General Chemistry 1

Lecture Unit No. 4

(Stoichiometry)

Engr. Edgie L. Estopace

School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Mapua Institute of Technology
1
 Outline

1. Atomic, Molar/Molecular Mass

2. The Mole Concept
3. Percentage Composition by Mass
4. Empirical Formula
5. Molecular Formula
Stoichiometry
• Chemical arithmetic
• Study of mass relationships in chemistry
• quantitative
Atomic Mass
-interchangeably used with
Atomic Weight

•Weighted average of the

masses of the constituent
isotopes of an element.
 Tells us the atomic masses
of every known element.
 Lower number on periodic
chart.
•How do we know what the
values of these numbers
are?
4
Molar Mass
• How do we calculate the molar mass of a compound?
 add atomic weights of each atom
• The molar mass of propane, C3H8, is:

3 C 3 12.01 amu 36.03 amu

8 H 8 1.01 amu 8.08 amu
Molar mass 44.11 amu
5
 Molar Mass
The molar mass of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 , is:
You do it!

6
 Molar Mass

1 Ca 1 40.08 amu 40.08 amu

2 N 2 14.01 amu 28.02 amu
6 O 6 16.00 amu 96.00 amu
Molar mass 164.10 amu

7
Molar Mass of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds do not contain molecules.
Don’t use “molecular weight” to describe
mass.
Formula weight is the correct name
• Molar mass can be used
atomic wts Formula wt. Molar
mass
Compound amu amu g/mol
NaCl 22.99 + 35.45 58.44
Ca(NO3)2 40.08+2(14.01)+6(16.00) 164.10
 The Mole Concept

• A number of atoms, ions, or molecules that is

large enough to see and handle.
• A mole = number of things
 Just like a dozen = 12 things
 One mole = 6.022 x 1023 things
• Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 1023
 Symbol for Avogadro’s number is NA.

9
 Avogadro’s Number
• There is a number that corresponds to a collection of
atoms where the mass of that collection in grams is
numerically equal to the same number in amu, for a
single atom
• NA = 6.022 X 1023
• Number of atoms of an element in a sample whose
mass is numerically equal to the mass of a single
atom
• By knowing Avogadro’s number and the atomic
mass, it is now possible to calculate the mass of a
single atom in grams
Figure 4.1 – One Mole of Several Substances
 The Mole Concept
•How do we know when we have a mole?
 count it out
 weigh it out
•Molar mass - mass in grams numerically
equal to the atomic weight of the element in
grams.
•H has an atomic weight of 1.00794 g
 1.00794 g of H atoms = 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
•Mg has an atomic weight of 24.3050 g
 24.3050 g of Mg atoms = 6.022 x 1023 Mg atoms

12
 The Mole Concept
A mole of XmYn contains:
m moles of atom X and n moles of atom Y
1 mol of H2O contains:
2 mol of H atoms and 1 mol of O atoms

Molar mass = sum of the atomic masses

Mass of 1 water molecule:

= 2(1.008 amu) + 1(15.999 amu) =
18.015 amu
Molar mass of water:
= 2(1.008 g/mol) + 1(15.999 g/mol) =
18.015 g/mol
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

? Mg atoms

14
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg

15
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

6.022 10 23 Mg atoms
? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg
1 mol Mg

16
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

6.022 10 23 Mg atoms
? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg
1 mol Mg
1.00 10 24 Mg atoms

17
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

6.022 1023 Mg atoms

? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg
1 mol Mg
1.00 1024 Mg atoms

18
 The Mole

Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?
You do it!

19
 The Mole Concept

•Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?

? mol Mg 73.4 g Mg

20
 The Mole Concept

•Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?

1 mol Mg atoms
? mol Mg 73.4 g Mg
24.30 g Mg

21
 The Mole Concept

•Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?

1 mol Mg atoms
? mol Mg 73.4 g Mg
24.30 g Mg
3.02 mol Mg

22
 Mole-Gram Conversions
• m = MM X n
 m = mass
 MM = molar mass
 n = number of moles
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and
Moles

One Mole of Contains

Cl2 or 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
C3H8 You do it!

24
 The Mole Concept

•One Mole of Contains

 Cl2 or 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
 C3H8 or 44.11 g 6.022 x 1023 C3H8 molecules
3 (6.022 x 1023 ) C atoms
8 (6.022 x 1023 ) H atoms

25
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-3: Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3H8 molecules 74.6 g C3H8

26
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-3 : Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3 H 8 molecules 74.6 g C3 H 8
1 mole C3 H 8
44.11 g C3 H 8

27
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-3 : Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3H8 molecules 74.6 g C3H8

23
1 mole C3H8 6.022 10 C3H8 molecules
44.11 g C3H8 44.11 g C3H8

28
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-3 : Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3H 8 molecules 74.6 g C3H 8

23
1 mole C3 H 8 6.022 10 C3H 8 molecules
44.11 g C3 H 8 44.11 g C3H 8
24
1.02 10 molecules

29
 The Mole Concept

Example 4-4. Calculate the number of O atoms

in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.
You do it!

30
 The Mole Concept

• Example 4-4. Calculate the number of O atoms

in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.

1 mol Li 2 CO3
? O atoms 26.5 g Li 2 CO3
73.8 g Li 2 CO3
6.022 10 23 form. units Li 2 CO3 3 O atoms
1 mol Li 2 CO3 1 formula unit Li 2 CO3
6.49 10 23 O atoms
31
 The Mole Concept
• Occasionally, we will use millimoles.
 Symbol - mmol
 1000 mmol = 1 mol
• For example: oxalic acid (COOH)2
 1 mol = 90.04 g
 1 mmol = 0.09004 g or 90.04 mg

32
 The Mole Concept
Example 4-5: Calculate the number of mmol in 0.234
g of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.
You do it!

33
 The Mole Concept
• Example 4-5: Calculate the number of mmol in 0.234
g of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.

? mmol (COOH)2 0.234 g (COOH)2

1 mmol (COOH)2
2.60 mmol (COOH)2
0.09004 g (COOH)2

34
 Percent Composition

• % composition = mass of an individual element in a

compound divided by the total mass of the compound x
100%
• Determine the percent composition of C in C3H8.

mass C
%C 100%
mass C3 H 8
3 12.01 g
100%
44.11 g
81.68% 35
 Percent Composition

What is the percent composition of H in

C3H8?
You do it!

36
 Percent Composition

•What is the percent composition of H in

C3H8?
mass H
%H 100%
mass C3 H 8
8 H
100%
C3 H 8
8 1.01 g
100% 18.32%
44.11 g
or
18.32% 100% 81.68%
37
 Percent Composition
• Example 4-6: Calculate the percent composition of
Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 significant figures.
You do it!

38
 Percent Composition
• Example 4-6: Calculate the percent composition of
Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 sig. fig.

2 Fe 2 55.8 g
% Fe 100% 100% 27.9% Fe
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
3 S 3 32.1 g
%S 100% 100% 24.1% S
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
12 O 12 16.0 g
% O 100% 100% 48.0% O
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
Total 100%

39
Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

• Empirical Formula - smallest whole-number ratio

of atoms present in a compound
 CH2 is the empirical formula for alkenes
 No alkene exists that has 1 C and 2 H’s
• Molecular Formula - actual numbers of atoms of
each element present in a molecule of the
compound
 Ethene – C2H4
 Pentene – C5H10
• We determine the empirical and molecular
formulas of a compound from the percent
composition of the compound.
 percent composition is determined experimentally

40
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula
•Example 4-7: A compound contains 24.74%
K, 34.76% Mn, and 40.50% O by mass.
What is its empirical formula?
•Make the simplifying assumption that we
have 100.0 g of compound.
•In 100.0 g of compound there are:
 24.74 g of K
 34.76 g of Mn
 40.50 g of O

41
 1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K

42
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn

43
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O 40.50 g O 2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio

44
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O 40.50 g O 2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio
0.6327 0.6327
for K 1K for Mn 1 Mn
0.6327 0.6327

45
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O 40.50 g O 2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio
0.6327 0.6327
for K 1K for Mn 1 Mn
0.6327 0.6327
2.531
for O 4O
0.6327
thus the chemical formula is KMnO 4
46
Example 4-8: A sample of a compound contains
6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O. What is empirical
formula for this compound?
You do it!

47
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

• Example 4-8: A sample of a compound

contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O. What
is empirical formula for this compound?

1 mol Co
? mol Co 6.541 g Co 0.1110 mol Co
58.93 gCo
1mol O
? mol O 2.368 g O 0.1480 mol O
16.00 g O
find smallest whole number ratio
48
 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

• Example 4-8: A sample of a compound

contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O. What
is empirical formula for this compound?

0.1110 0.1480
for Co 1 Co for O 1.333O
0.1110 0.1110
multipy both by 3 to turn fraction to whole number
1 Co 3 3 Co 1.333 O 3 4O
Thus the compound' s formula is :
Co3O 4
49
 Determination of Molecular Formulas

•Example 4-8: A compound is found to

contain 85.63% C and 14.37% H by
mass. In another experiment its molar
mass is found to be 56.1 g/mol. What is
its molecular formula?
 short cut method
1 mol contains 56.1 g
85.63% is C and 14.37% is H
56.1 g 0.8563 48.0 g of C
56.1 g 0.1437 8.10 g of H 50
 Determination of Molecular Formulas

convert masses to moles

1 mol C
48.0 g of C 4 mol C
12.0 g C
1 mol H
8.10 g of H 8 mol H
1.01 g H
Thus the formula is :
C4 H8 51
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

• Example 4-9: What mass of ammonium

phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of
N?

molar mass of (NH 4 )3 PO 4 149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N 15.0 g of N 1.07 mol N
14.0 g N

52
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

• Example 4-9: What mass of ammonium

phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of
N?

molar mass of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N 15.0 g of N 1.07 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
1.07 mol N 0.357 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
3 mol N
53
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

• Example 4-9: What mass of ammonium

phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of
N?

molar mass of (NH 4 )3 PO 4 149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N 15.0 g of N 1.07 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
1.07 mol N 0.357 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
3 mol N
149.0 g (NH 4 )3 PO 4
0.357 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 53.2 g (NH 4 )3 PO 4
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
54
End of Lecture Unit No. 4 - Part I
• The mole concept and basic stoichiometry ideas
introduced in this chapter are essential components
for the remainder of this course.

55
 Outline

1. Atomic, Molar/Molecular Mass

2. The Mole Concept
3. Percentage Composition by Mass
4. Empirical Formula
5. Molecular Formula
 General Chemistry 1
Lecture Unit No. 4
(Stoichiometry)

Engr. Edgie L. Estopace

School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Mapua Institute of Technology
57