Microcontrollers Minimum Computational System: Competence 1

Competence 1
MICROCONTROLLERS
MINIMUM COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM
WHAT IS A DIGITAL COMPUTER?
The digital computer is a combination of digital circuits and devices which
execute a sequence of operations programmed without human intervention.
TASKS OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER
Acquire information
Data processing
Provide information
WHAT IS A PROGRAM?
A program is a step-by-step set of instructions.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
Central processing unit (CPU)
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Control unit
Memories/storage
Program
Data
Input/output port
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
An ALU contains the logic to perform arithmetic and logic operations, ergo it
is a combinational logic circuit.
Operands
Operation
Result
AND
OR
Logic
NOT
Operation XOR
Addition
Arithmetic
Subtraction
The ALU usually generates flags to indicate some characteristics of the result
got from an operation.
MEMORIES
Memory is the portion of a computer or other system that stores binary
data.
Permanent data (programs).
Temporal data (results, inputs).
MEMORIES
Each storage element in a memory can retain either a 0 or a 1 and is called
cell. Memories are made up of arrays of cells.
MEMORIES
Memories store data in units that have from 1 to 8 bits as a rule.
MEMORIES
The location of a unit of data in a memory array is called its address.
MEMORIES
The location of a unit of data in a memory array is called its address.
MEMORIES
CAPACITY
The capacity of a memory is the total number of data units that can be
stored.
MEMORIES
BASIC OPERATIONS
Addressing is the process of accessing a specified location in memory.
Write: puts data into a specific address.
Read: copies data out of a specified address.
MEMORIES
WRITE OPERATION
MEMORIES
READ OPERATION
MEMORIES
CLASSIFICATION
Random
RAM Access
Memory
Types
ROM Read-only
Memory
MEMORIES
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
A RAM is a read/write memory in which data can be written into or read
from any selected address in any sequence.
Used for short-term data storage, it losses the information when it is
turned off.
MEMORIES
READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
A ROM contains permanently or semi-permanently stored data, which can
be read from the memory but either cannot be changed at all or cannot be
changed without specialized equipment.
Nonvolatile memory.
MEMORIES
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
Add info.
Used for short-term data storage, it losses the information when it is
turned off.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
FAMILY
Static RAM
Latch
(SRAM)
Dynamic RAM
RAM Capacitor
(DRAM)
Non-volatile RAM SRAM cells

Battery
(NVRAM) Control
STATIC RAM
SRAMs usually use latches cells as storage elements.
Storage data as long as DC power is applied.
STATIC RAM
The memory cells are organized in rows and columns.
STATIC RAM
The basic types of SRAM are:
Asynchronous SRAM operation not synchronized with a system clock.
Synchronous SRAM operation synchronized with a system clock.
DYNAMIC RAM
DRAMs cells store a data bit in a small capacitor rather than a latch.
Large memory arrays.
Capacitor cannot hold its charge over extended periods, requiring
additional circuitry for refreshing.
DYNAMIC RAM
NON-VOLATILE RAM
NVRAM is very similar to other RAM devices but also includes a circuitry that
allows it to retain information for an extended period once the memory has
been deenergized.
Requires an intern battery.
Control system for monitoring voltage levels.
A ROM contains permanently or semi-permanently stored data.
Data only can be changed by specialized equipment.
Stores data that are used repeatedly.
ROM ACCESS TIME
The access time ( ) of a ROM is the time from the application of a valid
address in the input lines until the appearance of valid output data. Also can
be measured from the activation of the chip select ().
READ-ONLY MEMORY
FAMILY
ROM
Mask ROM PROM EPROM UVPROM EEPROM

READ-ONLY MEMORY
MASK ROM
Simply called ROM, it is permanently programmed during the manufacturing
process.
Standard functions.
User-specified functions.
READ-ONLY MEMORY
MASK ROM
The presence or absence of a connection from a row line to the gate of a
transistor represents a 1 or 0 in that cell.
READ-ONLY MEMORY
PROGRAMMABLE ROM
A PROM uses some type of fusing process to store bits, in which a link
memory is burned open or left intact to represent a 0 or a 1.
Comes from the manufacturer unprogrammed.
Metal link
Silicon link
PN junction
READ-ONLY MEMORY
ERASABLE PROM
An EPROM is an erasable PROM. Unlike a PROM, an EPROM can be
reprogrammed if the existing data in the array is erased first.
Uses NMOSFET arrays with isolated-gate.
READ-ONLY MEMORY
ULTRAVIOLET PROM
The programming causes electrons to be removed from the gate. Erasure is
done by exposure to UV, causing the positive charge to be neutralized.
Transparent window on the package.
Isolated-gate in the FET is floating within an oxide insulating material.
READ-ONLY MEMORY
ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROM
An EEPROM can be both erased an programmed with electrical pulses. The
application of a voltage on the control gate permits the storage and
removal of charge in the gate.
The cells can be of floating-gate MOS or metal nitride-oxide silicon
(NMOS).
MEMORIES
MEMORY EXPANSION
Available memory can be expanded to increase:
Word length: number of bits in each address.
Word capacity: number of different addresses.
Word length and capacity.
MEMORY EXPANSION
WORD LENGTH
The number of bits in the data bus must be increased.
MEMORY EXPANSION
WORD CAPACITY
The number of addresses is increased. To achieve this, the number of
address bits must be increased.
Decoder
MEMORY EXPANSION
WORD CAPACITY
Using 64k1 byte RAMs, expand the system to build a 256k1 byte.
What is the word capacity of the expansion?
SYSTEM BUS
Computers must be able to:
Specify where to acquire and return information: address bus.
Transfer information from its source to its destination: data bus.
Coordinate the movement of data: control bus.
SYSTEM BUS
SHARED SIGNAL LINES
When the outputs of two or more devices connect to the same signal line,
exists the potential for bus contention*.
* Bus contention:
Occurs when device outputs
attempt to drive a signal line
to different voltage levels.
SYSTEM BUS
TRI-STATE OUTPUT
The tri-state output, also known as three-state or 3-state, adds a third output
state, called high-impedance or high-Z state, to the usual logic low and high
states.
COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURES
Every computational unit must have memory space to store a program (code)
and data. The CPU uses the buses to access the code and data memory
spaces.
Von-Neumann (Princeton University).
Harvard (Harvard University).
VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
The computer uses the same bus for accessing both the code and data.
Slow down the processing speed of the CPU.
Reduced wire traces and number I/O for the computer.
VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
In this architecture the buses for accessing the code and data are separated.
Faster processing speed of the CPU.
Large number of wire traces and I/O for the computer.
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a single IC that consists of several units, each designed
for a specific job. The specific units, design and organization, are called the
architecture (instruction set and process of execution).
Forms the CPU of a computer.
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller (C or MCU) is a special type of microprocessor that
combines a microprocessor core, memory, and common peripherals in a
single package.
Applications called embedded systems.
MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers Minimum Computational System: Competence 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microcontrollers Minimum Computational System: Competence 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microcontrollers Minimum Computational System: Competence 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Competence 1

Non-volatile RAM SRAM cells

Mask ROM PROM EPROM UVPROM EEPROM

You might also like