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    Levels Structure: of Materials

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    Jorge Arrieta
    The document discusses different levels of structure in materials from the microscopic to the atomic level. It then discusses mechanical properties that relate the deformation of metals to applied forces, such as tensile strength and ductility, as well as physical properties like electrical and thermal conductivity. Finally, it describes how tensile stress-strain curves provide information about a material's strength, stiffness, and work hardening behavior under different strain rates.

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    Levels Structure: of Materials

    Uploaded by

    Jorge Arrieta
    20 views2 pages
    The document discusses different levels of structure in materials from the microscopic to the atomic level. It then discusses mechanical properties that relate the deformation of metals to applied forces, such as tensile strength and ductility, as well as physical properties like electrical and thermal conductivity. Finally, it describes how tensile stress-strain curves provide information about a material's strength, stiffness, and work hardening behavior under different strain rates.

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    The document discusses different levels of structure in materials from the microscopic to the atomic level. It then discusses mechanical properties that relate the deformation of metals to applied forces, such as tensile strength and ductility, as well as physical properties like electrical and thermal conductivity. Finally, it describes how tensile stress-strain curves provide information about a material's strength, stiffness, and work hardening behavior under different strain rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views2 pages

    Levels Structure: of Materials

    Uploaded by

    Jorge Arrieta
    The document discusses different levels of structure in materials from the microscopic to the atomic level. It then discusses mechanical properties that relate the deformation of metals to applied forces, such as tensile strength and ductility, as well as physical properties like electrical and thermal conductivity. Finally, it describes how tensile stress-strain curves provide information about a material's strength, stiffness, and work hardening behavior under different strain rates.

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    of 2

    Properties 115

    Levels of Structure of materials


    Engineering lntegroted ciruits Chinese wall
    7 structure t 4

    II I Diameter of grain or phase boundary Large grain size


    r
    9 5
    6 Microstructure

    Phose

    M 4 Molecule
    Small
    - I

    Monomers
    t
    Lorge elementory cells

    High polymer
    I
    I

    A 3 Atom U

    N 2 Nucleus I+

    E I Elementary
    particle
    U
    I I I I I 1 I C
    Level of 1~-15 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 100 to3
    structure Size of structural objects (mi

    Figure 1: The seven levels of structure suggested by Hornbogen (4).


    Reprinted with permission of Pergamon Press Ltd.

    with strength, ductility, hardness, elastic modulus, and the like are properly
    called mechanical properties, not physical properties. The latter term is
    reserved for electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, magnetic behavior,
    thermoelectric effects, density, melting point, lattice structure, etc. Perhaps
    the easiest way to divide non-chemical properties into their proper
    categories is simply to remember that properties which relate the
    deformation of a metal to a force which caused it are mechanical properties
    and all others are physical properties (5).

    TENSILE PROPERTIES

    The practical significance of the measurement of mechanical


    properties lies in the use of these data to predict the performance of a
    material in a specific type of application. Properties obtained from tensile
    testing are often used for engineering purposes.
    A tensile stress-strain curve is constructed from load/elongation
    measurements made on a test specimen (6). Typically, original dimensions
    are used to calculate the stress based on load measurements and dimensions
    of the test specimen. This disregards any thinning or necking during testing
    and results in what is referred to as nominal or engineering stress. The
    terms true stress and true strain are used when actual dimensions during
    testing are used in the calculations (6).
    116 Electrodeposition

    The shape of a stress-strain curve (Figure 2) is an indication of both


    the strength and ductility of a material. The elastic region is the early,
    approximately linear portion of the curve (7). In this region material that
    is stressed will not suffer any permanent deformation when the stress is
    relaxed. The onset of permanent deformation, which is a measure of yield
    strength, is that location where the curve leaves the elastic region by
    bending toward the horizontal. Beyond this is the inelastic or plastic flow
    region of the curve. The slope of the curve in each region provides
    information: in the elastic region it is the elastic modulus which is a
    measure of the material’s stiffness and in the plastic flow region it is a

    Figure 2: A representative stress-strain curve. Adapted from reference 7.

    measure of work hardening since a steeper slope means more stress must be
    applied to create a given amount of deformation (7). Figure 3 shows the
    influence of strain rate on the strength and behavior of depleted uranium.
    Stress-strain curves are presented at strain rates of 5000 (dynamic) and
    0.001 per second (static). The dynamic, or high strain rate curve reveals a
    higher yield point and, initially higher work hardening, followed by lower
    work hardening as the material thermally softens (7). Crack-free chromium
    is an example of an electrodeposit with a low strain hardening rate. With
    this low strain hardening rate, rapid localization of deformation occurs and
    this leads to early fracture and an increased wear rate unlike the behavior
    noted for conventional chromium deposits (8.9).

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