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SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES

Page 1 of 97

ENERGY TO BRAKES

881. A motor operates a hoist through a pair of spur gears, with a velocity ratio of 4.
The drum on which the cable wraps is on the same shaft as the gear, and the
torque cause by the weight of the load and hoist is 12,000 ft-lb. The pinion is on
the motor shaft. Consider first on which shaft to mount the brake drum; in the
process make trial calculations, and try to think of pros and cons. Make a
decision and determine the size of a drum that will not have a temperature rise
greater than F t
o
150 = when a 4000-lb. load moves down 200 ft. at a constant
speed. Include a calculation for the frp/sq. in. of the drums surface.

Solution:
Consider that brake drum is mounted on motor shaft that has lesser torque.
lb in lb ft
lb ft
T
f
= =

= 000 , 36 3000
4
000 , 12

From Table AT 29,
Assume 35 . 0 = f , psi p 75 = , max. fpm v
m
5000 =

2
FD
T
f
=
D
T
fN F
f
2
= =
D f
T
N
f
2
=
A
N
p =
Db A =
( )
( )
75
35 . 0
000 , 36 2
2
2 2
= = = =
b D bf D
T
Db
N
p
f


873
2
= b D
use 873
2
= b D
2
873
D
b =
Then,
c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
o

Assume a cast-iron,
3
253 . 0 in lb =
101 = c
V W
m
=
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 2 of 97
|
|

\
|
+ = + =
4 4
2
2
D
Db t t D Dbt V


( )( ) lb ft U
f
= = 000 , 800 200 4000
F t
o
150 =
t c
U
V W
f
m

= =
( )( ) 101 150
000 , 800
253 . 0 = V
3
7 . 208 in V =
But
|
|

\
|
+ =
4
2
D
Db t V
2
873
D
b =
|
|

\
|
+ =
4
873
2
D
D
t V
For minimum V :
0
2
873
2
= |

\
|
+

=
D
D
t
dD
dV

( ) 873 2
3
= D
in D 12 =
For t :
( )
(

+ = =
4
12
12
873
7 . 208
2
t V
in t 611 . 0 =
say in t
8
5
=

( )
in in b
16
1
6 0625 . 6
12
873
2
= = =
Therefore use in D 12 = , in t
8
5
= , in b
16
1
6 =

For
A
fhp
in sq fhp = . .
000 , 33
m
Fv
fhp =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 3 of 97
( )
lb
D
T
F
f
6000
12
000 , 36 2
2
= = =
fpm v
m
5000 = (max.)
( )( )
hp fhp 909
000 , 33
5000 6000
= =
( )
2
16
1
6 12 in Db A |

\
|
= =
98 . 3
55 . 228
909
. . = = =
A
fhp
in sq fhp (peak value)

882. A 3500-lb. automobile moving on level ground at 60 mph, is to be stopped in a
distance of 260 ft. Tire diameter is 30 in.; all frictional energy except for the
brake is to be neglected. (a) What total averaging braking torque must be
applied? (b) What must be the minimum coefficient of friction between the tires
and the road in order for the wheels not to skid if it is assumed that weight is
equally distributed among the four wheels (not true)? (c) If the frictional energy
is momentarily stored in 50 lb. of cast iron brake drums, what is the average
temperature rise of the drums?

Solution:
(a) Solving for the total braking torque.
( )
2 2
2 1
2
s s f
v v
g
W
KE U = =
lb W 3500 =
fps mph v
s
88 60
1
= =
fps mph v
s
0 0
2
= =
2
2 . 32 fps g =
( )
( ) lb ft U
f
= = 000 , 421 0 88
2 . 32 2
3500
2 2

( ) ( )
000 , 63 000 , 33
n lb in T lb ft T
fhp
f m f

=

=


( )
( )
2
2 2 2
892 . 14
260 2
88 0
2
1 2
fps
s
v v
a
s s
=

=
sec 91 . 5
892 . 14
88 0
1 2
=

=
a
v v
t
s s

( )( ) ( )
hp
t
U
t
KE
fhp
f
130
91 . 5 550
000 , 421
550 550
= = =

=
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 4 of 97
( )( )
rpm
ft
fps
D
v
n
m
336
12
30
min sec 60 88
2
1
=
|

\
|
= =


000 , 63
n T
fhp
f
=
( )
lb in T
f
= = 375 , 24
336
130 000 , 63


(b)
N
F
f =
for each wheel, lb N 875
4
3500
= =
lb in T
f
= = 6094
4
375 , 24

( )
lb in
D
T
F
f
= = = 406
30
6094 2
2

464 . 0
875
406
= = =
N
F
f

(c)
c W
U
t
m
f
=
lb ft U
f
= 000 , 421
lb W
m
50 =
F lb lb ft c =101 for cast-iron
( )( )
F t
o
4 . 83
101 50
000 , 421
= =


884. An overhead traveling crane weighs 160,000 lb. with its load and runs 253 fpm.
It is driven by a 25-hp motor operating at 1750 rpm.The speed reduction from the
motor to the 18-in. wheels is 32 to 1. Frictional energy other than at the brake is
negligible. (a) How much energy must be absorbed by the brake to stop this crane
in a distance of 18 ft.? (b) Determine the constant average braking torque that
must be exerted on the motor shaft. (c) If all the energy is absorbed by the rim of
the cast-iron brake drum, which is 8 in. in diameter, 1 in. thick, with a 3 -in.
face, what will be its temperature rise? (d) Compute the average rate at which the
energy is absorbed during the first second (fhp). Is it reasonable?

Solution:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 5 of 97
( )
2 2
2 1
2
s s f
v v
g
W
KE U = =
lb W 000 , 160 =
2
2 . 32 fps g =
fps fpm v
s
22 . 4 253
1
= =
fps v
s
0
2
=

( )
( ) [ ] lb ft U
f
= = 245 , 44 0 22 . 4
2 . 32 2
000 , 160
2 2


(b)
( )
n
fhp
T
f
000 , 63
=
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
495 . 0
18 2
22 . 4 0
2
1 2
fps
s
v v
a
s s
=

=
sec 53 . 8
495 . 0
22 . 4 0
1 2
=

=
a
v v
t
s s

( )
hp
t
U
fhp
f
43 . 9
53 . 8 550
245 , 44
550
= = =
( ) ( )( )
( )
lb in
n
fhp
T
f
= = = 68
1750
2
1
000 , 63 43 . 9 000 , 63
on the motor shaft.

(c)
c W
U
t
m
f
=
Dbt V = (rim only) on the motor shaft
in D 8 =
in b 25 . 3 =
in t 5 . 0 =
( )( )( )
3
84 . 40 5 . 0 25 . 3 8 in V = =
V W
m
=
3
253 . 0 in lb = for cast iron
F lb lb ft c =101 for cast-iron
( )( ) lb W
m
33 . 10 84 . 40 253 . 0 = =
( )( )
F t
o
4 . 42
101 33 . 10
245 , 44
= =


(d) First second:

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 6 of 97
fps v
s
22 . 4
1
=
2
495 . 0 fps a =

( ) fps at v v
s s
73 . 3 1 495 . 0 22 . 4
1 2
= = + =
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] lb ft KE U
f
= = = 9680 73 . 3 22 . 4
2 . 32 2
000 , 160
2 2

( )
hp hp
t
U
fhp
f
25 6 . 17
1 550
9680
550
< = = = , therefore reasonable.

885. The diagrammatic hoist shown with its load weighs 6000 lb. The drum weighs
8000 lb., has a radius of gyration ft k 8 . 1 = ; ft D 4 = . A brake on the drum shaft
brings the hoist to rest in 10 ft. from fps v
s
8 = (down). Only the brake frictional
energy is significant, and it can be reasonably assumed that the acceleration is
constant. (a) From the frictional energy, compute the average braking torque. (b)
If the average fhp/sq. in. is limited to 0.15 during the first second, what brake
contact area is needed?

Problems 885, 886

Solution:
n
fhp
T
f
000 , 63
=
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
2 1
1 1
2 2
s s f
v v
g
W I
KE KE U + = =
fps v
s
8
1
= , fps v
s
0
2
=
( )
s rad
D
v
s
4
4
8 2
2
1
1
= = = , s rad 0
2
=
g
k W
I
2
1
1
=
lb W 8000
1
=
ft k 8 . 1 =
lb W 6000
2
=
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 7 of 97
2
2 . 32 fps g =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) lb ft v v
g
W I
U
s s f
= + = + = 400 , 12 8
2 . 32 2
60000
4
2 . 32 2
8 . 1 80000
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
1 1

s
v v
a
s s
2
2 2
1 2

=
ft s 10 =
( )
2
2 2
2 . 3
10 2
8 0
fps a =

=
sec 5 . 2
2 . 3
8 0
1 2
=

=
a
v v
t
s s

( )
hp
t
U
fhp
f
9
5 . 2 550
400 , 12
550
= = =
rpm n

2
60
=
( ) 0 2 0 4
2
1
= = s rad s rad
( )
rpm n 1 . 19
2
2 60
= =


( )
lb in
n
fhp
T
f
= = = 700 , 29
1 . 19
9 000 , 63 000 , 63


(b) 15 . 0 . . = in sq fhp (first second)
( ) fps at v v
s s
8 . 4 1 2 . 3 8
1 2
= = + =
( )
sec 4 . 2
4
8 . 4 2
2
2
2
rad
D
v
s
= = =
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] lb ft U
f
= + = 6106 8 . 4 8
2 . 32 2
60000
4 . 2 4
2 . 32 2
8 . 1 80000
2 2 2 2
2
( )
hp
t
U
fhp
f
10 . 11
1 550
6106
550
= = =
2
74
15 . 0
10 . 11
. .
in
in sq fhp
fhp
A = = =


887. The same as 885, except that a traction drive, arranged as shown, is used; the
counterweight weighs 4000 lb. The ropes pass twice about the driving sheave; the
brake drum is on this same shaft.
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 8 of 97

Problem 887.

Solution:

(a) ( )
2 2
2 1
2
s s
T
f
v v
g
W
KE U = =
lb lb lb W
T
000 , 10 6000 4000 = + =
KE of pulley is negligible
fps v
s
8
1
= , fps v
s
0
2
=
( )
( ) lb ft U
f
= = 940 , 9 8
2 . 32 2
000 , 10
2

( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 . 3
10 2
8 0
2
1 2
fps
s
v v
a
s s
=

=
sec 5 . 2
2 . 3
8 0
1 2
=

=
a
v v
t
s s

( )
hp
t
U
fhp
f
23 . 7
5 . 2 550
9940
550
= = =
ft D 4 =
( )
sec 4
4
8 2
2
1
1
rad
D
v
s
= = =
( )
sec 0
4
0 2
2
2
2
rad
D
v
s
= = =
( ) ( ) sec 2 0 4
2
1
2
1
2 1
rad = + = + =
( )
rpm n 1 . 19
2
2 60
2
60

= =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 9 of 97
Braking torque,
( )
lb in
n
fhp
T
f
= = = 850 , 23
1 . 19
23 . 7 000 , 63 000 , 63


(b) 15 . 0 . . = in sq fhp (first second)
fps v
s
8
1
=
at v v
s s
=
1 2

( ) 1 2 . 3 8
2
=
s
v
fps v
s
8 . 4
2
=
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] lb ft U
f
= = 6360 8 . 4 8
2 . 32 2
000 , 10
2 2

( )
hp
t
U
fhp
f
56 . 11
1 550
6360
550
= = =
Contact area =
2
1 . 77
15 . 0
56 . 11
. .
in
in sq fhp
fhp
A = = =

SINGLE-SHOE BRAKES

888. For the single-shoe, short-block brake shown (solid lines) derive the expressions
for brake torque for (a) clockwise rotation, (b) counterclockwise rotation. (c) In
which direction of rotation does the brake have self-actuating properties? If
25 . 0 = f , for what proportions of e and c would the brake be self-actuating?

Problems 888 891, 893.
Solution:

(a) Clockwise rotation (as shown)
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 10 of 97

2
FD
T
f
=
fN F =
[ ]

= 0
H
M
c N Wa e fN = +
Wa e fN c N =
fe c
Wa
N

=
fe c
fWa
F

=
( ) fe c
fWaD
T
f

=
2


(b) Counter Clockwise Rotation

2
FD
T
f
=
fN F =
[ ]

= 0
H
M
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 11 of 97
c N e fN Wa + =
fe c
Wa
N
+
=
fe c
fWa
F
+
=
( ) fe c
fWaD
T
f
+
=
2


(c) Clockwise rotation is self-actuating
fe c >
with 25 . 0 = f
e c 25 . 0 >

889. The same as 888, except that the wheel and brake shoe are grooved, 2 degrees
between the sides of the grooves (as in a sheave, Fig. 17.38, Text).

Solution:




[ ]

= 0
V
F
N N = sin 2
1

1
2 N f F =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 12 of 97
sin sin 2
2
N f N
f F = |

\
|
=

(a) Clockwise rotation
fe c
Wa
N

=
( ) sin fe c
fWa
F

=
( ) sin 2 fe c
fWaD
T
f

=

(b) Counter clockwise rotation

fe c
Wa
N
+
=
( ) sin fe c
fWa
F
+
=
( ) sin 2 fe c
fWaD
T
f
+
=

(c) Clockwise rotation is self-actuating

fe c >
with 25 . 0 = f
e c 25 . 0 >

890. Consider the single-shoe, short-block brake shown (solid lines) with the drum
rotating clockwise; let e be positive measured downward and c D 6 . 1 = . (a) Plot
the mechanical advantage MA (ordinate) against f values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5 (abscissa) when c e has values 2, 0.5, 0, -0.5, -1. (b) If f may vary from 0.3
to 0.4, which proportions give the more nearly constant brake response? Are
proportions good? (c) What proportions are best if braking is needed for both
directions of rotation?



Solution:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 13 of 97



(a)
Wa
T
MA
f
= , Clockwise rotation
( ) fe c
D f
MA

=
2

c D 6 . 1 =
( ) fe c
fc
MA

=
2
6 . 1

|

\
|

=
c
fe
f
MA
1
8 . 0



Tabulation:

Values of MA
c e
f 2 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
0.1 0.100 0.084 0.08 0.076 0.073
0.2 0.267 0.178 0.16 0.145 0.133
0.3 0.600 0.284 0.24 0.209 0.185
0.4 1.600 0.400 0.32 0.267 0.229
0.5 0.533 0.40 0.320 0.267







SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 14 of 97
Plot:


(b) 4 . 0 3 . 0 to f = , 1 = c e , with t tan cons MA .

They are good because
c
fe
> 1 except 2 = c e .

(c) 0 = c e is the best if braking is needed for both directions of rotation with MA the
same.

891. A single-block brake has the dimensions: cast-iron wheel of in D 15 = .,
in a
2
1
32 = ., in c
8
3
9 = ., in e
16
11
4 = ., width of contact surface = 2 in. The brake
block lined with molded asbestos, subtends 80
o
, symmetrical about the center
line; it is permitted to absorb energy at the rate of 0.4 hp/in.
2
; rpm n 200 = .
Assume that p is constant, that F and N act at K , and compute (a)
m
pv and
the approximate braking torque, (b) the force W to produce this torque, (c) the
mechanical advantage, (d) the temperature rise of the 3/8-in.-thick rim, if it
absorbs all the energy with operation as specified, in 1 min. (e) How long could
this brake be so applied for F t
o
400 = ? See 893.

Solution:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 15 of 97


in D 15 =
in a 5 . 32 =
in c 375 . 9 =
in e 6875 . 4 =
in b 2 =

(a) Solving for
m
pv
min lb ft fpAv Fv
m m
=
2
4 . 0 in hp
A
Fv
m
=
( )( )
2 2
min 200 , 13 min 000 , 33 4 . 0
in
lb ft
in
hp lb ft hp
A
Fv
m

=

=
m
m
fpv
A
Fv
=
35 . 0 = f from Table AT 29, molded asbestos on cast iron
m
m
pv
A
Fv
35 . 0 200 , 13 = =
min 700 , 37 = in sq lb ft pv
m


Solving for braking torque
min . . 200 , 13 = in sq lb ft
A
Fv
m

( ) fpm Dn v
m
785 200
12
15
= |

\
|
= =
2
Db
A

=
( ) rad 3963 . 1
180
80 = |

\
|
=


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 16 of 97
( )( )( )
. . 21
2
2 15 3963 . 1
2
in sq
Db
A = = =



( )
200 , 13
21
785
=
F

lb F 353 =
( )( )
lb in
FD
T
f
= = = 2650
2
15 353
2


(b) Solving for W

fe c
Wa f
F

=
lb F 353 =
35 . 0 = f
in a 5 . 32 =
in e 6875 . 4 =
in c 375 . 9 =
( ) ( ) ( )( ) [ ]
( )( )
lb
fa
fe c F
W 240
5 . 32 35 . 0
6875 . 4 35 . 0 375 . 9 353
=

=

(c) Solving for MA

( )
( )( )
( )( ) [ ]
34 . 0
6875 . 4 35 . 0 375 . 9 2
15 35 . 0
2
=

=
fe c
D f
MA

(d) Solving for t

c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
,
o

Dbt W
m
=
in D 15 =
in b 2 =
in in t 375 . 0
8
3
= =
3
253 . 0 in lb = for cast iron

( )( )( )( )( ) lb W
m
942 . 8 375 . 0 2 15 253 . 0 = =

F lb lb ft c =101 for cast iron

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 17 of 97
( ) fhp t U
f
= 550
sec 60 min 1 = = t
( )( ) fhp fhp U
f
000 , 33 60 550 = =
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
4127 . 8
000 , 63
200 2650
000 , 63
= = =
( ) lb ft U
f
= = 619 , 277 4127 . 8 000 , 33
( )( )
F
c W
U
t
m
f o
310
101 942 . 8
619 , 277
= = =

(e) Solving for t , (time) with F t
o
400 =
t c W U
m f
=
( )( )( ) lb ft U
f
= = 260 , 361 400 101 942 . 8

( )( )
f
U t fhp = 550
( )( ) 260 , 361 4127 . 8 550 = t
min 3 . 1 sec 78 = = t
892. For a single-block brake, as shown, in a 26 = ., in c
2
1
7 = ., in e 75 . 3 = .,
in D 15 = ., drum contact width in b
2
1
3 = . The molded asbestos lining subtends
o
60 = , symmetrical about the vertical axis; force lb W 300 = .; rpm n 600 = .
Assume that p is constant, that F and N act at K , and compute (a)
m
pv and
the braking torque, (b) the energy rate in fhp/in.
2
of contact surface. (c) the
mechanical advantage, (d) the temperature of the 3/8-in.-thick rim, if it absorbs
all the energy with the operation as specified in 1 min. (e) How long could this
brake be so applied for F t
rim
o
400 = ? See 894.

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 18 of 97
Problems 892, 894.
Solution:
For greater braking torque,
f
T , use counterclockwise rotation


[ ]

= 0
A
M
cN efN aW = +
ef c
Wa
N

=
ef c
Wa f
F

=
From Table AT 29, 35 . 0 = f for molded asbestos
lb W 300 =
in a 26 =
in c 5 . 7 =
75 . 3 = e
( )( )( )
( )( )
lb F 442
35 . 0 75 . 3 5 . 7
26 300 35 . 0
=

=

(a) Solving for
m
pv
m m
fpAv Fv =
( )( )
fpm
Dn
v
m
2536
12
600 15
12
= = =


2
Db
A

=
rad 047 . 1
180
60 = |

\
|
=


( )( )( )
2
5 . 27
2
5 . 3 15 047 . 1
in A = =
( )( ) ( )( )
m m
pv Fv 5 . 27 35 . 0 2536 442 = =
min . . 500 , 116 = in sq lb ft pv
m


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 19 of 97
Solving for the braking torque,
( )( )
lb in
FD
T
f
= = = 3315
2
15 442
2


(b) Energy rate, fhp.in
2
.

( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
6 . 31
000 , 63
600 3315
000 , 63
= = =
2
5 . 27 in A =
2
2
2
15 . 1
5 . 27
6 . 31
in hp
in
hp
in fhp = =
(c)
( )( )
425 . 0
26 300
3315
= = =
Wa
T
MA
f

(d)
c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
,
o

Dbt W
m
=
in in t 375 . 0
8
3
= =
in D 15 =
in b 5 . 3 =
3
253 . 0 in lb = for cast iron
F lb lb ft c =101 for cast iron

( )( )( )( )( ) lb W
m
648 . 15 375 . 0 5 . 3 15 253 . 0 = =

For 1 min

( )( ) ( )( ) lb ft fhp U
f
= = = 800 , 042 , 1 6 . 31 1 000 , 33 1 000 , 33
( )( )
F t
o
660
101 648 . 15
800 , 042 , 1
= =

(e) F t
rim
o
400 =
( )( )( ) lb ft U
f
= = 179 , 632 101 648 . 15 400
( )
min 61 . 0
6 . 31 000 , 33
179 , 632
000 , 33
min
= = =
fhp
U
t
f


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 20 of 97




LONG-SHOE BRAKES

FIXED SHOES

893. The brake is as described in 891 and is to absorb energy at the same rate but the
pressure varies as sin P p = . Derive the equations needed and compute (a) the
maximum pressure, (b) the moment
H F
M of F about H , (c) the moment
H N
M
of N about H , (d) the force W , (e) the braking torque, (f) the x and y
components of the force at H .

Solution:

sin sin P P p = =
2
D
r =
pbrd dN =
fpbrd dF =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 21 of 97

= rdF T
f

= d fpbr T
f
2

= d P fbr T
f
sin
2

( )
2 1
2
cos cos = P fbr T
f


(a) Solving for P
( )
2 1
2
cos cos
=
fbr
T
P
f

2
D
r =
e r
c

= tan
in c 375 . 9 =
in r 5 . 7
2
15
= =
in e 6875 . 4 =
6875 . 4 5 . 7
375 . 9
tan

=
o
3 . 73 =
o
80 =
o
3 . 33
2
80
3 . 73
2
1
= = =


o
3 . 113
2
80
3 . 73
2
2
= + = + =


35 . 0 = f
in b 2 =
in r 5 . 7 =
( )
2 1
2
cos cos
=
fbr
T
P
f

( )( )( ) ( )
psi
T T
P
f f
5 . 48 3 . 113 cos 3 . 33 cos 5 . 7 2 35 . 0
2
=

=
n
fhp
T
f
000 , 63
=
( )( ) A in fhp fhp
2
=
2
Db
A

=
rad 396 . 1
180
80 = |

\
|
=


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 22 of 97
( )( )( )
2
21
2
2 15 396 . 1
in A = =
4 . 0
2
= in fhp
( )( ) hp fhp 4 . 8 21 4 . 0 = =
rpm n 200 =
( )
lb in T
f
= = 2646
200
4 . 8 000 , 63

( )
o
90 . max 55
5 . 48
2646
5 . 48
2
> = = = = P psi
T
P
f


(b) ( )

= dF R r M
H F
cos
( )

=
2
1
sin cos

d fbrP R r M
H F

( )

=
2
1
cos sin sin

d R r fbrP M
H F

2
1
2
sin
2
cos

=
R
r fbrP M
H F

( ) ( )
(

=
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin sin
2
cos cos
R
r fbrP M
H F

( ) ( ) ( ) in e r c R 788 . 9 6875 . 4 5 . 7 375 . 9
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
( )( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
(

= 3 . 33 sin 3 . 113 sin


2
788 . 9
3 . 113 cos 3 . 33 cos 5 . 7 55 5 . 7 2 35 . 0
2 2
H F
M
lb in M
H F
=1900

(c)

= dN R M
H N
sin

=
2
1
2
sin

brd RP M
H N

=
2
1
2
sin

d brRP M
H N

( )

=
2
1
2
cos 1
2

d
brRP
M
H N

2
1
2 sin
2
1
2

=
brRP
M
H N

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
=
brRP
M
H N

rad 396 . 1
1 2
= =
( )
o
6 . 226 3 . 113 2 2
2
= =
( )
o
6 . 66 3 . 33 2 2
1
= =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 23 of 97
( )( )( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ] 6 . 66 sin 6 . 226 sin 396 . 1 2
4
55 788 . 9 5 . 7 2
=
H N
M
lb in M
H N
= 8956

(d)

= 0
H
M
0 = +
H N H F
M M Wa
in a 5 . 32 =
( ) 0 8956 1900 5 . 32 = + W
lb W 217 =

(e) lb in T
f
= 2646

(f)

= 0
x
F

= + + 0 cos sin cos dF dN W H
x


=
2
1
2
1
cos sin sin cos
2

d fPbr d Pbr W H
x

( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2
sin sin
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
cos =
fbrP brP
W H
x

( )( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )( )( )
( ) 3 . 113 sin 3 . 113 sin
2
55 5 . 7 2 35 . 0
6 . 66 sin 6 . 226 sin 396 . 1 2
4
55 5 . 7 2
3 . 73 cos 217
2 2

=
x
H

lb H
x
931 =
lb H
x
931 =

= 0
y
F

= + + 0 sin cos sin dF dN W H
y


sin sin cos sin


2
1
2
1
2
W d fbrP d brP H
y
=


( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
4
sin sin
2
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
W
fbrP brP
H
y
=
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ] 3 . 73 sin 217 6 . 66 sin 6 . 226 sin 396 . 1 2
4
55 5 . 7 2 35 . 0
3 . 33 sin 3 . 113 sin
2
55 5 . 7 2
2 2

=
y
H

lb H
y
305 =
lb H
y
305 =


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 24 of 97
894. The brake is as described in 892, but the pressure varies as sin P p = . Assume
the direction of rotation for which a given W produces the greater
f
T , derive the
equations needed, and compute (a) the maximum pressure, (b) the moment of F
about A, (c) The moment of N about A, (d) the braking torque, (e) the x and y
components of the force at A.

Solution:

sin P p =
pbrd dN =
d Pbr dN sin =
d fPbr fdN dF sin = =

Solving for
1
and
2

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 25 of 97
e r
c
+
= tan
in
D
r 5 . 7
2
= =
75 . 3 5 . 7
5 . 7
tan
+
=
o
69 . 33 =
o
69 . 3
2
60
69 . 33
2
1
= = =


o
69 . 63
2
60
69 . 33
2
1
= + = + =


( )

= dF r R M
A F
cos
( )

d fPbr r R M
A F
sin cos
2
1

=
( )

d r R fPbr M
A F

=
2
1
sin cos sin
( ) ( )
(

+ =
1 2 1
2
2
2
cos cos sin sin
2
r
R
fPbr M
A F

( ) ( ) ( ) in r e c R 52 . 13 5 . 7 75 . 3 5 . 7
2 2 2 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ |

\
|
= 69 . 3 cos 69 . 63 cos 5 . 7 69 . 3 sin 69 . 63 sin
2
52 . 13
5 . 7 5 . 3 35 . 0
2 2
P M
A F

P M
A F
43 . 11 =

= dN R M
A N
sin

=
2
1
2
sin

d RPbr M
A N

( )

=
2
1
2
cos 1
2

d
brPR
M
A N

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
=
brPR
M
A N

rad 047 . 1
1 2
= =
( )
o
38 . 127 69 . 63 2 2
2
= =
( )
o
38 . 7 69 . 3 2 2
1
= =
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ] 38 . 7 sin 38 . 127 sin 047 . 1 2
4
52 . 13 5 . 7 5 . 3
=
P
M
A N

P M
A N
68 . 126 =

(a)

= 0
A
M
0 = +
A N A F
M M Wa
lb W 300 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 26 of 97
in a 26 =
( )( ) 0 68 . 126 43 . 11 26 300 = + P P
psi P 68 . 67 =

max. psi P p 67 . 60 69 . 63 sin 68 . 67 sin
2
= = =

(b) ( ) lb in M
A F
= = 774 68 . 67 43 . 11
(c) ( ) lb in M
A N
= = 8575 68 . 67 68 . 126
(d)

= rdF T
f

=
2
1
sin
2

d fPbr T
f

( )
2 1
2
cos cos = fPbr T
f

( )( )( )( ) ( ) 69 . 63 cos 69 . 3 cos 5 . 7 5 . 3 68 . 60 35 . 0
2
=
f
T
lb in T
f
= 2587

(e) [ ]

= 0
x
F

= + 0 cos sin cos dF dN W H
x


+ =
2
1
2
1
cos sin sin cos
2

d fPbr d Pbr W H
x

( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2
sin sin
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
cos + =
fPbr Pbr
W H
x

( )( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )( )( )
( ) 69 . 3 sin 69 . 63 sin
2
5 . 7 5 . 3 68 . 67 35 . 0
38 . 7 sin 38 . 127 sin 047 . 1 2
4
5 . 7 5 . 3 68 . 67
69 . 33 cos 300
2 2
+
=
x
H

lb H
x
136 =
lb H
x
136 =

[ ]

= 0
y
F

= + 0 sin cos sin dF dN W H
y


sin sin cos sin


2
1
2
1
2
W d fPbr d Pbr H
y
+ =


( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
4
sin sin
2
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
W
fPbr Pbr
H
y
+ =
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ] 69 . 33 sin 300 38 . 7 sin 38 . 127 sin 047 . 1 2
4
5 . 7 5 . 3 68 . 67 35 . 0
69 . 3 sin 69 . 63 sin
2
5 . 7 5 . 3 68 . 67
2 2
+
=
y
H

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 27 of 97
lb H
y
766 =

895. (a) For the brake shown, assume cos P p = and the direction of rotation for
which a given force W results in the greater braking torque, and derive equations
for
f
T in terms of W , f , and the dimensions of the brake. (b) Under what
circumstances will the brake be self-acting? (c) Determine the magnitude and
location of the resultant forces N and F .

Solution:

(a) Clockwise rotation has greatest braking torque.
cos P p =
d Pbr pbrd dN cos = =
d fPbr fpbrd fdN dF cos = = =
( )

+ =
2
1
sin

dF c r M
H F

( )

+ =
2
1
cos sin

d fPbr c r M
H F

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 28 of 97
( )

+ =
2
1
cos sin cos

d c r fPbr M
H F

2
1
2
sin
2
1
sin

+ = c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
)
`

+ =
1
2
2
2
1 2
sin sin
2
1
sin sin c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( )
(

+ + =
1
2
2
2
1 2
sin sin
2
1
sin sin c r fPbr M
H F

=
2
1
cos

dN M
H N

=
2
1
2
cos

d cPbr M
H N

( )

+ =
2
1
2 cos 1
2

d
cPbr
M
H N

[ ]
2
1
2 sin 2
4


+ =
cPbr
M
H N

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ + + =
cPbr
M
H N

[ ]

= 0
H
M
0 = +
H N H F
M M Wa
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
sin sin
2
1
sin sin + + + =
(

+ + +
cPbr
c r fPbr Wa
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
sin sin sin sin 2
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ + + + +
=
c r
fbr cbr
Wa
P
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] { }
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
sin sin sin sin 2 2 2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ + + + +
=
c r f c br
Wa
P

= rdF T
f

=
2
1
cos
2

d fPbr T
f

[ ]
2
1
sin
2


= fPbr T
f

( )
1 2
2
sin sin + = fPbr T
f

( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] { }
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2
sin sin sin sin 2 2 2 sin 2 sin 2
sin sin 4


+ + + + +
+
=
c r f c br
fWabr
T
f

( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
sin sin sin sin 2 2 2 sin 2 sin 2
sin sin 4


+ + + + +
+
=
c r f c
fWar
T
f

where
2
D
e r = =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 29 of 97

(b) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
sin sin sin sin 2 2 2 sin 2 sin 2 + + > + + + c r f c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
sin sin 2 2 sin 2 sin 2
sin sin 4


+ + +
+
>
f
fr
c

(c)

= dN N

=
2
1
cos

d Pbr N
[ ]
2
1
sin


= Pbr N
( )
1 2
sin sin + = Pbr N
fN F =
( )
1 2
sin sin + = fPbr F

Solving for the location of F and N .
Let A = vertical distance from O.
( )


=
2
1
cos
.

dF r A M
Loc F

( )


=
2
1
2
.
cos cos

fbrd r A P M
Loc F

( )


=
2
1
2
.
cos cos

d r A Pfbr M
Loc F

( )

+ =
2
1
2 cos 1
2
1
cos
.

d r A Pfbr M
Loc F

2
1
2 sin
2
1
2
1
sin
.

\
|
+ =

r A Pfbr M
Loc F

( ) [ ] ( ) ( )
)
`

+ + + + =
1 2 1 2 1 2 .
2 sin 2 sin
2
1
2
1
sin sin r A Pfbr M
Loc F

Then 0
.
=
Loc F
M
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) 0 2 sin 2 sin
2
1
2
1
sin sin
1 2 1 2 1 2
=
(

+ + + + r A
( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + + = +
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin
2
1
2
1
sin sin r A
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
sin sin
2 sin 2 sin
2
1
2
1


+
(

+ + +
=
r
A
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
sin sin 4
2 sin 2 sin 2


+
+ + +
=
r
A

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 30 of 97
896. For the brake shown with
2 1
, assume that the direction of rotation is such
that a given W results in the greater braking torque and that sin P p = . (a)
Derive equations in terms of
1
and
2
for the braking torque, for the moment
H F
M and for
H N
M . (b) Reduce the foregoing equations for the condition
2 1
= . (c) Now suppose that , taken as
2 1
+ = , is small enough that
sin , 1 cos ,
2
2 1

= = . What are the resulting equations?



Solution:

(a) Use clockwise rotation

sin P p =
d Pbr dN sin =
d fPbr fdN dF sin = =
1 1
90 =
2 2
90 + =

= rdF T
f

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 31 of 97

=
2
1
sin
2

d fPbr T
f

( )
2 1
2
cos cos = fPbr T
f

( ) ( ) [ ]
2 1
2
90 cos 90 cos + = fPbr T
f

( )
2 1
2
sin sin + = fPbr T
f


( )dF c r M
H F

= cos
( )

d c r Pr fb M
H F
sin cos
2
1

=
( )

d c r fPbr M
H F

=
2
1
cos sin sin
2
1
2
sin
2
1
cos

= c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( )
(

=
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin sin
2
1
cos cos c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
)
`

+ + =
1
2
2
2
2 1
90 sin 90 sin
2
1
90 cos 90 cos c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( )
(

+ =
1
2
2
2
2 1
cos cos
2
1
sin sin c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
)
`

+ =
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin 1 sin 1
2
1
sin sin c r fPbr M
H F

( ) ( )
(

+ + =
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin sin
2
1
sin sin c r fPbr M
H F


dN r M
H N

= sin

d Pr b M
H N

=
2
1
2 2
sin
( )

d
Pbr
M
H N

=
2
1
2 cos 1
2
2

[ ]
2
1
2 sin 2
4
2

=
Pbr
M
H N

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
=
Pbr
M
H N

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] { }
1 2 1 2
2
90 2 sin 90 2 sin 90 90 2
4
+ + =
Pbr
M
H N

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ =
Pbr
M
H N

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 32 of 97
( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ + + =
Pbr
M
H N


(b)
2 1
=

( )
2 1
2
sin sin + = Pr fb T
f

1
2
sin 2 Pr fb T
f
=
( ) ( )
(

+ + =
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin sin
2
1
sin sin c r fPbr M
H F

1
2
sin 2 fPbr M
H F
=
( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ =
Pbr
M
H N

( )
1 1
2
2 sin 2 4
4
+ =
bPr
M
H N

( )
1 1 1
2
cos sin 4 4
4
+ =
bPr
M
H N

( )
1 1 1
2
cos sin + = bPr M
H N


(c)
2 1
+ =
sin
1 cos
2
2 1

= =

1
2
sin 2 Pr fb T
f
=


2 2 2
2
2
2
sin 2 Pr fb Pr fb Pr fb T
f
= |

\
|
= |

\
|
=

1
2
sin 2 fPbr M
H F
=


2 2 2
2
2
2
sin 2 Pr fb Pr fb Pr fb M
H F
= |

\
|
= |

\
|
=

( )
1 1 1
2
cos sin + = bPr M
H N

( )

2
H N
bPr bPr M =
(

+ = 1
2 2
2





SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 33 of 97
897. The brake shown is lined with woven asbestos; the cast-iron wheel is turning at
60 rpm CC; width of contact surface is 4 in. A force lb W 1300 = . is applied via
linkage systemnot shown;
o
90 = . Let sin P p = . (a) With the brake lever as a
free body, take moments about the pivot J and determine the maximum pressure
and compare with permissible values. Compute (b) the braking torque, (c) the
frictional energy in fhp. (d) Compute the normal force N , the average pressure
on the projected area, and decide if the brake application can safely be
continuous.

Solution:
(a)

fdN dF =
sin P p =
d Pbr pbrd dN sin = =
d fPbr dF sin =
( )dF r R M
J F

= cos
( )

=
2
1
sin cos

d r R fPbr M
J F

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 34 of 97
( )

=
2
1
sin cos sin

d r R fPbr M
J F

2
1
cos sin
2
1
2

+ = r R fPbr M
J F

( ) ( )
(

+ =
1 2 1
2
2
2
cos cos sin sin
2
1
r R fPbr M
J F

10
5 . 12
tan =
o
34 . 51 =
2
1

=
o
90 =
o
34 . 6
2
90
34 . 51
1
= =
o
34 . 96
2
90
34 . 51
2
1
= + = + =


in b 4 =
in r 10 =
for woven asbestos 4 . 0 = f (Table At 29)
( ) ( ) in R 16 10 5 . 12
2 2
= + =
( ) ( )
(

+ =
1 2 1
2
2
2
cos cos sin sin
2
1
r R fPbr M
J F

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ = 34 . 6 cos 34 . 96 cos 10 34 . 6 sin 34 . 96 sin


2
16
10 4 4 . 0
2 2
P M
J F

P M
J F
81 . 51 =

= dN R M
J N
sin

=
2
1
2
sin

d PbrR M
J N

[ ]
2
1
2 cos 1
2

=
PbrR
M
J N

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
=
PbrR
M
J N

( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

\
|
= 34 . 6 2 sin 34 . 96 2 sin
180
34 . 6 34 . 96 2
4
16 10 4 P
M
J N

P M
J N
9 . 572 =

0 = + =
J N J F J
M M Wa M
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 35 of 97
( )( ) ( ) 0 9 . 572 81 . 51 25 1300 = + P P
psi P 52 =
max. psi P p 52 = = , 90
2
>
From Table AT 29, permissible psi p 50 =
Therefore e permissibl p p
max


(b)

= rdF T
f

=
2
1
sin

d fPbr T
f

( )
2 1
cos cos = fPbr T
f

( )( )( )( )( ) lb in T
f
= = 9188 34 . 96 cos 34 . 6 cos 10 4 52 4 . 0

(c)
000 , 63
n T
fhp
f
= , rpm n 60 =
( )( )
hp fhp 75 . 8
000 , 63
60 9188
= =

(d)

= dN N

=
2
1
sin

d Pbr N
( )
2 1
cos cos = Pbr N
( )( )( )( ) lb N 2297 34 . 96 cos 34 . 6 cos 10 4 52 = =

2
sin 2
.

br
N
p ave =
o
90 =
( )( )
psi p ave 6 . 40
2
90
sin 10 4 2
2297
. = =
( ) ( )( ) min . . 755 , 12 60 20
12
6 . 40
12
= |

\
|
= |

\
|
= in sq lb ft
Dn
p pv
m



since min . . 000 , 28 < in sq lb ft pv
m
(18.4)
Application is continuous.





SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 36 of 97
PIVOTED-SHOE BRAKES

898. In the brake shown, the shoe is lined with flexible woven asbestos, and pivoted at
point K in the lever; face width is 4 in.;
o
90 = . The cast-iron wheel turns 60
rpm CL; let the maximum pressure be the value recommended in Table At 29.
On the assumption that K will be closely at the center of pressure, as planned,
compute (a) the brake torque, (b) the magnitude of force W , (c) the rate at which
frictional energy grows, (d) the time of an application if it is assumed that all this
energy is stored in the 1-in. thick rim with F t
rim
350 = , (e) the average pressure
on projected area. May this brake be applied for a long time without damage?
(f) What would change for CC rotation?

Problem 898.
Solution:
in a 27 = , in b 4 = , rpm n 60 = CL

sin
2
sin 2
+
=
D
c
in D 20 = , in r 10 =
rad 571 . 1 90 = =
o

( )
in c 0 . 11
90 sin 571 . 1
2
90
sin 20 2
=
+
=

(a)
2
sin 2
2

fPbr T
f
=
For woven asbestos, Table AT 29, 4 . 0 = f
psi P 50 =
( )( )( )( ) lb in T
f
= = 314 , 11
2
90
sin 10 4 50 4 . 0 2
2



SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 37 of 97
(b)

( )( )( ) lb Pbr N 2571
2
90 sin 571 . 1
10 4 50
2
sin
= |

\
| +
= |

\
| +
=


[ ]

= 0
J
M
N Wa 12 =
( ) ( ) 2571 12 15 = W
lb W 2057 =

(c)
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
78 . 10
000 , 63
60 314 , 11
000 , 63
= = =
rate of frictional energy ( ) min 740 , 355 78 . 10 000 , 33 000 , 33 lb ft fhp = = =

(d) Time (min)
fhp
U
f
000 , 33
=
c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
o

Dbt W
m
=
For cast iron
3
253 . 0 in lb =
F lb lb ft c =101
in t 1 =

( ) ( )( )( ) lb W
m
6 . 63 1 4 20 253 . 0 = =
( )( ) F lb lb ft lb
lb ft U
F t
f

= =
101 6 . 63
350
o

lb ft U
f
= 260 , 248 , 2
Time (min)
( )
min 32 . 6
78 . 10 000 , 33
260 , 248 , 2
= =

(e) Ave.
( )( )
psi
br
N
p 45 . 45
2
90
sin 10 4 2
2571
2
sin 2
= = =


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 38 of 97
( )( )( )( )
F in sq lb ft
Dn p
pv
m
= = = . . 280 , 14
12
60 20 45 . 45
12


since 000 , 28 <
m
pv , this brake may be applied for a long time.

(f) Since the moment arn of F is zero, no change or CC rotation.

899. The pivoted-shoe brake shown is rated at 450 ft-lb. of torque;
o
90 = ; contact
width is 6.25 in.; cast-iron wheel turns at 600 rpm; assume a symmetric
sinusoidal distribution of pressure. (a) Locate the center of pressure and compute
with the location of K. Compute (b) the maximum pressure and compare with
allowable value, (c) the value of force W , (d) the reaction at the pin H , (e) the
average pressure and
m
pv , and decide whether or not the application could be
continuous at the rated torque. (f) Compute the frictional work from T and
estimate the time it will take for the rim temperature to reach 450 F (ambient, 100
F).

Problem 899.
Solution:
(a)

sin
2
sin 2
+
=
D
c
in D 18 =
rad 571 . 1 90 = =
o

( )
in c 9011 . 9
90 sin 571 . 1
2
90
sin 18 2
=
+
=
but location of K = 9.8125 in
then, K location c

(b)
2
sin 2
2

fPbr T
f
=
lb in lb ft T
f
= = 5400 450
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 39 of 97
in b 25 . 6 =
in r 9 =
use 4 . 0 = f (on cast-iron)
2
sin 2
2

fPbr T
f
=
( ) ( )( )
2
90
sin 9 25 . 6 4 . 0 2 5400
2
P =
psi P 86 . 18 = < allowable (Table AT 9)

(c) ( ) ( ) 375 . 10 375 . 20 N W =
( )( )( ) lb Pbr N 1364
2
90 sin 571 . 1
9 25 . 6 86 . 18
2
sin
= |

\
| +
= |

\
| +
=


( )( )
lb W 695
375 . 20
375 . 10 1364
= =

(d) = = = lb W N H 669 695 1364

(e) Ave.
( )( )
psi
br
N
p 15 . 17
2
90
sin 9 25 . 6 2
1364
2
sin 2
= = =


rpm n 600 =
( )( )( )( )
F in sq lb ft
Dn p
pv
m
= = = . . 490 , 48
12
600 18 15 . 17
12



since 000 , 28 >
m
pv , not continuous

(f) Frictional work ( )
( )
sec 275 , 28
min sec 60
600 2
450 per lb ft
rpm
lb ft T =
(

= =


c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
o

Dbt W
m
=
For cast iron
3
253 . 0 in lb =
F lb lb ft c =101

( ) ( )( )
( )
t t t W
m
154
4
18
25 . 6 18 253 . 0
2
=
(

+ =


F t 350 100 450 = =
( )( )( ) lb ft t t c tW U
m f
= = = 900 , 443 , 5 101 154 350
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 40 of 97
lb ft U
f
= 260 , 248 , 2
sec 5 . 192
275 , 28
900 , 443 , 5
t
t
Time = =
Assume in t
2
1
=
sec 96 = Time


TWO-SHOE BRAKES

PIVOTED SHOES

900. The double-block brake shown is to be used on a crane; the force W is applied
by a spring, and the brake is released by a magnet (not shown);
o
90 = ; contact
width = 2.5 in. Assume that the shoes are pivoted at the center of pressure. The
maximum pressure is the permissible value of Table AT 29. Compute (a) the
braking torque, (b) the force W , (c) the rate of growth of frictional energy at 870
rpm, (d) the time it would take to raise the temperature of the 0.5-in.-thick rim by
F t 300 = (usual assumption of energy storage), (e)
m
pv . (f) Where should the
pivot center be for the calculations to apply strictly?

Problem 900.
Solution:
( )
in
D
c 5 . 5
90 sin
2
2
90
sin 10 2
sin
2
sin 2
=
+
=
+
=


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 41 of 97

[ ]

= 0
1
R
M
( )
1 1
75 . 6 75 . 12 875 . 0 5 . 5 N W F = +
( )
1 1
75 . 6 75 . 12 625 . 4 N W fN = +
f
W
N
625 . 4 25 . 6
75 . 12
1

=

[ ]

= 0
2
R
M
( )
2 2
75 . 6 875 . 0 5 . 5 75 . 12 N F W + =
2 2
75 . 6 625 . 4 75 . 12 N fN W + =
f
W
N
625 . 4 25 . 6
75 . 12
2
+
=

Assume flexible woven asbestos,
40 . 0 = f , psi p 50 =

( )
W
W
N 898 . 2
40 . 0 625 . 4 25 . 6
75 . 12
1
=

=
( )( ) W W fN F 16 . 1 898 . 2 4 . 0
1 1
= = =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 42 of 97
( )
W
W
N 574 . 1
40 . 0 625 . 4 25 . 6
75 . 12
2
=
+
=
( )( ) W W fN F 63 . 0 574 . 1 4 . 0
2 2
= = =

1
. max
f f
T T =
c F fPbr
1
2
2
sin 2 =


( )( )( ) ( )( ) 5 . 5 16 . 1
2
90
sin
2
10
5 . 2 50 40 . 0 2
2
W =
|

\
|

lb W 277 =

(a) Braking torque = ( ) ( )( )( ) lb in c F F T T
f f
= + = + = + 2727 5 . 5 277 63 . 0 16 . 1
2 1
2 1

(b) lb W 277 =
(c)
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
66 . 37
000 , 63
870 2727
000 , 63
= = =
(d) Solving for tine:
c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
o

F F t
o o
300 =
101 = c , 253 . 0 = for cast iron

V W
m
=
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
3
2 2
54 . 78
4
5 . 0 10
5 . 0 5 . 2 10
4
in
t D
Dbt V = + = + =


( )( ) lb W
m
87 . 19 54 . 78 253 . 0 = =
( )( )( ) lb ft U
f
= = 061 , 602 101 87 . 19 300
( )
sec 29 min 4844 . 0
66 . 37 000 , 33
061 , 602
000 , 33
= = = =
fhp
U
Time
f


(e)
m
pv :
( )( )
fpm
Dn
v
m
2278
12
870 10
12
= = =


( )( ) 900 , 113 2278 50 = =
m
pv

(f) in c 5 . 5 =

901. A pivoted-shoe brake, rated at 900 ft-lb. torque, is shown. There are 180 sq. in. of
braking surface; woven asbestos lining; 600 rpm of the wheel; 90
o
arc of brake
contact on each shoe. The effect of spring A is negligible. (a) Is the pin for the
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 43 of 97
shoe located at the center of pressure? (b) How does the maximum pressure
compare with that in Table AT 29? (c) What load W produces the rated torque?
(d) At what rate is energy absorbed? Express in horsepower. Is it likely that this
brake can operate continuously without overheating? (e) Does the direction of
rotation affect the effectiveness of this brake?

Problem 901.
Solution:
(a)
( )
in
D
c 9 . 9
90 sin
2
2
90
sin 18 2
sin
2
sin 2
=
+
=
+
=


and in 9 . 9
2
16
13
19
, therefore the pin located at the center of pressure

(b)


16
13
19
4
tan =
o
4 . 11 =

[ ]

= 0
Q
M
W F
A
5 . 8 cos 4 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 44 of 97
W F
A
5 . 8 4 . 11 cos 4 =
W F
A
168 . 2 =
[ ]

= 0
V
F and [ ]

= 0
H
F
( ) W W W W F Q
A v
429 . 1 4 . 11 sin 168 . 2 sin = + = + =
( ) W W F Q
A h
125 . 2 4 . 11 cos 168 . 2 cos = = =


[ ]

= 0
1
R
M
( )
h
Q N 375 . 20 375 . 10
1
=
( ) ( ) W N 125 . 2 375 . 20 375 . 10
1
=
W N 173 . 4
1
=
1 1
N f F =
For woven asbestos lining, 40 . 0 = f , psi p 50 =
( )( ) W W F 67 . 1 173 . 4 40 . 0
1
= = (either direction)


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 45 of 97
[ ]

= 0
2
R
M
cos 375 . 20 375 . 10
2 A
F N =
( ) W W N 174 . 4 4 . 11 cos 168 . 2
375 . 10
375 . 20
2
= =
( )( ) W W F 67 . 1 174 . 4 40 . 0
2
= = (either direction)

( )c F F T
f 2 1
+ =
( )( ) ( )( )( ) 9 . 9 67 . 1 67 . 1 12 900 W + =
lb W 6 . 326 =
2
sin 2
2
2 1

fPbr Fc T T
f f
= = =
but br A =

Ar
br =
2

( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
2
2
90
sin 9 180 4 . 0 2
9 . 9 6 . 326 67 . 1

P
=
psi psi P 50 26 . 9 < =

(c) lb W 6 . 326 =

(d)
( )( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
103
000 , 63
600 12 900
000 , 63
= = =
( )( )
fpm
Dn
v
m
2827
12
600 18
12
= = =


( )( ) F in sq lb ft pv
m
= = . . 178 , 26 2827 26 . 9

since 000 , 28 <
m
pv , it is likely to operate continuously.

(e) Since the value of F is independent of rotation, the direction doesnt affect the
effectiveness of this brake.


902. Refer to the diagrammatic representation of the brake of Fig. 18.2, Text, and let
the dimensions be:
16
9
4 = = = = t m b a , 14 = c , 15 = D , in h
16
9
9 = ., and the
contact width is 4 in.; arc of contact = 90
o
; lining is asbestos in resin binder,
wheel rotation of 100 rpm CC; applied load lb W 2000 = . (a) Locate the center of
pressure for a symmetrical sinusoidal pressure distribution and compare with the
actual pin centers. Assume that this relationship is close enough for approximate
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 46 of 97
results and compute (b) the dimensions k and e if the braking force on each
shoe is to be the same, (c) the normal force and the maximum pressure, (d) the
braking torque, (e)
m
pv . Would more-or-less continuous application be
reasonable?

Figure 18.2

Solution:

(a)
( )
in
D
c 25 . 8
90 sin
2
2
90
sin 15 2
sin
2
sin 2
=
+
=
+
=



On Centers:
c in m t K > = + = + 125 . 9
16
9
4
16
9
4 :
c in b a B > = + = + 125 . 9
16
9
4
16
9
4 :


[ ]

= 0
C
R
M
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 47 of 97
( )W c e eR
F
+ =
W
e
c e
R
F
|

\
| +
=
W R R
F C
=
e
cW
W W
e
c e
R
C
= |

\
| +
=

[ ]

= 0
H
R
M
a R b F h N
F
=
1 1

a R b fN h N
F
=
1 1

fb h
a R
N
F

=
1

fb h
a fR
F
F

=
1

( )
( ) fb h e
W c e fa
F

+
=
1


[ ]

= 0
E
R
M
k R t F h N
C
= +
2 2

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 48 of 97
k R t fN h N
C
= +
2 2

ft h
k R
N
C
+
=
2

ft h
k fR
F
C

=
2

( ) ft h e
fkcW
F
+
=
2


(b)
2 1
f f
T T =
c F c F
2 1
=
2 1
F F =
( )
( ) ( ) ft h e
fkcW
fb h e
W c e fa
+
=

+

( )
ft h
kc
fb h
c e a
+
=

+

For asbestos in resin binder,
35 . 0 = f , Table AT 29
in in a 5625 . 4
16
9
4 = =
in in b 5625 . 4
16
9
4 = =
in in m 5625 . 4
16
9
4 = =
in in t 5625 . 4
16
9
4 = =
in c 14 =
in in h 5625 . 9
16
9
9 = =
( )
( )
( )
( ) 5625 . 4 35 . 0 5625 . 9
14
5625 . 4 35 . 0 5625 . 9
14 5625 . 4
+
=

+ k e

k e 1903 . 2 14 = +
but e m k = +
or 5625 . 4 + = k e
then k k 1903 . 2 14 5625 . 4 = + +
in k 6 . 15 =
in e 1625 . 20 5625 . 4 6 . 15 = + =

(c)
( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
lb
ft h e
kcW
N N N 2720
5625 . 4 35 . 0 5625 . 9 1625 . 20
2000 14 6 . 15
2 1
=

=
+
= = =

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 49 of 97
(d) ( ) ( )( )( ) lb in c N N f T T T
f f f
= = + = + = 708 , 15 25 . 8 2720 2 35 . 0
2 1
2 1


(e)
( )( )
fpm
Dn
v
m
393
12
100 15
12
= = =


( )( ) F in sq lb ft pv
m
= = . . 195 , 25 393 11 . 64

since 000 , 28 <
m
pv , continuous application is reasonable.

FIXED SHOES

903. A double-block brake has certain dimensions as shown. Shoes are lined with
woven asbestos; cast-iron wheel turns 60 rpm; applied force lb W 70 = . For each
direction of rotation, compute (a) the braking torque, (b) the rate of generating
frictional energy (fhp). (c) If the maximum pressure is to be psi P 50 = (Table
AT 29), what contact width should be used? (d) With this width, compute
m
pv
and decide whether or not the applications must be intermittent.

Problems 903, 904.
Solution:


[ ] 0 =
B
M
W Q 26 4 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 50 of 97
W Q 5 . 6 =

[ ] 0 =
R
M
( ) W Q S 5 . 6 6 6 25 . 2 = =
W S 33 . 17 =

W S R
H
33 . 17 = =
W Q R
V
5 . 6 = =

in e 10 =
in R 5 . 12 =
in a 75 . 23 5 . 12 9 25 . 2 = + + =

0
1 1
= =
H N H F H
M M Sa M (CC)
0
1 1
= + =
H N H F H
M M Sa M (CL)

( ) ( )
(

=
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin sin
2
cos cos
1

R
r fbrP M
H F

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
1
=
brRP
M
H N

2
sin 2
2
1

fPbr T
f
=
2
sin 2
1

fr
T
Pbr
f
=
in r 10 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 51 of 97
in r 11
2
sin 2 =


( ) in 11
2
sin 10 2 =


rad 165 . 1 43 . 66 = =
o


4 . 0 = f for woven asbestos
( ) ( )
2
sin 2
sin sin
2
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1
1
1


fr
R
r fT
M
f
H F
(


=
( ) ( )
2
sin 2
sin sin
2
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1
1
1


r
R
r T
M
f
H F
(


=
rad 9886 . 0 64 . 56
2
73 . 66
90
2
90
1
= = = =
o


o
28 . 113 2
1
=
rad 1530 . 2 36 . 123
2
73 . 66
90
2
90
2
= = + = + =
o


o
72 . 246 2
2
=
=
1 2

( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
2
73 . 66
sin 10 2
64 . 56 sin 36 . 123 sin
2
5 . 12
36 . 123 cos 64 . 56 cos 10
2 2
f
f
H F
T
T
M =
(


=
( ) ( ) [ ]
|

\
|

=
2
sin 2 4
2 sin 2 sin 2
1 2 1 2
1
1


fr
RT
M
f
H N

( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )
1
1
1
96 . 2
2
73 . 66
sin 10 4 . 0 8
28 . 113 sin 72 . 246 sin 165 . 1 2 5 . 12
f
f
H N
T
T
M =

=

CC:
0
1 1
= =
H N H F H
M M Sa M
( )( )( ) 0 960 . 2 75 . 23 70 33 . 17
1 1
=
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 7276
1


CL:
0
1 1
= + =
H N H F H
M M Sa M
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 52 of 97
( )( )( ) 0 960 . 2 75 . 23 70 33 . 17
1 1
= +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 700 , 14
1



in e 10 =
in d 5 . 12 =

CC: [ ]

= 0
H
M
0
2 2
= +
H N H F V H
M M d R a R
CL: [ ]

= 0
H
M
0
2 2
=
H N H F V H
M M d R a R

2
2
1 2
1
f
f
f
H F H F
T
T
T
M M =
|
|

\
|
=
2
2
1 2
960 . 2
1
f
f
f
H N H N
T
T
T
M M =
|
|

\
|
=
CC:
0
2 2
= +
H N H F V H
M M d R a R
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]( ) 0 960 . 2 70 5 . 12 5 . 6 5 . 21 33 . 17
2 2
= +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 405 , 10
2

CL:
0
2 2
=
H N H F V H
M M d R a R
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]( ) 0 960 . 2 70 5 . 12 5 . 6 5 . 21 33 . 17
2 2
=
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 5150
2


(a) Braking Torque
2 1
f f
T T + =


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 53 of 97
CC:
lb in T T T
f f f
= + = + = 681 , 17 405 , 10 7276
2 1

CL:
lb in T T T
f f f
= + = + = 850 , 19 5150 700 , 14
2 1


(b) Rate of generating frictional energy
000 , 63
n T
fhp
f
=
CC:
( )( )
hp fhp 84 . 16
000 , 63
60 681 , 17
= =
CL:
( )( )
hp fhp 90 . 18
000 , 63
60 850 , 19
= =

(c) psi p 50 =
2
sin 2
2
2 1

fPbr T or T
f f
=

CC:
( )( )( )
in
Pr f
T
b
f
73 . 4
2
73 . 66
sin 10 50 4 . 0 2
405 , 10
2
sin 2
2 2
1
= = =


CL:
( )( )( )
in
Pr f
T
b
f
68 . 6
2
73 . 66
sin 10 50 4 . 0 2
700 , 14
2
sin 2
2 2
2
= = =



(d)
m
pv
( )( )
fpm
Dn
v
m
314
12
60 20
12
= = =


( )( ) 000 , 55 700 , 15 314 50 < = =
m
pv
( )( ) 000 , 28 700 , 15 314 50 < = =
m
pv

application can be continuous or intermittent.

904. If the brake shown has a torque rating of 7000 lb-in. for counter-clockwise
rotation, what braking torque would it exert for clockwise rotation, force W the
same?

Solution:
CC:
0
1 1
=
H N H F
M M Sa
1 1
f H F
T M =
1 1
960 . 2
f H N
T M =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 54 of 97
W S 33 . 17 =
in a 75 . 23 =

( )( ) 0 96 . 2 75 . 23 33 . 17
1 1
=
f f
T T W
W T
f
9 . 103
1
=
0
2 2
= +
H N H F V H
M M d R a R
W R
H
33 . 17 =
W R
V
53 . 6 =
in a 5 . 21 =


2 2
f H F
T M =
2 2
960 . 2
f H N
T M =
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 960 . 2 5 . 12 5 . 6 5 . 21 33 . 17
2 2
= +
f f
T T W W
W T
f
65 . 148
2
=
2 1
f f f
T T T + =
W W 65 . 148 9 . 103 7000 + =
lb W 7 . 27 =

CL:
0
1 1
= +
H N H F
M M Sa
( )( )( ) 0 96 . 2 75 . 23 7 . 27 33 . 17
1 1
=
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 5817
1

0
2 2
=
H N H F V H
M M d R a R
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]( ) 0 960 . 2 7 . 27 5 . 12 5 . 6 5 . 21 33 . 17
2 2
= +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 2038
2


lb in T T T
f f f
= + = + = 7855 2038 5817
2 1
(CL)

905. A double-block brake is shown for which
o
90 = , in b 5 = ., rpm n 300 = , rim
thickness = in., and lb W 400 = . The shoes are lined with asbestos in resin
binder. Determine the frictional torque for (a) clockwise rotation, (b)
counterclockwise rotation. (c) How much energy is absorbed by the brake?
Express in horsepower. (d) Will the brake operate continuously without danger of
overheating? How long for a F t
rim
300 = ? How does
m
pv compare with Text
values?
in d 5 . 12 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 55 of 97

Problem 905
Solution:

4 4
4
tan
+
=
o
565 . 26 =

[ ] 0 =
R
M
( )( ) W Q 16 4 cos =
( )( ) ( ) 400 16 4 565 . 26 cos = Q
lb Q 1789 =

lb Q R
H
1600 565 . 26 cos 1789 cos = = =

lb W Q R
V
1200 400 565 . 26 sin 1789 sin = + = + =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 56 of 97


( ) ( )
(

=
1
2
2
2
2 1
sin sin
2
cos cos
R
r fbrP M
H F

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
=
brRP
M
H N

2
sin 2
2

fPbr T
f
=
( ) ( )
2
sin 2
sin sin
2
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


r
R
r T
M
f
H F
(


=
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
sin 8
2 sin 2 sin 2
1 2 1 2


fr
RT
M
f
H N

=
in r 10
2
20
= =
12
4
tan =
o
435 . 18 =
rad 571 . 1 90 = =
o

rad 464 . 0 565 . 26 435 . 18
2
90
90
2
90
1
= = = =
o


( )
o
13 . 53 565 . 26 2 2
1
= =
rad 034 . 2 565 . 116 435 . 18
2
90
90
2
90
2
= = + = + =
o


( )
o
13 . 233 565 . 116 2 2
2
= =
in R 65 . 12 12 4
2 2
= + =

Asbestos in resin binder 35 . 0 = f

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 57 of 97
( ) ( )
( )
f
f
H F
T
T
M 6803 . 0
2
90
sin 10 2
565 . 26 sin 565 . 116 sin
2
65 . 12
5656 . 116 cos 565 . 26 cos 10
2 2
=
(


=
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )
f
f
H N
T
T
M 03 . 3
2
90
sin 10 35 . 0 8
13 . 53 sin 13 . 233 sin 464 . 0 034 . 2 2 65 . 12
=

=

(a) Clockwise

[ ]

= 0
1
H
M
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 24 cos 5 . 2 sin
1 1 1 1
= + +
H N H F
M M Q Q
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 03 . 3 6803 . 0 24 565 . 26 cos 1789 5 . 2 565 . 26 sin 1789
1 1
= + +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 195 , 17
1


[ ]

= 0
2
H
M
0 24 5 . 2
2 2 2 2
= + +
H F H N H V
M M R R
( ) ( ) 0 6803 . 0 03 . 3 1600 24 1200 5 . 2
2 2
= + +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 9541
2

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 58 of 97

lb in T T T
f f f
= + = + = 736 , 26 9541 195 , 17
2 1


(b) Counterclockwise


[ ]

= 0
1
H
M
0 sin 5 . 2 cos 24
1 1 1 1
= +
H N H F
M M Q Q
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 03 . 3 6803 . 0 565 . 26 sin 1789 5 . 2 565 . 26 cos 1789 24
1 1
= +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 890 , 10
1


[ ]

= 0
2
H
M
0 24 5 . 2
2 2 2 2
= +
H N H F H V
M M R R
( ) ( ) 0 03 . 3 6803 . 0 1600 24 1200 5 . 2
2 2
= +
f f
T T
lb in T
f
= 066 , 15
2


lb in T T T
f f f
= + = + = 956 , 25 066 , 15 890 , 10
2 1



SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 59 of 97
(c) CL:
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
3 . 127
000 , 63
300 736 , 26
000 , 63
= = =

CC:
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
6 . 123
000 , 63
300 956 , 25
000 , 63
= = =

(d)
( )( )
fpm
Dn
v
m
1571
12
300 20
12
= = =



For p :
1
2
sin 2
2
f f
T fPbr T = =

(CL)
( )( )( )( )
2
90
sin 10 5 35 . 0 2 195 , 17
2
P =
psi P 48 . 69 =
( )( ) 000 , 28 153 , 109 1571 48 . 69 > = =
m
pv
the brake operate continuously with danger of overheating.

For time:
c W
lb ft U
F t
m
f

=
o

101 = c , 253 . 0 =
V W
m
=
4
2
t D
Dbt V

+ =
( )( )
( )
3
2
24 . 471
4
3
4
20
4
3
5 20 in V =
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=


( )( ) lb V W
m
22 . 119 24 . 471 253 . 0 = = =
( )( )( ) lb ft t c W U
m f
= = = 366 , 612 , 3 300 101 22 . 119
Time =
fhp
U
f
000 , 33

CL: Time =
( )
sec 53 min 886 . 0
6 . 123 000 , 33
366 , 612 , 3
000 , 33
= = =
fhp
U
f

CC: Time =
( )
sec 52 min 860 . 0
3 . 127 000 , 33
366 , 612 , 3
000 , 33
= = =
fhp
U
f

000 , 28 >
m
pv , not good for continuous application.

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 60 of 97
906. The double-block brake for a crane has the dimensions: 3 . 14 = a , 37 . 2 = b ,
10 = D , 05 . 11 = e , 1 . 7 = g , 12 = h , 6 . 6 = j , 55 . 10 = k , in m 5 . 3 = ., the width of
shoes is 4 in., and the subtended angle is
o
90 = ; wocen asbestos lining. Its
rated braking torque is 200 ft-lb. The shoes contact the arms in such a manner
that they are virtually fixed to the arms. What force W must be exerted by a
hydraulic cylinder to develop the rated torque for (a) counterclockwise rotation,
(b) clockwise rotation? Is the torque materially affected by the direction of
rotation? (c) Compute the maximum pressure and compare with that in Table AT
29. (Data courtesy of Wagner Electric Corporation.)

Problem 906.
Solution:

83 . 0 05 . 11
37 . 2
tan

=
c e
b

o
056 . 13 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 61 of 97
[ ]

= 0
R
M
eW cQ bQ = + sin cos
( )( ) ( )( ) W Q Q 3 . 14 056 . 13 sin 83 . 0 056 . 13 cos 37 . 2 = +
W Q 7286 . 5 =

W W Q R
H
58 . 5 056 . 13 cos 7286 . 5 cos = = =
W W W W Q R
V
294 . 0 056 . 13 sin 7286 . 5 sin = = =

6 . 6
275 . 5
2
tan = =
j
k

o
63 . 38 =
rad 1112 . 0 37 . 6 63 . 38
2
90
90
2
90
1
= = = =
o


o
74 . 12 2
1
=
rad 6820 . 1 37 . 96 63 . 38
2
90
90
2
90
2
= = + = + =
o


o
74 . 192 2
2
=
( ) in j
k
R 449 . 8 6 . 6
2
55 . 10
2
2
2
2
2
= + |

\
|
= + |

\
|
=
in
D
r 5
2
10
2
= = =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 62 of 97
( ) ( )
2
sin 2
sin sin
2
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


r
R
r T
M
f
H F
(


=
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
sin 8
2 sin 2 sin 2
1 2 1 2


fr
RT
M
f
H N

=
For woven asbestos lining, 40 . 0 = f
( ) ( )
( )
f
f
H F
T
T
M 1985 . 0
2
90
sin 5 2
37 . 6 sin 37 . 96 sin
2
449 . 8
37 . 96 cos 37 . 6 cos 5
2 2
=
(


=
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )
f
f
H N
T
T
M 6755 . 2
2
90
sin 5 4 . 0 8
74 . 12 sin 74 . 192 sin 1112 . 0 682 . 1 2 449 . 8
=

=
(a) CC:



[ ]

= 0
1
H
M
( ) ( ) 0 25 . 0 12
1 1 1 1
=
H N H F V H
M M R R
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 6755 . 2 1985 . 0 25 . 0 294 . 0 12 58 . 5
1 1
=
f f
T T W W
W T
f
3 . 23
1
=

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 63 of 97

[ ]

= 0
2
H
M
0 5 . 3 sin 25 . 0 cos 12
2 2 2 2
= + + W M M Q Q
H N H F

( ) ( )
2 2
1985 . 0 6755 . 2 5 . 3 056 . 13 sin 3 . 14 25 . 0 056 . 13 cos 3 . 14 12
f f
T T W W W = +
W T
f
4 . 66
2
=
2 1
f f f
T T T + =
lb in lb ft T
f
= = 2400 200
W W 4 . 66 3 . 23 2400 + =
lb W 8 . 26 =

(b) CL:

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 64 of 97
[ ]

= 0
1
H
M
( ) ( ) 0 25 . 0 12
1 1 1 1
= +
H N H F V H
M M R R
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 6755 . 2 1985 . 0 25 . 0 294 . 0 12 58 . 5
1 1
= +
f f
T T W W
W T
f
0 . 27
1
=

[ ]

= 0
2
H
M
0 5 . 3 sin 25 . 0 cos 12
2 2 2 2
= + W M M Q Q
H N H F

( ) ( )
2 2
1985 . 0 6755 . 2 5 . 3 056 . 13 sin 3 . 14 25 . 0 056 . 13 cos 3 . 14 12
f f
T T W W W + = +
W T
f
2 . 57
2
=
2 1
f f f
T T T + =
W W 2 . 57 0 . 27 2400 + =
lb W 5 . 28 =

Since W has different values, torque is materially affected by the direction of rotation.

(c)
2
sin 2
2

fPbr T
f
=
For woven asbestos lining, 40 . 0 = f
Use ( ) lb in W T
f
= = = 1780 8 . 26 4 . 66 4 . 66
in b 4 =
in r 5 =
o
90 =
( ) ( )( )
2
90
sin 5 4 4 . 0 2 1780
2
P T
f
= =
psi P 47 . 31 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 65 of 97
From Table AT 29, psi p 50
max
=
psi psi 50 47 . 31 <


INTERNAL-SHOE BRAKES

908. Assuming that the distribution of pressure on the internal shoe shown is given by
sin P p = , show that the moments
B N
M ,
B F
M , and
O F
T of N with respect to
B and of F with respect to B and to O are ( b = face width)

( ) ( ) [ ] 2 2 sin 2 sin 2
1 2
= Pbar M
B N
,
( ) ( ) [ ] 2 sin sin cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1
= a r fPbr M
B F
,
( )
2 1
2
cos cos = fPbr T
O F
.

Problems 908 910.
Solution:

sin P p =
( ) kdN M d
B N
=
( ) d Pbr brd P dN sin sin = =
( ) sin 90 cos a a k = =

( ) ( )( ) d Pabr d Pbr a M d
B N
2
sin sin sin = =
( )

= =
2
1
2
1
2 cos 1
2
sin
2

d
Pabr
d Pabr M
B N

( )
( )
(


=
(

=
2
2 sin 2 sin
2
2 sin
2
1
2
1 2
1 2
2
1

Pabr Pabr
M
B N

but =
1 2

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 66 of 97
( )
(


=
2
2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2

Pabr
M
B N


( ) edF M d
B F
=
d fPbr fdN dF sin = =
( ) cos 90 sin a r a r e = + =
( ) ( )( ) ( ) d a r fPbr d fPbr a r M d
B F
cos sin sin sin cos = =
[ ]
2
1
2
sin cos

a r fPbr M
B F
=
( )
( )
(


=
2
sin sin
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


a
r fPbr M
B F


( ) d fPbr rdF T d
O F
sin
2
= =
[ ]
2
1
cos
2

= fPbr T
O F

( )
2 1
2
cos cos = fPbr T
O F


909. The same as 908, except that a pressure distribution of cos P p = is assumed.

( ) ( ) [ ] 2 sin sin 4 2 sin 2 sin 2
1
2
2
2
1 2
+ + + = c h Pbr M
B N
,
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 4 2 sin 2 sin 2 2 sin sin sin sin
1 2 1
2
2
2
1 2
+ + + + = c h r fPbr M
B F

( )
1 2
2
sin sin + = fPbr M
O F
.

Solution:
sin cos c h k + =
cos sin c h r e + =
d Pbr pbrd dN cos = =
d fPbr fdN dF cos = =

( )( ) d Pbr c h kdN dM
B N
cos sin cos + = =
( ) d c h Pbr dM
B N
cos sin cos
2
+ =
( )

+ =
2
1
cos sin cos
2

d c h Pbr M
B N

( )
2
1
2
sin
4
2 sin 2
2

+
+
=
c h
Pbr M
B N

but
2 1
+ =

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
)
`


+
+ +
=
2
sin sin
4
2 sin 2 sin 2
1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2
c h
Pbr M
B N

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 67 of 97
( ) ( )
(


+
+ +
=
2
sin sin
4
2 sin 2 sin 2
1
2
2
2
1 2
c h
Pbr M
B N


( )( ) d fPbr c h r edF dM
B F
cos cos sin + = =
( ) d c h r fPbr dM
B F
2
cos cos sin cos + =
( )
2
1
4
2 sin 2
2
sin
sin
2

+
+ =
c h
r fPbr M
B F

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
)
`

+ +


+ =
4
2 sin 2 sin 2
2
sin sin
sin sin
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1 2


c h
r fPbr M
B F

( )
( ) ( )
(

+ +

+ + =
4
2 sin 2 sin 2
2
sin sin
sin sin
1 2 1
2
2
2
1 2


c h
r fPbr M
B F


( ) d fPbr d fPbr r rdF dM
O F
cos cos
2
= = =
[ ] ( ) [ ]
1 2
2 2
sin sin sin
2
1

= =

fPbr fPbr M
O F

( )
1 2
2
sin sin + = fPbr M
O F


910. The same as 909, except that the is to be measured from OG, a perpendicular
to OB ; limits from
1
to
2
+ .

Solution:
cos a k =
sin a r e + =

( ) ( ) d
Pbar
d Pbar d Pbr a kdN dM
B N
2 cos 1
2
cos cos cos
2
+ = = = =
( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4 2
2 sin 2
2
2
1


+ + =
(

+
=

Pbar Pbar
M
B N

( )
1 2
2 sin 2 sin 2
4
+ =
Pbar
M
B N


( )( ) ( ) d a r fPbr d fPbr a r edF dM
B F
cos sin cos cos sin + = + = =
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
)
`


+ =
(

+ =

2
sin sin
sin sin
2
sin
sin
1
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
1

a
r fPbr
a
r fPbr M
B F

( )
( )
(


+ + =
2
sin sin
sin sin
1
2
2
2
1 2


a
r fPbr M
B F

( ) d fPbr d fPbr r rdF dM
O F
cos cos
2
= = =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 68 of 97
[ ] ( ) [ ]
1 2
2 2
sin sin sin
2
1

= =

fPbr fPbr M
O F

( )
1 2
2
sin sin + = fPbr M
O F


911. The following dimensions apply to a two-shoe truck brake somewhat as shown:
face 5 = b , 8 = r , 1 . 5 = h , 6 . 2 = c , in u w 4 . 6 = = .,
o
110 = ,
o
15
1
= . Lining is
asbestos in rubber compound. For a maximum pressure on each shoe of 100 psi,
determine the force Q, and the braking torque for (a) clockwise rotation, (b)
counterclockwise rotation. See 908. (Data courtesy of Wagner Electric
Corporation.)

Problems 911, 912.

Solution: See 908.
( )
(


=
2
2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2

Pbar
M
B N

( )
( )
(


=
2
sin sin
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


a
r fPbr M
B F
,
( )
2 1
2
cos cos = fPbr T
O F

o
15
1
= ,
o
30 2
1
= ,
o
125 110 15
1 2
= + = + = ,
o
250 2
1
=
psi p 100 =
in b 5 =
in r 8 =
( ) ( ) in c h a 7245 . 5 6 . 2 1 . 5
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
rad 92 . 1 110 = =
o

For asbestos in rubber compound
35 . 0 = f
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 69 of 97

(a) Both sides (clockwise rotation)

( ) 0 = + +
B N B F
M M w h Q
( )( )( )( ) ( )
lb in M
B N
=
(


= 224 , 30
2
30 sin 250 sin
92 . 1
2
8 7245 . 5 5 100

( )( )( )( ) ( )
( )
lb in M
B F
=
(


= 436 , 14
2
30 sin 125 sin 7245 . 5
125 cos 30 cos 8 8 5 100 35 . 0
2 2

in h 1 . 5 = , in w 4 . 6 =

( ) 0 224 , 30 436 , 14 4 . 6 1 . 5 = + + Q
lb Q 1373 =

( )( )( )( ) ( ) lb in T
O F
= = 242 , 17 125 cos 15 cos 8 5 100 35 . 0
2

( ) lb in T T
O F f
= = = 484 , 34 242 , 17 2 2

(b) Counterclockwise rotation


( ) 0 = +
B F B N
M M w h Q
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 70 of 97
( ) 0 436 , 14 224 , 30 4 . 6 1 . 5 = + Q
lb Q 3883 =
( ) lb in T T
O F f
= = = 484 , 34 242 , 17 2 2

913. The data are the same as 911, but the shoe arrangement is as shown for this
problem. For a maximum pressure on the shoes of 100 psim determine the force
Q and
O F
T for (a) Cl rotation, (b) CC rotation, See 908.

Problem 913.

Solution:
( )
2 1
2
cos cos = = fPbr T T
f O F

( )
2 1
cos cos
=
fr
T
Pbr
f

( )
( )
( )
(

=
(


=
2
2 sin 2 sin
cos cos 2 2
2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2
2 1
1 2

fr
aT
Pbar
M
f
B N

( )
( )
(


=
2
sin sin
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


a
r fPbr M
B F

( )
( )
( )
(

=
2
sin sin
cos cos
cos cos 2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2 1



a
r
r
T
M
f
B F

From 911:
o
15
1
= ,
o
30 2
1
= ,
o
125 110 15
1 2
= + = + = ,
o
250 2
1
=
rad 92 . 1 110 = =
o

( ) ( ) in c h a 7245 . 5 6 . 2 1 . 5
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
35 . 0 = f
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 71 of 97
( )( )( )
( )
f
f
B N
T
T
M 753 . 1
2
30 sin 250 sin
92 . 1
125 cos 15 cos 8 35 . 0 2
7245 . 5
=
(

=
( )
( )
( )
f
f
B F
T
T
M 43 . 0
2
15 sin 125 sin 7245 . 5
125 cos 15 cos 8
125 cos 15 cos 28
2 2
=
(

=

(a) CL rotation:
Left Side

[ ]

= 0
B
M
( ) 0
1 1
= +
B F B N
M M w h Q
( ) 0 43 . 0 753 . 1 4 . 6 1 . 5
1 1
= +
f f
T T Q
Q T
f
268 . 5
1
=

Right Side:

[ ]

= 0
B
M
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 72 of 97
( ) 0
2 2
= + +
B N B F
M M w h Q
( ) 0 753 . 1 43 . 0 4 . 6 1 . 5
2 2
= + +
f f
T T Q
Q T
f
6924 . 8
2
=

Q T T
f f
6924 . 8
2 max
= =

( )
2 1
2
cos cos
max
= fPbr T
f

( )( )( )( ) ( ) 125 cos 15 cos 8 5 100 35 . 0 6924 . 8
2
= Q
lb Q 1984 =

( ) lb in Q T
f
= = = 452 , 10 1984 268 . 5 268 . 5
1

( ) lb in Q T
f
= = = 246 , 17 1984 6924 . 8 6924 . 8
2


Total lb in T T T
f f O F
= + = + = 698 , 27 246 , 17 452 , 10
2 1


(b) CC rotation

Left Side

[ ]

= 0
B
M
( ) 0
1 1
= + +
B N B F
M M w h Q
( ) 0 753 . 1 43 . 0 4 . 6 1 . 5
1 1
= + +
f f
T T Q
Q T
f
6924 . 8
1
=

Right Side:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 73 of 97

[ ]

= 0
B
M
( ) 0
2 2
= +
B N B F
M M w h Q
( ) 0 753 . 1 43 . 0 4 . 6 1 . 5
2 2
= +
f f
T T Q
Q T
f
268 . 5
2
=
Since values are just interchanged
lb Q 1984 =
Total lb in T
O F
= 698 , 27 as in (a)

914. A double-shoe internal brake is actuated by an involute cam as shown, where
R
Q
is the force on the right shoe at a radius
R
w and
L
Q is the force on the left shoe at
a radius
L
w . The pressure of each shoe is proportional to the rotation of the shoe
about B which is inversely proportional to w; therefore, the ratio of the
maximum pressures is
L R R L
w w P P = . The dimensions are: face width 4 = b ,
6 = r ,
16
9
4 = h ,
8
1
1 = c ,
16
5
9 =
L
w , in w
R
16
5
8 = .: for each shoe,
o
120 = ,
o
30
1
= . The lining is asbestos in rubber compound, Determine the braking
torque and forces
R
Q and
L
Q for the maximum permissible pressure for (a)
clockwise rotation, (b) counterclockwise rotation.
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 74 of 97

Problem 914.
Solution:
( )
(


=
2
2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2

Pbar
M
B N

( )
( )
(


=
2
sin sin
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


a
r fPbr M
B F
,
( )
2 1
2
cos cos = fPbr T
O F

in c h a 70 . 4
8
1
1
16
9
4
2 2
2 2
= |

\
|
+ |

\
|
= + =
8926 . 0
16
5
9
16
5
8
= = =
L
R
R
L
w
w
p
p

For asbestos in rubber compound, 35 . 0 = f , psi p 75 =
psi p
R
75 =
( ) psi p
L
67 75 8926 . 0 = =

(a) Clockwise rotation

Left Side:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 75 of 97

[ ]

= 0
L
B
M
0 =
L L L L
B N B F L L
M M w Q
( )
( )
(


=
2
sin sin
cos cos
1
2
2
2
2 1


a
r br fP M
L B F
L L

o
30
1
=
o
60 2
1
=
o
150 30 120
1 2
= + = + =
o
300 2
2
=
rad 094 . 2 120 = =
o

( )( )( )( ) ( )
( )
lb in M
L L
B F
=
(


= 5849
2
30 sin 150 sin 70 . 4
150 cos 30 cos 6 6 4 67 35 . 0
2 2

( )
(


=
2
2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2

bar P
M
L
B N
L L

( )( )( )( ) ( )
lb in M
L L
B N
=
(


= 185 , 11
2
60 sin 300 sin
094 . 2
2
6 7 . 4 4 67


0 185 , 11 5849
16
5
9 = |

\
|
L
Q
lb Q
L
1829 =
( )
( )
2 1
2
cos cos = br fP T
L O F
L

( )
( )( )( )( ) ( ) lb in T
L
O F
= = 5849 150 cos 30 cos 6 4 67 35 . 0
2


Right side:

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 76 of 97

[ ]

= 0
R
B
M
0 = +
R R R R
B N B F R R
M M w Q
( )( )
lb in
P
P M
M
L
R B F
B F
L L
R R
= = = 6547
67
75 5849

( )( )
lb in
P
P M
M
L
R B N
B N
L L
R R
= = = 520 , 12
67
75 185 , 11


0 520 , 12 6547
16
5
8 = + |

\
|
R
Q
lb Q
R
719 =
( )
( ) ( )( )
lb in
P
P T
T
L
R O F
O F
L
R
= = = 6547
67
75 5849


( ) ( ) ( )
lb in T T T
L R
O F O F O F
= + = + = 396 , 12 5849 6547

(b) Counterclockwise rotation

Left side:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 77 of 97


[ ]

= 0
L
B
M
0 = +
L L L L
B N B F L L
M M w Q
0 185 , 11 5849
16
5
9 = + |

\
|
L
Q
lb Q
L
573 =
( )
lb in T
L
O F
= 5849

Right Side:

[ ]

= 0
R
B
M
0 =
R R R R
B N B F R R
M M w Q
0 520 , 12 6547
16
5
8 = |

\
|
R
Q
lb Q
R
2294 =
( )
lb in T
R
O F
= 6547
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 78 of 97

( ) ( ) ( )
lb in T T T
L R
O F O F O F
= + = + = 396 , 12 5849 6547


BAND BRAKES

915. The steel band for the brake shown is lined with flexible asbestos and it is
expected tha the permissible pressure of Table AT 29 is satisfactory;
o
245 = ,
in a 20 = ., in m
2
1
3 = ., in D 18 = ., and face width in b 4 = .; rotation CL. The
cast-iron wheel turns 200 rpm. Set up suitable equations, use the average f
given and compute (a) the force in each end of the band, (b) the brake torque and
fhp. (c) Determine the mechanical advantage for the limit values of f in Table
AT 29 and its percentage variation fron that for the average f . (d) Investigate
the overheating problem using relevant information given in the Text.

Problem 915.
Solution:

(1)
f
e
F
F
=
2
1

[ ]

= 0
int po Fixed
M
m F Wa
2
=
(2)
m
Wa
F =
2

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 79 of 97
(3) fpA F F F = =
2 1

(4)
2
FD
T
f
=

From Table AT 29, flexible asbestos
Ave. 40 . 0 = f , psi p 50 =

(a) For
1
F and
2
F :
2
Db
A

=
rad 276 . 4 245 = =
o

( )( )( )
2
154
2
4 18 276 . 4
in A = =
( )( )( ) lb fpA F F F 3080 154 50 40 . 0
2 1
= = = =
( )( )
5312 . 5
276 . 4 40 . 0
2
1
= = = e e
F
F
f

2 1
5312 . 5 F F =
3080 5312 . 5
2 2
= = F F F
lb F 680
2
=
( ) lb F 3760 680 5312 . 5
1
= =

(b)
f
T and fhp
( )( )
lb in
FD
T
f
= = = 720 , 27
2
18 3080
2

( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
88
000 , 63
200 720 , 27
000 , 63
= = =
(c) For MA
m F
T
Wa
T
MA
f f
2
= =
2
FD
T
f
=
1
2

=
f
e
F
F
( )
m
e D
e
Fm
FD
MA
f
f
2
1
1
2
=
|

\
|

\
|
=


in D 18 =
in m 5 . 3 =
rad 276 . 4 =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 80 of 97
Limit values (Table AT 29) 35 . 0 = f to 45 . 0 .
35 . 0 = f
( )( )
[ ]
( )
914 . 8
5 . 3 2
1 18
276 . 4 35 . 0
=

=
e
MA
45 . 0 = f
( )( )
[ ]
( )
042 . 15
5 . 3 2
1 18
276 . 4 45 . 0
=

=
e
MA

with 40 . 0 = f (average)
( )( )
[ ]
( )
652 . 11
5 . 3 2
1 18
276 . 4 40 . 0
=

=
e
MA
Percentage variation from 40 . 0 = f .
35 . 0 = f
( ) % 5 . 23 % 100
652 . 11
914 . 8 652 . 11
var % =

=
45 . 0 = f
( ) % 1 . 29 % 100
652 . 11
652 . 11 042 . 15
var % =

=

(d) Overheating problem

2
57 . 0
154
88
in fhp
A
fhp
= =
Therefore, a problem of overheating is expected as Rasmussen recommends 0.2 to 0.3
fhp per square inch of brake contact area.




916. (a) For the band brake shown, derive the expressions for the braking torque in
terms of W , etc., for CL rotation and for CC rotation, and specify the ratio b c
for equal effectiveness in both directions of rotation. Are there any proportions of
b and c as shown that would result in the brae being self locking? (b) When
o
270 = , in a 16 = ., in c b 3 = = ., and in D 12 = ., it was found that a
force lb W 50 = . Produced a frictional torque of 1000 in-lb. Compute the
coefficient of friction.
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 81 of 97

Problem 916.
Solution:

(a)

CL:

[ ]

= 0
O
M
c F b F aW
2 1
+ =
f
e F F
2 1
=
c F b e F aW
f
2 2
+ =


c be
aW
F
f
+
=
2

c be
aWe
e F F
f
f
f
+
= =

2 1

( )
c be
e aW
c be
aW aWe
F F F
f
f
f
f
+

=
+

= =

1
2 1

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 82 of 97
|
|

\
|
+

= =
c be
e WaD FD
T
f
f
f

1
2 2



CC:

[ ]

= 0
O
M
c F b F aW
1 2
+ =
|
|

\
|
+

=
b ce
e WaD
T
f
f
f

1
2

No proportions of b and c as shown that would result in the brake being self-locking.

(b) lb W 50 =
lb in T
f
=1000
in D 12 =
in a 16 =
in c b 3 = =
rad 7124 . 4 270 = =
o


( )( )( )
|
|

\
|
+

= =
3 3
1
2
12 16 50
1000

f
f
f
e
e
T
625 . 0
1
1
=
+

f
f
e
e

333 . 4
7124 . 4
= =
f f
e e


311 . 0 = f

917. (a) For the brake shown, assume the proper direction of rotation of the cast-iron
wheel for differential acion and derive expressions for the braking torque. (b) Let
in D 14 = ., in n
4
3
1 = ., in m 4 = .,
o
235 = , and assume the band to be lined with
woven asbestos. Is there a chance that this brake will be self-acting? If true, will
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 83 of 97
it always be for the range of values of f given in Table AT 29? (c) The ratio
m n should exceed what value in order for the brake to be self-locking? (d) If the
direction of rotation of the wheel is opposite to that taken in (a), what is the
braking torque with a force lb W 10 = . at in a 8 = .? (e) Suppose the brake is
used as a stop to prevent reverse motion on a hoist. What is the frictional
horsepower for the forward motion if the wheel turns 63 rpm?


Problems 917, 918.
Solution:

(a) Assume CL


[ ]

= 0
O
M
m F n F Wa
2 1
= +
f
e F F
2 1
=
( )
f f
ne m F ne F m F Wa = =
2 2 2

( )
f
ne m
Wa
F

=
2

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 84 of 97
( )

f
f
ne m
Wae
F

=
1

( )

f
f
ne m
e Wa
F F F

= =
1
2 1
, Braking force.
|
|

\
|

= =

f
f
f
ne m
e WaD FD
T
1
2 2
, Braking torque.

(b) in D 14 =
in n
4
3
1 =
in m 4 =
rad 10 . 4 235 = =
o

Table AT 29, woven asbestos
35 . 0 = f to 45 . 0

There is a chance of self-acting if
m ne
f
>


in m 4 =

use 40 . 0 = f
( )( )
m e ne
f
> = = 0 . 9 75 . 1
10 . 4 40 . 0


use 35 . 0 = f
( )( )
m e ne
f
> = = 35 . 7 75 . 1
10 . 4 35 . 0


use 45 . 0 = f
( )( )
m e ne
f
> = = 07 . 11 75 . 1
10 . 4 45 . 0


Therefore true for the range of values of f .

(c) m ne
f
>

, 40 . 0 = f (average)

f
e m
n 1
>
( )( ) 10 . 4 4 . 0
1
e m
n
>
2 . 0 >
m
n


(d) For CC:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 85 of 97

[ ]

= 0
O
M
m F n F Wa
1 2
= +
n F m F Wa
2 1
=
f
e F F
2 1
=
( ) n me F n F m e F Wa
f f
= =

2 2 2

n me
Wa
F
f

=
2

n me
Wae
F
f
f

1

( )
n me
e Wa
F F F
f
f

= =

1
2 1

|
|

\
|

= =
n me
e WaD FD
T
f
f
f

1
2 2

( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
lb in
e
e
T
f
=
|
|

\
|

= 3 . 123
75 . 1 4
1
2
14 8 10
10 . 4 40 . 0
10 . 4 40 . 0


(e)
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
f
1233 . 0
000 , 63
63 3 . 123
000 , 63
= = =

918. A differential band brake similar to that shown and lined with woven asbestos,
has the dimensions: in D 18 = ., in n 2 = ., in m 12 = .,
o
195 = . (a) Is there a
chance that this brake will be self-acting? (b) If lb W 30 = . and in a 26 = . ,
compute the maximum braking torque and the corresponding mechanical
advantage. (c) What is the ratio of the braking torque for CL rotation to the
braking torque for CC rotation? (d) A 1/16-in.-thick steel band, SAE 1020 as
rolled, carries the asbestos lining. What should be its width for a factor of safety
of 8, based on the ultimate stress? What should be the face width if the average
pressure is 50 psi?

Solution:

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 86 of 97
(a) For CL:
m ne
f
>


rad 4 . 3 195 = =
o

in m 12 =
in n 2 =
4 . 0 = f

( )
m e < = 8 . 7 2
4 . 3 4 . 0
, not self-acting

For CC:
f
me n >
n me
f
<


( )
n e > = 8 . 46 12
4 . 3 4 . 0
, not self-acting

Therefore, there is no change that this brake will be self-acting.

(b)
f f
T T =
max
(CL)
( )( )( )
( )
( )
lb in
e
e
ne m
e Wad
T
f
f
f
=
(

=
|
|

\
|

\
|
= 4832
2 12
1
2
18 26 30 1
2
4 . 3 4 . 0
4 . 3 4 . 0


( )( )
2 . 6
26 30
4832
= = =
Wa
T
MA
f


(c) ( ) lb in CL T
f
= 4832
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
lb in
e
e
n me
e Wad
CC T
f
f
f
=
(

=
|
|

\
|

\
|
= 454
2 12
1
2
18 26 30 1
2
4 . 3 4 . 0
4 . 3 4 . 0


( )
( )
64 . 10
454
4832
= = =
CC T
CL T
Ratio
f
f


(d) For SAE 1020, as rolled.
ksi s
u
65 =
psi ksi
N
s
s
u
8125 125 . 8
8
65
= = = =
bt
F
s
1
=
in in t 0625 . 0
16
1
= =
max.

f
f
ne m
Wae
F

=
1
(CL)
( )( )
( )
( )
lb
e
e
F 3 . 722
2 12
26 30
4 . 3 4 . 0
4 . 3 4 . 0
1
=

=
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 87 of 97
( ) 0625 . 0
3 . 722
8125
b
s = =
in b 422 . 1 =
With psi p 50 =
fpA F =
2
bD
A

=
max.
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
lb
e
e
ne m
e Wa
F
f
f
9 . 536
2 12
1 26 30 1
4 . 3 4 . 0
4 . 3 4 . 0
=


2
bD fp
F

=
( )( )( )( )( )
2
18 4 . 3 50 4 . 0
9 . 536
b
=
in b 88 . 0 =

919. A differential band brake is to be design to absorb 10 fhp at 250 rpm. (a)
Compute the maximum and minimum diameters from both equations (z) and (a),
p. 495, Text. Decide on a size. (b) The band is to be lined with woven asbestos.
The Rasmussen recommendation (18.4) will help in deciding on the face width.
Also check the permissible pressure in Table AT 29. Choose dimensions of the
lever, its location and shape and the corresponding . Be sure the brake is not
self locking. What is the percentage variation of the mechanical advantage from
the minimum value (
min
f ) for the f limits in Table AT 29?

Solution:
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
f
= = = 2520
250
10 000 , 63 000 , 63

(a) Eq. (z)
in
T
D
f
96 . 7
5
2520
5
3
1
3
1
min
= |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
in
T
D
f
57 . 8
4
2520
4
3
1
3
1
max
= |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
Eq. (a)
( ) ( ) [ ] in fhp D 44 . 8 10 60 60 3
1
3
1
min
= = =
( ) ( ) [ ] in fhp D 28 . 9 10 80 80 3
1
3
1
min
= = =

use in D 5 . 8 =

(b) By Rasmussen
Energy absorption capacity = 0.2 to 0.3 fhp per sq. in. of brake contact area.
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 88 of 97
Say 0.25 fhp per sq. in.
2
bD
A

=
hp fhp 10 =
in D 5 . 8 =
assume rad = =
o
180
A
fhp
in fhp =
2

( )
(

=
2
5 . 8
10
25 . 0
b

in b 3 =
From Table AT 29, 40 . 0 = f , psi p
per
50
.
=
fA
F
p =
( )( )
2
40
2
5 . 8 3
in A = =


( )
lb
D
T
F
f
593
5 . 8
2520 2
2
= = =
( )
psi psi p 50 1 . 37
40 4 . 0
593
< = = (OK)

For MA:
( )
( )

f
f
f
be c
e D
WA
T
MA

= =
2
1

Not self-locking
f
be c >
f
e
b
c
>
4 . 0
e
b
c
>
5 . 3 >
b
c

say 4 =
b
c
or b c 4 =

For 40 . 0 = f
( )
( )
( )
( ) b be b
e
be c
e D
WA
T
MA
f
f
f
96 . 21
4 2
1 5 . 8
2
1
4 . 0
4 . 0
=

= =


For
min
35 . 0 f f = =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 89 of 97
( )
( )
( )
( ) b be b
e
be c
e D
WA
T
MA
f
f
f
54 . 8
4 2
1 5 . 8
2
1
35 . 0
35 . 0
=

= =


( ) % 157 % 100
54 . 8
54 . 8 96 . 21
% =

= iation var

DISK CLUTCHES

920. An automobile engine develops its maximum brake torque at 2800 rpm when the
bhp = 200. A design value of 25 . 0 = f is expected to be reasonable for the
asbestos facing and it is desired that the mean diameter not exceed 8.5 in.;
permissible pressure is 35 psi. Designing for a single plate clutch, Fig. 18.10,
Text, determine the outer and inner diameters of the disk.

Solution:
( ) in D D D
i o m
5 . 8
2
1
= + =
in r r
i o
5 . 8 = +
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
f
= = = 4500
2800
200 000 , 63 000 , 63

psi p 35 =
( )
2
i o
f
r r N f
T
+
=
( )( )( )
2
5 . 8 25 . 0
4500
N
=
lb N 4235 =
ave.
( )
2 2
i o
r r
N
p


( )
2 2
4235
35
i o
r r
=


5 . 38
2 2
=
i o
r r
i o
r r = 5 . 8
( ) 5 . 38 5 . 8
2 2
=
i i
r r
5 . 38 17 25 . 72
2 2
= +
i i i
r r r
in r
i
985 . 1 =
say in r
i
0 . 2 =
in r
o
5 . 6 0 . 2 5 . 8 = =
( ) in r D
o o
13 5 . 6 2 2 = = =
( ) in r D
i i
4 0 . 2 2 2 = = =

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 90 of 97
921. An automobile engine can develop a maximum brake torque of 2448 in-lb.
Which of the following plate clutches, which make up a manufacturers standard
line, should be chosen for this car? Facing sizes: (a)
8
7
8 =
o
D , in D
i
8
1
6 = ., (b)
10 =
o
D , in D
i
8
1
6 = ., (c)
16
1
11 =
o
D , in D
i
8
1
6 = . In each case, assume 3 . 0 = f .
The unit pressures are (a) 34 psi, (b) 30 psi, and (c) 26.2 psi.

Solution:

( )
2
i o
f
r r N f
T
+
=
( )
4
i o
f
D D N f
T
+
=
( )
2 2
4
i o ave
D D p N |

\
|
=


( )( )
16
2 2
i o i o ave
f
D D D D p
T
+
=



(a) in D
o
875 . 8 = ; in D
i
125 . 6 = , psi p 34 = , 3 . 0 = f
( )( )
16
2 2
i o i o ave
f
D D D D p
T
+
=


( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]( )
lb in T
f
=
+
= 1239
16
125 . 6 875 . 8 125 . 6 875 . 8 34 3 . 0
2 2



(b) in D
o
10 = ; in D
i
125 . 6 = , psi p 30 = , 3 . 0 = f
( )( )
16
2 2
i o i o ave
f
D D D D p
T
+
=


( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]( )
lb in T
f
=
+
= 1780
16
125 . 6 10 125 . 6 10 30 3 . 0
2 2



(c) in D
o
0625 . 11 = ; in D
i
125 . 6 = , psi p 2 . 26 = , 3 . 0 = f
( )( )
16
2 2
i o i o ave
f
D D D D p
T
+
=


( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]( )
lb in T
f
=
+
= 2251
16
125 . 6 0625 . 11 125 . 6 0625 . 11 2 . 26 3 . 0
2 2



use (c)


SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 91 of 97
922. A single-disk clutch for an industrial application, similar to that in Fig. 18.11,
Text, except that there are two disks attached to one shaft and one attached to the
other. The clutch is rated at 50 hp at 500 rpm. The asbestos-in-resin-binder facing
has a in D
o
2
1
8 = . and in D
i
4
3
4 = . What must be the axial force and average
pressure? How does this pressure compare with that recommended by Table AT
29?

Solution:
2 = n pairs in contact
35 . 0 = f (Table AT 29)
psi p 75 =
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
m
f
= = = 6300
500
50 000 , 63 000 , 63

in D
o
5 . 8 =
in D
i
75 . 4 =
( )
2
i o
f
r r N nf
T
+
=
( )
4
i o
f
D D N nf
T
+
=
( )( )( )( )
4
75 . 4 5 . 8 35 . 0 2
6300
+
=
N

lb N 2717 =
ave.
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
psi psi
D D
N
p
i o
75 6 . 69
75 . 4 5 . 8
2717 4 4
2 2 2 2
< =

=



923. A multiple-disk clutch similar to Fig. 18.11, Text, is rated at 22 hp at 100 rpm.
The outside and inside diameters of the disks are 14 and 7 in., respectively. If
25 . 0 = f , find (a) the axial force required to transmit the rated load, and (b) the
unit pressure between the disks.

Solution:
(a) Fig. 18-11, 4 = n pairs in contact
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
m
f
= = = 860 , 13
100
22 000 , 63 000 , 63

( )
4
i o
f
D D N nf
T
+
=
in D
o
14 =
in D
i
5 . 7 =
( )( )( )
4
5 . 7 14 25 . 0 4
860 , 13
+
=
N

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 92 of 97
lb N 2579 =

(b)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
psi
D D
N
p
i o
5 . 23
5 . 7 14
2579 4 4
2 2 2 2
=

=



924. A multiple-disk clutch for a machine tool operation has 4 phosphor-bronze
driving disks and 5 hardened-steel driven disks. This clutch is rated at 5.8 hp at
100 rpm when operated dry. The outside and inside diameters of the disks are 5
and 4 3/16 in., respectively. (a) If the pressure between the disks is that
recommended for metal on metal in Table AT 29, what coefficient of friction is
required to transmit the rated power? (b) What power may be transmitted for f
and p as recommended in Table AT 29?

Solution:
in D
o
5 . 5 =
in D
i
1875 . 4 =
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
m
f
= = = 3654
100
8 . 5 000 , 63 000 , 63

8 = n pairs in contact

(a) Table AT 29, psi p 150 = , metal to metal
( )
4
i o
f
D D N nf
T
+
=
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] lb D D p N
i o
1498 1875 . 4 5 . 5
4
150
4
2 2 2 2
= |

\
|
= |

\
|
=


( )( )( )( )
4
1875 . 4 5 . 5 1498 8
3654
+
= =
f
T
f

126 . 0 = f

(b) from Table AT 29, psi p 150 = , 2 . 0 = f
( )( )( )( )
lb in T
f
=
+
= 5805
4
1875 . 4 5 . 5 1498 2 . 0 8

( )( )
hp
n T
hp
m f
2 . 9
000 , 63
100 5805
000 , 63
= = =

925. A multiple-disk clutch with three disks on one shaft and two on the other, similar
to that in Fig. 18.11, Text, is rated at 53 hp at 500 rpm. (a) What is the largest
value of
i
D if f and p are given by Table AT 29 for asbestos in resin binder
and in D
o
5 . 10 = . (b) For the diameter used of in D
i
7 = .,what is the required
axial force and the average pressure?

Solution:
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 93 of 97
Table AT 29, asbestos in resin binder, 3 . 0 = f , psi p 75 =
( )
2
i o
f
r r N nf
T
+
=
( )
4
i o
f
D D N nf
T
+
=
( )
i o
f
D D nf
T
N
+
=
4

but
( )
2 2
4
i o
D D p N |

\
|
=



( )( )
i o i o f
D D D D nfp T + |

\
|
=
2 2
4
4


( )
lb in
n
hp
T
m
f
= = = 6678
500
53 000 , 63 000 , 63

4 = n pairs in contact
( )( )
i o i o f
D D D D nfp T + |

\
|
=
2 2
4
4


( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) [ ]( )
i i
D D + |

\
|
= 5 . 10 5 . 10
4
75 3 . 0 4 6678 4
2 2


in D
i
5607 . 9 =

(b) in D
i
7 =
( )
4
i o
f
D D N nf
T
+
=
( )( )( )( )
4
7 5 . 10 3 . 0 4
6678
+
=
N

lb N 1272 =
ave.
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
psi
D D
N
p
i o
44 . 26
7 5 . 10
1272 4 4
2 2 2 2
=

=




MISCELLANEOUS CLUTCHES AND BRAKES

926. For the cone brake shown, find an expression for the braking torque for a given
applied force W on the bell crank. Consider the force F , Fig. 18.12, Text, in
obtaining the expression.
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 94 of 97

Problems 926-928.
Solution:

927. For the cone brake similar to that shown, certain dimensions are: in D
m
15 = .,
in c
2
1
2 = .,
o
12 = , in b 9 = ., and in a 20 = . The contact surfaces are metal and
asbestos. (a) For an applied force lb W 80 = ., what braking torque may be
expected of this brake? Consider the resistance F , Fig. 18.12, Text. (b) If the
rotating shaft comes to rest from 300 rpm during 100 revolutions, what frictional
work has been done? (c) What must be the diameter of the steel pin P , SAE
1020 as rolled, for a factor fo safety of 6 against being sheard off? The diameter
of the hub in d
2
1
4 = . (d) What is the unit pressure on the face of the brake?

Solution:
(a)
( ) ( ) cos sin 2 cos sin 2 f b
aW D f
f
R D f
T
m m
f
+
=
+
=
Table AT 29, asbestos on metal, 40 . 0 = f
( )( )( )( )
( )( )
lb in T
f
=
+
= 890
12 cos 4 . 0 12 sin 9 2
80 20 15 40 . 0


(b)
( )
sec 42 . 31
60
300 2
1
rad = =


sec 0
2
rad =
( ) rad 3 . 628 2 100 = =
( )t
2 1
2
1
+ =
( )t 0 42 . 31
2
1
3 . 628 + =
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 95 of 97
sec 40 = t
( ) rpm n
m
150 0 300
2
1
= + =
( )( )
hp
n T
fhp
m f
119 . 2
000 , 63
150 890
000 , 63
= = =
( )( ) ( )( ) lb ft t fhp U
f
= = = 618 , 46 40 119 . 2 550 550

(c) For SAE 1020, as rolled,
ksi s
su
49 =
ksi
N
s
s
su
s
17 . 8
6
49
= = =
2
4
d
R
s
s

=
( )( )
lb
b
aW
R 8 . 177
9
80 20
= = =
( )
2
8 . 177 4
8170
d
s
s

= =
in d 1665 . 0 =
say in d
16
3
=

(d)
c D
N
p
m

=
lb
f
R
N 297
12 cos 4 . 0 12 sin
8 . 177
cos sin
=
+
=
+
=


( )( )
psi p 52 . 2
5 . 2 15
297
= =



928. A cone clutch for industrial use is to transmit 15 hp at 400 rpm. The mean
diameter of the clutch is 10 in. and the face angle
o
10 = ; let 3 . 0 = f for the
cast-iron cup and the asbestos lined cone; permissible psi p 35 = . Compute (a)
the needed axial force, (b) the face width, (c) the minimum axial force to achieve
engagement under load.

Solution:
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
f
= = = 5 . 2362
400
15 000 , 63 000 , 63

(a)
( ) cos sin 2 f
R D f
T
m
f
+
=
SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 96 of 97
( )( )
( ) 10 cos 3 . 0 10 sin 2
10 3 . 0
5 . 2362
+
=
R

lb R 739 =

(b)
c D
N
p
m

=
lb
f
R
N 1575
10 cos 3 . 0 10 sin
739
cos sin
=
+
=
+
=


( )c 15
1575
35

=
in c 44 . 1 =

(c) max. 4 . 0 = f (Table AT 29)
( ) cos sin 2 f
R D f
T
m
f
+
=
( )( )
( ) 10 cos 4 . 0 10 sin 2
10 4 . 0
5 . 2362
+
=
R

lb R 670 = , minimum.

929. An Airflex clutch, Fig. 18.15, Text, has a 16-in drum with a 5-in. face. This
clutch is rated at 110 hp at 100 rpm with an air pressure of 75 psi. What must be
the coefficient of friction if the effect of centrifugal force is neglected? (Data
courtesy of Federal Fawick Corporation.)

Solution:
in D 16 =
in b 5 =
hp hp 110 =
rpm rpm 100 =
psi p 75 =
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
f
= = = 300 , 69
100
110 000 , 63 000 , 63

2
FD
T
f
=
( )
2
16
300 , 69
F
=
lb F 5 . 8662 =
( ) ( )( )( )( ) lb Db p N 850 , 18 5 16 75 = = =
46 . 0
850 , 18
5 . 8662
= = =
N
F
f

SECTION 16 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES
Page 97 of 97

930. The same as 929 except that the diameter is 6 in., the face width is 2 in., and the
rated horsepower is 3.

Solution:
( )
lb in
n
hp
T
f
= = = 1890
100
3 000 , 63 000 , 63

2
FD
T
f
=
( )
2
6
300 , 69
F
=
lb F 630 =
( ) ( )( )( )( ) lb Db p N 2827 2 6 75 = = =
22 . 0
2827
630
= = =
N
F
f

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