ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE  Proposed that everything around can be

P. Burgos St. Tacloban City explained by association.

o Behaviorism
Human Behavior and Crisis Management  John B. Watson and Edward L. Thorndike
 Defined psychology as the science of behavior
“Commit to the LORD whatever you do, and not of consciousness.
and he will establish your plans.”  It emphasizes conditional reflexes as the
-Proverbs 16:3 elements of behavior; insists on learned
behavior.
PSYCHOLOGY  Based on stimulus-response connections.
 Derived from two Greek words, psyche (soul) and
logos (discourse) Stimulus
 Is an academic and applied discipline involving the o a thing or event that evokes a specific functional
phenomenological and scientific study of mental reaction in an organ or tissue.
processes and behavior.
 Psychology as an independent experimental field of o Gestalt School
study began in 1879 (“Birthdate of Psychology),  Advocated by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang
when Kohler, and Kurt Koffka.
Wilhelm Wundt  To them, it was the overall pattern of any
 Founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively experience which was more important to study
to psychological research, at Leipzig University in than the specific elements which made it up.
Germany, for which Wundt is known as the “Father
of Experimental Psychology”. o Psychoanalytic School
 Created “structuralism” – identifying and studying o Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung
the elements that form the structure of were the primary advocators.
consciousness. o They insist on human desires and primitive
impulses as the central factors of behavior.

The Different Schools of Psychology DR. SIGMUND FREUD (1890’s)

Theory of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory
o Structuralism  Explains organically the physical, nervous and
 Headed by William Wundt emotional disorders.
 Study of the conscious experience.  Freud’s understanding of the mind was largely
 They started with the premise that all complex based on interpretative methods, introspection and
substances could be analyzed through their clinical observations
component elements (e.g., ideas, sensations).  And was focused in particular on resolving
 They held that elementary mental states such unconscious conflict, mental distress and
as sensations, images, and feelings from the psychopathology
structure of consciousness and are directly  According to him, “in neurotic behavior, we are
observable through introspection by careful faced with human action guided principally by
empirical observation. powerful unconscious motives whose roots can be
traced to the neurotic conflicts in inarticulate
Instrospection infancy.”
 Introduced by St. Agustine.
 In this method, the psychologist studies himself, records He introduced three (3) Psychic Forces:
his own feelings and experiences and later interprets 1) ID – present at birth, unconscious biological drives, pleasure
them. seeker, and uncontrollable; “Pleasure Principle

o Functionalism 2) Ego – strong, conscious, controllable; compensates for the

 Headed by William James, James R. Angell, demand of Id, guides man’s actions to remain within the
and John Dewey boundaries of social convention; “Gateway to action” / “Reality
 Focused on the operations or functions of Principle”
conscious activity (e.g., thinking, learning)
 Through introspection and observation, the 3) Super Ego – depends on the morals of the society, resulted
total behavior and experience of an individual from incorporating within the personality the moral standards and
is studied including the interest in functions values of parents, community, and significant others, tells what is
served by the things an individual does. right from wrong: “the Conscience”
 Freud also had a significant influence on Carl Jung,
o Associationism whose analytical psychology became an alternative
 The primary exponent of this system was form of depth psychology.
Aristotle.
 Concerned with the factors of learning such as Philosopher Karl Popper argued that Freud’s psychoanalytic
remembering and thinking. theories were presented in untestable form.
 The philosophical concept that learning is the Due to their subjective nature, Freud’s theories are often
formation of bonds or connections is the of limited interest to many scientifically-oriented psychology
nervous system. departments. Followers of Freud who accept the basic ideas of
psychoanalysis but alter it in some way are called neo-Freudians.
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 1
Modification of Jung’s theories has led to the archetypal and 1. Normal/ Accepted Behavior – actions in accordance with
process-oriented schools of psychological thought. the law and norms
2. Abnormal Behavior – actions against the normal
ARISTOTLE – “Tabula Rasa” (mind is a blank sheet) behavior, criminal behavior to be specific.
Major Factors that Affect Human Behavior:
RENE DESCARTES – studied the concept of Reflex Action 1. Environment – the surroundings that influence human
which is significant in the study of physiology and psychology actions
2. Learnings – education, experience or practice
ABRAHAM MASLOW 3. Heredity – passing of traits from parents to offspring
o who formulated a Hierarchy Of Human Needs VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation
1. Psychological needs – food, shelter, clothing, water, sleep, to events taking place inside the body such as the brain
sex, survival needs/basic needs and the nervous system
2. Safety needs – security of body, employment, of resources, of 2. Behavioral View - emphasizes on external functions of
morality, of the family, of health and property the human being that can be observed and measured.
3. Sense of Belongingness/Love – friendship, family, affiliation, 3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain
acceptance sexual intimacy processes and transforms information into various ways.
4. Self-Esteem – confidence, achievement, competence, 4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious
reputation, status, respect of others, respect by others motives that originate from aggressive impulses in
5. Self-Actualization – self-fulfillment, morality, creativity, problem childhood.
solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts 5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience,
*Carl Rogers who created and developed Client- freedom of choice and motivation toward self-
centered therapy actualization
*Fritz Perls who helped create and develop Gestalt
therapy. It became so influential as to be called the “third force” TWO BASIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
within psychology (along with behaviorism and psychoanalysis)  Inherited behavior
Theories: o These are inborn behavior, any behavioral
*Hezberg’s two-factor theory reactions or reflexes exhibited by people
(Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation) because of their inherited capabilities or the
Frederick Hezberg process of natural selection e.g. the survival of
- In this theory, it says that certain factors in workplace species who are dependent on behaviors like
result in job satisfaction. breathing, digesting food, mating and
- he says that one of the top motivating factors at any depending oneself.
stage of life is RESPECT (“respect for me as a person).  Learned Behavior
- he gave the distinction between motivators and o behaviors we acquire as we age thru the
hygiene factors. process of learning, interacting, communication
*Aldefer’s ERG theory and we need to cope up with the changes in
- Alderfer expanded the Hierarchy of Needs of Abraham the environment and improve one selves and
Maslow. increase the chance of survival.
- 3 groups of Core Needs:
1. Existence Classification of Human Behavior (Haln SyCom)
2. Relatedness Habitual - refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in
3. Growth language and emotion.
Instinctive - they are generally unlearned and simply comes out,
HUMAN BEHAVIOR out of man's instinct, which can be seen among instinct-instinct
Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated survival behaviors.
action and/or reaction to a given stimulus. Symbolic - are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of
It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make as unsaid words, and shown through symbols or body signs.
they cope with one another, with problems, with opportunities, Complex - are those behaviors that combines two or more of the
and with working together-aspects, in a given situation. classified ones.
 Refers to the totality of activities performed by
human beings. Causes of Human Behavior (SPA) Sensation - is the feeling or
 A person’s attitude is the reflection of the behavior impression created by a given stimulus or cause, that leads to a
he/she act in a specific situations. particular reaction or behavior
It is the sum total of man’s reaction to his environment or the way  Visual (sight)
human beings act.  Olfactory (smell)
 Cutaneous (touch)
HUMAN BEING  auditory (hearing)
-are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to  gustatory (taste).
comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.
Can be classified as either: Perception - refers to the person's knowledge of a given stimulus
1. Overt – actions which can be seen or observed by high largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a
other people given situation.
2. Covert – cannot be directly observed but can be Awareness - refers to the psychological activity based on
concluded from external actions such as thoughts, interpretation or past experience with a given stimulus or object.
feelings and other emotional expressions Characteristics of Behavior
Two Common Seen Behaviors:
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 2
  Primarily native or primarily learned 0 Evoked by 2. INFANCY STAGE --from birth to end of the second Week, the
External stimuli or internal need shortest and considered a time of extreme adjustment, thus
 Automatic, voluntary, conscious or motorized making it as a hazardous period.
Two Divisions:
Attributes of Behavior 1.) Partunate Period - from birth30min.after birth
Duration - how long in terms of function of time 2.) Neonate - 30min. After birth-2nd week of postnatal life.
Extensity - size, distance and location Intensity - magnitude,
whether mild, strong and disintegrated 3. Babyhood Period - second week to two years old
Quantity – whether normal, abnormal, misleading or * True foundation period of life (establishment of critical
unacceptable development period of personality behavioral patterns)
* Age of rapid growth and change
Abnormal Behavior * Physical and psychological hazards are common.
- "A.B." is a Latin initials which means "away from". Abnormal
behavior then can be defined as a behavior which is away from 4. Childhood - which is divided into: (Early childhood, 2-6 yrs old
or deviating from the normal behavior. Normal Behavior on the and late childhood, 7 to eleven yrs.)
other hand, is one that is within the concept of a person as his Eighteen months to three yrs:
own behavior which he or she sees normal, and that people who  They encounter discipline "they can no longer do
behave as they do, are likewise normal and those that do not whatever they please"
behave similarly are abnormal. Abnormal behavior most of the  Toilet training must discuss
Mime referred to as "sick" behavior. It is associated to mental  Imitation takes place
illness. Behavior which are ineffective self-defeating, self- Four to five years old:
destructive and which separates the individuals from those who * Start of identification process
are important to him, are regarded as abnormal. Six to ten years old:
* Social Influence occur
Guidelines for judging abnormal behavior *Proving their competence
 Appropriateness includes assessment of not only the *Finding place among peers by:
behavior itself but also the situation in which it is - Evaluation
happening). o - Assignment of social role
 Flexibility (Normal behavior tends to be flexible as a - Rebellion against adult world
sign of healthy behavior).
 Impulsivity (Normal behavior is more likely to be a 5. Puberty - came from latin word "pubertas” means “age of
result of a consideration of its consequences, with manhood"
important decisions being given careful thought before - end of childhood and beginning of adolescence
implementation). Abnormal behavior, being - Sexual apparatus becomes mature as a preparation for
uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and drives, reproduction. Sexual Maturity age:
tends to be impulsive. - 13 years old for girls
- 14 years old for boys
How people interact: a. Physical development
 People interact by three psychological positions or b. Personality changed and blossomed
behavioral patterns called Ego states: (PAC)
 Parent-ego state - protective, idealistic, evaluative, 3 STAGES OF PUBERTY PERIOD:
righteous, refer to laws, rules and standard. A.) Prepubescent Stage - Closing year of childhood (11-13 yrs.
 Adult-ego states - more upon reason, factual, flexible, old)
views other as co-equal, and reasonable. * Secondary sex characteristic appears but reproductive organ
 Child-ego states - dependent, rebellion, selfish, are not yet fully developed.
demanding, impatient and emotional. B.) Pubescent Stage - period between childhood and
adolescence (13-17yrs. Old)
How people transact: * Sexual Maturity appear
- Menstrual cycle on girls
 Complimentary - if the stimulus andresponse pattern
-nocturnal emission or
from one ego state toanother are parallel.
"wet dreams” for boys - first 2 yrs.
 Non-complimentary - I stimulus and response pattern
C.) Post Pubescent Stage adolescence
from one ego state to another are not parallel.
* Breast are well developed
*Sex organs function in a mature manner.
The Biological Background of Behavior
Adolescence - came from Latin word "adolescent" meaning to
The human being is the product of heredity, environment, and
grow as a teenager"
education (training). At birth, man is consider blank except for
- Which is divided into (early adolescence, puberty to 17 yrs. and
reflexes which are necessary for his survival. Some of these
late adolescence, 17 to 21 yrs) Period of storm and stress
reflexes are the following, sucking, swallowing, crying and others.
6. Adulthood - came from the latin word "adultus" meaning
8 Major Stages of Man's Life Span:
"grown to full size and strength"
- 18 to forty yrs old.
1. PRENATAL STAGE (0-280 days or 9 Calendar months)
-the longest period in the man's life span
- begins at conception and ends at birth, very important
Early Adulthood - (18-40) setting down and reproductive age
period, which is composed of
7. Middle age - 40-60yrs old
Ovum/zygote period - first two weeks
Advanced MA - 50-60yrs old
Embryo period - 2nd week to 2nd month
8. Old Age or Senescence - (60-up) Second Childhood
Fetus period - second month to birth
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 3
 2. Extrinsic (External) Motivation comes from outside of the
Developmental Tasks individual (money, grades etc.)
Every stage of life has its accompanying developmental tasks. Common Theories of Motivation:
They are tasks imposed on the individual by maturation and 1. Incentive Theory - refers to reward given to a person after the
culture that prepare him for the next stage of life. occurrence of an action or behavior 2. Drive-Reduction Theory -
3 R's of Human Developmental Task When we satisfy our drive its strength is reduced
Response - immediate action 3. Goal-Setting Theory - individuals has a drive to reach a clearly
Reasoning - using mental intervention defined end state.
Reaction - 2 response Types of theories and models:
Stimulus - refers to any force or motion coming from the A. Mono-motivational theories
environment and which reach an organism has the tendency to - class of theories regarding the question why people behaves
arouse. and do things finds to lessen the number of factors down to one
Response -the reaction to a stimulus, in response to, in answer and tries to explain all actions through that one factor.
to B. Conscious and Unconscious Motivations
Reasoning - mental intervention occurs upon receiving the stimuli - Theories which give an emphasis to the difference between
Reaction - an action in mental attitude evoke by external conscious and unconscious motivations.
influence. C. Non-psychological Theories
Learning - process that brings about a change in an individual * Platonic Theory of Motivation - all parts of the soul have
Learning Process: desires, but not all desires are the same. (The Republic)
 Knowledge is gained Plato's tripartite theory of the Soul:
 Skill is produced c.1 Reason
 Habits, attitudes, ideals are obtained c.2 Spirit
Ways to Learn: c.3 Appetite
 Self-study D. Machiavellianism - motivation to seek power and status.
 Observation Modern research argues that people who are high in this trait will
 Inquiries seek power and money and are willing to use others as
instruments towards that end
THEORIES OF LEARNING Self-Control - considered to be a subset of emotional intelligence
Connectionism Theory - by Thorndike states that practice Vroom's "Expectancy Theory" - people may decide to exert self-
strengthens the association between stimuli an response by control in pursuit of a particular goal.
using the law of exercise. Also uses the law of effect which is the Escape-Seeking Dichotomy Model -influences decision making of
connection between the stimulus and response is strengthened a person
by Reward and Satisfaction and weakened by punishment or *Escapism - the need to break away from our daily life routine
dissatisfaction. *Seeking - the desire to learn
Classical or Respondent Conditioning - by Pavlov which states E. Cognitive Dissonance Theory – suggested by Leon Festinger;
that the association between a conditioned stimulus and persons experience some degree of discomfort which results in
response is strengthened by repeated presentation with the the inconsistency between two cognitions: their Views in the
unconditional stimulus world around them and their own personal feelings.
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning - wherein the learning or F. Self-determination Theory (Edward L. Deci and Richard M.
stimulus- response relationship is strengthened by immediately Ryan) -focuses on the degree to which a person's behavior is
following the response with the reinforcing stimulus. self-motivated and self-determined.
G. Temporal Motivation Theory
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING Motivation – arouses - the latest approach of motivation
interest, provides a objective and direct towards a goal thus - simplifies the fields of motivation and allows findings from one
facilitates learning theory to be translated into the terms of another theory
*Reinforcement - can be made through the u audio-visual aid, Achievement Motivation (David McClelland and his
reviews, drills, and other means colleagues/1950's)
*Extinction - means to let something die out or be forgotten by - performance motivation results from the way broad components
disuse if it will not facilitate learning of personality are directed towards performance.
*Association - meaning the more sun - meaning the more *Achievement Motivation Inventory
connection are made with a subject the better it will be learned - assesses the factors which are relevant to vocational and
and retained. professional success. Thematic Apperception Test
*Interest - in a lesson will facilitate learning and serve as its own - measures motivation by presenting people with some drawings
motivation, aside from a one teaching making the topic and let them tell stories the drawings they see.
interesting.
*Rewards or punishments - should be immediate for it to be
effective and make learning easy. H. Attribution Theory (Fritz Heider)
*Regency - means that learning should be made recent in the - describes the processes by which individuals explain the
minds of learners for them not forget what they have learned, causes of their behavior and events.
Motivation Job Characteristics Model (Hackman and Oldham)
is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the individual - attempts to use job design to improve employee motivation.
and directed towards a goal that can satisfy the needs. Classification of Motives
Motivation may also be regarded as explanation for action which *Biological drives - includes physiological, basic and primarily
influences behavior in many ways. unlearned motives e.g. water, food and other survival motives.
Categories of Motivation: - the basic drive which is essential to our survival is the
1. Intrinsic (Internal) Motivation - driven by an interest or so-called sexual drive.
enjoyment DIHYDROEPIANDOSTERONE (DHEA)

PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 4

  Hormone involve why we have sexual desire which 3. Action
is wired deep into the brain as gland secret Emotional Intelligence - person's ability to monitor their own and
hormones. other people's states and to use this information to act wisely in
TESTOSTERONE – hormonal basis of both men. relationships.
Progesterone – hormonal basis for women’s sex drive 5 parts of Emotional Intelligence:
*Psychological or social drives - they are secondary, acquired, 1. Self-Awareness
learned, and derived e.g. motives to be rich, popular, balanced 2. Managing Emotions
and other acquisition of achievements. 3. Motivation
*Unconscious motives – includes mostly general drives such as 4. Empathy
curiosity, maternal instinct and just being nice as a natural drive. 5. Handling relationships
Drive – arousal which occurs when a need or there is an intense EMOTIONAL TRAITS - gives an individual the capacity to face
desire felt, strong enough to motivate an individual to seek its different situations in life and still maintain composure.
satisfaction. SOCIAL TRAITS - the individual's ability to get along fine with
others.
PERSONALITY MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAITS- the standards of a person's
 A pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines actions and behaviors.
an individual’s characteristics, behavior and Personality Traits that affect Human Behavior:
qualities. 1. EXTROVERSION - characterized by interests directed toward
 A unique and distinct totality of man’s characteristic the external environment.
patterns of attitudes, beliefs and behavior that made 2. INTROVERSION - characterized by direction of interest toward
him think and behave differently from others. oneself and one's inner world of experiences
Personality is more than charm, poise or physical appearance. 3. AMBIVERSION - is a balance of extrovert and introvert
Personality includes the following: characteristics.
HABITS – reactions so often repeated that becomes a person’s 4. NEUROTICISM - persons high in neuroticism react intensely.
fixed characteristic or tendency. They respond more poorly to environmental stress.
ATTITUDES – may either be positive or negative, favorable or 5. PSYCHOTICISM - persons high in psychoticism tends to be
unfavorable, learned or acquired. impulsive, aggressive individuals without concern for others.
PHYSICAL TRAITS – this includes facial appearance, height, Social Learning Theories
weight, physical defects, complexion, strength and health. This theory advocate that personality traits are the result of
MENTAL TRAITS – includes our ability to control the mind. learning as one interacts with people. Personality is mainly
Mental abilities composed of habits and learned responses to stimuli in the
*problem solving ability environment.
*memory and learning ability Maslow's self-actualization theory
*perceptual ability Maslow maintains that man is naturally good and that self-
*constructive imagination actualization is his goal. And, blocking this goal makes man
*special imagination frustrated and neurotic. Aggression and destructions are not
*soundness of judgement natural, but they are the result of an environment that prevents
*general adaptability the attainment of goals.
EMOTION – came from the latin word “Emovere” meaning to HUMAN NEEDS - arises out of a person's biological and
“move, to agitate to excite" psychological make up. They are the following;
THEORIES OF EMOTION: BIOGENIC NEEDS - refers to the needs of the body existing
*Stoic Theories – emotion is a hindrance to reason and therefore primarily for the maintenance of health and protection of the body
to virtue. against physical injuries. E.g. need for food, air, rest, sex and
*Aristotle Theories – he believed that emotions were an essential avoidance of pain.
component to virtue. PSYCHOGENIC OR SOCIOGENIC NEEDS - includes the need
*Charles Darwin – “The Expression of the emotions in Man and for love, affection, security growth and achievement, and
Animals.” This book states that emotions actually served a recognition from others.
purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their
survival.
* The James-Lange Theory - proposes that an event or stimulus 3 BASIC FORMS OF PERSONAL CONFLICT:
causes a psychological arousal without any interpretation or Approach - Approach conflict
conscious thought, and you experience the resulting emotion A conflict in which the aroused motives have two incompatible
only after you interpret the physical response. goals, both of which are desirable. (2positive goals - both
*Cannon-Bard Theory - proposed that the given stimulus evokes desirable)
both a physiological and an emotional response simultaneously, Approach - Avoidance conflict
and that neither one causes the other. A conflict which individual has a single goal with desirable and
* Schacter - Singer Theory - believes that an event causes undesirable aspects, causing mixed feelings. (1goal- 1 desirable
physiological arousal, but you must then identify a reason for the & 1 undesirable)
arousal before you label the emotion. Avoidance - Avoidance conflict
* Lazarus Theory - proposes that when an event occurs, a A conflict in which there is simultaneous arousal of motives to
cognitive appraisal is made either consciously or subconsciously, avoid alternatives, both of which are undesirable. (2negative
and based on the result of that appraisal, an emotion and goals-both undesirable)
physiological response follow FRUSTRATION
This theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that -situation which blocks the individuals motivated behaviour.
occurs in the following order: -characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatique or depression
1. Cognitive Appraisal 2 Kinds of frustration:
2. Physiological Changes 1. Internal frustration - goals, desires, instinctive drives

PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 5

2. External frustration - conditions outside the person's internal may seem to have these feelings or ideas, that free the individual
motives ex. Blocked road, difficult task etc. from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
Reactions to Frustration 8. Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual's traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to
way of reacting to frustration is known as Coping mechanism. recognize. It is shown, when an individual is motivated to act in a
Generally, people faced with frustration is sometimes reacting to certain way, but behaves in the opposite way, and be able to
one or two ways; by fighting the problem in a constructive way keep his urges and impulses under control.
and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles that 9. Denial - when a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to
stops a person from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
becoming aggressive; or by running away from the problem or 10. Repression - is an unconscious process where unacceptable
flight, by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up urges or painful, traumatic experiences are completely prevented
without a fight. These reactions to frustration are called fight-flight from entering consciousness
reactions. 11. Suppression - is a conscious activity by which an individual
attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
Frustration-tolerance experiences by pushing them out of one's mind such as, when a
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted person attempts to forget emotional pain by losing himself in his
states or tolerance to frustration. Some people are able to work.
withstand prolonged periods of tension without showing signs of 12. Regression - when a person employs this defense
abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert mechanism, he goes back to a pattern of feeling, thinking, or
their frustration into antisocial acts or become alcoholics or drug behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of
addicts. development, such as when a person demands for something
Most people react to frustration in the following ways: from others and when denied, uses tantrums to get it, as what he
* Direct approach - objective way (identifying first the problem or she has done in early childhood when parents give to
and look for the most practical way to solve it. *Physical disorder demands of children by the use of tantrums.
- persons under frustration is suffering from ailments like fever. 13. Sublimation - is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or
*Substitution - thinking of alternative means to face frustration needs into socially and culturally acceptable channels or means.
*Apathy - persons under frustration are irresponsive and It is also a positive and construction mechanism for defending
disinterested in the job and co-worker. against otherwise unacceptable impulses and needs. Such as
*Withdrawal or retreat - giving up or retreating when a homosexual works as a physical therapist and finds
*Fixation - blaming others without knowing the complete facts. sexual satisfaction in performing his job, in meeting his needs
*Developing feelings of inferiority -diminishing self-confidence and impulses.
*Aggression - negative outcome (Poor or Low frustration tolerance leads to unhealthy and
*Regression - immaturity, self-pity unstable behavioral patterns or to worst to Mental distortion.)
*Use of defense mechanism - most tolerated way of handling When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to
frustration and man's last resort to overcome fear difficult situation over a long period of time, he may try to escape
Defense Mechanism from conflicts by suffering from any of the following mental
They are unconscious psychological processes that serves as disorders;
safety valves to provide relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.
Defense mechanism are forms of self-deception which a person 2 GENERAL TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS:
may not be aware of. They are resorted to whenever 1. ORGANIC DISORDER - brain sickness and the cause can be
psychological equilibrium is threatened by severe emotional identified to known disease.
injury arising from frustration 2. FUNCTIONAL DISEASE - a mental disorder which is
characterized by strange behavior that cannot be traced
Among the most common defense mechanism used are the
following: Neurosis - a condition where a compromises with reality by
1. Identification - a process whereby an individual without developing imaginary person ailments, anxiety, depression,
awareness, satisfies frustrated desires by psychologically phobia, obsession or compulsion:
assuming the role of another person. Psychosis - a mental condition where the person may withdraw
2. Substitution - is resorted to, when an unattainable or from the real world into the world of fantasy and make-believe,
unacceptable goal, emotion, or object attainable or is replaced by where a person's hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled:
one that is acceptable.
3. Compensation - a process whereby one makes up for some Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality - a mental
real or imaginary inadequacy by doing well in another activity. disorder where one, instead of compromising with reality,
4. Rationalization - it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify withdraw into his shell. The person may go to the other extremes
ideas and behavior in a way that seems reasonable to oneself, and may become very aggressive and cruel in his behavior
although, they are intellectually justified and often socially towards others. And when his antisocial behavior comes in
disapproved as well. conflict with the law, he becomes a criminal
5. Displacement - this is where one transfer his emotion
connected with one person or thing to another unrelated person Psychoneurotic person - are those in the twilight zone between
or object. normality and abnormality. They are not insane, but neither are
6. Fantasy or daydreaming - this is where an imagined sequence they normal. The neurotic is always tense, restless and anxious.
of events or mental images that serves to express unconscious Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion. Phobia, and in
conflicts, to gratify unconscious wishes or to prepare for an some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant characteristic.
anticipated future event. Unhealthy Reactions to Frustration
7. Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are Some individuals are incapable of making effective adjustments
unacceptable to oneself, but projected onto others so that they to their frustration. They have not learned healthy and effective
adjustment habits; hence, they are not emotionally ready to cope

PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 6

with difficult problems confronting them. As a result, they may  Technomania - craze for technology
react to frustration in a random, impulsive and inadequate  Sebastomania - religious insanity o
manner that does not relieve them o tension, but in fact increases  Ergomania - excessive desire to work; workaholism
the maladjustment.  Clinomania - excessive desire to stay in bed
 Doromania - obsession with giving gifts
Among these behavior pattern considered as unhealthy reactions  Graphomania - obsession with writing
to frustration are the following:
 Homicidal mania - the impulse to kill
1. Obsession - is an idea that persistently recurs in a person's
 Megalomania - the impulse for fame or power
mind sometimes against his wish, though it may have no basis at
all.  Suicidal mania - the impulse to take one's life
2. Anxiety - NEUROTIC FEAR
-manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness from 5. Regression - a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to
anticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown or state of former adjustment and attempts to experience them
unrecognized. Hysteria - a type of anxiety reaction in which the again in memory.
individual shows one or more symptoms that are often 6. Hallucination - a sensory perception in the absence of an
associated with organic disease. actual external stimulus.
CLASSIFICATION: 7. Schizophrenia or dementia praecox characterized by disturb
thinking.
 Panic disorder - a person suffers from brief attacks of
- formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German
intense terror and apprehension, by trembling, often
psychiatrist - the term schizophrenia was given by Eugene
marked shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and/or
Bleuler which literally means splitting of minds."
difficulty breathing
 Obsessive compulsive disorder - is a type of anxiety
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA * SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
disorder primarily characterized by
* SIMPLE SCHIZOPRENIA - characterized by a gradual decline
 Repetitive obsessions (distressing. persistent, and of interest and ambition. The person withdraws from social
intrusive thoughts or images) and compulsion (urges to contacts as well as irritable and inattentive
perform specific acts or rituals) * PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA - characterized principally by
Somnambulism - a person performs an act while sleeping delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur. Hallucinations,
Somnolencia - state of half-sleep and half-awake usually auditory, are most of time present.
* HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA - manifests severe
FORMS OF PSYCHASTHENIA: phobia, obsession and integration of personality and can be observed through
compulsion inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons
which to an untrained observer may only be childish playfulness.
3. Phobia - an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, * CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA - manifests extreme violence
uncontrollable, and most of the time has no reasonable and shown with excessive motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness
foundation. and unpredictable emotional outburst
- a form of Psychasthenia ( a psychoneurotic condition that is 8. Delusion - a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible
accompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms proof of evidence to the contrary
that cannot be controlled.
 Delusions of Grandeur - An individual is convinced he
 Achluophobia- Fear of darkness. has special powers, talents, or abilities and superior.
 Acrophobia- Fear of heights. Sometimes, the individual may actually believe they are
 Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in a famous person or character.
crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a  Delusion of Persecution - The most common type of
safe place. delusions and involve the theme of being followed.
 Ballistophobia- Fear of missiles or bullets. Harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired
 Bibliophobia- Fear of books. against, spied on, attacked, or otherwise obstructed in
 Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women the pursuit of goals.
 Cacophobia- Fear of ugliness. Delusions of Reference - imagines himself to be the target or
 Coitophobia-Fear of coitus center of events or happenings.
 Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms.
 Hydrophobia-Fear of water 9. Memory disorder or amnesia - partial memory Toss caused by
 Necrophobia - Fear of death or dead things painful memories associated with some shocking experiences
 Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs. which are repressed and cannot be recalled.
 Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles
 Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying. There are two main types of amnesia;
 Erotophobia- Fear of sexual love or sexual questions  Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve
THANATOS - unconscious wish for death information that was acquired before a particular date,
4. Compulsion - is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts usually the date of an accident or operation
that are repetitive and ritualistic.  Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new
e.g. information from the short term store into the long-term
 Arithmomania obsessive preoccupation with numbers store. People with this type of amnesia cannot
remember things for long periods of time
 Kleptomamatan irrational predilection for stealing )
10. Traumatic Neuroses - the individual fears for his/her safety
 Dipsomania abnormal craving for alcohol
11. Operational Fatigue - "war neurosis", manifested in response
 Pyromania craze for starting fires to a battle environment
 Pornomania obsession with pornography
 Plutomania - mania for money SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
 Opsomania - abnormal love for one kind of food "Soma" means body
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 7
  Involve a neurotic pattern in which the individuals
complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the
presence of a physical problem, but which no
organic basis can be found. COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA
3 distinct Somatoform Patterns  PERSECUTORY PARANOIA - having delusions of
1. Somatization Disorder - intensely and chronically persecution
uncomfortable condition that indirectly creates a high risk of  LITIGIOUS PARANOIA - both delusions of
medical complications. persecution and grandeur
2. Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders  EROTIC PARANOIA - delusions that a certain
* Conversion Disorders - are somatoform disorders in which person is in love with him or her.
individuals experience serious somatic symptoms such as  EXALTED PARANOIA - with great power of
functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures, importance
inability to speak or other serious impairments in the absence of  JEALOUS PARANOIA - characterized by irrational
any physical cause. jealousy
* Somatoform pain Disorder - are somatoform disorders in which COPYCAT CRIME
the individual experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain - Crime inspired by another crime that has been
that has a psychological rather than physical cause. It is very
publicized in the news media or fictionally or artistically
similar to. Conversion disorders except that the primary symptom
represented in which the offender incorporates aspects
is pain that has no physical cause.
of the original offense.

Different Clusters/Class of Personality Disorders

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)
 Conditions involving sudden alterations. In
 Paranoid personality disorder: characterized by a
cognition, characterized by change in memory,
pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others,
perceptions or identity".
interpreting motivations as malevolent
 Schizoid personality disorder: lack of interest and
TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
detachment from social relationships, and restricted
A. AMNESIA - refers to loss of memory that can have
emotional expression, solitary
either physical or psychological cause.
B. PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE STATE- resembles amnesia in  Schizotypal personality disorder: distorted cognitions
that there is a loss of memory but the loss is so and perceptions, odd behaviors based on belief in magic
complete that the individuals cannot remember his or or superstition
her identity or previous life. Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders)
C. DEPERSONALIZATION - refers to experiences in which  Antisocial personality disorder: fail to conform to social
the individual feels that he or she has become distorted norms and may have repeated physical fights.
or unreal or that distortions have occurred in one's  Borderline personality disorder: pervasive pattern of
surroundings. One might feel that he is a real robot even instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior
though she knows she is a real person or that her room and affects often leading to self-harm and impulsivity;
is not real or that her parents are not real people. drastic mood-shifts. suicidal behaviors
D. MULTIPLE PERSONALITY - the individual shifts  Histrionic personality disorder: pervasive pattern of
abruptly and repeatedly form one personality to another attention-seeking behavior and excessive emotions
as if more than one person were inhabiting the same  Narcissistic personality disorder: pervasive pattern of
body. This is commonly known as "split personality grandiosity, need for admiration, exaggerated self-
disorder." importance
Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)
PERSONALITY DISORDERS  Avoidant personality disorder, extreme sensitivity to
Formerly referred to as "character disorders" are a class of negative evaluation timid, shy but do wish to have
personality types and behaviors defined as an enduring pattern friends, afraid of rejection or criticism and don't enjoy
of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the being alone.
expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it."  Dependent personality disorder: pervasive psychological
need to be cared for by other people.
AFFECTIVE DISORDER - set of psychiatric diseases with  Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (not the
symptoms which typically affect one's mood. Types of Affective same as obsessive compulsive disorder): characterized
Disorder by rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism and control
1. Depression - often characterized by feelings of extreme
hopelessness and sadness Sexual Deviancy
2. Bipolar Disorder - state wherein the person experiences A sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification
alternating period of depression and periods of mania, which is by means other than heterosexual relation.
the feeling of being extremely positive and active. Sexual intercourse or copulation or coitus
3. Anxiety Disorder - characterized by feelings of anxiety, fear, is the insertion and thrusting of a male's penis into a female's
and nervousness vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction
PARANOIA - refers to cases showing delusions and impaired Sexuality or heterosexuality
contact with reality but without the severe personality The only normal sexual relation between members of the
disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia. opposite sex that could lead to reproduction
-The main symptom is characterized by "suspicion” Different deviant sexual behaviors:

PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 8

 Masochism (passive algo lagnia) - sexual gratification is attained Exhibitionism - sexual gratification is attained by exposing some
through the pain inflicted upon oneself private parts of the body
Sadism (active algo lagnia) - sexual gratification is attained Exhibitionism is the act of exposing in a public or semi-public
through the pain inflicted upon the sexual partner. context those arts of one's body that are not normally exposed -
Voyeurism - sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude for example, the genitals or buttocks. The practice may arise
man and woman in the actual sexual act. The sexually deviant from a desire or compulsion to expose themselves in such a
person is also known as Peeping Tom. manner to groups of friends or acquaintances, or to strangers for
Transvertism - gratification is taken from wearing clothes of the their amusement or sexual satisfaction or to shock the bystander
opposite sex and acting their opposite roles. Voyeurism sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude
Fetishism - sexual gratification is attained by substituting an man and woman in the actual sexual act. The sexually deviant
inanimate object of love.  Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying
A fetish (derived from the French fétiche; which comes from the on people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as
Portuguese feitiço; and this in turn from Latin facticius, "artificial" undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually
and facere, "to make) is an object believed to have supernatural considered to be of a private nature.
powers, or in particular, a man-made object that has power over  The principal characteristic of voyeurism is that the
others. Essentially, fetishism is the emic attribution of inherent voyeur does not normally relate directly with the subject
value or powers to an object. of his/her interest, who is often unaware of being
Corpolalia - use of obscene language to obtain orgasm observed. Voyeurism may involve the making of a
Don Juanism - seducing many women as part of his career secret photograph or video of the subject during an
Infantosexual (phedophilia) - sexual desire towards an immature intimate activity. When the interest in a particular subject
person is obsessive, the behavior may be described as stalking
Gerontophilia --sexual desire towards elder person  The term comes from the French word voyeur, "one who
Satyriasis - excessive sexual desire of men looks". A male voyeur is commonly labeled "Peeping
Nymphomania - excessive sexual desire of women Tom", a term which originates from the Lady Godiva
Frottage - rubbing sexual organ against some part of the body legend. However, that term is usually applied to a male
Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one's genitals to who observes somebody through her window, and not a
others. public place.
Troilism - a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons
are participating in sexual act. CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Sodomy - sexual act through the anus of another human being Crisis (from the Greek sis" meaning "o separate" plural: "crises"
Pluralism - a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival) "critical') is any event that is, or expected to lead you an unstable
Cunnilingus - licking of woman's genitals and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group,
Fellatio - sucking the penis community, or whole society.
 Lesbianism - sexual relation between a woman to a Crisis management is the action by which an organization des
woman. o s/handles with a major event that threatens to harm the
 Homosexuality - sexual gratification is attained by organization its stakeholders, or the general public. The study of
having a sexual relationship with members of the same crisis management originated with the large scale industrial and
sex. environmental disasters in the 1980s
Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual Emergency
behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As an -from the latin word "emergentia" meaning "dipping; plunging"
orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or - a sudden condition that needs an immediate action
disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic - a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property
attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to
Incest - is sexual intercourse between family members and close prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations,
relatives. The term may apply to sexual intercourse between mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to
individuals in a close "blood relationship", members of the same offer palliative care for the aftermath.
household, step relatives, those related by adoption or marriage, Disaster - a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard
or members of the same clan or lineage resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant
Pedophilia - a child molester that victimizes young boys that physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to
could lead to sodomy. the environment. A disaster can be extensively defined as any
Bestiality - Zoophilia is a paraphilia involving sexual activity tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods,
between human and non-human animals or a fixation on such catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon
practice. The term "zoophilia" derives from the combination of that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the
two nouns, zoo means "animal") and (philia, meaning "friendship" economic, social and cultural life of people.
or "love").
Although sex with animals is not outlawed in some countries, it is TYPES OF CRISIS
not explicitly condoned anywhere. In most countries, bestiality is Natural crisis
illegal under animal abuse laws or laws dealing with crimes - typically natural disasters considered as 'acts of God,' are such
against nature. environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
Necrophilia - Necrophilia, also called thanatophilia or tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms,
necrolagnia, is the sexual attraction to corpses. It is classified as and droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment
a paraphilia by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the itself.
American Psychiatur Association. The word is derived from the
Greek words (nekros; "dead") and (philia; "love). The term was Man-Made Crisis
coined by the Belgian alienist Joseph Guislain, who first used it in 1. Civil Disturbance (Labor strikes/ demonstration, riots, "welga
a lecture in 1850 ng bayan".
2. Revolt (Mutiny, Insurrection, and coup d'etat)
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 9
3. Revolution A set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is
4. Border incident holding a person captive by the use of force, Violence, or threat
5. War of violence and the police are in close confrontation with the
6. Kidnapping suspect and his captive
7. Hijacking
8. Hostage taking etc. Ten (10) steps to take during crisis
1. Assess the situation - by knowing the following: what is
Confrontation crisis happening and why, what is likely to happen and how quick the
Confrontation crisis occur when discontented individuals and/or response should be to avoid further damage in all aspect; who
groups fight businesses, government, and various interest groups are involve and who else; and resources at hand.
to win acceptance of their demands and expectations. The 2. Draw preliminary plan of action - step by step and have
common type of confrontation crisis is boycotts, and other types contingency plan for the eventualities.
are picketing, sit-ins, ultimatums to those in authority, blockade or A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in
occupation of buildings, and resisting or disobeying police. the usual (expected) plan
3. Line up a crisis management team - deal with the situation set
Crisis of malevolence (Causing harm or evil) up a crisis management center
An organization faces a crisis of malevolence when opponents or 4. Set up a crisis management center
miscreant individuals uses criminals for the purpose of 5. Communication system - to have an immediate access to all
expressing hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a members of the team prioritize matters face problems one-at-a
company, country, or economic system, perhaps with the aim of time prepare detailed plans continuously monitor what exactly is
destabilizing or destroying it. Sample crisis include product happening, evaluate actions and reaction.
tampering, kidnapping, malicious rumors, terrorism, and 6. Prioritize matters
espionage 7. Face problems one at a time.
8. Prepare detailed plans
Classification of crisis 9. Continuously monitor what exactly is happening.
Economic crisis 10. Evaluate actions and reactions.
An economic is a sharp transition to a recession.
Environmental crisis HOSTAGE INCIDENT/SITUATION
A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e.g. It is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is
volcanic eruption, earthquake, and landslide) which moves from holding a person captive with the use of force and threat of
potential into an active phase, and as a result affects human violence while the law enforcement officers are in close contact
activities with the suspect and his captive.
International crisis It is any incident in which people are being held by another
 In this context, a crisis can be loosely defined as a person or persons against their will, usually by force or coercion,
situation where there is a perception of threat, and demands are being made by the hostage taker.
heightened anxiety, expectation of possible violence and Persons involved:
the belief that any actions will have far-reaching Hostage-Taker - person who holds other people for his own
consequences. purpose
Distinction between Emergency, Crisis and Disaster: Hostage - any person being held against their will
EMERGENCY - situation is still controlled and the response Negotiator - person responsible in negotiating directly with the
given is for the purpose of containing the situation from getting hostage taker for the purpose of freeing the captive using
out of control. available resources
CRISIS - the situation is already beyond normal Ground/Incident Commander - designated Senior Officer in
DISASTER - if the effects of crisis can no longer be controlled Command
Priorities in hostage situation
Purpose of Crisis Management 1. Preservation of life - hostage, hostage-taker, public etc.
"SALVARI VITAS" - to save lives 2. Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect property
Phases of Crisis Management 3. Successfully negotiate - to do this, there must be a need on
the part of the hostage-taker to live and release the hostage.
* Proactive Phase (3 P's) Phases in Hostage Situation
1. Prediction 1. Capture Phase
2. Prevention 2. Transport/consolidation Phase
3. Preparation 3. Holding Phase
4. Termination Phase
* Reactive Phase - actual execution of all coordinated efforts and
plans
(PIAP) PRINCIPLES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
1. Performance - Implementation and contingency plan 1. The hostage has no value to the hostage taker (tool)
2. Initial Action 2. The priorities in the hostage situations are the preservation of
3. Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action Intervention) life and the apprehension of the hostage taker, recover and
4. Post Action protect property
3. Hostage situation must not go violently
4. There must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.
Natural Disaster and Risk Reduction Management Council Characteristics of hostage takers;
(NDRRMC) - for natural calamities 1. Mentally deranged suffers from delusion and hallucination, and
* National Peace and Order Council (NPOC) - for man-made they
crisis Hostage crisis (a) sets the rule

PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 10

(b) reacts on overwhelming stress, forcing them to take action to 1. Expertise in their respective field (negotiator, tactical
relieve stress; may even team)
(c) take members of their family as hostage 2. Advance knowledge (psychology) for negotiator
2. Severe depression - suffers also some mental aberration 3. Training
which is an answer to life stress that could lead to self- 4. Equipment
destruction as in suicide. 5. Proper Coordination
3. Personality disorder - with an anti-social and maladaptive
patterns of behavior that brings him repeatedly in conflict with IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR ON ARRIVAL AT
society. If he demand for a member of his family, do not grant, THE SCENE OF INCIDENT
family could be the cause of being what he is. 1. Containment - control of area and people,
4. Paranoid - he feels threatened and persecuted, highly 2. Establish contact - if several hostage-takers are involved,
suspicious of people and impulsive. talk with the leader only. If recognize as an Officer of the law,
5. Sociopathic personality - highly impulsive and unable to delay never tell rank, since hostage-taker may ask for demands
gratification so that if hostage is a woman, raping her is a that he think can be at once granted. If deceit has to be
probability. used, do not get caught and bluff;
3 choices for the hostage taker to take before and during the 3. Time lengthening - this will give more time to the police to
hostage situation: organize and coordinate plan of action It could also lead to
1. Choose martyrdom, kill the hostage and commit suicide the hostage-taker's loss of objectivity
2. Lessen the demands to a more achievable proportion and 4. Telephone negotiation technique - Be the caller, plan and
continue negotiations prepare and be ready with what has to be negotiated.
3. Surrender to police Discipline oneself to listen. For whatever demand granted
hold on to the concession, and try to get something in return.
Types of hostage-takers E.g. release the women and children hostages.
1. Terrorist - with political purpose or agenda. They use threats On a face-to-face negotiation - observe the rules; do not be over
and harassment to create an atmosphere of fear, disregarding anxious, prepare for a psychological, physical and emotional
women and children as victims. They are only loyal to confrontation. Wear body armor, have a weapon, but if ask to
themselves and other allied groups and willing to give life as part come without one, ensure that they too, should lay down firearms
of martyrdom. before you enter the place of negotiation Coming on a face-to-
2. Criminals/Professional - Caught in the act of committing crime face situation, observe prescribed distances as in personal
often take hostages, they have three common demands: distance, it should be one to three feet(1-3 FT.), and while in
1. Escape intimate, about 6 inches. In getting out, face hostage-taker,
2. Money slowly walk out of the door with good cover or tactical backup.
3. Transportation from the scene On surrender approach - start with a position approach and act
3. Prisoner - They center around complaints concerning as if the hostage-taker will surrender. Do not talk too much, talk
prisoners conditions and demand for improvement detail of surrender process, and explain why now is better than
later.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION Positive Effects of Time
In hostage situation the general tendency of the hostage taker is *Hostage-taker will wear down emotionally and psychologically.
to hostage a prominent personality in order to gain needed *Hostage-taker have more demand for food, water, and drinks.
leverage in the negotiation. What is important in this situation is *Anxiety reduce,) hostage-taker given chance to organize his true
improved communication and the efficiency of the police in self.
responding to the call of emergency. *Hostage taker's rationality increases
Command Post - place wherein the ground commander and *Hostage-taker - negotiator relationship gets improve
concerned parties monitor and exercise command over the *Hostage-taker's demands may be reduced.
hostage incident.
STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
Hostage Crisis Response Team -- which refers to the unusual development of a mutual positive
The Ground Commander a.k.a Incident Commander - senior feelings between the hostage and hostage-taker for each other
officer in command of the incident that eventually results to negative feelings against the authorities.
Negotiator - the one who directly communicate and negotiate - a theory that has shown that the longer the hostage-taker
with the hostage taker spends with his hostages, a bond develops that creates a close
Secondary or Back up Negotiator (if needed) relationship of understanding between the parties involved.
Intelligence Officer 3 Components of Stockholm Syndrome
The Assault Team or Tactical team 1. Positive feelings on the part of the hostage toward the
Other Concerned Units or Personnel: Fire Department, Health hostage-taker.
Department, LGU, Admin and Operational Aides 2. Negative feelings on the part of the hostage toward the
authorities and rescuers.
3. Positive feelings on the part of the hostage takers toward the
Inner and Outer Perimeter hostages.
 The Inner Perimeter - immediate controlled area of What is negotiable?
containment designated by the ground commander - money, food, drinks, transportation of ever
 The Outer Perimeter - is the secondary control area swapping of prisoners.
surrounding the inner perimeter, providing safe zone for What is non-negotiable?
access to the inner perimeter. - weapons and ammunitions, drugs
Cardinal rule in negotiation
IMPORTANT THINGS TO HAVE A SUCCESSFUL HOSTAGE "COMMANDER SHOULD NOT NEGOTIATE; NEGOTIATOR
NEGOTIATION SHOULD NOT COMMAND"
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 11
Reasons: Methods of getting the bomb to its objective include:
1. hostage-taker will have sense of importance; *Vehicle bomb - vehicle flied with explosives which may be booby
2. may make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing trapped or remotely detonated.
with commander *Laid charges - these are devices which are put into place by the
3. conflict with being a negotiator and commander at the same terrorist hands.
time and will have no more fall back; *Projected bombs - these are bombs thrown by hand or some
Note: In case hostage-taker refuse to talk, motivate him by type of projection device such as grenade,
touching on possible topics related to his act, if he opens up, stop *Postal bombs - Devices sent through the mails as letters or
talking and listen and continue the negotiation. packages. Activation
Advantages of telephone negotiation Command activation - this is done by radio signals, electric leads,
 easier to say NO to some demands; o easier to end and pull wires.
conclude the negotiation; Target action - These can be activated by the target tripping a
 conversation is quicker; wire, stepping on a pressure device, turning on a light, etch.
 important items can easily be committed; Time delay - Such activators are clock mechanisms Burning
 Negotiator has the advantage and less risk. fuses, chemical delays, atmospheric pressures,
Disadvantages
 Impersonal - hostage's reaction cannot be observe
 Hostage taker - negotiator relationship trust and rapport Usages
should be established, but while trust is there, be aware *Tactical IED's
of it; if deceit is to be used, tell lies but don't get caught Normally regarded as being those used against an individual and
can include nail bombs, claymore devices etc. Strategic IED's
 Walkie talkies - set in single frequency are still
Used indiscriminately to gain world attention, for example in
considered to be one of the best in telephone
crowded malls, airports centers etc.
negotiation and in giving orders.
 If attack has been decided upon, it should be carried
Hoaxes
within seven (7) seconds upon the decision
The right proportion of hoaxes with live IED's can keep security
forces tied up guessing for a long time.
Manila Hostage Crisis
Arson
The Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal Park
Not so popular tactic, arson used to destroy disrupt. Such targets
hostage-taking incident, occurred when a dismissed Philippine
as public Utilities political headquarters and more commonly
National Police officer took over a tourist bus in Quirino
economic and industrial target. Hijacking
Grandstand, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010 Disgruntled
Taking control of legitimate vehicles gain the terrorist to pursue
former senior inspector Rolando Mendoza of the Manila Police
their plants
District (MPD) hijacked a tourist bus carrying 25 people (20
Ambush
tourists and a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four Filipinos) in
Attack on a target' by terrorist who have been hiding and waiting
an attempt to get his job back. He said that he had been
for them. Kidnapping
summarily and unfairly dismissed, and that all he wanted was a
Taking a person 'away illegally and by force and usually to hold
fair hearing and the opportunity to defend himself.
them prisoner in order to demand something form their family,
Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten hours into the
employer or government.
stand-off, when the police arrested Mendoza's brother and thus
Hostage taking
incited him to open fire. As the shooting began, the bus driver
Taking someone who has been captured by a person and who
managed to escape, and was shown on television saying
may be killed or injured if people do not what the terror group
"Everyone is dead" before being whisked away by policemen.
demands.
Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and several
Assassination
others injured. The MPD's failed rescue attempt and gun battle
Oldest of all terrorist tactics in the book and still widely used
with the hijacker, which took around 90 minutes, were watched
today.
by millions on live television and the internet
9/11 TERRORIST ATTACK
The Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted separate
The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11,
investigations into the incident. Both inquiries judged that the
September 11th, or 9/11 were a series of four coordinated
victims had been unlawfully killed, and identified the Philippine
terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda
officials poor handling of the incident as the cause of the eight
upon the United States in New York City and the Washington,
hostages' deaths. The assault mounted by the MPD, and the e
D.C. area on Tuesday, September 11, 2001:
resulting shoot-out, have been widely criticized by pundits as
4 Airplanes that crashed during the 9/11 bombing
"bungled" and "incompetent", and the Hong Kong Government
1. American Airlines Flight 11
has issued a "black" travel alert for the Philippines as a result of
2. United Airlines Flight 175
the affair.
3. American Airlines Flight 77-target is the Pentagon
Transnational terrorist
4. United Airlines Flight 93-crashed in Shankville Pennsylvania,
Terrorist who operates across national border, whose action and
but the original target is the White House.
political aspirations may effect individuals of more than one
nationality. International terrorist who is controlled by, and whose
Republic Act No. 9372
actions represents the national interest of the sovereign state.
AN ACT TO SECURE THE STATE AND PROTECT OUR
Abu Nidal, operating as an arm of first Libya and then Syria could
PEOPLE FROM TERRORISM
be an example of such group.
SECTION 1. Short Title - This Act shall henceforth be known as
Tactics of terrorism
the "Human Security Act of 2007."
Bombing - the most common tactic of many terror groups. Of all
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is declared a policy of the State
terrorist in incidents recorded last several decades,
to protect life, liberty, and property from acts of terrorism, to
approximately 70 % were attributable to terrorist bomb
condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to the national
Delivery
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 12
security of the country and to the welfare of the people, and to Anti-Terrorism Council has taken custody of a person charged
make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against with or suspected of the crime of terrorism or the crime of
humanity, and against the law of nations, conspiracy to commit terrorism shall, without incurring any
SEC. 3. Terrorism - Any person who commits an act punishable criminal liability for delay in the delivery of detained persons to
under any of the following provisions of the Revised Penal Code: the proper judicial authorities, deliver said charged or suspected
 Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High person to the proper judicial authority within a period of three
Seas or in the Philippine Waters); days counted from the moment the said charged or suspected
 Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection); including acts person has been apprehended or arrested, detained, and taken
Committed by private persons into custody by the said police, or law enforcement personnel:
 Article 134 - a (Coup d' Etat), Provided, That the arrest of those suspected of the crime of
 Article 248 terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism must result from the
 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal surveillance under Section 7 and examination of bank deposits
Detention); under Section 27 of this Act.
 Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction) or under
LAWS RELATED:
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy
Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking
Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway
Robbery Law of 1974); and,
Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying
the Laws on illegal and Unlawful Possession, Manufacture,
Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, Ammunitions or
Explosives)
(RA 8294) Lowering the Penalty thereby sowing and creating a
condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among
the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an
unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism and
shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of imprisonment,
without the benefit of parole as provided for under Act No. 4103,
otherwise known as the indeterminate
Sentence Law, as amended,
SEC. 4., Conspiracy to commit Terrorism. - Persons who
conspire to commit the crime of terrorism shall suffer the penalty
of forty (40) years of imprisonment.
There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an
agreement concerning the commission of the crime of terrorism
as defined in Section 3 hereof and decide to commit the same.
SEC. 5. Accomplice. - Any person who, not being a principal
under Article 17 of the Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as
defined in Section 4 hereof, cooperates in the execution of either
the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism by
previous or simultaneous acts shall suffer the penalty of from
seventeen (17) years, four months one day to twenty (20) years
of imprisonment.
SEC. 7. Surveillance of Suspects and Interception and Recording
of Communications. - The provisions of Republic Act No. 4200
(Anti-Wire Tapping Law) to the contrary notwithstanding, a police
or law enforcement official and the members of his team may,
upon a written order of the Court of Appeals, listen to, intercept
and record, with the use of any mode, form, kind or type of
electronic or other surveillance equipment or intercepting and
tracking devices, or with the use of any other suitable ways and
means for that purpose, any communication, message,
conversation, discussion or spoken or written words between
members of a judicially declared and outlawed terrorist
organization, association, or group of persons or of any person
charged with or suspected of the crime of terrorism or conspiracy
to commit terrorism.
SEC. 18. Period of Detention Without Judicial Warrant of Arrest -
The provisions of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code to the
contrary notwithstanding, any police or law enforcement
personnel, who, having been duly authorized in writing by the
PREPAREDNESS IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS AND VICTORY. 13