m1 Stress, Strain

Module 1 – Stress/Strain CIT - UNIVERSITY
SIMPLE/DIRECT STRESS
Definition of Terms:
1. Stress – a total resistance that a material offers to an
applied load
- is force per unit area
2. Strength – the ability of a material to withstand load
without failure
3. Strain – is the amount by which a dimension of a body
changes when the body is subjected to a load, divided
by the original value of the dimension.
machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

where:
P - proportional limit
- is the point on the stress-strain curve at which it begins to deviate
from the straight-line relationship between stress and strain
E – elastic limit
- is the maximum stress to which a test specimen may be subjected
and still return to its original length upon release of the load
Y – yield point
- is the point on the stress-strain curve at which there is a sudden
increase in strain without a corresponding increase in stress
U – ultimate point
- is the maximum stress obtained on a stress-strain curve
B – breaking or rupture point
- is the stress which failure occurs

Objective of Machine Design:
- to design a machine member, component, parts or

elements within a “SAFE” operating capability
SAFE CONCEPT:
- there’s no failure or break
- the applied load (to the machine or component)
must not exceed its strength

Types of Simple Loading

1. Tensile load
2. Compressive load
3. Shearing load
4. Bearing load
5. Bending load
6. Tortional load

1. Tension
A
D
F F
where: let,
 2 St = induced tensile stress
A = 4 D for solid circular
 F
A = 4 (D − D ) for solid circular
2
O i
2
= , KPa pr psi
A
A = bh for rectangular

For design calculations,

let,
Sd = design stress
= working stress
= allowable stress
for ductile materials,

> if no deformation is allowed
S yt
Sd = where,
NSy
Syt = yield strength in tension
Nsy = factor of safety


> if deformation is allowed
S ut
Sd =
N Su where,
Sut = ultimate strength in tension
Nsu = factor of safety
for brittle materials,

> design is based on the ultimate strength
S ut
Sd =
N Su

Example:
A steel tie rod on bridge must be made to withstand a pull
of 5,000 lbs. Find the diameter of the rod assuming a
factor of 5 and ultimate stress of 64,000 psi?
from,
subs,
S
Sd = u
N Su 4(5000lb)
=
64,000  (12,800lb / in 2 )
=
D=? 5 = 0.92in
Sd = 12,800 psi
let,
Sd = S t
F
=
F = 5,000 lbs A
F
=

d2
4
Example:
A rectangular rod 2 in x 3 in in cross section is subjected to
100,000 lb of tension. What material should be selected to
carry the loading above?
F
from,
F 100,100lb
2 in
St = = 2inx3in
3 in
A
= 16,666.67 lb/in2 or psi
F = 100,000 lb

Example 3, con’t.:
Let, substituting,
S d = St Su = 16,666.67(4)
= 66,666.67 psi
If design is based on ultimate
strength, select steel material having ultimate
from, Su strength greater than 66,666.67
Sd = psi
N Su
from Table AT 7, p. 576, Machine
Su = Sd x NSu Design by Faires
from Table 1.1, p.20, Machine use, AISI C1010, cold drawn
Design by Faires
steel
for dead load and steel(ductile)
based on ultimate strength, (with Su = 67 ksi)
NSu = 3 – 4
use,
NSu = 4
2. Compression A
D
F F
where: let,
 2
A = 4 D for solid circular Sc= induced F
compressive stress
 = , KPa pr psi
A = 4 (D − D ) for solid circular
2
O i
2
A
A = bh for rectangular


let,
Sd = design stress
= working stress
= allowable stress

S yc
Sd = where,
NSy
Syc = yield strength in compression


S uc
Sd =
N Su where,
Suc = ultimate strength in compression

> design is basd on the ultimate strength
S uc
Sd =
N Su

Example:
Calculate the compressive stress of a sign board support with a
load of 2000 lb. A hollow cylinder is used with an outside
diameter of 6 inches and thickness of 0.75 inch.
F = 2,000 lb
from, from,
Do = Di + 2t Sc =
F
A
Di = Do – 2t
F
=
= 6 – 2 (0.75) 
( Do − Di )
2 2
Di = 4.5 in 4
t= 0.75 in 2000lb
=

D = 6 in (6 2 − 4.52 )in 2
4
= 161.68 psi

Example:
Design the diameter of a circular rod to carry a compressive
load of 50,000 lb using C1045, as rolled steel.
F = 50,000 lb
from, Table AT 7, p.576, Machine Design by Faires
for C1045, as rolled
Su = 66 ksi
Sy = 59 ksi
D=? If design is based on yield strength,
from Table 1.1, p.20, MD by Faires
for dead load, steel material
NSy = 1.5 – 2
thus,
S yc 59,000 psi
Sd = =
N Sy 2
Sd = 29,500 psi

Example 6, con’t:
If design is based on ultimate strength,
let,
from Table 1.1, p.20, MD by Faires
Sc = Sd
F F for dead load, steel material
Sc = = NSu = 3 – 4
A  D2
4 use, NSu = 4
then, Suc 96,000 psi
4F 4F Sd = =
D2 = D= N Su 4
S c or S c Sd = 24,000 psi
4(50,000lb)
D= let, Sc = Sd
lb
 (29,000 2 ) = 1.469 in Sc =
F
=
F
in A  D2
Note: Standardize dimensions to nearest 4
commercial size! D=
4 F 4(50,000)
=
S d  (24,000)
from Chapter 1.22 Preferred
Sizes(Standard D = 1.6287 in
Fractions), p.32, MD by Faires ( note: standardized)
use, D= 1 ½ in use, D = 1 5/8 in

3. Bearing
where: let,
A = projected area Sb = induced bearing stress
A=DxL F
= A , KPa pr psi


let,
Sd = design stress
= working stress
= allowable stress

S yb
Sd = where,
NSy
Syb = yield strength in bearing


S ub
Sd =
N Su where,
Sub = ultimate strength in bearing

S ub
Sd =
N Su

Example:
A 2.5” diameter by 2” long journal bearing is to carry a 5500 lb.
Load at 3600 rpm using SAE 40 lube oil at 200 °F through a
single hole at 25 psi. compute the bearing pressure.
from, subs,
= 5500 lb F 5500lb
Sb = Sb =
A (2.5in)(2in)
= 2.5 in =
F S b = 1,100 psi
= 2.5 in
dxL

Example 8:
Two 30 mm thick plate is fastened by a bolt, 25 mm in diameter. If
the plate is subjected to 50 KN tension, find the bearing stress in
bolts.
from, subs,
50,000 N
F F = 50 KN F Sb =
Sb = (0.025m)(0.03m)
t = 30 mm
A Sb = 66,666,666.67 Pa
F
= or
dxt Sb = 66.67 MPa
d = 25 mm

4. Shearing
let,
Ss = induced shearing stress
where: F
A = area normal to the applied
= A , KPa pr psi
load


let,
Sd = design stress
= working stress
= allowable stress

S ys
Sd = where,
N S ys
Sys = yield strength in shearing


Sus
Sd =
N Su where,
Sub = ultimate strength in shearing

Sus
Sd =
N Su

Example:
The ultimate shear strength of a 5/8 in. thick steel plate is 42,000
psi. What force is necessary to punch a 3/4 in diameter hole?
from, subs,
=?
F 3 5
F = (42,000lb)( )( in)( in)
S us = 4 8
A F = 61,850lb
5/8 in =
F = S us A
= ¾ in
F = dt

Example:
How many ¾ in. holes could be punched in one stroke in annealed steel
plate of AISI C1040 Sus = 58.5 ksi), 3/16 in thick, by a force of 60
tons.
from, subs,
S s = S us FT
= 60 tons n=
F F F
S us = = 2000lb
A dt 60tonsx
F = S usdt n= ton
lb 3 3 25,844lbs / holes
3/16 in = F = 58,500 ( )( in )( in)
= ¾ in in 2
4 16 n = 4.64holes
F = 25,844.51lbs / hole therefore,
n = 4holes

SIMPLE STRAIN
D
F F
Strain, 
- is the amount by which a dimension of a body
changes when the body is subjected to a load
divided by the original value of the dimension.
 ,mm/mm or in/in or
=
L unitless

from Hooke’s Law,

-within the proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain
S∞
or S=E
where:
E – Young’s Modulus
or Modulus of Elasticity

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

but,
F
S=
A
and,

=
L
subs,
F 
=E
A L
FL
=
AE

Shear Deformation
let,
s = shearing deformation
s = shearing strain
s
s =
L
applying Hooke’s Law to shear,

Ss ∞  s
or
Ss = G  s
where:
G = modulus of rigidity
but, F
Ss =
A
subs, F 
=G s
A L
FL
s =
AG
Poisson’s Ratio
-is the ratio of lateral unit deformation to axial
unit deformation
let,
 = poisson’s ratio also,
lateral strain
= =
E
−1
longitudin al strain 2G
y
=− or,
x
or E
G=
z 2(1 + )
=−
x
Thermal Stress
L
Lf 
t
tf
let,
t = thermal elongation
t ∞ L (Δt) where:
or, α = coefficient of thermal expansion
t = α L (Δt) tf = final temperature
t = initial temperature
Lf = final length
L = initial length
also,
 = strain or,
 ∞ Δt
 = α Δt t
Sth = E
and, Lo
t
= L ( t f − t )
L =
L
From Hooke’s Law, Sth = E ( t f − t )
S∞
or S=E
subs,
Sth = E α Δt


Example:
A steel rod 10 m long, hanging vertically supports a tensile load
of 2000 KN. Neglecting the weight of the rod, determine the
required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 600 MPa and the
total elongation is not to exceed 5 mm. Use E = 200 GPa.
from, but, therefore,
F F

FL St = =
A  d2 use,
AE
4
L = 10 m 2000 KN (10m) d = 65.15 mm
D=? 0.005 m =
 2 N d=
4F
d (200 x109 2 ) St
4 m
d = 5.046 x10 −3 m 4(2000 KN )
d=
KN
or  (600 x103 2 )
d = 5.05 mm m
F = 2000 KN d = 0.06515 m
or d = 65.15 mm

Example:
A rail having a coefficient of linear expansion of 11.6 x 10-6 m/m C
increases its length when heated from 25 C to 50 C.
Determine the strain.
from, subs,
t
= −6 m
L  = 11.6 x10 (50 − 25)C
mC
but,
−4 m
 t = L ( t f − t )  = 2.9 x10
m
then,
L ( t t − t )
t = 25 C tf = 50 C =
α = 11.6 x 10-6 m/m C
L
 = ( t f − t )
Example:
A tensile stress of 100 MPa exists on a 2 cm diameter steel rod that is
fastened securely between two rigid walls. If the temperature is
increased by 30 C, what is the final stree in the rod?
then,
subs,
L  net =  −  t
 100 MPa
= = 4.7619 x 10 − 4 L − 3.51 x 10 − 4 L
L 210 x 103 MPa
Lf  net = 1.2519 x 10 − 4 L
= 4.7619 x 10 − 4 let,
Sf = final stress
from, S=E  = 4.7619 x 10 −4
L
Sf = E net
also,
  t = Lt  net
St = E =E
L
L
= 11.7 x 10 −6 L(30) 1.2519 x 10 − 4 L
 St = (210 x10 6 KPa )
=  t = 3.51 x 10 − 4 L
L
L E Sf = 26,289.9 KPa
Example:
A steel shaft having a diameter of 5 cm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 1000 KN. Determine the diameter after the forc is applied.
Use a poisson’s ratio,  = 0.28 and E = 210 x 106 KPa.
but, subs,
L L
D L = F
L L L =
Lf and, AE
Df F 100 KN
d L =
FL =
from,  KN
lateral strain AE (0.05 m) 2 (210 x 10 6 2 )
= 4 m
longitudinal strain L F
=  L = 2.4252 x 10 −3 m
L L AE
= L
d
D
D
=
L
Example 8, con’t:
then, but,
 D =  L D D − Df
D = =
= 0.28(2.4252 x 10 −3 ) D D
 D = 6.7906 x 10 − 4 m D f = D −  D .D
D f = 0.05 − 6.7906 x10 − 4 (0.05)
D f = 0.049966 m
or
D f = 4.9966 cm

5. Bending/Flexural/Normal Stress
F
 c
N.A.
subs,
where:
 = deflection 
S=
from, L
 = strain F 
 = /L =
and, A L
S = stress FL
S=E =
AE

let,
Sf = bending or flexural stress
Mc
Sf =
I where,
M = maximum bending moment
but
- refer to Table AT 2, p.564,
I Machine Design by Faires
S= c = distance from the neutral axis to the
c outermost
then , fiber
M I = rectangular moment of inertia
Sf = S = section modulus
S - refer to Table AT 1, p.563, Machine Design
by Faires

for solid circular, for hollow circular,

Do
c=
c Do c 2
D Di 
I= (D o4 − D i4 )
64
D substituting, subs,
c= Do
2 M( )
Mc
I=
 4 Sf = Sf = 2
D I  let,
64 (D o4 − D i4 )
64 Di
D
M( ) B=
32MD o Do
= 2 Sf =
 4 (D o4 − D i4 ) 32 M
D Sf =
64 or D 3o (1 − B 4 )
32 M 32MD o
Sf = Sf =
D 3 D
D o4 (1 − ( i ) 4 )
Do

Example:
A simply supported beam is 50 mm by 200 mm in cross-section and 4 m
long. If the fiber stress is not to exceed 25 MPa and the beam weight is
neglected, find the maximum mid-span concentrated load that the beam
can support if the 200 mm dimension is vertically oriented.
F
3FL
h = 200 mm Sb =
2bh 2
b = 50 mm Sb 2bh 2
F=
from, S = Mc and, 3L
b
I FL subs,
M=
but, 4 N
subs,
25 x 10 6 2
(2)(0.05m)(0.2m)2
h F= m
c= FL h 3( 4m)
2 ( )
Sb = 4 2
bh3 bh 3 F = 8,333.33 N
I=
12 12

Example:
A simple beam 54 in long with a load of 14 kips at the center is made of
cast steel, SAE 080. The cross-section is rectangular(h=3b). a)
Determine the dimension for N=3. b) Compute the maximum
deflection for these dimensions. c) What size maybe used if the
maximum deflection is not to exceed 0.13 in?
F=14 kips
use,
h Suf = 1.9Su (recommended)
b Suf = 1.9 (80)
from,
Suf = 152 ksi
Table AT 6, p.570 MD by Faires
for SAE 080
Su = 80 ksi from, Suf
Sd =
from headnote of this table N
Su = 1.9Su to 2Su 152,000 psi
Sd =
3
Sd = 50,666.67 psi

let, subs, subs,

Sd = Sf FL h (14,000 lb)(54 in )
()( ) b=
where, Sf = 4 3 2 lb
6(50,666.67 2 )
Mc bh in
Sf = 12 b = 1.355 in
I
from, 3FL thus,
Table AT 2, p.564 MD by Faires Sf =
2bh 2 h = 3(1.355 in )
for simply supported beam
but, h = 4.064 in
FL h = 3b
M= use,
4 thus,
b = 1 3/8 in
also, 3FL
h Sf = h = 4 in
c= 2b(3b) 2
2 FL
and for rectangular cross- Sf = 3
section 3 6b
bh
I= b=3
FL
12 6Sf

b) from Table AT 2, p.564 MD by Faires c) if y = 0.13 in then,
for simply supported beam then,
3 (14,000 lb)(54 in ) 3
FL b=
3
FL
= = lb
48EI 48EI 108(30 x 10 6 2 )(0.13in )
where : FL3 in
= b = 5.234 in
bh3
bh 3 48E( )
I= 12 and,
12
FL3 h = 3b
3 =
(1 in )(4in ) 3 4Ebh 3 h = 3(5.234 in )
= 8
12 but, h = 3b h = 15.7 in
I = 7.333 in 4
subs, use,
FL3
subs, = 1
(14,000 lb)(54 in )3 4Eb(3b) 3 b=5 in
= FL3
4
lb
48(30 x 10 6 2 )(7.333 in 4 ) = h = 16 in
in 108 Eb 4
 = 0.2088 in FL3
b=4
108E
6. Torsion

where:
T
 = angular deformation
TL let,
= , rad
JG Sst = torsional shearing stress
where:
Tc
T = maximum torque
Sst =
L = length of the shaft J
J = polar moment of inertia
- refer to Table AT 1, p.563 MD by Faires
G = modulus of rigidity
or modulus of elasticity in shear
or transverse modulus
for solid circular, for hollow circular,

Do
c=
c Do c 2
D Di 
J = (D o4 − D i4 )
32
D substituting, subs,
c= Do
2 T( )
Tc
J=
 4 Sst = Sst = 2
D J  let,
32 (D o4 − D i4 )
32 Di
D
T( ) B=
16TD o Do
= 2 Sst =
 4 (D o4 − D i4 ) 16T
D Sst =
32 or D 3o (1 − B 4 )
16 T 16TD o
Sst = Sst =
D 3 D
D o4 (1 − ( i ) 4 )
Do

Example:
A shaft in torsion only is to transmit 2500 hp at 570 rpm with medium shock.
Its material is AISI 1137 steel, cold-drawn. a) What should be the
diameter of a solid shaft? b) If the shaft is hollow, Do = 2Di, what size is
required? c) What is the weight per foot of length of each of these
shafts? Which is lighter? By what percentage? d) Which shaft is more
rigid? Compute the torsional deflection of each for a length of 10 ft.
subs, from, Table AT 8, p.578 MD by

Faires
33,000 ft lb
2500 hp x for C1137, cold-drawn
hp min
T= Sy = 93 ksi
P = 2500 hp T 2(570 / min) but,
n = 570 rpm 12 in Sys = yield strength in tension
T = 23,035.58 ft lb x Sys = 0.5Sy – 0.6 Sy
from, ft
P = 2Tn T = 276,427 lb in use,
P
Sys = 0.6 Sy (recommended)
T= Sys = 0.6(93)
2n
Sys = 55.8 ksi

from, Table 1.1, p.20 MD by Faires subs,
for with shock, steel and
based on yield strength 16(276,427 lb in)
D=
lb
N = 5-7 (11,160 2 )
in
use,
D = 5.015 in then,
Nsy = 5 for medium shock 32T
use, D=3
thus, 15 S st
S ys D = 5 in
Sd = b) If hollow, D=
32(276,427 lb in
Nsy 3 lb
15 (11,160 2 )
55,800 psi Do = 2Di in
= let,
D = 2.562 in
5 thus,
S d = 11,160 psi Sd = Sst Do = 2(2.562)
let,
S st =
16TD o Do = 5.124 in
S st = S d (Do4 − Di4 )
16T 16T(2Di ) use,
= =
S st
D3 
 (2Di )4 − Di4  Di = 2 1/ 2 in
D=3
16T S st =
32T Do = 5 1/ 4 in
S st 15 Di3

from,
for hollow shaft,
m W
= = 
V V W = ( )(Do2 − Di2 )L
4
W = V
from, Table AT 7, p.577,

W
L

 
= 0.284( ) (5 1/ 4)2 − (2 1/ 2)2 x 12
4
Machine Design by Faires W
for steel = 57.05 lb / ft
L
 = 0.283 lb/in3
for solid shaft, thus,
W = V ( W / L )solid − ( W / L )hollow
% lighter = X 100%
= AL ( W / L )solid
 66.92 − 57.05
= ( D2 )L = x 100%
4
66.92
subs, = 14.75%
lb 
W = (0.284 3 ) (5in)2 L
in 4
W
= 66.92 lb / ft
L

d) from, substituti ng,

 276,427 lb in 12 in
TL = x
= L  lb ft
(5 in)4 (11.5 x10 6 2 )
JG 32 in
for steel,  180 o
= 0.0047 rad / ft x
G = 11.5 x 106 psi L  rad
or
for solid,

 T = 0.269 o / ft
= L
L JG
for hollow,
where,
 T
 4 =
J= D L JG
32 where,
then, 
J= (Do4 − Di4 )
 T 32
=
L  then,
(D 4 )G  T
32 =
L 
(Do4 − Di4 )G
32

subs,
12 in
276,427 lb in x
 ft
=
L 
32
  lb
(5 1/ 4)4 − (2 1/ 2)4 in4 (11.5 x10 6 2 )
in
 180 o
= 0.004077 rad / ft x
L  rad

= 0.2396 o / ft
L
for L = 10 ft for hollow,


for solid, = xL
L
  = (0.2336 o / ft )(10 ft )
= xL
L  = 2.336 o
= (0.269 o / ft )(10 ft ) therefore,
 = 2.69 o the solid shaft is more rigid !


















Example:
A 150 mm diameter shaft is subjected to a torque of 16 KN.m and
a bending moment of 12.5 KN.m. Find the maximum stress
developed.


Example:
A round steel shaft rotates at 200 rpm and is subjected to a torque
of 225 N.m and a bending moment of 350 N.m. The allowable
shearing stress is 40 MPa and the allowable bending stress is 60
MPa. Find the diameter.


Example:
A solid shaft subjected to thrust force of 1000 lb and carries a 5000
lb load at the center of the shaft. If the shaft length is 10 ft, what is
the required shaft diameter for a yield stress in torsion of 110,000
psi and a factor of safety of 2.5?













m1 Stress, Strain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

m1 Stress, Strain

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

m1 Stress, Strain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 1 – Stress/Strain CIT - UNIVERSITY

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Objective of Machine Design:

- to design a machine member, component, parts or

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Types of Simple Loading

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

For design calculations,

for ductile materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

for ductile materials,

for brittle materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

For design calculations,

for ductile materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

for ductile materials,

for brittle materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

For design calculations,

for ductile materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

for ductile materials,

for brittle materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

For design calculations,

for ductile materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

for ductile materials,

for brittle materials,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

from Hooke’s Law,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

applying Hooke’s Law to shear,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

for solid circular, for hollow circular,

machine design by rnavarro jr DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING