Experiment 1 Familiarization

BOUMERDES UNIVERSITY, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, I.G.E.
E (ex-INELEC)
Familiarization
Lab report Electrical Engineering II (EE203L-Lab)
Experiment 1
Under the supervision of Ms S.DJABALI
Wednesday, 28 September 2022
L2, L03, Group 06

Members :
- BAY Seif-El-Islam
- MELAH Raid Chems Eddine
Introduction :
The electronic components which are not capable of amplifying or
processing an electrical signal are called passive components such as resistors,
capacitors & inductors. However, in electronic circuits, these components are
important as active components because without the aid of these components,
the active devices cannot process the electrical signals.
Objectives :
At the end of the experiment the reader would be able to :
- Learn about time varying voltages and currents.
- Get acquainted with laboratory The experiment.
Needed Equipments :
- The function generator (FG). - The oscilloscope (or simply the scope).
- A BNC to BNC cable - Digital Multimeter

- a T BNC connector - a Y BNC connector - Bread board
- Two resistors : 470 Ω, 1KΩ.
Procedure :
Part I :
In this Lab., two new pieces of equipment are introduced: the function
generator (FG) and the oscilloscope (or simply the scope).
After observing the oscilloscope and the FG. Our instructor explained to us how
to use these two pieces of equipment and the role of each one,which the primary
purpose of the scope is to plot a voltage versus time although it can also be used to
plot one voltage versus another voltage, and in some cases, to plot voltage versus
frequency.
- Observing the FG :
 The waveforms that can be generated using it are three :
i. Sinusoidal wave.
ii. Triangular wave.
iii. Square wave.
 We can adjust each waveform by going to FG, then under function there are
three buttons we click on button waveform function we want to display on
the scope’s screen and it will be shown.
- Observing the oscilloscope :

Note the numerous buttons along the bottom and the display screen, there is the
power button “to switch on or off the scope” and mode button “to select the
operation modes of CH1 and CH2” display one signal on the screen or both or the
algebraic sum of the signals, ALT/CHOP button “to choose with the dual mode
whether to alternate the displayed waveform between CH1 and CH2 or to chop ‘cut’
them” and CH2 INV button “to inverse the waveform of CH2 before displaying it”.
 We connect the function generator to the oscilloscope using a BNC to BNC

cable. Set the function generator to display a sinusoidal signal with peak to
peak amplitude of 2 Volts and a frequency of 1 kHz. Adjust the oscilloscope
to display more than one period.
 The axis settings are :
i. The horizontal setting : VOLTS/DIV
ii. The vertical setting : TIME/DIV
 The reading of the amplitude and the period using these settings are :
i. the amplitude : 1 volt
ii. the period : 1 ms
Adjust carefully both frequency and amplitude knobs of the function generator to
make the error as small as possible.
One of the more important fundamental settings on an oscilloscope is the Input
Coupling. This is controlled via one of the bottom row buttons. There are three
choices: Ground removes the input thus showing a zero reference, AC allows only AC
signals through thus blocking DC, and DC allows all signals through (it does not
prevent AC).
Repeat the procedure for the triangular and square waves.

- Adjust the generator to produce a sinusoidal waveform with peak to peak
amplitude of 2 Volts and a frequency of 1 kHz and an offset of 1V. Connect this
output to channel 1.
 Sketch the waveform with the coupling set to DC and then to AC :
 We observe that :
We notice that in the DC coupling mode, the waveform (sinusoidal
function with the offset) has been displayed directly without any coupling or
blocking any portion of it. But in AC coupling mode, the waveform
(sinusoidal function with the offset) has been displayed with the offset
portion has been coupled (filtered).
Part II :
- Now we connect the output of the function generator to the multimeter with a
sinusoidal signal set as before (without offset) and setting the multimeter to DC
volts.
 The reading is 0.00 (V) and its indication is the average value of the signal.
- After that we switch the multimeter to indicate AC volts.
 The reading is 0.67 (V) and it is the RMS value of the signal.
- Adding 0.5 (V) offset to the signal.
 The new RMS value measured is 0.97 (V) .
 The new RMS value calculated is :
1
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = �𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
2
= �( )2 + (0.5)2 = 0.866 (𝑉𝑉)
√2
Repeat the measurements with the triangular and square signals.

- Compute the average (DC) and RMS values for each signal.
 The average (DC) value :
 RMS value :
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
i. 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
√2
ii. 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = �𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
iii. 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
√3
iv. 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
- Summarize my results in the table below :

Signal Sinusoidal Sinusoidal Triangular Square
with offset
Amplitude (V) 0.960 1.300 1.000 1.000
Calculated average 0.000 0.670 0.000 0.000
value (V)
Measured average -0.011 0.600 -0.015 -0.020
value (V)
Calculated RMS 0.990 1.120 0.900 1.172
value (V)
Measured RMS 0.900 0.970 0.875 1.000
value (V)
 Do the average and RMS values depend on the frequency?
The average and RMS values do not depend on the frequency, and for
whatever was the value of frequency we have got the same result.
Part III :
- We connect the circuit, And set the function generator to produce a sinusoidal
signal of 4 volts peak to peak and a frequency of 500 Hz, then we connect the
multimeter across the 470 Ω resistor to indicate the RMS voltage (AC).
-
1 KΩ
+
VS
470 Ω
 The reading of the multimeter is : VRMS = 0.440 (V)

- After that we connect the multimeter in series with the 470 Ω resistor to
indicate the RMS current through it.
 The reading of the multimeter is : IRMS = 0.911 (mA)
 The ratio of the RMS voltage across the resistor and the RMS current
through it is :
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0.440
𝑅𝑅 = = = 482.986 𝛺𝛺
𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0.911 × 10−3
- Connect a T BNC connector at the output of the function generator and take one end to
the circuit and the other to the channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Use a probe to visualize the
voltage at the 470 resistor in channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Set the oscilloscope to display
both signals at channel I and channel 2.
 The phase relationship between the two signals is : they are in phase (∆𝜑𝜑 = 0° ),
because the circuit is a resistive circuit; which contains only resistors (no other
passive components such as capacitors or inductors).
- The oscilloscope is not used to measure current. How can you visualize and
display current then ?
From most of the oscilloscopes current cannot be measured directly, if you try
to measure the current it may damage the oscilloscope probes, because you do not
know how much current is available at which you are going to measure the
current. In order to measure the current through perticular line connect resistance
in series with which you want to measure the current than measure the voltage
across the resistance, By this you will get voltage drop across the resistance and
hence you can calculate current through the resistance (I = V/R) (which is nothing
but current through that particular line) .
- The voltage across the 1 kΩ resistor cannot be measured directly. You may
display this voltage in two ways. What are they ?
i. Using a digital multimeter.
ii. From the scope.
Conclusion :
Resistors are the most commonly used of all electronic components, to the
point where they are almost taken for granted.There are many different resistor
types available with their principal job being to "resist" the flow of current through
an electrical circuit, or to act as voltage droppers or voltage dividers. When used in
DC circuits the voltage drop produced is measured across their terminals as the
circuit current flows through them while in AC circuits the voltage and current are
both in-phase producing 0o phase shift. Resistors produce a voltage drop across
themselves when an electrical current flows through them because they obey
Ohm‘s Law, and different values of resistance produces different values of current
or voltage.

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BOUMERDES UNIVERSITY, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, I.G.E.

Lab report Electrical Engineering II (EE203L-Lab)

Under the supervision of Ms S.DJABALI

Wednesday, 28 September 2022

L2, L03, Group 06

- A BNC to BNC cable - Digital Multimeter

- Two resistors : 470 Ω, 1KΩ.

- Observing the oscilloscope :

 We connect the function generator to the oscilloscope using a BNC to BNC

Repeat the procedure for the triangular and square waves.

Repeat the measurements with the triangular and square signals.

ii. 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = �𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

- Summarize my results in the table below :

 The reading of the multimeter is : VRMS = 0.440 (V)

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