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    Introduction To Psychology PPT

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    merkesjacob
    notes psychology

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    Introduction To Psychology PPT

    Uploaded by

    merkesjacob
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    notes psychology

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    INTRODUCTION+TO+PSYCHOLOGY+PPT

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    notes psychology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views16 pages

    Introduction To Psychology PPT

    Uploaded by

    merkesjacob
    notes psychology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    INTRODUCTION TO

    PSYCHOLOGY
    INTRODUCTION
     Psychologists define it as the scientific study of human and animal
    behaviour.
     Behaviour here means what people do, their thoughts, feelings,
    perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, emotions and so on
     encompasses both covert (indirectly observable) and overt (directly
    observable) behaviours
     As a science, psychology is empirical
     Psychologists carry out experiments and make observations, which others
    can repeat; and they obtain data which others can verify.
     Research in psychology follows scientific procedures which involve
    collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information
    GOALS OF
    PSYCHOLOGY
    to describe, explain, predict and change or
    modify behaviour
    Basic study involves the study of theoretical
    issues that may or may not have real-world
    application
    Applied research on the other hand, is
    conducted to solve a specific problem
    THE ORIGINS OF
    PSYCHOLOGY
     Psychology emerged as a formal science slightly over a century
    ago.
     issues related to psychology were studied as part of philosophy,
    sociology, and physiology
     Psychology started as a formal discipline in the year 1879 when
    the first psychological laboratory was established at the University
    of Leipzig by a German philosopher/psychologist namely, Wilhelm
    Wundt
     development of psychology as a separate discipline was
    stimulated by the development of research methodology
    appropriate to psychological questions
    SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
    Schools of psychology can be thought of as
    groups of psychologists who hold common
    beliefs about both the subject matter of
    psychology, that is, what facets of mental
    processes and behaviours should be studied,
    and what methods of study should be used
    STRUCTURALISM
     Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
     The goal of structuralisms’ was to find the units, or elements,
    which make up the mind
     Wundt and other structuralists used a technique called
    introspection
     . Introspection is a method in which subjects are asked to
    describe in detail their thoughts and feelings
     Structuralists inaugurated psychology as a science and
    established the importance of studying mental processes
    FUNCTIONALISM
     William James was the leading force in the functionalism
    school of psychology
     psychology should study “what the mind and behaviour
    do”.
     that mind and behaviour are adaptive – they enable an
    individual to adjust to a changing environment
     , these early psychologists studied the functions of mind and
    behaviour.
    THE PSYCHOANALYTIC
    PERSPECTIVE
     This approach was founded by Sigmund Freud ,
     It developed because of his experience with his medical patients. In his treatment of
    neurological patients,
     some of his patients presented symptoms that had no physical basis like brain
    damage
     Freud believed that behaviour is brought about by inner unconscious forces, drives or
    impulses over which the person has little control.
     emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences on later personality
    development
     “the child is the father of the man”
     critics contend that this theory applies to abnormal behaviour, if it is applicable at all
    GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
     founded in Germany around 1912 by Max Wertheimer
    and his colleagues Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
     mind is not made up of a combination of simple
    elements
     the mind should be thought of as resulting from the
    whole sensory activity and the relationships and
    organization within this pattern
     no single aspect of behaviour could be understood by
    itself, but only as part of a “whole” pattern of behaviour
    BEHAVIOURISM
     that observable behaviour should be the focus of study rather than mental processes and unconscious
    experiences
     J. B. Watson, B. F. Skinner and F. L. Thorndike
     psychology should be limited to the study of behaviours that can be directly observed and verified.

    Behaviour that has been rewarded in the past will likely be repeated again whereas behaviour that is not reinforced

    is likely to become extinct.


    significant influence on:

     How we learn new behaviours.


     How behaviour can be modified.
     The proper use of punishment and rewards .

    HUMANISTIC
    PSYCHOLOGY
    Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) and Abraham
    Maslow (1908 – 1970)
    emphasizes on free-will, that is, the human
    ability to make choices and decisions about
    one’s life
    the importance of inner, subjective self,
    consciousness and feelings
    COGNITIVE
    PSYCHOLOGY
     Piaget (1896 – 1980) who was a Swiss
    psychologist
     cognitive psychology and focused on reasoning and
    the mental processing of information
     concerned with the acquisition, storage, retrieval and
    use of knowledge.
     we mentally process the sensory input, appraise the
    situation and respond accordingly.
    PSYCHOBIOLOGY
     explains behaviour in terms of the biological
    functioning of the body
     emphasizes that genetic, physiological and
    neurological factors and processes determine
    behaviour
     The influence of the nervous system, particularly the
    brain is very crucial
    THE ECLECTIC VIEW
     The eclectic approach adopts principles and
    practices from several orientations or schools of
    thought.
     that human behaviour cannot be understood fully by
    taking one perspective.
     Rather than speak of schools of psychology, most
    modern psychologist prefer to talk about the five
    basic perspectives or approaches that influence the
    topics studied in psychology
    REVIEW QUESTIONS
    1. a)In one or two sentences explain the major emphasis of the following

    schools/perspectives in psychology:

     psychoanalytic

     gestalt

     behaviourism

     humanistic

     cognitive

     psychobiology

    (b) Discuss the contributions of the six perspectives in 1a. in psychology.


    The end

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