Lec-1-4INTRODUCTION
Lec-1-4INTRODUCTION
Lec-1-4INTRODUCTION
TO
Basic terminology
Thermal Conductivity
Properties of Radiation
Environmental radiation
Mass convection
Recommended Books
Heat and Mass Transfer
By Yunus Cengel
Heat Transfer
By Necati Ozisiki
Heat Transfer
By Bhal Chandra
Fundamentals of Heat & Mass Transfer
By Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman and Lavine
Reference Books
Heat and Mass Transfer
By R.K. Rajput
Heat Transfer
By Holman
What is HEAT ?
and
Transfer of HEAT
Heat
The over dot stands for the time derivative, or “per unit
time.” The heat transfer rate Qh as the unit J/s, which is
equivalent to W.
Total Heat & Heat Transfer Rate
When the rate of heat transfer Q is available,
then the total amount of heat transfer Q during a
time interval can be determined from
t
Q
0
dt
Q
t
QQ
Heat Flux
The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to
the direction of heat transfer/flow is called heat flux
Q
q
W
A m2
Example:
Q 24
q
A 6
q 4W / m
2
Heat transfer
and
Thermodynamics
Heat transfer and Thermodynamics
The energy transfer is always from the higher temperature
medium to the lower temperature medium.
The energy transfer stops when the two mediums reach the
same temperature.
Heat engines
Steam generators
Condensers
Heat exchangers
Furnaces
Electric equipments
I.C Engines
techniques
1. Conduction
2. Convection (Free and Forced)
3. Radiation
By Lattice vibration
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations
make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on, the
vibrations are passed along the metal and so is the heat,
we call this Conduction.
Conduction Mechanism
In differential form
Heat Flux
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing
temperature, and the temperature gradient becomes
negative when temperature decreases with increasing
thickness(x).
H = 8m Q = ??
T2 T1
Q kA
W = 6m L
Cost = ??
T1 = 15oC
T1 T2
T2 = 4oC
Q kA
L
K = 0.8 W/moC
L = 0.25m
Solution
T1 T2
Q kA
L
15 4
Q 0.8(6 8)
0.25
Q 1.69 kw
Amount of heat lost through the roof during period and its cost
Q Q Time
Q 1.69 10
Q 16.9 kwh
Cost 16.9 15
Cost 253.5 rupees
Problem
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m
thick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m K.
Measurements made during steady-state operation reveal
temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer
surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a
wall that is 0.5 m x1.2 m on a side?
T2 T1
q k
''
x
L
1400 1150
q x 1.7
''
0.15
q x'' 2833W / m 2
The heat flux represents the rate of heat transfer through a section of unit area,
and it is uniform (invariant) across the surface of the wall.
The heat loss through the wall of area A= HxW
Q
q
''
x
A
Q q x'' A
Q (0.5 1.2) 2833
Q 1700W
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of material defined as:
“The amount of energy conducted through a body of a unit
area and unit thickness in unit time per unit temperature
difference”.
Q dx W
k m oC
A dt
Thermal Resistance Network
The thermal resistance equation is analogous to electric
resistance.
In which, temperature difference corresponds to voltage.
The heat transfer rate corresponds to electric current.
T1 T2
Qcond , wall
Rwall
L
Rwall
kA
V1 V2
I
Re
Thermal Resistance Network and Heat
transfer modes
Conduction Resistance
T1 T2
Qcond ,wall
Rwall
L
Rwall
kA
Convection Resistance
Ts T
Qconv
Rconv
1
Rconv
hAs
Radiation Resistance
Thermal Resistance Network
For plane wall convection on both sides:
Consider steady 1-D heat flow through a plane wall
exposed to convection on both Sides
Fluid temperatures:
T1 & T2
Convection heat transfer
coefficients on both sides
h1 & h2
Thickness of the wall
L=x
wall surface temperatures
Ts1 & Ts2
Thermal Resistance Network
Area of the wall A
Thermal conductivity, k
After simplification
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
1 L 1
Rtotal
h1 A kA h2 A
Thermal Resistance Network
R R1 R2 R3 Rn
Therefore, larger the thermal resistance larger the
temperature drop.
R
T Q V IR
Thermal Resistance for Multilayer
Plane Walls
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
1 L1 L2 1
Rtotal Rconv1 R1 R2 Rconv2
h1 A K 1 A K 2 A h2 A
Problem
Consider a 3-m-high, 5-m-wide,and 0.3-
m-thick wall whose thermal conductivity
is k = 0.9 W/m · °C (as shown in Fig).on
a certain day, the temperatures of the
inner and the outer surfaces of the wall
are measured to be 16°C and 2°C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat
loss through the wall on that day.
Noting that the heat transfer through the wall is by conduction
and the area of the wall is,
A = 3 m x5 m = 15 m2,
T1 T2
Q kA
L
0.9 15 16 2
Q
0.3
630W
Q
Discussion:
This is the same result obtained earlier. Note that heat
conduction through a plane wall with specified surface
temperatures can be determined directly and easily without
utilizing the thermal resistance concept. However,
the thermal resistance concept serves as a valuable tool in
more complex heat transfer problems
Problem:
Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide
glass window with a thickness of 8 mm
and a thermal conductivity of k=0.78
W/m ·°C. Determine the steady rate of
heat transfer through this glass
window and the temperature of its
inner surface for a day during which
the room is maintained at 20°C while
the temperature of the outdoors is
-10°C. Take the heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the window to be h1=10
W/m2 · °C and h2=40 W/m2 · °C, which
includes the effects of radiation.
A 0.8 1.5 1.2 m 2
1 1
Ri Rconv.1
h1 A 10 1.2
Ri 0.08333 0 C / W
L 0.008
R glass
kA 0.78 1.2
R glass 0.00855 0 C / W
1 1
RO Rconv.2
h2 A 40 1.2
RO 0.02083 0 C / W
Noting that all resistances are in series, therefore, total resistance is
Rtotal Ri R glass RO
Rtotal 0.08333 0.00855 0.02083
Rtotal 0.1127 0C / W
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
(20) (10)
Q
0.1127
Q 266W
After knowing the rate of heat transfer, the inner surface temperature of
the Window glass can be determined from
T T1
Q 1
Rconv.1
T T Q R
1 1 conv.1
T1 20 (266 0.08333)
T1 2.2 0 C
Material properties
Temperature at interfaces
Non-uniform interfaces:
Bolts
Screws
Rivets
Fastened plates
Minimization of Thermal contact
Resistance
By decreasing surface roughness
Silver
Tin
Copper
Nickle
Consider, heat transfer through two metal rods of cross-
sectional area A that are pressed against each other. Heat
transfer through the interface of these two rods is the sum of
the heat transfers through the solid contact spots and the
gaps in the noncontact areas and can be expressed as:
Q Q contact Q gap
Q hc ATint erface
Q
hc
A T
Therefore, thermal contact resistance is
1 1
Rc
hc Q
A T
T 2 0
Rc m . C /W
Q
A
Thermal contact resistance is inverse of thermal contact
Conductance.
Problem
The thermal contact conductance at the
interface of two 1cm thick aluminium
plates is measured to be 11,000 W/m2
°C. Determine the thickness of the
aluminium plate whose thermal
resistance is equal to the thermal
resistance of the interface between the
plates.
Solution:
The thickness of the aluminium plate
whose thermal resistance is equal to the
thermal contact resistance is to be
determined.
L
R R Rc
k
L k Rc Discussion: Note that the
interface between the two plates
L 237 0.909 10 4 offers as much resistance to heat
L 0.0215m transfer as a 2.15–cm-thick
aluminium plate. It is interesting
L 2.15Cm that the thermal contact
resistance in this case is greater
than the sum of the thermal
resistances of both plates.
Problem
Find the heat flow rate through a composite wall as shown in
Fig. Assume one dimensional heat flow.
kA=150W/m0C, kB=30W/m0c,kC= 65 W/m0C and kD= 50 W/m0C
600C
4000C B
3 Q
Q A D
C
7 10
3 8 cm 5
Data
Thermal conductivities of blocks
k A 150W / m 0 C
k B 30W / m 0 C
k C 65W / m 0 C
k D 50W / m 0 C
Thicknesses of block A,B,C and D
L A 3Cm 0.03m
LB LC 8Cm 0.08 m
LD 5Cm 0.05m
Area of block A,B,C and D
T overall
Q
Rth Total
Total thermal resistance (RTh)
Rtotal R A R Equavalent R D
1 1 1
Reqiuvalent RB RC
LA 0.03
RA
k A AA 150 0.01
R A 0.02 0 C / W
LB 0.08
RB
k B AB 30 0.003
RB 0.89 0 C / W
LC 0.08
RC
k C AC 65 0.007
RC 0.176 0C / W
LD 0.05
RD
k D AD 50 0.01
RD 0.10 C / W
The equivalent thermal resistance (RTh) for the parallel resistance
1 1 1 1 1
Reqiuvalent RB RC 0.89 0.176
Reqiuvalent 0.147
Now, total thermal resistance is given by
Rtotal R A Reqiuvalent RD
Rtotal 0.02 0.147 0.1
Rtotal 0.267
Q 1273.4Watt