Heat and Mass Transfer: Dr. Surfarazhussain S. Halkarni

Heat and Mass Transfer
(ME 223)
by
Dr. Surfarazhussain S. Halkarni
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
SRM University – AP, Andhra Pradesh – 522 502 INDIA
E-mail: [email protected]
Webpage: https://sites.google.com/view/dr-surfaraz-halkarni/home
Heat & Mass Transfer (ME 223)
Syllabus
Note: * There are 15 weekly sessions of 3 hours/week of theory and

2 hours/week of laboratory
Syllabus
Syllabus
Syllabus
Text books:
1. F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman and A. S. Lavine, “Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer”, 7th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
2. J. P. Holman, “Heat Transfer”, 10th Ed., McGraw Hill, 2009
3. P. K. Nag, “Heat and Mass Transfer”, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill
4. Yunus A. Çengel, Afshin J. Ghajar, “Heat and mass transfer: fundamentals and
applications”, McGraw-Hill Education, 2015
Reference books:
1. M. N. Ozisik, Heat Transfer-A Basic Approach, McGraw Hill, 1985
2. Frank Kreith, Raj M. Manglik and Mark S. Bohn, “Principles of Heat Transfer”,
7th Ed., Cengage Learning, 2011
3. A. Bejan, Convective Heat Transfer, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2004
Text books:
GRADING POLICY
Note: ** Any unethical practices followed to submit assignments will

lead to appropriate penalty (in terms of marks)
Pre-requisites for the HMT Course
• Knowledge of THERMODYNAMICS
• Knowledge of FLUID MECHANICS
• MATHEMATICS : Differential Equations (ODE, PDE) Solutions
Ability to work with numbers
Theory (major portion)
Numericals (fortification of concepts studied in theory)
Adapted from:
• F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman and A. S. Lavine, “Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer”, Wiley Edn.
• Different sources of relevance
Unit I – INTRODUCTION
Topics
• Definitions of heat and heat transfer.
• Difference between heat transfer and
thermodynamics.
• Basic Modes and Laws of Heat Transfer.
Examples of Heat and Mass Transfer
• Engineering Applications of Heat Transfer
INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics (TD) summary:

• Energy can be transferred by interactions of a system with its
surroundings. These interactions are called WORK and HEAT.
• However, TD deals with the END STATES of the process during
which an interaction occurs and provides NO INFORMATION
concerning the NATURE OF THE INTERACTION OR THE TIME rate
at which it occurs.
Objective: To extend thermodynamic analysis through the study of the

modes of heat transfer and through the development of
relations to calculate heat transfer rates.
INTRODUCTION
Several questions need to asked to understand this
subject:
• What is heat transfer?
• How is heat transferred?
• Why is it important?
• To develop an appreciation for the fundamental
concepts and principles that underlie heat transfer
processes.
• To illustrate the manner in which a knowledge of heat

transfer may be used with the first law of thermodynamics
(conservation of energy) to solve problems relevant to
technology and society.
INTRODUCTION
What is heat transfer?
“Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due
to a spatial temperature difference”.
Whenever a temperature difference (ΔT) exists in a
medium or between media, HEAT TRANSFER must occur.
We refer to different types of heat transfer processes as
MODES.
Figure: Modes of Heat Transfer (Source: Incropera et al., 7th Ed., Wiley Publ.)
INTRODUCTION
Modes/ Mechanisms of HEAT TRANSFER
(Transport modes / Transmission modes)
• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION
• RADIATION
ENGINEERS, it is important that we understand the

PHYSICAL MECHANISMS and RATE EQUATIONS
To quantify the amount of energy being

transferred per unit time.
CONDUCTION
When a TEMPERATURE GRADIENT exists in a STATIONARY
MEDIUM, WHICH MAY BE A SOLID OR A FLUID, we use the term
CONDUCTION to refer to the HEAT TRANSFER that will occur across
the medium
• TRANSFER OF ENERGY from the MORE

ENERGETIC to the LESS ENERGETIC particles
• HIGHER TEMPERATURES are associated
with HIGHER MOLECULAR ENERGIES
SOLIDS:
Energy transfer due to the combination of
VIBRATION of the MOLECULES IN A LATTICE
FLUIDS (Gases & Liquids):

Conduction through a
Conduction is due to the COLLISIONS AND solid or a stationary fluid*
DIFFUSION of MOLECULES during their random
motion
*Incropera et al., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 7th Ed., Wiley Publ.15
CONDUCTION (contd.)
Rate equation is known as FOURIER’S LAW (Conduction)
Fourier’s law is based on experimental evidence (Empiricism)
1D- Conduction plane wall
dT

qx   k
dx

qx   k
T2  T1 
k
T1  T2 
L L
Heat rate by conduction
Q x  qx  Anormal W 
where,

qx  Heat flux in X  direction Wm -2 
dT
 Temperature gradient
dx

k  Thermal conductivity of material Wm -1K -1 
L  Thickness of the material (m)
CONVECTION
CONVECTION refers to heat transfer that will occur between a
SURFACE and a MOVING FLUID when they are at DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURES
Rate equation is called as
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
q  h Ts  T 
Where, h = Convective heat transfer
coefficient (W/m2.K)
Hot Surface
CONVECTION HEAT FLUX is presumed to be :
Convection from a surface
POSITIVE : if heat is transferred from the surface to a moving fluid1
Ts  T 
NEGATIVE : if heat is transferred to the surface
T  Ts 
1Incropera et al., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 7th Ed., Wiley Publ.
RADIATION
Energy transfer due to electro-magnetic waves
THERMAL RADIATION
Net radiation heat exchange
• Radiation – Solid, Fluids (liquid or gas) between two surfaces*
• All surfaces of finite temperature
emit energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves
• No medium is required for RADIATION
(vacuum is perfect medium)
STEFAN - BOLTZMAN LAW
Eb   Ts
4
Ts = Absolute temperature of the surface (K)

σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant (5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4)
Eb = Emissive Power (W m-2)
EMISSIVE POWER -Rate at which energy is released per unit area
Similar to Heat Flux
*Incropera et al., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 7th Ed., Wiley Publ.
RADIATION (Contd.)
BLACK SURFACE: Stefan Boltzman Law (specifies the upper limit)
HEAT FLUX EMITTED by a real surface is << of a BLACKBODY at the
SAME TEMPERATURE
E    Ts ɛ : is a Radiative property of the surface termed the
4
EMISSIVITY
Radiation between a surface
0<ɛ <1 and large surroundings*
For any real surface in surroundings

Stefan Boltzman Law:

 4

q    Ts  Tsurr.
4

*Incropera et al., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 7th Ed., Wiley Publ.
Examples & Applications: HEAT TRANSFER
Daily life Flights Space
Power generation Submarines (under water)
Human body
Deep space applications

Electronics
Examples & Applications: MASS TRANSFER
Evaporation is a Type of Mass Transfer
Diffusion

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Heat and Mass Transfer

Note: * There are 15 weekly sessions of 3 hours/week of theory and

Note: ** Any unethical practices followed to submit assignments will

Thermodynamics (TD) summary:

Objective: To extend thermodynamic analysis through the study of the

• To illustrate the manner in which a knowledge of heat

ENGINEERS, it is important that we understand the

To quantify the amount of energy being

• TRANSFER OF ENERGY from the MORE

FLUIDS (Gases & Liquids):

Ts = Absolute temperature of the surface (K)

For any real surface in surroundings

Daily life Flights Space

Power generation Submarines (under water)

Deep space applications

Evaporation is a Type of Mass Transfer

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