Chemical Process Calculations

Course Code: L T P C
3 0 0 3

Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the student shall be able to
CO1 Express the composition and density of a given mixture in different ways
CO2 Explain vapor pressure, vapor pressure plots, Raoult’s law.and humidity
CO3 Solve material balance problems without chemical reactions.
CO4 Solve material balance problems involving chemical reactions
CO5 Calculate enthalpy, heat of reaction and theoretical flame temperature.

UNIT-I 12 Lectures
STOICHIOMETRIC RELATION AND BEHAVIOR OF IDEAL GASES
Basis of calculations, methods of expressing compositions of mixtures and solutions, density and
specific gravity, Baume and API gravity scales. Application of ideal gas law, gaseous mixtures, gases in
chemical reactions.
Learning outcomes:

After the completion of the Unit I, the student will be able to

1. Express the compositions of mixtures in different ways. (L2)
2. List different scales used to measure specific gravity (L1)
3. Predict the ideal behavior of gases and vapors. (L3)

UNIT-II 8 Lectures
VAPOR PRESSURE:
Vaporization, boiling point, effect of temperature on vapor pressure, vapor pressure plots and Raoult’s
law.
HUMIDITY AND SATURATION
Relative and percentage saturation, dew point, wet bulb and dry bulb temperature, use of humidity charts
for engineering calculations.

Learning outcomes:

After the completion of the Unit II, the student will be able to
1. Describe the effect of temperature on vapor pressure. (L2)
2. Illustrate how to get vapor pressure data from vapor pressure plots. (L3)
3. Define relative saturation, percentage saturation, dew point, wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.
(L1)
4. Calculate the percent saturation and relative saturation of vapour-gas mixtures. (L3)

UNIT-III 10 Lectures
MATERIAL BALANCE WITHOUT CHEMICAL REACTION
Tie substance, steps for solving material balance problems, Material balance on single unit process–
Mixing, Evaporation, Drying , Distillation, Solubility and Crystallization; Material balance on Multi
unit process –Bypass, Recycle, Purge,
Learning outcomes:

After the completion of the Unit III, the student will be able to
1. Explain steps for solving material balance problems for a given system. (L2)
2. Perform material balances on chemical processes/equipment without chemical reactions. (L3)

UNIT-I V 10 Lectures
MATERIAL BALANCE WITH CHEMICAL REACTION
Conversion, Yield, Limiting reactant and excess reactant, Processes involving Chemical Reactions,
Processes involving recycle and purge.
Learning outcomes:

After the completion of the Unit IV, the student will be able to

1. Define Conversion, Yield, limiting reactant and excess reactant. (L1)

2. Perform material balances on chemical processes/equipment with reactions. (L3)

3. Solve material balance problems involving recycle, purge and bypass.(L3)

UNIT-V 10 Lectures
THERMOPHYSICS:
Heat capacity of gases, liquid and mixture solutions. Kopp’s rule, latent heat, heat of fusion and heat of
vaporization, Trouton’s rule, Kistyakowsky equation for non polar liquids, enthalpy and its evaluation.
THERMOCHEMISTRY:
Calculation and applications of heat of reaction, combustion and formation, Kirchhoff’s equation,
theoretical and actual flame temperatures.
Learning outcomes:

After the completion of the Unit V, the student will be able to

1. Define heat capacity, Kopp’s rule, latent heat, Trouton’s rule, heat of reaction, heat of combustion
and heat of formation (L1)
2. Evaluate thermal effects associated with chemical reactions. (L5)
3. Calculate theoretical flame temperature. (L3)

Text Books:
1.Hougen. O. A, Watson K.M. and Ragatz R.A., Chemical Process Principles, Part -I, Material and
Energy Balance, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 2004.

References:
1.Narayanan K.V., Lakshmikutty B., Stoichiometry and Process Calculations, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.,
2014.
2.Bhatt, B. I., Thakore S. B., Stoichiometry, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company, Ltd.
New Delhi, 2010
3. Richard M. Felder , Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard, Felder′s Elementary Principles of
Chemical Processes 3rd Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008
4.Himmelblau D.H., Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 8th Edition, PHI,
2012.

Material that I have prepared is taken from prescribed text book

1.Hougen. O. A, Watson K.M. and Ragatz R.A., Chemical Process Principles, Part -I, Material and
Energy Balance, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 2004.
Illustration 1. A cylinder contains 25 lb of liquid chlorine. What volume in cubic feet will the chlorine
occupy if it is released and brought to standard conditions?

Illustration 2. Gaseous propane, C3H8, is to be liquefied for storage in steel cylinders. How many grams
of liquid propane will be formed by the liquefaction of 500 liters of the gas, the volume being measured
at standard conditions?

Illustration 3. (a) Calculate the weight of iron and of steam required to produce 100 lb of hydrogen, and
the weight of the Fe3O4 formed. (b) What volume will the hydrogen occupy at standard conditions?

Reaction Equation: 3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2

Illustration 4. An aqueous solution contains 40% Na2CO3 by weight. Express the composition in mole
per cent.

Illustration 5. A solution of naphthalene, C10H8, in benzene, C6H6, contains 25 mole per cent of
naphthalene. Express the composition of the solution in weight per cent.

Illustration 6. A natural gas has the following composition, all figures being in volumetric per cent:

Methane, CH4 = 83.5% , Ethane, C2H6 = 12.5% , Nitrogen, N2 = 4.0%

Calculate (a) The composition in mole percent. (b) The composition in weight per cent. (c) The average
molecular weight. (d) Density at standard conditions, as pounds per cubic foot.

Illustration 7. A solution of sodium chloride in water contains 230 grams of NaCl per liter at 20°C. The
density of the solution at this temperature is 1.148 gm/cc. Calculate the following items:

(a) The composition in weight per cent. (b) The volumetric per cent of water. (c) The composition in
mole per cent. (d) The composition in atomic per cent. (e) The molality (f) Pounds NaCl per pound H2O.
Exercise Problems

1. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = 2NaCl + BaSO4.

Atomic weights of elements : Ba= 137.327, Cl =35.5, Na=23, S=32, O=16
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = 2NaCl + BaSO4.
208.327 142 117 233.327

(a) How many grams of barium chloride will be required to react with 5.0 grams of sodium sulfate?

(b) How many grams of barium chloride are required for the precipitation of 5.0 grams of barium
sulfate?

(c) How many grams of barium chloride are equivalent to 5.0 grams of sodium chloride?

(d) How many grams of sodium sulfate are necessary for the precipitation of the barium of 5.0 grams of
barium chloride?

(e) How many grams of sodium sulfate have been added to barium chloride if 5.0 grams of barium
sulfate are precipitated?

(f) How many pounds of sodium sulfate are equivalent to 5.0 pounds of sodium chloride?

(g) How many pounds of barium sulfate are precipitated by 5.0 pounds of barium chloride?
(h) How many pounds of barium sulfate are precipitated by 5.0 pounds of sodium sulfate?
(i) How many pounds of barium sulfate are equivalent to 5.0 pounds of sodium chloride?

2. How many grams of chromic sulfide will be formed from 0.928 grams of chromic oxide according to
the equation:
2Cr2O3 + 3CS2 = 2Cr2S3 + 3CO2
Atomic weights of elements : Cr= 52, C =12, S=32, O=16

3. How much charcoal is required to reduce 1.5 pounds of arsenic trioxide

As2O3 + 3C = 3CO + 2As
Atomic weights of elements : As= 74.921, C =12, O=16

4. Oxygen is prepared according to the equation 2KClO3 = 2KC1 + 3O2. What is the yield of oxygen
when 9.12 grams of potassium chlorate are decomposed? How many grams of potassium chlorate must
be decomposed to liberate 2.5 grams of oxygen?
Atomic weights of elements : K= 39, Cl =35.5, O=16

5. Sulfur dioxide may be produced by the reaction:

Cu + 2H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
(a) How much copper, and (a) how much 94% H2SO4 must be used to Obtain 32 pounds of sulfur
dioxide?
Atomic weights of elements : Cu = 63.546, H =1, S=32, O=16

6. A limestone analyzes CaCO3 = 94.52%, MgCO3 =4.16%, and insoluble matter =1.32%.
(a) How_ many pounds of calcium oxide could be obtained from 4 tons of the limestone?
(b) How many pounds of carbon dioxide are given off per pound of this limestone?

7. How much superphosphate fertilizer can be made from one ton of calcium phosphate, 93.5% pure?
The reaction is Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 = 2CaSO4 + CaH4(PO4)2 (Ans=1.561 ton)

8. How much potassium chlorate must be taken to produce the same amount of oxygen as will be
produced by 2.3 grams of mercuric oxide?
2KClO3 = 2KC1 + 3O2.
2HgO = 2Hg + O2

Atomic weights of elements : Hg= 200.59, Cl =35.5, K=39, O=16

9. Regarding ammonium phosphomolybdate, (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.3H2O, as made up of the radicals

NH3, H2O, P2O5 and MoO3, what is the percentage composition of the molecule with respect to these
radicals?

10. How many pounds of salt are required to make 2500 pounds of salt cake (Na2SO4)?
How many pounds of Glauber's salt (Na2SO4.10H2O) will this amount of salt cake make?'
Molecular weight of NaCl = 58.5 , H2SO4=98 , Na2SO4= 142 , Na2SO4.10H2O= 322

11. In the reactions:

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + lOFeSO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnS04 + 8H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 = 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O
How many grams of potassium dichromate are equivalent to 5.0 grams of potassium permanganate?
How many grams of potassium permanganate are equivalent to 3.0 grams of potassium dichromate?
Mn=55,Fe=55.85, Cr = 52 K=39

12. A compound whose molecular weight is 103 analyzes: C = 81.5%; H = 4.9%; N = 13.6%. What is its
formula?

13. What is the weight of one liter of methane under standard conditions?
14. If 45 grams of iron react thus: Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2, how many liters of hydrogen are liberated
at standard conditions?

15. A solution of sodium chloride in water contains 23.0% NaCl by weight. Express the concentration of
this solution in the following terms, using data from Fig. 13. (a) Gram-moles of NaCl per 1000 grams of
water (molality). (b) Mole fraction of NaCl. (c) Gram-moles of NaCl per liter of solution at 30°C. (d)
Pounds of NaCl per U. S. gallon of solution at 40°C.
16. In the following table are listed various aqueous solutions, with the density at 20°C and 80°C given,
as well as the composition. For one or more of the solutions assigned from the table, report the
composition expressed in the following ways:
(a) Weight per cent.
(b) Mole per cent.
(c) Pounds of solute per pound of solvent.
(d) Pound-moles of solute per pound of solvent.
(e) Grams solute per 100 ml of solution at 80°C.
(f) Grams solute per 100 ml of solution at 20°C.
(g) Gram-moles solute per liter of solution at 20°C.
(h) Pounds of solute per U. S. gallon of solution at 68°F (20°C).
(i) Pound-moles of solute per U. S. gallon of solution at 68°F (20°C).
(j) Molality.
(k) Normality.

Solute Composition of Solution Density, g/ml Density,

20°C g/ml 80°C
HCl Weight % HCl = 30 1.149 1.115
H2SO4 mole % H2SO4 = 36.8 1.681 1.625
HNO3 lb HNO3/lb H2O = 1.704 1.382 1.296
NH4NO3 lb-mole NH4NO3/lb H2O = 0.01250 1.226 1.187
ZnBr2 gm ZnBr2/100 ml of solution at 20°C = 130.0 2.002 1.924
CdCl2 gm CdCl2/100 ml of solution at 80°C = 68.3 1.575 1.519
MgCl2 gm-mole MgCl2/l of solution at 20°C = 3.99 1.269 1.245
CaBr2 lb CaBr2/U. S. gal at 68°F (20°C) = 4.03 1.381 1.343
SrCl2 lb-mole SrCl2/U. S. gal at 68°F (20°C) = 0.02575 1.396 1.368
LiCl molality = 10.13 1,179 1.158
KCl normality = 2.70 1.118 1.088

17. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride contains 28 grams of NaCl per 100 cc of solution at 20°C.
Express the concentration of this solution in the following terms, using data from Fig. (a) Percentage
NaCl by weight. (b) Mole fraction of NaCl. (c) Pound-moles of NaCl per 1000 pounds of water
(molality). (d) Pound-moles of NaCl per U. S. gallon of solution at 0°C. (density at 20°C=1.18 g/cc )
(density at 0°C=1.19 g/cc)
18. It is desired to prepare a solution of sodium chloride in water, having a molality of 1.80 . Calculate
the weight of sodium chloride which should be placed in a 1000 cc volumetric flask in order that the
desired concentration will be obtained by subsequently filling the flask with water, keeping the
temperature of the solution at 30°C.
(density at 30°C=1.06 g/cc)

19. For the operation of a refrigeration plant it is desired to prepare a solution of sodium chloride
containing 20% by weight of the anhydrous salt. (a) Calculate the weight of sodium chloride which
should be added to one gallon of water at 30°C in order to prepare this solution. (b) Calculate the
volume of solution formed per gallon of water used, keeping the temperature at 30 °C.
Density of water =62.47 lb /ft3

20. (a) A solution has a gravity of 100° Twaddell. Calculate its specific gravity and its gravity in degrees
Baume’. (b) An oil has a specific gravity at 60/60°F of 0.79. Calculate its gravity in degrees API and
degrees Baume’.
o
Twadell = 200 (G– 1.0)
o
Be = 145 – 145/G
oBe = 140 / G– 130
degrees API = 141.5/G – 131.5

(Q).A solution of Napthalene(C10H8) in benzene contains 24% mole percent Napthalene. Express the
composition in weight percent. Calculate the molality

(Q).(a) NaCl weighing 600 kg is mixed with 200 kg KCl. Find the composition in weight % and mole %.
(b) What will be the % Na2O content of lye containing 73% caustic soda
(c) An aqueous solution contains 15% K2Cr2O7 by weight. Express the composition in mole%
(d) Express the composition of a mixture in terms of mole percent if mixture contains 30%
Benzene and 70% toluene by weight.

(Q). (i). The electrolytic manufacture of the chlorine gas from sodium chloride solution is carried out by
the reaction 2 NaCl + 2 H2O = 2 NaOH + H2 + Cl2. How many kilogram of chlorine one can produce
from 10 m3of a brine solution containing 5% by weight of sodium chloride?
The specific gravity of the solution relative to water at 4OC is 1.07.

(ii). Make the following conversions

(a) 294 g/l H2SO4 to normality (b) 5N H3PO4 to g/l (c) 54.75 g/l HCl to molarity
(d) 3M K2SO4 to g/l
IDEAL GAS LAW

Illustration 1 (Volume Unknown). Calculate the volume occupied by 30 lb of chlorine at a pressure 743
mm of Hg and 70°F.
Illustration 2 (Weight Unknown). Calculate the weight of 100 cu ft of water vapor, measured at a
pressure of 15.5 mm of Hg and 23°C.

Illustration 3 {Pressure Unknown). It is desired to compress 10 lb of carbon dioxide to a volume of 20

cu ft. Calculate the pressure in pounds per square inch which is required at a temperature of 30°C
assuming the applicability of the ideal gas law.

Illustration 4 (Temperature Unknown). Assuming the applicability of the ideal gas law, calculate the
maximum temperature to which 10 lb of nitrogen, enclosed in a 30 cu ft chamber, may be heated
without the pressure exceeding 150 lb per sq in.
Illustration 5. When heated to 100°C and 720 mm pressure 17.2 grams of N2O4 gas occupy a volume of
11,450 cc. Assuming that the ideal gas law applies, calculate the percentage dissociation of N2O4 to
NO2.
Illustration 6. Calculate the average molecular weight of a flue gas having the following composition by
volume: CO = 13.1% , O2 =7.7% , N2 = 79.2%

Illustration 7. Calculate the density in pounds per cubic foot at 29 in. of Hg and 30°C of a mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen which contains 11.1% H2 by weight.

Illustration 8. Air is assumed to contain 79.0% nitrogen and 21.0% oxygen by volume. Calculate its
density in grams per liter at a temperature of 70°F and a pressure of 741 mm of Hg.

Illustration 9. Combustion gases having the following molal composition are passed into an evaporator
at a temperature of 200°C and a pressure of 743 mm of Hg.
Nitrogen= 79.2%, Oxygen = 7.2%, Carbon dioxide =13.6%
Water is evaporated, the gases leaving at a temperature of 85°C and a pressure of 740 mm of Hg with
the following molal composition:
Nitrogen = 48.3%, Oxygen = 4.4% , Carbon dioxide = 8.3%, Water 39.0%
(a) Calculate the volume of gases leaving the evaporator per 100 cu ft entering.
(b) Calculate the weight of water evaporated per 100 cu ft of gas entering.

Illustration 10. In the manufacture of hydrochloric acid a gas is obtained which contains 25% HCl and
75% air by volume. This gas is passed through an absorption system in which 98% of the HCl is
removed. The gas enters the system at a temperature of 120°F and a pressure of 743 mm of Hg and
leaves at a temperature of 80°F and a pressure of 738 mm of Hg.
(a) Calculate the volume of gas leaving per 100 ft3 entering the absorption apparatus.
(b) Calculate the percentage composition by volume of the gases leaving the absorption apparatus.
(c) Calculate the weight of HCl removed per 100 ft3 of gas entering the absorption apparatus.

Illustration 11. Calcium hypochlorite is produced by absorbing chlorine in milk of lime. A gas produced
by the Deacon chlorine process enters the absorption apparatus at a pressure of 740 mm of Hg and a
temperature of 75°F. The partial pressure of the chlorine is 59 mm of Hg, the remainder being inert
gases. The gas leaves the absorption apparatus at a temperature of 80°F and a pressure of 743 mm of Hg
with a partial pressure of chlorine of 0.5 mm of Hg.
(a) Calculate the volume of gases leaving the apparatus per 100 ft3entering.
(b) Calculate the weight of chlorine absorbed, per 100 ft3 of gas entering.

Q.Two students are calculating the average molecular weight of a gas mixture containing N2 and other
gases. One student using the correct molecular weight of nitrogen calculates the average molecular
weight as 36. Another student using an incorrect molecular weight of nitrogen as 14, calculates the
average molecular as 29. This is the only mistake in computations. Calculate the composition in nitrogen
in mole percent and weight percent?

BEHAVIOR OF IDEAL GASES PROBLEMS

1. It is desired to market oxygen in small cylinders having volumes of 0.5 cu ft and each containing 1.0
lb of oxygen. If the cylinders may be subjected to a maximum temperature of 120°F, calculate the
pressure for which they must be designed, assuming the applicability of the ideal gas law. (Ans=389psi)

2. Calculate the number of cubic feet of hydrogen sulfide, measured at a temperature of 50°C and a
pressure of 29.5 in. of Hg, which may be produced from 7 lb of iron sulfide (FeS).

FeS + H2SO4  FeSO4 + H2S

FeS + 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2S

3. An automobile tire is inflated to a gauge pressure of 35 psi at a temperature of 0°F. Calculate the
maximum temperature to which the tire may be heated without the gauge pressure exceeding 50 psi.
(Assume that the volume of the tire does not change.) (Ans=139oF)

4.Calculate the densities in pounds per cubic foot at standard conditions and the specific gravities of the
following gases: (a) methane, (b) hydrogen, (c) acetylene, (d) bromine.

5. The gas acetylene is produced according to the following reaction by treating calcium carbide with
water: CaC2 + 2 H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Calculate the number of hours of service that can be derived from 1lb of carbide in an acetylene lamp
burning 2 ft3 of gas per hour at a temperature of 75oF and a pressure of 743 mm Hg. (Ans=3.11hr)

6. A natural gas has the following composition by volume:

CH4 = 94.1% , C2H6 = 3.0% , N2= 2.9%
This gas is piped from the well at a temperature of 80oF and a pressure of 50psi. It may be assumed that
the ideal gas law is applicable. :
(a) Calculate the partial pressure of the oxygen.
(b) Calculate the pure-component volume of nitrogen per 100 cu ft of gas.
(c) Calculate the density of the mixture in pounds per cubic foot at the existing conditions.
7. A gas mixture contains 0.274 lb-mole of HCl, 0.337 lb-mole of N2 and 0.089gm-mole of O2.
(a)Calculate the volume occupied by the mixture and (b) its density in pounds per cubic foot at pressure
of 40psi and a temperature of 30oC.

8. A chimney gas has the following composition by volume:

CO2 = 9.5%, CO = 0.2%, O2 = 9.6%, N2 =80.7%

Using the ideal gas law, calculate:
(a) Its composition by weight.
(b) The volume occupied by 1.0 lb of the gas at 80°F and 29.5 in. of Hg pressure.
(c) The density of the gas in pounds per cubic foot at the conditions of part (b).
(d) The specific gravity of the mixture.
density of air = 0.0748 /0.072166 = 1.0365

9. By electrolyzing a mixed brine a mixture of gases is obtained at the cathode having the following
composition by weight: Cl2 = 67% , Br2 = 28% , O2 = 5%
Using the ideal gas law, calculate:
(a) The composition of the gas by volume.
(b) The density of the mixture in grams per liter at 25°C and 740 mm of Hg pressure,
(c) The specific gravity of the mixture.

10. A mixture of ammonia and air at a pressure of 730mm Hg and a temperature of 30°C contains 5.1%
NH3 by volume. The gas is passed at a rate of 100ft3 per min through an absorption tower in which only
ammonia is removed. The gases leave the tower at a pressure of 725mm Hg , a temperature of 20°C,and
contain 0.05% NH3 by volume. Using ideal gas law calculate
(a). rate of flow of gas leaving the tower in ft3 per minute.
(b). weight of ammonia absorbed in tower per minute.

11. A volume of moist air of 1000 cu ft at a total pressure of 740 mm of Hg and a temperature of 30°C
contains water vapor in such proportions that its partial pressure is 22.0 mm of Hg. Without changing
the total pressure, the temperature is reduced to 15°C and some of the water vapor removed by
condensation. After cooling it is found that the partial pressure of the water vapor is 12.7 mm of Hg.
Using the partial pressure method, calculate:
(a) The volume of the gas after cooling.
(b) The weight of water removed.

13. A producer gas has the following composition by volume:

CO 23.0%
CO2 4.4%
O2 2.6%
N2 70.0%
(a) Calculate the cubic feet of gas, at 70°F and 750 mm of Hg pressure, per pound of carbon present.
(b) Calculate the volume of air, at the conditions of part (a), required for the combustion of 100 cu.ft of
the gas at the same conditions if it is desired that the total oxygen present before combustion shall be
20% in excess of that theoretically required.
(c) Calculate the percentage composition by volume of the gases leaving the burner of part (b), assuming
complete combustion.
(d) Calculate the volume of the gases leaving the combustion of parts (b) and (c) at a temperature of
600°F and a pressure of 750 mm of Hg per 100 cu ft of gas burned.

14. The gas from a sulfur burner has the following composition by volume:
SO3 . 0.8%
SO2 7.8%
O2 12.2%
N2, 79.2%
(a) Calculate the volume of the gas at 350°F and 29.2 in. of Hg formed per pound of sulfur burned.
(b) Calculate the percentage excess oxygen supplied for the combustion above that required for
complete oxidation to SO3.
(c) Calculate the volume of air at 70°F and 29.2 in. of Hg supplied for the combustion per pound of
sulfur burned.

15. A furnace is to be designed to burn coke at the rate of 200 lb per hour. The coke has the following
composition: Carbon 89.1% , Ash 10.9%
The grate efficiency of the furnace is such that 90% of the carbon present in the coke charged is burned.
Air is supplied in 30% excess of that required for the complete combustion of all the carbon charged. It
may be assumed that 97% of the carbon burned is oxidized to the dioxide, the remainder forming
monoxide.
(a) Calculate the composition, by volume, of the flue gases leaving the furnace.
(b) If the flue gases leave the furnace at a temperature of 550°F and a pressure of 743 mm Hg, calculate
the rate of flow of gases, in cubic feet per minute, for which the stack must be designed.

16. A by-product coke oven produces one million cubic feet of coal gas per hour having the following
analysis by volume: C6H6 =5% , C7H8=5%,CH4=40%, CO=7%,H2=35%, CO2=5%, N2=3%
The gas leaves the oven at 20psi absolute pressure and 740oF. After cooling to 100oF the benzene and
toluene are completely removed by absorption. Calculate:
(a) Average molecular weight of the gas leaving the oven and the absorber
(b) Weight of the gas leaving the oven and the absorber
(c) Volumetric composition of the gas leaving the absorber
(d) Weight of benzene and toluene absorbed

17. In the fixation of nitrogen by the arc process, air is passed through a magnetically flattened electric
arc. Some of the nitrogen is oxidized to NO, which on cooling oxidizes to NO2. Of the NO2 formed,
66% will be associated to N2O4 at 26°C. The gases are then passed into water-washed absorption towers
where nitric acid is formed by the following reaction:
H2O + 3NO2 = NO + 2HNO3
The NO liberated in this reaction will be reoxidized in part and form more nitric acid. In the operation of
such a plant it is found possible to produce gases from the arc furnace in which the nitric oxide is 2% by
volume, while hot. The gases are cooled to 26°C at a pressure of 750 mm of Hg before entering the
absorption apparatus,
(a) Calculate the complete analysis by volume of the hot gases leaving the furnace assuming that the air
entering the furnace was of average atmospheric composition.
(b) Calculate the partial pressures of the NO2 and N2O4 in the gas entering the absorption apparatus.
(c) Calculate the weight of HNO3 formed per 1000 cu ft of gas entering the absorption system if the
conversion to nitric acid of the combined nitrogen in the furnace gases is 85% complete.

18. The gas leaving a gasoline stabilizer has the following analysis by volume: C 3H8=8%,
CH4=78%,C2H6=10%, C4H10=4%
The gas leaving at 90oF and 16 psi absolute at a rate of 70000ft3/hr is fed to a gas reforming plant where
the following reactions take place:
CnH2n+2 +n H2O  n CO + (2n+1)H2
CO +H2O CO2 +H2
The CnH2n+2 gases are 95% converted and the resulting CO 90% converted by these reactions. Calculate:
(a) Average molecular weight of the gas leaving the stabilizer
(b) Weight of the gas feed to the reforming plant pounds per hour
(c) Weight of hydrogen leaving the reforming plant, pounds per hour

VAPOR PRESSURE:
 • Vaporization, Boiling point
Effect of temperature on vapor pressure
Vapor pressure plots
Raoult’s law.
•
•
The vapor pressure of ethyl ether is given in the International Critical Tables as 185
mm Hg at 0°C. The latent heat of vaporization is 92.5 calories per gram at 0°C.
Calculate the vapor pressure at 20°C and at 35°C.
Molecular weight ethyl ether = 74.

Calculate the vapor pressure of water at 363 K if the vapor pressure at 373 K is 101.3
kPa. The mean heat of vaporization in this temperature range is 2275kJ/kg.

The Antoine constants for n-heptane are A = 13.8587, B = 2911.32, and C = 56.56. Ps is
in kPa and T is in K. Calculate

(a) The vapour pressure of n-heptane at 325 K

(b) The normal boiling point of n-heptane

Calculate the total pressure and the composition of the vapors in contact with a solution
at 100°C containing 35% benzene (C6H6), 40% toluene (C6H5CH3), and 25% ortho-
xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) by weight. Vapor pressures at 100°C:

Benzene = 1340 mm Hg, Toluene = 560 mm Hg, o-Xylene = 210 mm Hg

A binary of A and B compounds have the following temperature an d
vapor pressure characteristics (vapor pressure in mm Hg)
ToC 38.5 42 46 50 54 58 62
vapor pressure A mmHg 400 458 532 615 708 812 948
vapor pressure B mm Hg 160 185 217 254 295 342 400
Calculate the P-x-y and T-x-y diagrams for the above system at 50oC
and 400mm Hg pressure respectively

Hexane and Heptane form ideal solutions. The following table gives the vapor
pressure of Hexane and Heptane.
Temperature(OC) 69 70 75 80 85 90 95 99.2
Hexane(mmHg) 760 780 915 1060 1125 1405 1577 1765
Heptane(mmHg) 295 302 348 426 498 588 675 760
Plot T-x-y and x-y diagram at 760mmHg.Where T is the temperature, x is the liquid
phase mole fraction and y is vapor phase mole fraction. Solve this problem graphically

At 360 K the vapor pressures of n-heptane and toluene are respectively 71.2kPa and 48.9
kPa. Determine the composition of the liquid and vapor in equilibrium at 360 K and 65
kPa, if it is given that n-heptane and toluene form ideal solutions.

The vapor pressures of two pure liquids A and B are respectively 100 kPa and 60 kPa at
320 K. The concentration of A in the vapor in equilibrium with a solution of A and B is
found to be 50% (mol). Determine the following: (a) The composition of the liquid (b)
The total pressure of the vapor

A liquid mixture containing 25% A, 30% B and the rest C is in equilibrium with the vapor
which contains 50% B. All percentages are on a mole basis. The equilibrium pressure and
temperature are 200 kPa and 350 K. At 350 K the vapor pressure of C is 50 kPa. What is
the percentage of A in the vapor?
HUMIDITY AND SATURATION
Relative and percentage saturation, dew point, wet bulb and dry bulb temperature, use of
humidity charts for engineering calculations.
Ethyl ether at a temperature of 20°C exerts a vapor pressure of 442 mm of Hg. Calculate
the composition of a saturated mixture of nitrogen and ether vapor at a temperature of
20°C and a pressure of 745 mm of Hg expressed in the following terms:
(a) Percentage composition by volume.
(b) Percentage composition by weight.
(c) Pounds of vapor per cubic foot of mixture.
(d) Pounds of vapor per pound of vapor-free gas.
(e) Pound-moles of vapor per pound-mole of vapor-free gas.

A mixture of acetone vapor and nitrogen contains 14.8% acetone by volume. Calculate
the relative saturation and the percentage saturation of the mixture at a temperature of
20°C and a pressure of 745 mm of Hg. The vapor pressure of acetone at 20°C is 184.8
mm of Hg

Moist air is found to contain 8.1 grains of water vapor per cubic foot at a temperature of
30°C. Calculate the temperature to which it must be heated in order that its relative
saturation shall be 15%.

A mixture of benzene vapor and air contains 10.1% benzene by volume.(a) Calculate the
dew point of the mixture when at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 750 mm of
Hg.(b) Calculate the dew point when the mixture is at a temperature of 30°C and a
pressure of 750 mm of Hg.(c) Calculate the dew point when the mixture is at a
temperature of 30°C and a pressure of 700 mm of Hg.

It is proposed to recover acetone, which is used as a solvent in an extraction process, by

evaporation into a stream of nitrogen. The nitrogen enters the evaporator at a temperature
of 30°C containing acetone such that its dew point is 10°C. It leaves at a temperature of
25°C with a dew point of 20°C. The barometric pressure is constant at 750 mm of Hg.
(a) Calculate the vapor concentrations of the gases entering and leaving the evaporator,
expressed in moles of vapor per mole of vapor-free gas.
(b) Calculate the moles of acetone evaporated per mole of vapor-free gas passing through
the evaporator.
(c) Calculate the weight of acetone evaporated per 1000 cu ft of gases entering the
evaporator.
(d) Calculate the volume of gases leaving the evaporator per 1000 cu ft entering.
The vapor pressure of acetone is: 116 mmHg at 10°C, 185 mmHg at 20°C
Air at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of
80%.
(a) Calculate the molal humidity of the air.
(b) Calculate the molal humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 10°C and its
pressure increased to 35 psi, condensing out some of the water.
(c) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 1000 cu ft of the original wet air in
cooling and compressing to the conditions of part (b).
(d) Calculate the final volume of the wet air of part (c).
Vapor pressure of water: 17.5 mm of Hg at 20°C , 9.2 mm of Hg at 10°C

A mixture of dry flue gases and acetone at a pressure of 750 mm Hg and a temperature of
30°C has a dew point of 25°C. It is proposed to condense 90% of the acetone in this
mixture by cooling to 5°C and compressing. Calculate the necessary pressure in pounds
per square inch.
Vapor pressure of acetone: at 30°C = 282.7 mm Hg , at 25°C = 229.2 mm Hg ,at 5°C =
89.1 mm Hg

1. (a) Calculate the composition, by volume and by weight, of air which is saturated with
water vapor at a pressure of 750mm of Hg and a temperature of 70°F.
(b) Calculate the composition by volume and by weight of carbon dioxide which is
saturated with water vapor at the conditions of part a. (The necessary data may be
obtained from Table 5.)

2. Nitrogen is saturated with benzene vapor at a temperature of 30°C and a pressure of

720 mm of Hg. Calculate the composition of the mixture, expressed in the following
terms:
(a) Percentage by volume. (b) Percentage by weight.
(c) Grains of benzene per cubic foot of mixture.
(d) Pounds of benzene per pound of nitrogen.
(e) Pound-moles of benzene per pound-mole of nitrogen.

Equilibrium vapor pressure of benzene at 30°C = 120 mmHg

1lb =7000 grains

3. Carbon dioxide contains 0.053 lb-mole of water vapor per pound-mole of dry CO2 at a
temperature of 35°C and a total pressure of 750 mm of Hg.
(a) Calculate the relative saturation of the mixture.
(b) Calculate the percentage saturation of the mixture.
(c) Calculate the temperature to which the mixture must be heated in order that the
relative saturation shall be 30%.
vapor pressure of water at 35°C (95°F) = (1.6607+1.7117)/2=1.6607 in. Hg = 42.182
mmHg
Vapor pressure of water : at 132°F =4.7725 in. Hg , at 134°F = 5.0314 in. Hg

4. A mixture of benzene and air at a temperature of 30°C and a pressure of 760 mm Hg is

found to have a dew point of 15 °C. ,
(a) Calculate the percentage by volume of benzene.
(b) Calculate the moles of benzene per mole of air.
(c) Calculate the weight of benzene per unit weight of air.
Equilibrium vapor of benzene at 15 °C = 60mmHg (from fig.15)

7. It is desired to construct a dryer for removing 100 lb of water per hour. Air is supplied
to the drying chamber at a temperature of 66°C, a pressure of 760 mm Hg, and a dew
point of 4.5°C. If the air leaves the dryer at a temperature of 35°C, a pressure of 755 mm
of Hg, and a dew-point of 24°C, calculate the volume of air, at the initial conditions,
which must be supplied per hour.

8. Air, at a temperature of 60°C, a pressure of 745 mm of Hg, and a percentage humidity

of 10%, is supplied to a dryer at a rate of 50,000 cu ft per hour. Water is evaporated in the
dryer at a rate of 50 lb per hour. The air leaves at a temperature of 35°C, and a pressure of
742 mm of Hg.
(a) Calculate the percentage humidity of the air leaving the dryer.
(b) Calculate the volume of wet air leaving the dryer per hour.
Equilibrium vapor of water at 60°C (140°F)
= 5.8812 in.Hg = 149.4 mmHg (from table 5/page 82)
Equilibrium vapor of water at 35°C (95°F) = 1.6607 in.Hg = 42.1878 mmHg (from table
5/page 82)

Illuminating gas at a temperature of 100°F and a pressure of 760 mm Hg enters a gas

holder carrying 20 grains of water vapor per cubic foot. If, in the holder, the gas is cooled
to 35°F, calculate the weight of water condensed per 1000 cu ft of gas entering the holder.
The pressure in the holder remains constant.
Vapor pressure of water at 35°F = 0.20365 in.Hg
 = 5.1727 mmHg=partial pressure

11. A gas mixture at a temperature of 27°C and a pressure of 750 mm of Hg contains

carbon disulfide vapor such that the percentage saturation is 70%. Calculate the
temperature to which the gas must be cooled, at constant pressure, in order to condense
40% of the CS2 present.
Equilibrium vapor of CS2 at 27°C (80.6°F) =400 mmHg (from fig 15/page 84)
Partial pressure of CS2 = 0.3248 x 750 =243.6 mmHg = vapor pressure
from fig 15/page 84 T=14oC

12. A compressed-air tank having a volume of 15 cu ft is filled with air at a gauge

pressure of 200 psi and a temperature of 85°F and saturated with water vapor. The tank is
filled by compressing atmospheric air at a pressure of 14.5 psi, a temperature of 75°F,
and a percentage humidity of 60%. Calculate the amount of water vapor condensed in
compressing enough air to fill the tank,
assuming that it originally contained air at atmospheric conditions.

13. Air at a temperature of 30°C and a pressure of 750 mm of Hg has a percentage

humidity of 60. Calculate the pressure to which this air must be compressed, at constant
temperature, in order to remove 90% of the water present.
Vapor pressure of water at 86°F = 1.2527 in.Hg = 31.81858 mmHg
At 30°C vapor pressure = Partial pressure =31.8185 mm Hg

14. In a process in which benzene is used as a solvent it is evaporated into dry nitrogen.
The resulting mixture at a temperature of 24°C and a pressure of 14.7psi has a percentage
saturation of 60. It is desired to condense 80% of the benzene present by a cooling and
compressing process. If the temperature is reduced to 10°C to what pressure must the gas
be compressed?
Vapor pressure of benzene at 30oC (86°F) = 120 mmHg=2.321 psi
At 10°C vapor pressure =28 mm Hg= Partial pressure

15. Acetone is used as a solvent in a certain process. Recovery of the acetone is

accomplished by evaporation in a stream of nitrogen, followed by cooling and
compression of the gas-vapor mixture. In the solvent recovery unit, 50 lb of acetone are
to be removed per hour. The nitrogen is admitted at a temperature of 100°F and 750 mm
of mercury pressure, and the partial pressure of the acetone in the incoming nitrogen is
10.0 mm of mercury. The nitrogen leaves at 85°F, 740 mm of mercury,and a percentage
saturation of 85%.
(a) How many ft3 of the incoming gas-vapor mixture must be admitted per hour to obtain
the required rate of evaporation of the acetone?
(b) How many ft3 of the gas-vapor mixture leave the solvent recovery unit per hour?
Vapor pressure of acetone at 85°F = 287 mmHg

17. A continuous dryer is operated under such conditions that 250 lb of water are
removed per hour from the stock being dried. The air enters the dryer at 175°F, and a
pressure of 765 mm of mercury. The dew point of the air is 40°F. The air emerges from
the dryer at 95°F, a pressure of 755 mm of mercury, and at 90% relative humidity.
(a) How many cubic feet of the original air must be supplied per hour?
(b) How many cubic feet of air emerge from the dryer per hour?
Vapor pressure of water at 40°F = 0.2478 x 24.5 = 6.29 mmHg
Vapor pressure of water at 95°F = 1.6607 x 24.5 = 42.18178 mmHg

18. An organic chemical must be dried in an atmosphere of hydrogen in a vaccum type

drier operating at 100mmHg absolute pressure. The hydrogen water vapor mixer leaves
the drier at 80oF and 80% humidity. Calculate the number of pounds of hydrogen
required per pound of water evaporated.
Vapor pressure of water at 80°F = 1.0321 x 24.5 = 26.2 mmHg

21. Air at 25°C, 740 mm of mercury, and 55% relative humidity is compressed to 10 atm.
(a) To what temperature must the gas-vapor mixture be cooled if 90% of the water is to
be condensed?
(b) On the basis of 1 cu ft of original air, what will be the volume of the gas vapor
mixture at 10 atmospheres after cooling to the final temperature?
Vapor pressure of water vapor at 25oC (77°F) = 0.93545in.Hg= 23.76 mmHg
Vapor pressure of water : at 60°F = 0.5218 in. Hg , at 62°F = 0.5601 in. Hg

An air–water vapor sample at 101.3 kPa has a dry-bulb temperature of 328 K and is 10%
saturated with water vapor. Using the psychrometric chart determine the following:
(a) The absolute humidity, kg water vapor per kg dry air
(b) The partial pressure of water vapor
(c) The absolute saturation humidity at 328 K
(d) The vapor pressure of water at 328 K
(e)The percent relative saturation
(f) The dew point of the system

An air–water vapor sample at 101.3 kPa has a dry-bulb temperature of 333 K and an
absolute humidity of 0.01 kg water vapor per kg dry air. Using the psychrometric chart,
determine the following:
(a) The percent saturation
(b) The partial pressure of water vapor
(c) The absolute saturation humidity at 333 K
(d) The vapor pressure of water at 333 K
(e) The percent relative saturation
(f) The dew point of the system
(g) The wet-bulb temperature
MATERIAL BALANCE WITHOUT CHEMICAL REACTION
Steps for Solving Material Balance Problems
We can summarize the various points we made above into the following step-by-step
procedure for the solution of material balance problems.
1. Read the entire problem carefully.
2. Draw a picture of the equipment/unit.
3. Label the flow of each stream and associated composition with symbols.
4. List all the available data on composition and stream flows in the picture. Calculate
additional compositions from the given data as necessary.
5. Establish the key component or tie element.
6. Select a suitable basis for calculation.
7. With the chosen basis, write the overall material balance and the individual balances
for the components.
8. Before attempting to solve, check whether the number of unknowns and the number of
equations formulated are equal.
The number of unknown quantities cannot exceed the number of independent material
balance equations.
Otherwise, the problem is indeterminate. If the number of independent equations exceeds
the number of unknown quantities, the choice of the equations to be used for solving the
problem is left to your judgement.
9. Solve the equations.
10. Check the answers by substituting them, or at least some of them into the material
balances.

Wood containing 40% moisture is dried to 5% moisture. What mass of water in kilograms
is evaporated per kg of dry wood?

A soap plant produces raw soap containing 50% moisture. This is to be dried to 20%
moisture before it is pressed into cakes for sale. How many 100-g soap pieces can be
obtained from 1000 kg of original raw soap?

A batch of leather leaving a dryer weighs 1000 kg and contains 5% moisture. During
drying the leather loses 50% of its original weight. Determine the following:
(a) The moisture content of the leather entering the dryer on a dry basis
(b) The amount of moisture removed per kg of bone dry leather
(c) Water removed as percent of the original water present
A wet paper pulp containing 70% water is dried in order to remove 60% of the water
present. Determine the following:
(a) The mass of water removed per 100 kg of wet pulp
(b) The composition of the dried pulp

Wood containing 40% moisture is dried to 20% moisture, both moistures expressed on a
wet basis. Determine the quantity of water evaporated per kilogram dry wood.

A drier is fed with wet solid to reduce the moisture content from 80% to 15%. The
product leaving the drier is admitted to an oven which further brings down the moisture
to 2%. If the drier can handle 1000 kg of wet solid per day, calculate (a) The weight of
products leaving the drier and the oven per day (b) The percentage of the original water
that is removed in the drier and the oven

1000 kg of mixed acid of composition 40% H2SO4, 45% HNO3 and 15% H2O is to be
produced by strengthening waste acid of composition 30% H2SO4, 36% HNO3 and 34%
H2O by weight. Concentrated sulphuric acid of strength 95% and concentrated nitric acid
containing 80% are available for this purpose. How many kilograms of spent acid and
concentrated acids are to be mixed together?

Waste acid from a nitrating process contains 25% HNO3, 55% H2SO4 and 20% H2O by
weight. This is to be concentrated to get fortified acid containing 27% HNO3, 60%
H2SO4 and 13% water. This is done by adding concentrated H2SO4 of strength 93%
H2SO4 and concentrated HNO3 of strength 90% HNO3 in suitable quantities to the
waste acid. If 1000 kg fortified acid is to be produced, calculate the kg of the various
solutions mixed.

A mixed acid containing 65% H2SO4, 20% HNO3 and 15% H2O on a weight basis is to
be prepared by blending spent acid (60% H2SO4, 10% HNO3, and 30% H2O),
concentrated nitric acid (90% HNO3 and 10% H2O) and concentrated sulphuric acid
(96% H2SO4 and 4% H2O). How many kilograms each should be used to obtain1000 kg
of the mixed acid?
A weak acid containing 12.5% H2SO4 and the rest water is fortified by adding 500 kg of
concentrated acid containing 80% H2SO4. Determine the amount of the solution obtained
if it contains 18.5% H2SO4. (Ans = 5625 kg)

One hundred kilograms of a dilute waste acid containing 30.0% sulphuric acid is to be
fortified to 50.0% sulphuric acid using concentrated sulphuric acid of strength
96.0%.How many kilograms of concentrated sulphuric acid are required for this process?

It is decided to measure the flow rate of a pure air stream by injecting pure CO2 at a rate
of 10 mol/h into the flowing stream. The resultant mixture analyzed 8.6% CO2 on a mole
basis. What is the flow rate of air? (Ans=106.28 mol/h)

An evaporator while concentrating an aqueous solution from 10 to 40% solids evaporates

30000 kg of water.
The amount of feed solution in kgs is –
The amount of CONCENTRATED STREAM in kgs is –
The amount of solids handled by the system in kgs is –

An evaporator is fed continuously with 50000 kg/h of a solution containing 10% NaOH,
10% NaCl, and the rest water by weight. During evaporation, water is removed as vapour
and salt NaCl precipitates as crystals and is removed by filtration. The concentrated
liquor leaving the evaporator contains 50% NaOH, 2% NaCl, and the rest water.
Determine
(a) the mass of water evaporated per hour;
(b) the mass of salt precipitated per hour;
(c) the mass of concentrated liquor produced per hour

One thousand kilograms per hour of a mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) containing
50% benzene by mass is separated by distillation into two fractions. The mass flow rate
of benzene in the top stream is 450 kg B/h and that of toluene in the bottom stream is 475
kg T/h. The operation is at steady state. Write balances on benzene and toluene to
calculate the unknown component flow rates in the output streams.

1000kg/hr of a mixture containing equal parts by mass of benzene and toluene is distilled
to get an overhead product containing 95% benzene(by weight). The flow rate of bottom
stream being 512 kg/hr . Calculate
(a) the percentage of toluene in the bottom product (by weight)
(b) the flow rate of overhead product and its molar composition
(c) molar percentage of benzene in the feed

An aqueous solution of ethanol containing 10% by weight ethanol is continuously

distilled at a rate of 1000 kg/h in a distillation column. Ten percent of the feed is
recovered as distillate product which contains 60% ethanol and 40% water. Calculate the
following:
(a) The weight of alcohol lost in the bottom product
(b) The composition of the bottom product

A distillation column is charged with aqueous solution of ethanol containing 35% ethanol
by weight. The concentrated alcohol is withdrawn as the distillate containing 85%
alcohol. The bottom product (residue) contains 5% ethanol. Determine the following:
(a) The mass of distillate per 100 kg of feed
(b) The ratio of the mass of the distillate to mass of the residue

A benzene-toluene solution containing 40% (weight) benzene is fed into the distillation
column. A distillate product which is rich in benzene leaves the top of the column and a
residue which is rich in toluene leaves the bottom of the column. The distillate contains
97% (weight) benzene and the bottom product contains 95% (weight) toluene.Calculate
the following:
The composition of the feed, distillate and the bottom product in mole %
(b) The moles of distillate and bottom product
obtained by separating 100 moles/hour

One hundred moles of a hydrocarbon mixture consisting of 20% ethane, 40% propane
and 40% butane is admitted to the first column of a series of two distillation columns.
The top product from this column contains 95% ethane, 4% propane and 1% butane. The
bottom product enters the second column in the series where it is subjected to further
purification. The distillate leaving the second column is 99% propane and 1% butane and
the bottom product is 8.4% propane and 91.6% butane. Calculate (a) the quantity and
composition of the bottom product from the first column and (b) the quantity of the
distillate from the second column.
An aqueous solution of methanol containing 20% (weight) methanol is to be separated
into a distillate product containing 97% (weight) methanol and a bottom product
containing 2% (weight) methanol. For treating 100 kg of feed with a reflux ratio of 3.5 on
a weight basis, calculate the following:
(a) The amounts of distillate and bottom products
(b) The amount of vapor condensed in the condenser per kg of distillate
(c) The amount of vapor condensed in the condenser per kg of feed.

A continuous distillation column is used to regenerate solvent for use in a solvent

extraction unit. The column treats 200 kmol/h of a feed containing 10% (mol) ethyl
alcohol and the rest water. The overhead product is 89% (mol) alcohol and the bottom
product is 0.3% (mol) alcohol. The overhead is sent to the extraction unit and the bottom
is wasted. What is the daily requirement of make-up alcohol in the solvent extraction
unit?

A crystallizer is charged with 100 kg of a solution containing 25% Ba(NO3)2 in water.

On cooling 10% of the original water present evaporates. Calculate the yield of crystals
when the solution is cooled to 283 K. The solubility at 283 K is 7.0 kg Ba(NO3)2/100 kg
total water.

An aqueous solution of Na2CO3 contains 15% carbonate by weight. 80% of the

carbonate is recovered as Na2CO3.10H2O by evaporation of water and subsequent
cooling to 278 K. The solubility of Na2CO3 at 278 K is 9.0% (weight). On the basis of
100 kg of solution treated, determine the following:
(a) The quantity of crystals formed
(b) The amount of water evaporated

A solution of sodium chloride in water is saturated at a temperature of 15°C. Calculate

the weight of NaCl which can be dissolved by 100 lb of this solution if it is heated to a
temperature of 65°C.
Solubility of NaCl at 15°C = 6.12 lb-moles per 1000 lb of H2O
Solubility of NaCl at 65°C = 6.37 lb-moles per 1000 lb of H2O

After a crystallization process a solution of calcium chloride in water contains 62 kg of

CaCl2 per 100 kg of water. Calculate the weight of this solution necessary to dissolve
250 kg of CaCl2.6H20 at a temperature of 25°C.
Solubility at 25°C = 7.38 kg-moles of CaCl2 per 1000 kg of H2O.
Mol wt of CaCl2 = 111, xF =62/162=0.382716

A solution of potassium dichromate in water contains 13% K2Cr2O7 by weight. From

1000 kg of this solution are evaporated 640 kg of water. The remaining solution is cooled
to 20°C. Calculate the amount and the percentage yield of K2Cr2O7 crystals produced.
Solubility of K2Cr2O7 at 20°C = 0.390 kmole per 1000 kg H2O

. A solution of potassium dichromate in water contains 13%

K2Cr2O7 by weight. From 1000 kg of this solution is evaporated to remove
some amount of water. The remaining solution is cooled to 20°C. If the yield of
K2Cr2O7 crystals is 79.706%. Calculate the amount of water evaporated.
Solubility of K2Cr2O7 at 20°C = 0.390 kmole per 1000 kg H2O

A solution of sodium sulfate in water is saturated at a temperature of 40°C. Calculate the

weight of crystals and the percentage yield obtained by cooling 100 kg of this solution to
a temperature of 6°C.
The solubility data : at40°C:32.6% Na2SO4, at 5°C: 5.75% Na2SO4.

1000 kg of a 30% solution of Na2CO3 in water is cooled slowly to a temperature at

which the salt crystallizes out as Na2CO3.10H2O. The solubility of anhydrous Na2CO3
in water at this temperature is 25 kg/100 kg of water. During cooling, 20% of the water
originally present is evaporated. Determine the mass of Na2CO3.10H2O precipitated.

A process stream contains 4% (weight) salt and the rest water. This is prepared by
passing a part of pure water stream through a saturator containing the salt. The solution
leaving the saturator containing 20% salt is mixed with the pure water bypassed to get the
process stream. What fraction of the pure water available is to be passed through the
saturator?

Fresh orange juice contains 12% solids and the rest water. It is concentrated to contain
42%solids. In the present process, the evaporator is bypassed with a fraction of fresh
juice. Juice that enters the evaporator is concentrated to 58% solids and is mixed with the
bypassed juice to achieve the derived final concentration. Calculate the amount final juice
per kg of fresh juice fed to the process, the fraction of the feed that bypasses the
evaporator.
In a process for concentrating 1000 kg of freshly extracted orange juice containing 15%
solids, the juice is strained, yielding 750 kg of strained juice and 250 kg of pulpy juice.
The strained juice is concentrated in a vacuum evaporator to give an evaporated juice of
60% solids. The 250 kg of pulpy juice is bypassed around the evaporator and mixed with
the evaporated juice in a mixer to improve the flavour. The final concentrated juice
contains 40% solids. Calculate the following:
(a) The mass of final concentrated juice
(b) The concentration of solids in the strained juice
(c) The concentration of solids in the pulpy juice[(a) 375 kg (b) 10% (c) 30%]

It is desired that the concentration of i-pentane in the feed to a natural gasoline plant
should not be more than 10% by mole. This is prepared by passing a fraction of a
hydrocarbon-feed stream made up of n-pentane and i-pentane in the mole ratio 4 : 1
through an i-pentane recovery unit as a side-stream. The stream leaving this tower is free
of i-pentane. It is mixed with the fraction of the original mixture that is not passed
through the recovery tower to get the feed stock to the natural gasoline plant. What
percent of the original hydrocarbon mixture should be treated for removing the
isopentane?

A distillation column separates 10000 kg/h of a 55% benzene and 45% toluene mixture.
The product recovered from the condenser at the top of the column contains 97% benzene
and the bottom from the column contains 98% toluene. The vapor stream entering the
condenser from the top of the column is 9000 kg/h. A portion of the product is returned to
the column as reflux, and the rest is withdrawn for use elsewhere. Assume that the
composition of the streams at the top of the column, the product withdrawn and the liquid
reflux are identical. All compositions are on a weight basis. Find the ratio of the amount
refluxed to the product withdrawn.

A feed consisting of 30% benzene, 40% toluene, and 30% xylene is separated into a
distillate containing 93% benzene, 5.5% toluene and 1.5% xylene, and a bottom product
containing 2.0% benzene. All percentages are on a mole basis. The reflux ratio is 3.0 and
the feed rate is 100 kmol/h. Calculate the following:
(a) The composition of the residue
(b) The masses of distillate and residue
(c) Recovery of xylene plus toluene in the residue
(d) The mass of vapor condensed in the condenser
Final purification stage in the preparation of certain pharmaceutical product A from
natural sources requires centrifuging and continuous filtration as depicted in Figure.
Determine the flow rate of the recycle stream in kg/h.

Sea water is desalinated by reverse osmosis as shown in Figure . All compositions are on
a mass basis. Calculate R/E.

Potable water containing not more than 500 ppm dissolved salt is made by desalinization
by reverse osmosis of sea water which contains 3.1% salt. Fresh sea water is admitted at a
rate of 1000 kg/h. Potable water is withdrawn from the reverse osmosis cell as product
while a fraction of the brine that leaves the cell and containing 5.25% salt is recycled.
The concentration of salt in the stream entering the cell after mixing the recycle stream
with fresh sea water is 4.0%. Determine the following:
(a) The rate at which brine is removed from the plant, kg/h
(b) The rate at which potable water is produced, kg/h
(c) The fraction of the brine leaving the cell that is recycled.