, a-life
singuli, ae, a (pl. only)---one at a time, each lift, raise vivere, vixit, victurus--live
s6cius, o--ally, companion totus, a, um-whole vix-hardly, scarcely
sol, sole, bonus--sun tradere, tradidit, traditus--hand over voe.ire, avit, atus--call
solus, a, um-alone, only trahere, traxit, tractus--draw, drag voluntas, tate, bona-will
s61vere, solvit, sohitus--loose, pay, free trans (with obj.)-across vox, voce, magna-voice
soror, 6re, bona-sister tribuere, buit, butus-assign, give vulnus, vulnere, magnum-wound

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
For the most part, the parts of words are not given here, since they are provided in the Latin-English section. But they are given for
some odd words, and for words which occur early in the year, before the use of the system of parts is fully explained. You will find it very
helpful to reread the stories, for that will show you many expressions, some of considerable size, that you can use in translating the sen­
tences.

able (be)-posse, p6tuit ark-area before-antequam

adore-adorare arms-arma believe--crcdere
against-contra arrest--comprehendere better-melior
age-aetas art-ars be willing-velle
alive-vivus: be alive-vivere ask-rogare, petere bird-avis
alone-solus attack-aggrediuntur birth-nativitas
allow-permfttere attempt--conari blind--caecus
although�uamquam, cum Athens-Athenae, is blood-sanguis
among-inter authority-auct6ritas bold-audax
ancestors--mai6res border-finis
angel-angelus bad-malus born (be )-nasci
anger-ira barn-h6rreum brave-fortis
angry (be)-irasci, ira moveri battle-pugna, proelium bravely-f6rtiter
animal-animal be-esse break-frangere
appear-apparcre because of-propter or ob (with obj.) or bring-ferre
arise-surgere use abl. case alone bring forth-proferre
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brother-frater envy-invidia heart-cor
build-aedificare escape-evadere ab or ex heavy-gravis
burden-onus eternal-aeternus Hebrew-Hebraeus
bush-rubus every-omnis help-auxflium dare,adiuvare,iuvare
buy---emere evil-malum help-auxflium
except-praeter (with abl.),nisi hidc---absc6ndere
Caesar--Caesar, are exile-exsilium holocaust-boloca6stum
call-vocare expel-expellere holy-sanctus
camel-camelus explain-explicare hopo-spes
capture-capiunt extend-extcndere horn-cornu
Carthage-Carthago, gine horseman-eques, ite
catch-capiunt face--facies house-domus
Cato-Cato,6ne famine-fames
certain-.uidam,certus father-pater immortal-immortalis
chain-vinculum favor-gratia immortality-immortalitas
change-mutare fear-timere in-in (abl.or obj.)
charge-crimen feed-alere increase--augcre
circumcise-circumcidere feed on-pasci in order that-ut
citi:zen-civis few-pauci in reality-re vera
city-urbs field-ager interpreter-interpres,ete
collect-colligere fierce-ferox into-in (with obj.)
come-venire fight-pugna,proelium irrigate-irrigare
commander-dux fight-pugnare Italy-Italia
cornmands-iussa fill-complcre, implere
commit-committere find-invenire keep-retinere
communist-commun(sta,a finish-finire kill-interffcere
conquer-vincere,vicit fire-ignis king-rex
conspiracy-coniuratio ftee-fugiunt knee-genu
consul-consul, ule flood-diluvium know-scire,scivit; not know-nescfre
consult-consulere fty-musca knowledge-scientia
consume-consumere follow-sequi
continue-perseverare food-cibus lack (be lacking)-de6sse
council-concilium foot-pes lamb-agnus
count-numerare force-c6gere land-ager,terra
country-patria,terra forget-oblivisci last-ultimus
courage-fortitudo forgive-ign6scere law-lex
create-creare for sake of-propter or ob (obj.) lead-ducere
crown-cor6na free--liberare learn-discere
cry out-exclamare friend-amicus leave (depart from)-discedere ab, relfn-
cut off-intercludere fulfill-complere,implere quere
Iegate-legatus
dagger-sica gate-porta legend-fabula
danger-periculum Gaul-Gallia (country); Gallus (man) lest-ne
darc---aud6re general-dux,imperator letter-epistula
day-dies get out-discedere life-vita
death-mors get possession of-potfri light-lux
decide-statuere; placere ei girl-puella lightning-fulgur
defeat-vincere give--dare like-amare
delay-morari give back-reddere loud (voice)-vox magna
depart-discedere give (speech)-orati6nem babere love-amor,6re
deserve-merere glad-laetus lovc---amare
deservingly-merito gnats-cinifes (malae)
destroy-delere go-ire make-faciunt
devil-diabolus God-Deus make war-bellum movere
die-moriuntur gold-aurum man-vir,homo
divide-divfdere good-bonus many-multi
do-facere go out-exire marry-in matrim6nium ducere
door-porta govern-gubernare Mary-Maria
doubt-dubium grain-frumentum messenger-nuntius
draft-delectus great-magnus mile-mille passuum
drag-trahere grief-dolor miracle-miraculum
dry-siccus grow-crescere Mithradates-Mitbradates, e
dust-pulvis money-pecunia
dwell-habitare hand-manus moon-luna
Hannibal-Hannibal,ale mountain-moos
each and every one-unus quisque happen-accidere much-multus
earth-terra,mundus bappy-felix,laetus mystery-mysterium
eastern-orientalis,e,i hard-difficilis
eat-comedere harden-indurare name-nomen
Egyptians-Aegyptii harm-nocere nation-natio,gens
either . .. or�ut ... aut hate-odisse natural ability-ingenium
enemy-hostis,inimfcus hatred-odium neccssary-necesse
enjoy-frui have--habcre,babuit neither ... nor-nee ...nee (neque)
enter-inire, ingrediuntur bear-audire never-numquam
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nevertheless-nihi16minus remain-remanere spare-parcere
new-novus rest-requiescere speak-loq ui
night-nox rest of-reliquus speech-oratio
numbcr-numerus restore-reddere, restituere star-stella
retreat-SC recipere statue-statua
obey-obcdfre return-redire, rcverti, herum venire stop--cessare
offer-offerre reward-praemium strange-novus
often-saepe rich-dives suffer-patiuntur
Old Testament-Vetus Testamentum right-ius suffering-labor
on account of: see: "because or• ring-anulus sun-sol
once upon a time-olim river-flumen surround--circumstare
open-aperfre rod-virga sword-gladius
orator-orator, 6re Roman-Roman us
order-iubere, imperare Rome-Roma take-accipiunt
Osiris-Osiris, ide rule-regere, regnare teacher-magister
ought--debere run--currere terrify-terrere
overtake--<:6nsequi test-probarc
owe--debere sack-saccus that-ille
sacrifice-sacrificium that-quod (ind. statement)
pain-dolor sad(be)-dol6re afficiuntur there-ibi
part-pars sail-navigare thing-res
patrician-patricius sailor-nauta this-hie
peace-pax salvation-salus throw-iaciunt, ere
perish-perfre same-idem thunder-tonitruum
permission-licentia savc-servare, salvare time-temp us
Pharao-Pharao, 6ne say-diccre;say no-negare touch-tangere
pig-porcus scarccly-vix tower-turris
pirate-pirata, a school-schola town-oppidum
place-locus scorn--contemnere tree-lignum
plague-phaga sea-mare trial-iudicium
plan-consilium see-videre tribune-tribunus
plant-herba seek-quaerere trust-confiderc (in)
please-placere, iuvare seem: use passive of videre truth-veritas, tate
power-potestas seize--capiunt, ere try--conari
praise-laudare -self-ipse, sui uncle-avunculus
precious-prcti6sus sell-vendere unharmed-inc6lumis
prefer-malle senatc-senatus
prepare-parare send-mittere vegetation-herbae
pretend-simulare servant-servus
want-velle, v61uit
prison--carcer set out-proficisci
war-helium
profane-profanare set over-praeficiunt
wam-monere
promise-promittere sharp-acer
water-aqua
prophecy-prophetia shed (blood)-effundere sanguinem
weep-ftere
province-provincia shepherd-pastor
well-bene
Punic--Carthaginiensis, e, i; Punicus, a, um show-monstrare
werc-fuerunt, erant
punish-punire sick-aeger
where-ubi
put-p6nere similar-similis
whether-num
put down-dep6nere sin-peccatum
which-qui, quae, quod
sin-peccare
question-interrogare whole-tot us
sky--coelum
quickly--celeriter will-voluntas
slave-servus
will-velle
slecp-somnus
willing (be)-velle
race (human)-genus bumanum snake-serpens
word-verbum
rain-imbcr snatch-rapiunt
work-labor; opus, 6pere
raise-extendere, t6llere soldier-miles, milite
world-mundus
really-re vera son-fflius
worship--c61ere
recall-revocare soon-mox
write-scribere
receive-accipiunt soothsayer-vatcs
religion-religio, 6ne southern-meridionalis, e, i year-annus

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 INDEX

Ablative Gerundives-continued Participles

absolute, 35-36, 72 for obligation, 135-136 as nouns, 38
of agent, 164-165 for purpose, 140-141 future active, 144-145
of cause, 161 future passive (obligation), 135-
of comparison, 149 Hie, 43-44 136
of instrument, 164-165 Hortatory subjunctive, 95 perfect passive, 28-29
of means, 164-165 present active, 71-72
of measure of difference, 152-153 Idem, 52 Posse, 116
of separation, 161 Ille, 39-40 Possessive case, 37-38
with deponents, 168-169 Imperative Pronouns
without prepositions, 14 irregular, 98 dative case of, 85-86
Adjectives regular active, 109 personal, 97, 101, 102, 105
agreement, 22, 26-27 regular passive, 133 possessive case of, 37-38
as nouns, 13, 27 Imperfect tense, meaning, 68 reflexive, 56
comparison of, 148-149 Impersonal verbs, 160-161 relative, 53-54
irregular, 86 Indirect questions, 95 Purpose clauses, 84
Adverbs, 150 Indirect statements, 3-4, 79-80, 144
Aliquis, 124 lpse, 56 -que, 125
Ire, 112 Qui, quae, quod, 53-54
Base of nouns, 9 ls, ea, id, 51-52 Quidam, 55-56
lste, 151 Quis
Conditional sentences, 152, 156 /-stem rules, 167 indefinite, 127
Consecutive clauses, 93 interrogative, 77
Contractions (verbs) , 169 Locative case, 164
Cum clauses, 88, 166-167 Reflexives, 44, 56, 70
Malle, 156-157 Relatives, 53-54
Dative Mille, 136 Result clauses, 93
double, 142-143 Mixed stem nouns, 16 7
of indirect object, 61-62 Se, 56
of possession, 141 Nolle, 111 Sequence of tenses, 138-139
of purpose and reference, 142-143 Nos, 102 Subjunctive
Deponent verbs, 63 Nouns hortatory, 95
Deponents with ablative, 168-169
.,I
base of, 9 tenses of, 88, 133, 138-139
,'
Domus, 151 mixed stem, 167 Situs, 44, 70
participles as, 38
Ego, 105 Num (direct questions), 119 Towns and cities, cases with, 63-64
Esse, 115 Tu, 101
.,I Objective and infinitive, 79-80, 144-
Ferre, 116 145 Velie, 111
Objective Vocative case, 129
Gerunds, 142 double, 145 Vos, 97
Gerundives of extent, 136
for gerund plus object, 158 Optional endings, 169 Word order, 41-42, 62, 81-82
/

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