Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy
Lectures prepared by
Dr. Jorge L. Alonso
Florida International
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for University

Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Photosynthesis
and
Respiration
Theme 4: Sunlight

Organisms Ecosystem

interact with their

environments, Photosynthesis
exchanging matter
and energy Cycling
of
Heat
chemical
nutrients
Chemical energy

Concept 9.1:
Catabolic Respiration

pathways yield Heat

energy by oxidizing
organic fuels
Photosynthesis
and Light
energy

Respiration ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria

Respiration

ATP

ATP powers most cellular work

Heat
energy
 Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP

• Fermentation is a
partial degradation of
sugars that occurs
without O2 (anaerobic)
to produce a little
energy (ATP) and
ethanol (or lactate).
• Aerobic Respiration is
a more complete
degradation of sugars
that occurs with O2 and
yields much more
energy (ATP) and CO2.
Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
(anaerobic) to produce a little energy (ATP) and ethanol (or lactate).

Lactic Acid
Fermentation:
Alcoholic in animal cells,
Fermentation: in the absence
in Yeast cells, of sufficient
enzymes oxygen,
facilitate enzymes
production of facilitate
ethanol. production of
lactic acid
Other types of Fermentation
 Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and

anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to
aerobic respiration
• Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all
consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular
respiration with the sugar glucose:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (36

ATP + heat)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Cellular Respiration C6H12O6

• It includes both aerobic

and anaerobic
components, but whole 2 2
process is refered to as
aerobic respiration 2

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 

6 CO2 + 6 H2O

+ Energy (ATP + heat)

4

• The whole process is

composed of three major 2

stages Oxidative 6
1. Glycolysis
Phosphorylation
2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
36 6
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
• Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred
between the reactants and release energy

e-
Energy
Oxidation: substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
Na  Na+ + e- Reducing agent
Reduction: substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the
amount of positive charge is reduced)
Cl + e-  Cl- Oxidizing agent
• In redox reactions involving covalent (organic) compounds
the electrons are not transferred to produce ions, but a change occurs in
the way in which electron are shared in the covalent bonds (1) oxidation: e-
pulled further away, (2) reduction: e- shared closer).

becomes oxidized

+ becomes reduced

+ 4- 0 0 2- 4+ 2- + 2- +
+

+
Oxygen: Carbon: has
has e- e- further Oxygen:
Carbon: has further away away has e-
e- closer closer
How is the energy found in the bonding electrons of Glucose
harvested to make ATP during Cellular Respiration?

e- How are these electrons

Energy transferred to oxygen?
• Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred
to NAD+, an electron-acceptor coenzyme found in cells
• Electrons are carried in the form of high energy hydride ions:
H- or H:-

Carbohydrate (oxidized) (oxidized) (reduced)

(reduced)

• Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored

Nicotinamide Adenine Diphosphate (NAD+  NADH)

H H 2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
Carbohydrate NADH H+
(reduced) Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
NAD+ + 2[H] + H+
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide
(reduced form)

Nicotinamide
(oxidized form)
 How are electrons and C6H12O6

their energy harvested

from Glucose?
• NADH and FADH2 gather
electrons (H-) at different
2 2
stages of respiration and
passes them to the electron
2
transport chain.
• The electron transport chain
passes energetic electrons to
O2 in a series of enzymatically
controlled steps (instead of
one explosive reaction)
4
• O2 pulls electrons (H-) down
the chain in an energy-yielding 2
tumble and H2O is produced.
Oxidative 6
• The energy yielded is used to Phosphorylation
36 6
regenerate ATP (oxidative
• The electron transport chain passes energetic electrons to O2 in a series
of enzymatically controlled steps (instead of one explosive reaction)

H2 + 1/2 O2 2H + 1
/2 O2
(from glucose via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2H + 2e
+ –
energy for
synthesis of
ATP

Elec chain
ATP
Free energy, G

Free energy, G

tron
Explosive ATP
release of

tran
heat and light ATP
energy

spor
2 e–

t
1
/2 O2
2 H+

H2O H2O

(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration

 1. Glycolysis (breaks 2. The Citric Acid (Krebs)
down glucose into two Cycle (breaks down
molecules of pyruvate), pyruvate into CO2),
The Stages of Cellular Respiration:

some ATP and NADH producing some ATP,

produced NADH and FADH2

Electrons
carried
via NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

Cytosol

ATP

Substrate-level
phosphorylation
 1. Glycolysis (breaks 2. The Citric Acid (Krebs) 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
down glucose into two Cycle (breaks down (uses H2O to oxidize the
molecules of pyruvate), pyruvate into CO2), NADH & FADH2 produced in
The Stages of Cellular Respiration:

some ATP and NADH producing some ATP, previous steps, producing O2
produced NADH and FADH2 and lots of ATP)

Electrons Electrons carried

carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Glycolysis Citric
acid
Glucose Pyruvate cycle

Mitochondrion
Cytosol

ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
 1. Glycolysis (breaks 2. The Citric Acid (Krebs) 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
down glucose into two Cycle (breaks down (uses H2O to oxidize the
molecules of pyruvate), pyruvate into CO2), NADH & FADH2 produced in
The Stages of Cellular Respiration:

some ATP and NADH producing some ATP, previous steps, producing O2
produced NADH and FADH2 and lots of ATP)

Electrons Electrons carried

carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
acid (1) Electron
Glucose Pyruvate cycle transport and
(2) chemiosmosis

Mitochondrion
Cytosol

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
 • About 10% of ATP is formed in glycolysis
and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level
phosphorylation
Enzyme
Substrate-Phosphorylated + ADP  Product-unPhosphorylated + ATP

Enzyme Enzyme

ADP
P
Substrate + ATP
Product
The process that generates most of the ATP is
called oxidative phosphorylation because it
is powered by redox reactions BioFlix: Cellular Respiration

H+
H +

H+
H+
Protein Cyt c
complex
of electron
carriers
V
Q
 
ATP
 synthase
2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
FADH2 FAD

NADH NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+

1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis

• This process accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by respiration
 Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by
oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
• Glycolysis
(“splitting of sugar”)
breaks down
glucose into two
molecules of
pyruvate

+
Glucose 2 Pyruvates

• Glycolysis has two

major phases:

(1)Energy investment
phase

(2)Energy payoff
phase
 Glucose

ATP
1
Hexokinase

ADP

Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate

ATP
1
Hexokinase

ADP

Glucose-6-phosphate
 Glucose

ATP
1
Hexokinase

ADP

Glucose-6-
Glucose-6-phosphate

2
Phosphoglucoisomerase
phosphate
2
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphogluco-
isomerase

Fructose-6-phosphate
 Glucose

ATP
1
Hexokinase

ADP

Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate

2
Phosphoglucoisomerase

ATP
3
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructo-
ATP
kinase
3
Phosphofructokinase ADP
ADP

Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate

Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate
 Glucose

ATP
1
Hexokinase

ADP

Glucose-6-phosphate

2
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate

4
Fructose-6-phosphate
Aldolase
ATP
3
Phosphofructokinase

ADP

5
Isomerase
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate

4
Aldolase

5
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-
phosphate 3-phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-
phosphate 3-phosphate
 2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH 2 Pi
+ 2 H+

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate

2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH 2 Pi
+ 2 H+

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
 2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH 2 Pi
+ 2 H+

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP

7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 3-Phosphoglycerate
7
Phosphoglycero-
2 ATP kinase

2 3-Phosphoglycerate
 2 NAD+ 6
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 Pi
2 NADH
+ 2 H+

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
7 Phosphoglycerokinase

2 ATP

3-Phosphoglycerate
2 3-Phosphoglycerate

8
2
Phosphoglyceromutase

8
Phosphoglycero-
2 2-Phosphoglycerate mutase

2 2-Phosphoglycerate
 2 NAD+ 6
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 Pi
2 NADH
+ 2 H+

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
7 Phosphoglycerokinase

2 ATP

2 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 2-Phosphoglycerate
8
Phosphoglyceromutase

9
Enolase
2 2-Phosphoglycerate
2 H2O
9
Enolase
2 H2O

2 Phosphoenolpyruvate

2 Phosphoenolpyruvate
 2 NAD+ 6
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 P
2 NADH i

+ 2 H+

2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
7 Phosphoglycerokinase

2 ATP

2 Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP
2 3-Phosphoglycerate

8
Phosphoglyceromutase 10
Pyruvate
2 ATP kinase
2 2-Phosphoglycerate

9
Enolase
2 H2O

2 Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP
10
Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP

2 Pyruvate

2 Pyruvate
Concept 9.3: The Citric C6H12O6

Acid (Krebs) Cycle

completes the energy-
yielding oxidation of
organic molecules 2 2

• In the presence of O2,

pyruvate enters the
mitochondrion
• Before the citric acid
cycle can begin, 4

pyruvate must be
converted to acetyl CoA, 2

which links the cycle to Oxidative 6

glycolysis Phosphorylation
36 6
 The junction between glycolysis & the citric acid cycle:
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
• In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, at the cost of an
ATP for transport of each pyruvate molecule
• Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl
CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

NAD+ NADH + H+

1 3
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A

Transport protein
The junction between glycolysis & the citric acid cycle:
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Enzymes of Glycolysis juction to CAC:

1. Citrate synthase
2. Pyruvate carboxylase
 The Citric Acid Pyruvate

(Krebs) Cycle NAD+

CO2

CoA
NADH
• The CAC takes + H+ Acetyl CoA
place within the CoA

mitochondrial matrix
CoA

• The cycle oxidizes

organic fuel derived
from pyruvate, Citric
generating 1 ATP, 3 acid
cycle 2 CO2
NADH, and 1 FADH2
FADH2 3 NAD+
per turn
FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i

ATP
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

• In the first of eight steps in

1
the CAC, the acetyl group of
Oxaloacetate
acetyl CoA joins the cycle by
combining with oxaloacetate, Citrate
forming citrate. Each step is
catalyzed by a specific Citric
enzyme Acid
Cycle
Enzymes of CAC:

1. Citrate synthase

• The next seven steps

decompose the citrate back
to oxaloacetate, making the
process a cycle
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

1 H2O

Oxaloacetate
2

Citrate
Isocitrate

Citric
Acid
Cycle
Enzymes of CAC:

1. Citrate synthase
2. Aconitase
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

1 H2O
• The NADH and FADH2
Oxaloacetate
produced by the cycle relay 2

electrons extracted from Citrate

food to the electron transport Isocitrate
NAD+
chain Citric 3
NADH
+ H+
Acid
Cycle CO2
Enzymes of CAC:

1. Citrate synthase -Keto-

glutarate
2. Aconitase
3. Isocirate dehydrogenase
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

1 H2O

Oxaloacetate
2

Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric 3
NADH
+ H+
Acid
Cycle CO2
Enzymes of CAC:
CoA—SH

1. Citrate synthase -Keto-

glutarate
4
2. Aconitase
3. Isocirate dehydrogenase CO2
NAD+
4. ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
NADH
Succinyl + H+
CoA
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

1 H2O

Oxaloacetate
2

Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric 3
NADH
+ H+
Acid
Cycle CO2
Enzymes of CAC:
CoA—SH

1. Citrate synthase -Keto-

glutarate
4
2. Aconitase CoA—SH

5
3. Isocirate dehydrogenase CO2
NAD+
4. ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinate Pi NADH
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
ADP

ATP
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

1 H2O

Oxaloacetate
2

Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric 3
NADH
+ H+
Acid
Cycle CO2
Enzymes of CAC: Fumarate CoA—SH

1. Citrate synthase -Keto-

glutarate
6 4
2. Aconitase CoA—SH

5
3. Isocirate dehydrogenase FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
4. ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinate Pi NADH
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
6. Succinate dehydrogenase ADP

ATP
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

1 H2O

Oxaloacetate
2

Malate Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric 3
NADH
+ H+
H2O
7 Acid
Cycle CO2
Enzymes of CAC: Fumarate CoA—SH

1. Citrate synthase -Keto-

glutarate
6 4
2. Aconitase CoA—SH

5
3. Isocirate dehydrogenase FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
4. ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinate Pi NADH
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
6. Succinate dehydrogenase ADP

7. Fumarase ATP
 The Citric Acid
(Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA
CoA—SH

NADH
+H+ 1 H2O
NAD+
8 Oxaloacetate
2

Malate Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric 3
NADH
+ H+
H2O
7 Acid
Cycle CO2
Enzymes of CAC: Fumarate CoA—SH

1. Citrate synthase -Keto-

glutarate
6 4
2. Aconitase CoA—SH

5
3. Isocirate dehydrogenase FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
4. ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinate Pi NADH
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
6. Succinate dehydrogenase ADP

7. Fumarase ATP
8. Malate dehydrogenase
 PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 Concept 9.4: During C6H12O6

oxidative
phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples
electron transport to 2 2

ATP synthesis
2

• Following glycolysis and the

citric acid cycle, NADH and
FADH2 account for most of
the energy extracted from
food
4
• These two electron carriers
donate electrons to the
2
electron transport chain,
which powers ATP synthesis Oxidative 6
via oxidative phosphorylation Phosphorylation
36 6
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
• The Enzymes for Oxidative Phosphorylation are located in the inner membrane of the cristae in
the mitochondrion.
• Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes
• Oxidative Phosphorylation is composed of two separate processes:

1. Electron Transport Chain, which uses the energy in electrons to pump H + ions from the matrix to
the intermembrane space. {ETC 1}

2. Chemosmosis, which uses the osmotic pressure from now concentrated H + ions to energize
ATP {ChmOsmo}

INTER-
MEMBRANE
Glycolysis
SPACE

Krebs
Cycle

MITOCHONDIRAL
MATRIX
 The Pathway of
Electron Transport
NADH

50
• Electrons are transferred from NADH 2 e–
NAD+
FADH2
or FADH2 to the electron transport 2 e– FAD
chain  FAD
Multiprotein
complexes
40 FMN
Fe•S Fe•S 

Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)

• Electrons are passed through a Q

number of proteins including Cyt b

cytochromes (each with an iron 30 Fe•S

Cyt c1 IV
atom) to O2 Cyt c
Cyt a

• The carriers alternate reduced and 20

Cyt a3

oxidized states as they accept and

donate electrons
2 e–
• Electrons drop in free energy as they 10
(from NADH

go down the chain and are finally or FADH2)

passed to O2, forming H2O

0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2

• The electron transport chain

generates no ATP
H2O
 The Pathway of Electron Transport
• Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins
to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane
space
• H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through
channels in ATP synthase
• ATP synthase uses INTER-
the exergonic flow of MEMBRANE
SPACE
H+ to drive
phosphorylation of
ATP
• This is an example of
chemiosmosis, the
use of energy in a H+
MITOCHONDIRAL
gradient to drive MATRIX
cellular work
ATP synthase, a molecular mill
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

• The energy stored in a H+

H+
gradient across a Stator
Rotor
membrane couples the
redox reactions of the
electron transport chain to
ATP synthesis
Internal
• The H gradient is referred
+ rod

to as a proton-motive Cata-
lytic
force, emphasizing its knob

capacity to do work ADP

+
P ATP
i

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Fig. 9-15
EXPERIMENT

Magnetic bead

Electromagnet

Internal
rod
Sample
Catalytic Nickel
knob plate

RESULTS

Rotation in one direction

Rotation in opposite direction
Number of photons

No rotation
detected (103)

30

25

20

0
Sequential trials
Fig. 9-15a

EXPERIMENT

Magnetic bead

Electromagnet
Internal
rod
Sample
Catalytic Nickel
knob plate
Fig. 9-15b

RESULTS

Rotation in one direction

Rotation in opposite direction
Number of photons

No rotation
detected (x 103)

30

25

20

0
Sequential trials
Fig. 9-16

H+
H +

H+
H+
Protein Cyt c
complex
of electron
carriers
V
Q
 
ATP
 synthase
2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
FADH2 FAD

NADH NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+

1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation
 ATP Production by Cellular Respiration

• During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence:

glucose  NADH  electron transport chain  proton-motive force  ATP

• About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during

cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP
Concept 9.5: C6H12O6

Fermentation and
anaerobic respiration
enable cells to
produce ATP without 2 2

the use of oxygen

2

• Most cellular respiration

requires O2 to produce ATP

• Glycolysis can produce ATP

with or without O2 (in aerobic
or anaerobic conditions) 4

• In the absence of O2,

glycolysis couples with 2

fermentation or anaerobic
Oxidative 6
respiration to produce ATP Phosphorylation
36 6
• Anaerobic respiration uses an
electron transport chain with an
electron acceptor other than O2,
for example sulfate
• Fermentation uses
phosphorylation instead of an
electron transport chain to
generate ATP

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Types of Fermentation Animation: Fermentation Overview

2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP

• Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus

Glucose Glycolysis
reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be
reused by glycolysis 2 Pyruvate

2 NAD+ 2 NADH
• Two common types are alcohol fermentation and + 2 H+
2 CO2

lactic acid fermentation

• In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted
to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing 2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde
CO2
(a) Alcohol fermentation

• Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP

brewing, winemaking, and baking
• In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is Glucose Glycolysis
reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end
product, with no release of CO2
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
• Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate
bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
• Human muscle cells use lactic acid
2 Lactate
fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
Fermentation and C6H12O6

Aerobic Respiration
Compared
• Both processes use 2 2
glycolysis to oxidize glucose
and other organic fuels to 2
pyruvate
• The processes have
different final electron
acceptors: an organic
molecule (such as pyruvate
or acetaldehyde) in
4
fermentation and O2 in
cellular respiration
2
• Cellular respiration produces
38 ATP per glucose Oxidative 6
Phosphorylation
molecule; fermentation 36 6
produces 2 ATP per glucose
• Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or
anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the
presence of O2

• Yeast and many bacteria are facultative

anaerobes, meaning that they can survive
using either fermentation or cellular respiration
• In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in
the metabolic road that leads to two alternative
catabolic routes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 9-19
Glucose

Glycolysis
CYTOSOL

Pyruvate

No O2 present: O2 present:
Fermentation Aerobic cellular
respiration

MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol Acetyl CoA
or
lactate
Citric
acid
cycle
The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis

• Glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms

• Glycolysis probably evolved in ancient

prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the
atmosphere

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
connect to many other metabolic pathways
• Gycolysis and the citric acid cycle are major
intersections to various catabolic and anabolic
pathways
• Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace
cellular respiration with the sugar glucose:

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Versatility of Catabolism Protein Carbohydrates Fats
s
• Catabolic pathways funnel electrons
Amino Sugars Glycerol Fatty
from many kinds of organic acids acids
molecules into cellular respiration
Glycolysis
• Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
Glucose
carbohydrates
• Proteins must be digested to amino Glyceraldehyde-3- P

acids; amino groups can feed

glycolysis or the citric acid cycle NH3 Pyruvate

• Fats are digested to glycerol (used in

glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in Acetyl CoA

generating acetyl CoA)

• Fatty acids are broken down by beta Citric
oxidation and yield acetyl CoA acid
cycle

• An oxidized gram of fat produces

more than twice as much ATP as an
oxidized gram of carbohydrate Oxidative
phosphorylation
Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)

• The body uses small molecules to build other

substances
• These small molecules may come directly from
food, from glycolysis, or from the citric acid
cycle

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Regulation of Cellular Glucose
Respiration via Feedback
Mechanisms
AMP
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
• Feedback inhibition is the –
–
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
most common mechanism for Inhibits Inhibits

control
• If ATP concentration begins to
drop, respiration speeds up; Pyruvate
when there is plenty of ATP,
ATP Citrate
respiration slows down Acetyl CoA

• Control of catabolism is based

mainly on regulating the Citric
acid

activity of enzymes at cycle

strategic points in the

catabolic pathway Oxidative
phosphorylation
Fig. 9-UN5

Inputs Outputs

2 ATP
Glycolysis
+

2 NADH

Glucose 2 Pyruvate
Fig. 9-UN6

Inputs Outputs

S—CoA
2 ATP
C O

CH3

2 Acetyl CoA
6 NADH

O C COO Citric acid

cycle
CH2
COO 2 FADH2
2 Oxaloacetate
Fig. 9-UN7

INTER-
MEMBRANE
SPACE
H+

ATP
synthase

ADP + P i ATP

MITO-
H+
CHONDRIAL
MATRIX
 Fig. 9-UN8

pH difference
across membrane

Time
Fig. 9-UN9
You should now be able to:

1. Explain in general terms how redox reactions

are involved in energy exchanges

2. Name the three stages of cellular respiration;

for each, state the region of the eukaryotic
cell where it occurs and the products that
result

3. In general terms, explain the role of the

electron transport chain in cellular respiration

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. Explain where and how the respiratory
electron transport chain creates a proton
gradient

5. Distinguish between fermentation and

anaerobic respiration

6. Distinguish between obligate and facultative

anaerobes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings