PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES (65 items) 28. Given: 4.

28. Given: 4.5 moles of heptane reqd: moles of oxygen needed for complete
1. Use of Gravimetric Factor: Given 1% Al in sample, How much of its ore is combustion
needed to produce ____ gram of Al 29. Given: 1 gram of a substance, which has the highest number of atoms – H2
2. Graham’s Law of Diffusion: Effusion Rates of SO2 and CO2 ZnSO4 Hg CO2
3. Given: Density of oxygen, density of a gas Reqd: MW of the gas at the 30. Number of atoms in Na2CO3.10H2O – 36
same condition 31. Given: 42 g of Kr, how many g of He such that they have the same number
4. Given: Pressure and Temperature of a gas Reqd: the mass of the reactant of atoms
needed based on the reaction given 32. Determine the MW of a compound given ___g sample dissolve in
5. Given: V of O2 at STP, determine the coulomb of energy needed for the naphthalene (with Kf=___) and ΔTf.
electrolysis of water 33. Commonly used coagulant: Liquid alum, Lime, Soda ash
6. Organic Chem: what is the precursor of vinyl chloride – ethylene, ethyne, 34. Component of Cement- Fe, Si, Al
vinyl acetate… 35. Chemical element present in laughing gas – NO
7. Also known as saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon- paraffin, olefin, arene, 36. Numerical trend of Molarity, molality and mole fraction
alkene 37. MSDS
8. Acidity of phenol with different substituent 38. Component present in wastewater that cannot be seen by the naked eye-
9. Solubility of Nitrile particulates, turbidity, settleable solids, suspended solids
10. Endpoint of Indicator: Phenolpthalein- red, violet, green.. 39. Usually used in the removal of dust- air entrapment, electrostatic
11. Colligative Property: Boiling point rise precipitator
12. Definition of BOD 40. pH of neutral solution given pKw = 13.62
13. Tolerance of a body of water when it accepts load…- Stress tolerance, 41. Name the compound NO2CH2CHCH3COOH
Threshold limit, carrying capacity 42. Number of sigma bond in each carbon of a benzene ring- 3
14. Given: Height of 50 ft, volumetric rate, 80% conversion of energy. Reqd: 43. Energy used to remove the electrons from an atom
how many 100-W bulbs can be lighted 44. Energy used to remove the loose electron in an atom
15. Common name of Calcium Carbonate- Chalk 45. Cation flow in electrolysis- anode to cathode or cathode to anode
16. Common name of Silicon Dioxide – Quartz 46. Carboxyllic acid can be derived from the: oxidation of primary ROH,
17. Product of fractional distillation of air- nitrogen, oxygen…. Oxidation of Ketone, Oxidation of HC, Hydrolysis
18. Pale yellow crystals, insoluble in water, soluble in ether, ROH,alkali 47. Definition of Heat- energy in transit
indicator used for acid base titration- phenolphthalein, phenosulphothalein 48. Given: %C %H and %O, determine the formula
19. Produced when H is remove in a benzene ring- aryl, phenyl, benzyl… 49. Determination of the exact concentration of a solution- standardization,
20. Range of Electronegativity- 0-4 titration
21. Diamond structure is due to strong- covalent bond 50. Given the atomic number of Pt determine the number of neutrons of Pt
22. Trend of BP and MP of Halogen group, inc MW inc BP and MP, inc 51. Atomic number indicates the- number of protons and neutrons
atomic number Inc BP and MP 52. Halogen that reacts vigorously in the presence or absence of light- Br, Cl
23. Given Boiling point and melting point of NO2 , N2O and NO Reqd: 53. Organic Chemistry deals with the study of compound that are all-
Highest ΔHvap Covalently bonded only, with electrovalent bond only, some have
24. Oxidation Number of 2-propanone electrovalent others have covalent bond
25. What is the oxidation number of nitrogen (nitride) when it reacts with 54. Which does not change in dilution- moles, volume, concentration
metal cation- -3,+3 55. Definition of buffer
26. Magnesium react with ____ to produce Magnesium nitride: HNO3 NH3 56. Order of reaction wherein an inc in the initial concentration causes an inc
27. Steroids that control rates of biological reactions- Hormones, Enzymes in the half-life- zero, first, second, cannot not be determined

1
 57. Group IA elements- Alkali, Alkaline Earth Metals 22. Heat transfer: Given: difference in temperature, k of the material,
58. Charles Law deals with – P and T, P and V, V and n, V and T dimension of the wall (LxWxH) Reqd: determine q
59. Given: 2.5 ml of CCl4 (density = 1.545) , 3.5 ml of CBr4 (density= 3.4) 23. Centrifugal bowl with a certain speed (rpm), thickness of cake, determine
determine the density when they are mixed the pressure at the wall
60. Analytical reagent used for laboratory works- USP grade, reagent grade, 24. Control system that minimize upset- cascade
commercial grade, technical grade 25. Plasticizer used in PVC
61. Given : C20H4FNOx , MW and EW Reqd: combustion products- CO2 NOx 26. Definition of isentropic
HF (different combination of this compounds) 27. Definition of adiabatic tank
62. Source of Malic Acid- Apple, Citrus fruits 28. Given: pump operating at 600 rpm with power requirement of 1.5 Hp
63-65. Questions on ideal gas law PV= nRT Reqd: the Hp needed for a pump operating at 1200 rpm
29. Drying Calculation and material balance: Given: 1000 lbs of wet material
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES (50 items) with 10% moisture (dry basis) feed on a drier and leaves at 5% moisture.
1. Determine the equivalent diameter of a trapezoid Reqd: lbs of water evaporated/ lb of wet material
2. Material Balance: Distillation- determine the mass flowrate 30. Given: 500 kg of 20% NaOH solution Reqd: amount of water that should
3. Given: Fluegas Analysis Reqd: moles of feed/ moles of flue gas be added to produce 5% NaOH solution
4. Given: gaseous fuel (composition) C H inert Reqd: mole fraction of 31. Determination of degrees of freedom given a reaction
Oxygen in the flue gas 32. Separation of crude oil from oil gas- cracking, vacuum distillation, thermal
5. Conveyor- definition of Chain conveyor distillation
6. Definition of Screw conveyor
7. What is a crane? GENERAL ENGINEERING, LAWS AND ETHICS (65 items)
8. What is a Hoist? 1. Chairperson of PRC- Antoinetta Fortuna-Ibe
9. Given different type of bearing which has high resistance 2. Chairman of ChE board examination- Lauro Guevarra
10. Determine the profit, Given: TFC, # of units produced, VC (equation as a 3. Definition: Acid test ratio
function of number of units), selling price per unit 4. Kinetic energy is a function of – mass and speed
11. Calculation of Pressure (P=ρgh) 5. Definition of Parabola- locus of points equidistant from - a) focus
12. Determine the work done to melt 4 kg of ice to water at 0° C. b)directrix
13. Given: mass of a substance, operating P, Q absorbed by the substance 6. Formed when one of the variable is held constant – curve, sketch, line,
Reqd: change in Volume trace
14. Given: % conversion, t= 3 min @ constant V reactor Reqd: % conversion 7. Determinant of a matrix
at t= 3.9 min at Constant P reactor 8. How many significant figures- 318.0 – a)4 b)3
15. Given % conversion Reqd: determine the % conversion if the volume of 9. Problem- Balot vendor, how much money does he have (story)
the reactor is doubled 10. Financial analysis- a company will buy a machine worth 100000 which is
16. Primary consideration in practical automation the best option for payment:
17. Why is automation applied?- quality control, decrease labor cost A) pay 13500 for 10 yrs, first payment occurs two years after the receiving
18. Definition of quench tank the machine
19. Unit of K constant for a given rate expression B) pay 15000 for 5 yrs, first payment occurs two years after the receiving
20. Air at __° C, with 10% water is being cooled at ___° C. Determine the % the machine
vapor that is condensed C) initial payment of ____ pay 22000 for 5 yrs, first payment occurs one
21. Estimate the diffusivity of acetic acid at normal boiling point year after the receiving the machine
D) pay 100000,one year after the receiving the machine

2
 33. Perfectly elastic collision: Given m1, m2, V1, V2, V1’, determine V2’.
11. Given a 20 ft, 150 lb scaffold with strings attached (in both ends) at the 34. Given: slope 1 in 10, constant deceleration 25-5 km/hr, 0.15 kW
same distance from each end. At what maximum distance from an end determine the work done
must a 200 lb man should stand (to remain at equilibrium) 35. Transformer
12. Equilibrant force 36. 5 men can catch 5 fish in 5 minutes, how many fish can 100 men caught
13. Angular acceleration in 5 minutes- 5 , 100, 20, 10
14. Determine the inflection point of a given equation 37. Six men can dig a land for 6 days and 4 men can fill it in 4 days. How
15. Light years = in meters many days can 8 men dig and fill such land.
16. Area of a spherical triangle given three angles and radius 38. Find slenderness ratio, given: E and area
17. Determine the diameter of a ball with a volume of 345 cm3 39. 900 kg body, constant acceleration, speed- 5m/s. determine the tension
18. Determine the radius of a ball with a volume of 345 cm3 40. Two 3 lbs ball hanging, additional of 3lb ball is added and released. What
19. Definition- Specification (design) is the force experienced by the balls.
20. Additional consideration in planning- Environment, Morality, 41. Sound intensity, determine its relationship with source distance
21. A car initially at rest accelerates uniformly for 8 sec. Then it change it 42. Definition of Hertz
acceleration at half the initial acceleration for 12 sec. The final velocity is 43. Find the range of a projectile, given angle= 45 degree and a velocity of
found out to be 40 m/s. Determine the distance traveled. 300 m/s
22. Given combination of values of yield strength, limit threshold, G and E, 44. Given energy of fuel 30 MJ/ liter, determine the friction required to
determine the most resistant to fatigue overcome friction of 1500 N.
23. Stress applied is 45. Given x4= 16, y=36, determine the maximum value of x-y, 2,4,6,8
A) Proportional to the deformation 46. Given containers, one container contains 2 red, another contains 1 white
B) Inversely proportional to E and one contains 1 red and 1 white. One red ball is drawn, what is the
C) Proportional to E probability that the next ball that will be drawn is red.
D) Inversely proportional to deformation 47. Find the present worth for a maintenance cost of 100000 and increases at
30000 per year for 5 years at 10%.
24. Which is not true about slope 48. 100000 are deposited in a bank. The interest rate for the first two years is
a) Increases from left to right 5% and for the next two years is 6%. 4 annual withdrawals that increase
b) Slope of a vertical line is zero at 1000 per year are made. Determine the first withdrawal such that the
balance will be depleted.
25. Sign of trigonometric function at angle 90<angle<180 49. Solving three equations, 3 unknowns
26. Used in comparing worth for different years- annual worth, present 50. log of a negative number- irrational, complex, real
worth, capitalized cost 51. Determine the fraction such that the denominator is 3 more than twice the
27. Determine the number of months such that an initial amount of ___ numerator and when 7 is added to both the numerator and the
doubles at 1% interest rate per month denominator, the numerator is 8 less than the denominator.
28. Given a 20-ft ladder leaning against a wall at a distance of 8 ft from the 52. b2 – 4ac >0, the roots are- real and unequal
wall, determine the force at the bottom. 53. the intensity ______ as the length of the medium or source increases :
29. Chain Rule: Given a function g(x), determine g’(x) decreases exponentially, decreases directly, increases exponentially,
30. Partial derivative: Given a function increases directly
31. Related rates: Given r as a function of t, C as a function of r, determine 54. Radius of gyration – k
dC/dt 55. Definition of equity.
32. Which is a vector quantity- mass, speed. Enthalpy momentum

3
Day 1
1) Number of carbon atoms in olvanil
2) Who discovered x-ray?
3) Amino acids in human protein
4) Definition of ozonolysis
5) Given dimensions of a peso bill (length & width). Assuming ½ billion of gold atoms can be spread across its length, determine total mass.
6) Freezing point depression
7) Boiling point rise
8) Evaluate given structural formulas (paraffins)
9) Center of an atom
10) Balancing chemical reactions
11) Given density of Sulfuric acid determine its molarity
12) Given a high-rating octane fuel
-mileage (mi/gal)
-density
-distance covered
Calculate CO2 produced
13) Blanket of pollutants
14) Pollutant produced from coal and petroleum
15) Nearest layer of atmosphere from earth’s surface
a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
16) pH problems (buffer)
17) pH problem:
Given NH4OH soln initially at 30 mL diluted to 400 mL then titrated with HCl. Compute pH
a) at the start
b) at the equiv point
c) after addition of 40 mL of HCl
18) Ksp problems (2)
19) Metabolic reactions
- -
For 12 mold of ATP produced from every mole CH3COO there are 7.4 kcal. For 1 gram of CH3COO determine
20) Edman Degradation (sequencing of amino acids)

Day 2
Problem 1.7 Coulson and Richardson
A cyclone separator, 0.3 m in diameter and 1.2 m long, has a circular inlet 75 mm in diameter and an outlet of the same size. If the gas enters at a
velocity of 1.5 m/s, at what particle size will the theoretical cut occur? The viscosity of air is 0.018 mN s/m2, the density of air is 1.3 kg/m3 and the
density of the particles is 2700 kg/m3.
Using the data provided:
2 −3 2
cross-sectional area at the gas inlet, Ai = (π/4)(0.075) = 4.42 × 10 m
gas outlet diameter, d0 = 0.075 m
3
gas density, ρ = 1.30 kg/m
height of separator, Z = 1.2 m, separator diameter, dt = 0.3 m.
−3 −3
Thus: mass flow of gas, G = (1.5 × 4.42 × 10 × 1.30) = 8.62 × 10 kg/s
The terminal velocity of the smallest particle retained by the separator,
2
u0 = 0.2Ai d0ρg/(πZdtG) (equation 1.54)
−3 2 −3
or: u0 = [0.2 × (4.42 × 10 ) × 0.075 × 1.3 × 9.81]/[π × 1.2 × 0.3 × 8.62 × 10 ]
−4
= 3.83 × 10 m/s
Use is now made of Stokes’ law (Chapter 3) to find the particle diameter, as follows:
2
u0 = d g(ρs − ρ)/18μ (equation 3.24)
0.5
or: d = [u0 × 18μ/g(ρs − ρ)]
−4 −3 0.5
= [(3.83 × 10 × 18 × 0.018 × 10 )/(9.81(2700 − 1.30))]
−6
= 2.17 × 10 m or 2.17 μm
Note tas may tanong pa na ano daw yung particle size na papasok sa cylone at yung mareretain sa bottom something parang ganun.

PROBLEM 6.14 Coulson and Richardson

Glass spheres are fluidised by water at a velocity equal to one half of their terminal falling velocities. Calculate:

(a) voidage
(b) the density of the fluidised bed,
(c) the pressure gradient in the bed attributable to the presence of the particles.
The particles are 2 mm in diameter and have a density of 2500 kg/m3. The density and viscosity of water are 1000 kg/m3 and 1 mNs/m2
respectively. (sa original na tanong given naman yung galileo no.)
Solution
The Galileo number is given by:
3 2
Ga = d ρ(ρs − ρ)g/μ
3 2
= [(2 × 10−3) × 1000(2500 − 1000) × 9.81]/(1 × 10−3)
= 117,720
From equation 5.79:
0.57
(4.8 − n)/(n − 2.4) = 0.043Ga
0.57
= 0.043 × 117,720 = 33.4
and: n = 2.47
2.47
u/u0 = 0.5 = e
and hence: e = 0.755
The bed density is given by:
(1 − e)ρs + eρ = (1 − 0.755) × 2500 + (0.755 × 1000)
3
= 1367 kg/m
The pressure gradient due to the solids is given by:
{[(1 − e)ρs + eρ] − ρ}g = (1 − e)(ρs − ρ)g
= (1 − 0.755)(2500 − 1000)9.81
2
= 3605 (N/m )/m

PROBLEM 14.13 (Coulson and Richardson)

A liquid with no appreciable elevation of boiling-point is concentrated in a triple-effect evaporator. If the temperature of the steam to the first
effect is 395 K and vacuum is applied to the third effect so that the boiling-point is 325 K, what are the approximate boiling-points in the three
2
effects? The overall transfer coefficients may be taken as 3.1, 2.3, and 1.1 kW/m K in the three effects respectively.
Solution
For equal thermal loads in each effect, that is Q1 = Q2 = Q3, then:
U1A1ΔT1 = U2A2ΔT2 = U3A3ΔT3 (equation 14.7)
or, for equal areas in each effect:
U1ΔT1 = U2ΔT2 = U3ΔT3 (equation 14.8)
In this case:
3.1ΔT1 = 2.3ΔT2 = 1.1ΔT3
Thus: Δ T1 = 0.742ΔT2 and ΔT3 = 2.091ΔT2
ΣΔT = ΔT1 +Δ T2 + ΔT3 = (395 − 325) = 70 deg K
Thus: 0.742ΔT2 + ΔT2 + 2.091ΔT2 = 70 deg K and ΔT2 = 18.3 deg K
and: ΔT1 = 13.5 deg K, ΔT3 = 38.2 deg K
The temperatures in each effect are therefore:
T1 = (395 − 13.5) = 381.5 K
T2 = (381.5 − 18.3) = 363.2 K, and T3 = (363.2 − 38.2) = 325 K

Example 13.5 (Coulson and Richardson)

In order to extract acetic acid from dilute aqueous solution with isopropyl ether, the two immiscible phases are passed countercurrently through a
packed column 3 m in length and 75 mm in diameter.
It is found that, if 0.5 kg/m2s of the pure ether is used to extract 0.25 kg/m2s of 4.0 per cent acid bymass, then the ether phase leaves the column
with a concentration of 1.0 per cent acid by mass.
Calculate:
(a) the number of overall transfer units based on the raffinate phase, and
(b) the overall extraction coefficient based on the raffinate phase.
(pero ang tanong sa min eh, what daw ung conc. Ng acid sa raffinate, logarithmic driving force and no. of transfer unit)
The equilibrium relationship is given by: (walang given na ganito)
(kg acid/kg isopropyl ether) = 0.3 (kg acid/kg water).
Note: Sa board exam di sinabi kung ilan yung retention na 2 kg insoluble matter/1kg solution

1. super heated steam daw tas papasok sa nozzle, tapos may given na P1 P2 at T1, ang tinatanong eh enthalpy at temp T2. (Over-all Energy
Balance Problem)
2. may lumabas ding fluid flow, sabi ni hero nasa mccabe daw xa, kaso nagulat xa kc iba ung sagot sa mccabe eh same na same naman daw
ang tanong pati given.
Example 4.6 (McCabe and Smith)
A pump draws a solution of specific gravity 1.84 from a storage tank through a 3 in. (75-mm) Schedule 40 steel pipe. The efficiency of the
pump is 60 percent. The velocity in the suction line is 3 ft/s (0.914 m/s). The pump discharges through a 2-in. (50-mm) Schedule 40 pipe
to an overhead tank. The end of the discharge pipe is 50 ft (15.2 m) above the level of the solution in the feed tank. Friction losses in the
entire piping system are 10 ft lbf/lbm (29.9 J/kg). What pressure must the pump develop? What is the power delivered to the fluid by the
pump?
3. Yung TIo2 na tinuro mo Kenneth
TiCl4 can be formed by reacting titanium dioxide (TiO2) with hydrochloric acid. TiO2 is available as an ore containing 78 % TiO2 and 22 %
inerts. The HCl is available as 45 wt% solution (the balance is water). The per pass conversion of TiO2 is 75 %. The HCl is fed into the
reactor in 20 % excess based on the reaction. Pure unreacted TiO2 is recycled back to mix with the TiO2 feed.
TiO2 + 4 HCl → TiCl4 + 2 H2O (MW : TiO2 79.9; HCl 36.47; TiCl4 189.7)
For 1 kg of TiCl4 produced, determine:
a. the kg of TiO2 ore fed. b. the kg of 45 wt % HCl solution fed. c. the ratio of recycle stream to fresh TiO2 ore (in kg).
4. Yung production ng ammonia, ung sinabi ko sau Kenneth, may given given na mass nila, tas tinatanong mga conversion something etc.
The synthesis of ammonia proceeds according to the following reaction
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
In a given plant, 4202 lb of nitrogen and 1046 lb of hydrogen are fed to the synthesis reactor
per hour. Production of pure ammonia from this reactor is 3060 lb per hour.
a. What is the limiting reactant.
b. What is the percent excess reactant.
c. What is the percent conversion obtained (based on the limiting reactant).
5. Liquid fuel combustion, may given na 20% excess air, tas sa fuel eh binigay ang % w/w ng carbon, hydrogen, oxygen at nitrogen.
Tinatanong ang moles ng co2 sa fuel gas. 02 na issupply given na 20% x’s air. May given din mga calorific value something, ung pangatlong
tanong gagamitin ung mga data ng calorific value something
6. Ang isa pang multi effect evap. Given naman xa maxado, kukunin mo lang yung V1 na mag eevaporate sa unang evaporator. Tas amount
na pasok sa evaporator 2 tas ang pangatlo eh area ang hinahanap
7. Absorption ng sulfur something, may given na recovery. Water ang absorpption medium. Tapos ung water with sulfur eh magrereact sa
NaOH para marecover yung sulfur. May amount na given sa sulfur sa product, tas ayun stoic stoic ata gagamitin ditto. (MATERIAL
BALANCE)
8. Thermo. 2 given na tanks, tas magkakonek cla sa pamamagitan ng isang tube something, tas initially ung tank1 eh may given na pressure
na given at temp. tapos ayun tanong eh wat temp at pressure pag equal na volume dun sa tank 1 at 2. Parang ganun. (haha ang gulo)
9. Simpleng PV=nRT (buti na lang meron neto,)
Conversion ng units, pero may halong pagkachecal xa (Conversion of units ng kinetic energy)
10. 3 Heat of reaction na heat of formation yung given
11. Given eh 57.8 mole % hexane, 8.9 heptane, tas 33.3 steam. Tas may given na Antoine sa hexane at heptane. Pero kakaiba ba xa kc A and
nd
B lang yung constant. Tas ayun ang tanong temp ng first liquid na magcocondensed, tas temp ng 2 liquid na mag cocondensed tas ano
daw yung conc. Product after nun
Items in Day 1 (difficult, unpredictable questions, 100 items):
 Balancing the equations (maraminggantopo sir, around 8 questions)
 Break in secondary structure protein structure, given series of amino acids
 Moment of Inertia, momentum (pang day 3 po sir, perolumabassa day 1)
 Ratio Sun/Earth mass
 Solving for the Rate constant: (Given: initial conc of radioactive material, and rate of appearance of beta particles)
 Otto cycle problems (4 problems), refrigeration
 Triacylglyceride breakdown = glycerine + ___ + ____ ….
 Chemical formula of aspirin and citric acid (mgamaliyung choices)
 Cis trans isomerism in cyclohexane
 Anachem problems
o Henderson Hasselbach equation (pka not given)
o Gravimetric analysis
o Determination of Limiting reactans
o Solving for the amount of products (di given ungamtng reactants. Hahaha!)
 Ideal gas law (direct substitution)
 Conservation of energy = heat to kinetic energy and others
 What is the chemical formula for lead plumbate?
 Who discovered deuterium?
 Sphingolipids (where can be found?)
 Inhibited enzyme kinetics
Day 2 (difficult (25 objective, 50 problem solving), madalas sequential problems, may mgamaling given –
namakikitalangkapagnagwork backward)

 Unsteady state heat transfer (yunggagamitpo sir nung figures sa handbook..ung may X and Y, at may time na
parameter..)
 Using steam tables (papasolve sir ung properties nungisangsat’d steam, using the steam tables)
 Che-cal (material balance)
 Unsteady state material balance (parang CSTR poung approach sir, may generation)
 Orifice meter (pinasolvepo sir ung diameter ng orifice, tapospoyung energy requirement ng meter –
parangyungtinuronyoposamindati. )
 Piston cylinder problems (thermodynamics) (marami pong gantounglumabas both day 1 and 2..)
 Heat exchanger, given all of the parameters, solve for the T final nungisang stream..
 Who pioneered the use of zeolites?
 Orsat Analysis (given ung what is the hydrocarbon burned, given yung composition ng dry flue gas)
 Fluidized bed (ergunequation,direct sub? Di kopo sure, kung paano approach)
 Hindered Settling (solve for the amount of voids, terminal settling velocity, hindered settling velocity)
 Rankine cycle, with reheat

Day 3 (very easy):

 Kinematics (maraminggantong problems)
o Accelerated motion
o Free fall and projectile
 Algebra (maraminggantong problems)
o Worded problems
o Direct Substitution
o Solving for the roots
 Eng’g econ (2 problems ata)
o Series of payments, peronagpalitng interest rate