ME 6201

Homework #2 - Solution
Fall 2012

1. Consider the motion x1* x1 , x2* x2 k 2 x1 cx3 , and x3* x3 k x2 .

a) Find the deformation gradient, F .

x1
*
1 0 0 x1
dx*
F , where x* x2* k 2 1 c x2 .
dx
x3* 0 k 1 x3

1 0 0
1 c .
Therefore, F k 2

0 k 1

b) Determine the Jacobian.

J det( F )

1 0 0
k2 1 c
0 k 1
1 0 0 0 ck 0
J 1 ck

c) Find the inverse of the motion, F 1 .

Two possible methods shown below:
Gauss elimination method:
1 0 0 1 0 0
2
k 1 c 0 1 0
0 k 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 c k 2 1 0 R2 k 2 R1
0 k 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 c k 2 1 0
0 0 1 ck k 3 k 1 R3 kR2

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 c k3
2
1 0
0 0 1 1kck k
1 ck
1
1 ck
R3
1 ck

1 0 0 1 0 0
c
0 1 0 1ck3 1ck 1ck R2 cR3
k2 1

0 0 1 1kck 1ckk 11ck

Resulting in
1 ck 0 0
F 1
1 k 2 1 c
1 ck 3
k k 1

Cofactor method:
1
F 1 AT , where A is a matrix of cofactors of F defined as
det( F )

Aij (1)i j M ij and M ij is a matrix of determinants of the submatrix
obtained by removing the i th row and j th column from F . For example,

11
F22 F23 2 1 c
A11 (1) (1) 1 ck .
F32 F33 k 1
T
1 ck k 2 k3
1 1
F 0 1 k
1 ck
0 c 1

1 ck
T
0 0
1 2
1
F k 1 c
1 ck 3
k k 1

d) Find the displacements in terms of both material and spatial coordinates.

Spatial coordinates:
u ( x ) x* x

x1 x1
k x1 x2 cx3 x2
2

kx2 x3 x3
0
u ( x) k x1 cx3
2

kx2

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 Material coordinates:
The displacement tensor u is the same, but must be transformed into the

material coordinate system using the relationships established by F 1 , i.e.

x1 ( x* ) x1*

x2 ( x* ) 11ck k 2 x1* x2* cx3* .

x3 ( x* ) 11ck k 3 x1* kx2* x3*

Therefore,
0
*
u ( x( x )) k x1 ( x ) cx3 ( x )
2 * *

kx2 ( x* )

0

k x1 1ck k x1 kx2 x3
2 * c 3 * * *

1kck k 2 x1* x2* cx3*

0

u ( x* ) 1kck x1* 1ckck x2* 1cck x3*
2

k3 * ck *
1ck x1 1ck x2 1ck x3
k *

2. For the displacement field u1 0 , u2 x13 , and u3 2 x2 ,

a) Sketch the deformed shape of the shaded square region OABC shown below in
the reference configuration (initial length of OA = 1, OC = 1).

0
Given that u x x x13 , the displacements for the four corners are
*

2 x2
calculated by
0 0 0
uO u ( x) u (0, 0, 0) 0 , u A u ( x) u (0,1, 0) 0 , uB u ( x) u (0,1,1) 0


0 2 2
0
, and uB u ( x) u (0, 0,1) 0 . More points can be calculated as needed. The

0
position in the deformed coordinate system is calculated as x* u x , which

results in the deformed configuration shown in Figure 1.

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 x3 , x3*

3 B
deformed

2 A

1 undeformed
C, C B
x2 , x2*
O, O A

1 2

x1, x1*
Figure 1. Deformed and undeformed configurations.

b) Find the deformation gradient.

x* u x

0 x1
x13 x2
2 x2 x3
x1
x13 x2
2 x2 x3
1 0 0
dx* 2
F 3 x1 1 0
dx
0 2 1

c) Find the right Cauchy-Green tensor and the Green-St. Venant strain tensor.
right Cauchy-Green tensor:
C FT F
2
1 3x1 0 1 0 0

0 1 2 3x12 1 0
0 0 1 0 2 1

1 9 x14 3 x12 0

C 3x12 5 2

0 2 1

Green-St. Venant strain tensor:

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 E 1
C I
2

1 9 x14 3 x12 0 1 0 0

12 3x12 5 2 0 1 0
0 2 1 0 0 1

9 x14 3x12 0

E 12 3x12 4 2

0 2 0

d) Find the stretch ratios at point B in the directions initially parallel and
perpendicular to segment CB in the undeformed configuration. Assume the
perpendicular segment is in the x2 x3 plane.
The stretch ratio is defined by n C ( p) n , where n is the unit vector in

the direction of interest in the undeformed configuration, and C ( p ) is the right

Cauchy-Green tensor calculated at point p .

Initially parallel direction:
0 0
n CB
n CB 1 which is normalized to n CB 1 .
n CB
0 0
0
At point O , p 1 . Thus,

0
2CB n CB C ( p) n CB

0 0 0
1
0 1 0 0 5 2 1
0 2 1 0
CB 5 2.236

Initially perpendicular direction in the x2-x3 plane:

0 0
n CB
n CB 0 which is normalized to n CB 0 .
n CB
1 1

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 2CB n CB C ( p) n CB


1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 5 2 1
0 2 1 1
CB 1 1

e) Find the change in angle between two differential line segments from the initial to
deformed state that were initially in the (0,1,0) and (0,1,1) directions relative to
the origin O.
n1 C ( p) n2
f i , where f is defined by cos f . In
n1 C ( p) n1 n2 C ( p) n2

the preceding equation, n1 and n2 are unit vectors defined in the undeformed

configuration, and C ( p ) is the right Cauchy-Green tensor calculated at point p .

0 0
n1 1 which is normalized to n1 1 .

0 0

0 0

n2 1 which is normalized to n2 12 .
1
1
2
1 0 0 0
7
n1 C ( p ) n2 0 1 0 0 5 2 12

0 2 1 1
2
2
1 0 0 0
n1 C ( p) n1 0 1 0 0 5 2 1 5

0 2 1 0

1 0 0 0

1
n2 C ( p ) n2 0 1
2
0 5 2 12 1
10 5
2 2

0 2 1 1
2
7
cos f
7
2
0.98995
5 5 5 2
f 8.13
8.13 45
36.9

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 3. For the displacement field u1 Ax12 x32 , u2 Bx2 , and u3 Bx1 ,

a) Find the finite strain tensor, E .

E 12 F T F I 12 u u u u

2 Ax1 x3 0 B
2

u u j ,i ei e j 0 B 0

2 Ax12 x3 0 0

2 Ax1 x3 0 2 Ax12 x3
2

u ui , j ei e j 0 B 0

B 0 0

2 Ax1 x32 0 B 2 Ax1 x32 0 2 Ax12 x3 2 Ax1 x32 0 B 2 Ax1 x32 0 2 Ax12 x3

E 12 0 B 0 0 B 0 0 B 0 0 B 0
2 Ax 2 x 0 0 B
1 3 0 0 2 Ax12 x3 0 0 B 0 0
4 Ax1 x32 0 2 Ax12 x3 B 4 A2 x12 x34 B 2 0 4 A2 x13 x33

12 0 2B 0 0 B2 0
2 Ax x B 0
2
0 4 A x13 x33
2
0 4 Ax14 x32
1 3
4 Ax1 x32 4 A2 x12 x34 B 2 0 2 Ax12 x3 4 A2 x13 x33 B

E 12 0 2B B2 0

2 Ax1 x3 4 A2 x13 x33 B
2
0 4 2
4 Ax1 x3

b) Find the infinitesimal strain tensor, .

12 u u

2 Ax1 x32 0 B 2 Ax1 x32 0 2 Ax12 x3

12 0 B 0 0 B 0
2 Ax 2 x 0 0 B
1 3 0 0
4 Ax1 x32 0 2 Ax12 x3 B

12 0 2B 0

2 Ax12 x3 B 0 0

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 4. Find functions f x1 , x2 , x3 and f x1 , x2 , x3 such that the strain fields given below
satisfy the linear compatibility relations, where a is a constant. Assume
33 23 13 0 .

a) 11 x12 x23 / a , 22 x23 / a , and 12 f x1 , x2 , x3 / a

The linear compatibility equations are
11,22 22,11 212,12 0 (1)
22,33 33,22 2 23,23 0 (2)
33,11 11,33 213,13 0 (3)
11,23 23,11 31,21 12,31 0 (4)
22,13 23,12 31,22 12,32 0 (5)
33,12 23,13 31,23 12,33 0 (6)
Equations (2) and (3) are satisfied without consideration of 12 .
From Eq. (1),
0 212,12 0
6 x2
11,22 22,11 212,12 a
3x
12,12 a2
3 x2
12,1 2 a2 c( x1 , x3 )
3 x x2
12 21a 2 c( x1 , x3 ) ,
where c ( x1 , x3 ) is a function of x1 and x2 to be defined.
From Eq. (4),
11,23 23,11 31,21 12,31 0 0 0 12,31 0
12,31 0
This condition guarantees that each additive term in 12 has the highest
order terms of: x1 , x2n , x3n , x1 x2n , x2n x3 , or a constant.
From Eq. (5),
22,13 23,12 31,22 12,32 0 0 0 12,32 0
12,32 0
This condition guarantees that each additive term in 12 has the highest
order terms of: x1 , x2n , x3n , x1 x2n , or a constant.
From Eq. (6),
33,12 23,13 31,23 12,33 0 0 0 12,33 0
12,33 0
This condition guarantees that each additive term in 12 has the highest
order terms of: x1 , x2n , x3 , x1 x2n , or a constant.

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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 Combining the conditions together, the form of 12 must be
3 x22 x1
12 2a c0 c1 x1 c2 x2n c3 x3 c4 x1 x2n
which means that
3 x x2
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 12 2 c0 c1 x1 c2 x2n c3 x3 c4 x1 x2n
where constants c0 through c4 must be determined through additional
information.

ME 6201 HW #2 Solution Fall 2012

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