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SHAFTINGS
Shaft – a rotating member supported by bearings and
transmitting power
Axle – a stationary member, principally loaded in
bending with gears, pulleys and wheels rotating
on it.
Spindle – a short shaft or axle on machine

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Two General Classes on Shafts:

1. Machine Shaft – a shaft forming an integral part of the
machine itself.
2. Transmission Shaft - a shaft used to transmit power
between the source and the machines absorbing the
power

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Types of Transmission Shafts:

1. Line Shaft or Main Shaft
- is one driven by a prime mover

2. Countershafts or Jackshafts or Headshafts

- are shafts intermediate between a line shaft
and a driven machine

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Layout of Power Transmission

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SHAFT MATERIALS:
(from Mechanical Design of Machine Elements by Collins)
o for power transmission shaftings
- is made of low or medium carbon steel, either hot-rolled or cold-drawn
o Most common for shafting applications
- AISI 1010, 1018, 1020 or 1035
o If higher strength is required
- low-alloy steels with appropriate heat treatment
ex. AISI 4140, 4340 or 8640
o For forged shaftings such as automobile crankshafts
- AISI 1040 or 1045
o If case hardening is necessary to achieve acceptable wear resistance
- carburizing steels such as AISI 1020, 4320 or 8620
o For special design conditions or environments such as corrosive environment or
elevated temperature
- stainless steel, titanium or Inconel
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DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
Stresses :
1. For Torsion only for hollow
for solid
16 TD o
16 T S st =
S st = (D o4 − D i4 )
D 3
or
16 T
S st =
D 3o (1 − B 4 )
where :
Di
B=
Do

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let,
 = angular deformation

from MD by Faires,
for solid  = 0.08 - 1 per ft for
machinery shafts
 = 1 for L = 20 D for transmission
shafts
then,
from MD by Collins
for hollow  = 0.001 in per ft

then,

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2. For bending only, 3. For torsion and bending,
for solid shaft

for solid

then, for hollow shaft

for hollow

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2. For axial, bending and torsion
from eqn 8-6 & 8-7, p.179 MD by Vallance

where:
α = ratio of the maximum intensity of stress resulting from the
axial load to the average axial stress

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where:
Sy – yield strength in compression
L – length between supporting
bearings
n – a constant which depends on
the type of support
n = 1 for hinged ends
n = 2.25 for fixed ends
n = 1.6 for bearing supports
K = radius of gyration
for hollow,

for solid

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SHAFT DESIGN USING ASME CODE:

Stresses :
1. For bending only 2. For torsion only

then,
then,

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3. For bending and torsion

4. For axial, bending and torsion

a. Normal Stress

b. If axial load is tensile, α = 1

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c. for hollow shaft

where:
km = combined shock and fatigue factor to applied to the
computed bending moment
ks = combined shock and fatigue factor to be applied to the
computed torque
Note: for km and ks, refer to Table 9.1, p.279 MD, by Faires

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DESIGN STRESS:
1. Shear Design Stress
Ssd = 0.3 Syt If not given, the allowable stress from ASME Code
Ssd = 0.18 Sut for comercial shaftings are:
1. For simple torsion
Sd = 8,000 psi for shaft w/o keyway
2. Normal Design Stress Sd = 6,000 psi for shaft with keyway
Sd = 0.6 Syt 2. For simple bending
Sd = 0.36 Sut Sd = 16,000 psi for shaft w/o keyway
Sd = 12,000 psi for shaft with keyway

3. For shaft with keyway

Sd = 0.75 (Sdshear or normal)

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SHAFT DESIGN USING PSME CODE:

For solid shaft subjected to torsion only :
1. For main power transmitting shaft
Sd = allowable stress
= 282 kg/cm2 2. For line shaft carrying pulleys
Sd = allowable stress
= 423 kg/cm2
or,

or, 3

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3. For small, short shaft 4. For a given torque
Sd = allowable stress or,
= 599 kg/cm2

where:
or, P = power transmitted, hp
D = diameter of shaft, in
N = n = rotative speed, rpm
T = torque, lb.in
Ss = allowable stress, psi

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Example:
A 3 inches diameter shaft carrying pulleys close to the
bearings transmit how much horsepower if the shaft makes
280 rpm.
for short shaft,

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Example:
A main power transmitting shaft transmits 350 KW to drive a
generator at 2500 rpm. What is the required diameter of the
shaft?
for main power transmitting shaft,

subs,
3
but,

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Example:
A 2 in steel shaft is to be replaced by a hollow shaft of the same
material equal in torsional strength, yet the hollow shaft weighs
only half as much as the solid shaft per unit length. Find the
dimension of the hollow shaft.

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subs,

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Example:
What diameter of a hollow shaft is required to carry a bending moment of 1,800,000
N.mm together with a torque of 4,500,000 N.mm if the diameter of the hole is equal to
0.6 of the outside diameter of the shaft ? Loads are steady and the shaft rotates.
Maximum shearing stress equals 70 MPa. Use ASME Code.

M = 1,800,000 N.mm
T = 4,500,000 N.mm
Sstmax = 70 MPa
= 70 N/mm2
from ASME Code,

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Example:
A machine shaft supported on
bearings 8 ft apart is to transmit
250 hp at 200 rpm while subjected
to a reversed bending load of 1000
lb located at a distance of 2 ft from
one bearing. Allow a shear stress
of 6,000 psi and a bending stress
of 12,000 psi, determine: the shaft
diameter for steady loading.

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machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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