3-32 METALS (3000)

3114 ARSENIC AND SELENIUM BY HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC

ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY*

3114 A. Introduction

For general introductory material on atomic absorption spec- Two methods are presented in this section: A manual method
trometric methods, see Section 3111A. and a continuous-flow method especially recommended for se-
lenium. Continuous-flow automated systems are preferable to
manual hydride generators because the effect of sudden hydro-
* Approved by Standard Methods Committee, 1997.
HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (3114)/Manual Method 3-33

gen generation on light-path transparency is removed and any elements being determined is incorporated into the background
blank response from contamination of the HCl reagent by the base line.

3114 B. Manual Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method

1. General Discussion

a. Principle: This method is applicable to the determination

of arsenic and selenium by conversion to their hydrides by
sodium borohydride reagent and transport into an atomic absorp-
tion atomizer.
Arsenous acid and selenous acid, the As(III) and Se(IV) oxi-
dation states of arsenic and selenium, respectively, are instanta-
neously converted by sodium borohydride reagent in acid solu-
tion to their volatile hydrides. The hydrides are purged contin-
uously by argon or nitrogen into a quartz cell heated electrically
or by the flame of an atomic absorption spectrometer and con-
verted to the gas-phase atoms. The sodium borohydride reducing
agent, by rapid generation of the elemental hydrides in an ap-
propriate reaction cell, minimizes dilution of the hydrides by the
carrier gas and provides rapid, sensitive determinations of ar-
senic and selenium.
CAUTION: Arsenic and selenium and their hydrides are toxic.
Handle with care.
At room temperature and solution pH values of 1 or less,
arsenic acid, the As(V) oxidation state of arsenic, is reduced
relatively slowly by sodium borohydride to As(III), which is then
instantaneously converted to arsine. The arsine atomic absorp-
tion peaks commonly are decreased by one-fourth to one-third
for As(V) when compared to As(III). Determination of total
arsenic requires that all inorganic arsenic compounds be in the
As(III) state. Organic and inorganic forms of arsenic are first
oxidized to As(V) by acid digestion. The As(V) then is quanti-
tatively reduced to As(III) with sodium or potassium iodide
before reaction with sodium borohydride.
Figure 3114:1. Manual reaction cell for producing As and Se hydrides.
Selenic acid, the Se(VI) oxidation state of selenium, is not
measurably reduced by sodium borohydride. To determine total
selenium by atomic absorption and sodium borohydride, first dard curve between 0 and 20 g As or Se/L and an instrumental
reduce Se(VI) formed during the acid digestion procedure to detection limit between 0.1 and 0.5 g As or Se/L; (b) when
Se(IV), being careful to prevent reoxidation by chlorine. Effi- carried through the entire procedure, oxidation state couples [As
ciency of reduction depends on temperature, reduction time, and (III) - As (V) or Se (IV) - Se (VI)] must cause equal instrument
HCl concentration. For 4N HCl, heat 1 h at 100C. For 6N HCl, response; and (c) sample digestion must yield 80% or greater
boiling for 10 min is sufficient.13 Alternatively, autoclave sam- recovery of added cacodylic acid (dimethyl arsinic acid) and
ples in sealed containers at 121C for 1 h. NOTE: Autoclaving in 90% or greater recovery of added As(III), As(V), Se(VI), or
sealed containers may result in incomplete reduction, apparently Se(IV).
due to the buildup of chlorine gas. To obtain equal instrument Quartz atomization cells provide for the most sensitive arsenic
responses for reduced Se(VI) and Se (IV) solutions of equal and selenium hydride determinations. The quartz cell can be
concentrations, manipulate HCl concentration and heating time. heated electrically or by an air-acetylene flame in an atomic
For further details, see Section 3500-Se. absorption unit.
b. Equipment selection: Certain atomic absorption atomiz- c. Digestion techniques: Waters and wastewaters may contain
ers and hydride reaction cells are available commercially for use varying amounts of organic arsenic compounds and inorganic
with the sodium borohydride reagent. A functional manual sys- compounds of As(III), As(V), Se(IV), and Se(VI). To measure
tem that can be constructed in the laboratory is presented in total arsenic and selenium in these samples requires sample
Figure 3114:1. Irrespective of the hydride reaction cell-atomizer digestion to solubilize particulate forms and oxidize reduced
system selected, it must meet the following quality-control con- forms of arsenic and selenium and to convert any organic com-
siderations: (a) it must provide a precise and reproducible stan- pounds to inorganic ones. Organic selenium compounds rarely
3-34 METALS (3000)

have been demonstrated in water. It is left to the experienced 2. Apparatus

analysts judgment whether sample digestion is required.
Various alternative digestion procedures are provided in s 4c a. Atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with air-acety-
and d below. Consider sulfuric-nitric-perchloric acid digestion ( lene flame and quartz cell with mounting bracket or an electri-
4c) or sulfuric-nitric acid digestion (3030F) as providing a mea- cally heated quartz cell, As and Se electrodeless discharge lamps
sure of total recoverable arsenic rather than total arsenic because with power supply, background correction at measurement
they do not completely convert certain organic arsenic com- wavelengths, and appropriate strip-chart recorder. A good-qual-
pounds to As(V). The sulfuric-nitric-perchloric acid digestion ity 10-mV recorder with high sensitivity and a fast response time
effectively destroys organics and most particulates in untreated is needed.
wastewaters or solid samples, but does not convert all organic b. Atomizer: Use one of the following:
arsenicals to As(V). The potassium persulfate digestion ( 4d) is 1) Cylindrical quartz cell, 10 to 20 cm long, bracket-mount-
effective for converting organic arsenic and selenium com- able above air-acetylene burner.
pounds to As(V) and Se(VI) in potable and surface waters and in 2) Cylindrical quartz cell, 10 to 20 cm long, electrically heated
by external nichrome wire to 800 to 900C.7
most wastewaters.4
3) Cylindrical quartz cell with internal fuel rich hydrogen-
The HCl-autoclave reduction of Se(VI) described above and in
oxygen (air) flame.8
4f is an effective digestion procedure for total inorganic sele-
The sensitivity of quartz cells deteriorates over several months
nium; however, it has not been found effective for converting
of use. Sensitivity sometimes may be restored by treatment with
benzene substituted selenium compounds to inorganic selenium. 40% HF. CAUTION: HF is extremely corrosive. Avoid all contact
In all cases, verify the effectiveness of digestion methods by with exposed skin. Handle with care.
carrying samples with known additions of organic As or Se(IV) c. Reaction cell for producing As or Se hydrides: See Figure
through the entire procedure. 3114:1 for an example of a manual, laboratory-made system. A
d. Interferences: Interferences are minimized because the As commercially available system is acceptable if it utilizes liquid
and Se hydrides are removed from the solution containing most sodium borohydride reagents; accepts samples digested in ac-
potential interfering substances. Slight response variations occur cordance with s 4c, d, and e; accepts 4 to 6N HCl; and is
when acid matrices are varied. Control these variations by treat- efficiently and precisely stirred by the purging gas and/or a
ing standards and samples in the same manner. Low concentra- magnetic stirrer.
tions of noble metals (approximately 100 g/L of Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, d. Eye dropper or syringe capable of delivering 0.5 to 3.0 mL
etc.), concentrations of copper, lead, and nickel at or greater than sodium borohydride reagent. Exact and reproducible addition is
1 mg/L, and concentrations between 0.1 and 1 mg/L of hydride- required so that production of hydrogen gas does not vary
forming elements (Bi, Sb, Sn, and Te) may suppress the response significantly between determinations.
of As and Se hydrides. Interference by transition metals depends e. Vent: See Section 3111A.6f.
strongly on HCl concentration. Interferences are less pronounced
at 4 to 6N HCl than at lower concentrations.5 The presence of As 3. Reagents
or Se in each others matrices can cause similar suppression.
Reduced nitrogen oxides resulting from HNO3 digestion and a. Sodium borohydride reagent: Dissolve 8 g NaBH4 in 200
nitrite also can suppress instrumental response for both elements. mL 0.1N NaOH. Prepare fresh daily.
Large concentrations of iodide interfere with the Se determina- b. Sodium iodide prereductant solution: Dissolve 50 g NaI in
tion by reducing Se to its elemental form. Do not use any 500 mL water. Prepare fresh daily. Alternatively use an equiv-
glassware for determining Se that has been used for iodide alent KI solution.
reduction of As(V). c. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, 18N.
To prevent chlorine gas produced in the reduction of Se(VI) to d. Sulfuric acid, 2.5N: Cautiously add 35 mL conc H2SO4 to
about 400 mL water, let cool, and adjust volume to 500 mL.
Se(IV) from reoxidizing the Se(IV), generate the hydride within
e. Potassium persulfate, 5% solution: Dissolve 25 g K2S2O8 in
a few hours of the reduction steps or purge the chlorine from the
water and dilute to 500 mL. Store in glass and refrigerate.
samples by sparging.6
Prepare weekly.
Interferences depend on system design and defy quantitative
f. Nitric acid, HNO3, conc.
description because of their synergistic effects. Certain waters g. Perchloric acid, HClO4, conc.
and wastewaters can contain interferences in sufficient concen- h. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, conc.
tration to suppress absorption responses of As and Se. For i. Argon (or nitrogen), commercial grade.
representative samples in a given laboratory and for initial anal- j. Arsenic(III) solutions:
yses of unknown wastewaters, add appropriate inorganic forms 1) Stock As(III) solution: Dissolve 1.320 g arsenic trioxide,
of As or Se to digested sample portions and measure recovery. If As2O3, in water containing 4 g NaOH. Dilute to 1 L; 1.00 mL
average recoveries are less than 90%, consider using alternative 1.00 mg As(III).
analytical procedures. 2) Intermediate As(III) solution: Dilute 10 mL stock As solu-
e. Detection level and optimum concentration range: For both tion to 1000 mL with water containing 5 mL conc HCl; 1.00 mL
arsenic and selenium, analyzed by aspiration into a nitrogen- 10.0 g As(III).
hydrogen flame after reduction, the method detection level is 2 3) Standard As(III) solution: Dilute 10 mL intermediate
g/L or lower and the optimum concentration range 2 to 20 As(III) solution to 1000 mL with water containing the same
g/L. concentration of acid used for sample preservation (2 to 5 mL
HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (3114)/Manual Method 3-35

conc HNO3); 1.00 mL 0.100 g As(III). Prepare diluted Recommended wavelengths are 193.7 and 196.0 nm for As and
solutions daily. Se, respectively.
k. Arsenic(V) solutions: b. Instrument calibration standards: Transfer 0.00, 1.00, 2.00,
1) Stock As(V) solution: Dissolve 1.534 g arsenic pentoxide, 5.00, 10.00, 15.00, and 20.00 mL standard solutions of As(III) or
As2O5, in distilled water containing 4 g NaOH. Dilute to 1 L; Se(IV) to 100-mL volumetric flasks and bring to volume with
1.00 mL 1.00 mg As(V). water containing the same acid concentration used for sample
2) Intermediate As(V) solution: Prepare as for As(III) above; preservation (commonly 2 to 5 mL conc HNO3/L). This yields
1.00 mL 10.0 g As(V). blank and standard solutions of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g As
3) Standard As(V) solution: Prepare as for As(III) above; 1.00 or Se/L. Prepare fresh daily. In all cases, standards must be
mL 0.100 g As(V). carried through the same digestion protocol as the samples to
l. Organic arsenic solutions: monitor digestion effectiveness.
1) Stock organic arsenic solution: Dissolve 1.842 g dimethyl- c. Preparation of samples and standards for total recoverable
arsinic acid (cacodylic acid), (CH3)2AsOOH, in water containing arsenic and selenium: Use digestion procedure described in
4 g NaOH. Dilute to 1 L; 1.00 mL 1.00 mg As. [NOTE: Check 3030F for samples and standards. Alternatively, add 50 mL
purity of cacodylic acid reagent against an intermediate arsenic sample, As(III), or Se(IV) standard to 200-mL Berzelius beaker
standard (50 to 100 mg As/L) using flame atomic absorption.] or 100-mL micro-kjeldahl flask. Add 7 mL 18N H2SO4 and 5 mL
2) Intermediate organic arsenic solution: Prepare as for conc HNO3. Add a small boiling chip or glass beads if necessary.
As(III) above; 1.00 mL 10.0 g As. Evaporate to SO3 fumes. Maintain oxidizing conditions at all
3) Standard organic arsenic solution: Prepare as for As(III) times by adding small amounts of HNO3 to prevent solution
above; 1.00 mL 0.100 g As. from darkening. Maintain an excess of HNO3 until all organic
m. Selenium(IV) solutions: matter is destroyed. Complete digestion usually is indicated by a
1) Stock Se(IV) solution: Dissolve 2.190 g sodium selenite, light-colored solution. Cool slightly, add 25 mL water and 1 mL
Na2SeO3, in water containing 10 mL HCl and dilute to 1 L; 1.00 conc HClO4 and again evaporate to SO3 fumes to expel oxides of
mL 1.00 mg Se(IV). nitrogen. CAUTION: See Section 3030H for cautions on use of
2) Intermediate Se(IV) solution: Dilute 10 mL stock Se(IV) to HClO4. Monitor effectiveness of either digestion procedure used
1000 mL with water containing 10 mL conc HCl; 1.00 mL by adding 5 mL of standard organic arsenic solution or 5 mL of
10.0 g Se(IV). a standard selenium solution to a 50-mL sample and measuring
3) Standard Se(IV) solution: Dilute 10 mL intermediate recovery, carrying standards and the sample with known addition
Se(IV) solution to 1000 mL with water containing the same through entire procedure. To report total recoverable arsenic as
concentration of acid used for sample preservation (2 to 5 mL total arsenic, average recoveries of cacodylic acid must exceed
conc HNO3). Prepare solution daily when checking the equiva- 80%. After final evaporation of SO3 fumes, dilute to 50 mL for
lency of instrument response for Se(IV) and Se(VI); 1.00 mL arsenic measurements or to 30 mL for selenium measurements.
0.100 g Se(IV). For analysis of both elements in a single sample, increase sample
n. Selenium(VI) solutions: volume to 100 mL and double the volumes of acids used in the
1) Stock Se(VI) solution: Dissolve 2.393 g sodium selenate, digestion. Adjust final digestate volume to 100 mL. Use 50 mL
Na2SeO4, in water containing 10 mL conc HNO3. Dilute to 1 L; for As and 30 mL for Se determinations, making appropriate
1.00 mL 1.00 mg Se(VI). volume corrections in calculating results.
2) Intermediate Se(VI) solution: Prepare as for Se(IV) above; d. Preparation of samples and standards for total arsenic and
1.00 mL 10.0 g Se (VI). selenium: Add 50 mL undigested sample or standard to a
3) Standard Se(VI) solution: Prepare as for Se(IV) above; 1.00 200-mL Berzelius beaker or 100-mL micro-kjeldahl flask. Add 1
mL 0.100 g Se(VI). mL 2.5N H2SO4 and 5 mL 5% K2S2O8. Boil gently on a
pre-heated hot plate for approximately 30 to 40 min or until a
final volume of 10 mL is reached. Do not let sample go to
4. Procedure dryness. Alternatively heat in an autoclave at 121C for 1 h in
capped containers. After manual digestion, dilute to 50 mL for
a. Apparatus setup: Either see Figure 3114:1 or follow man- subsequent arsenic measurements and to 30 mL for selenium
ufacturers instructions. Connect inlet of reaction cell with aux- measurements. Monitor effectiveness of digestion by measuring
iliary purging gas controlled by flow meter. If a drying cell recovery of As or Se as above. If poor recovery of arsenic added
between the reaction cell and atomizer is necessary, use only as cacodylic acid is obtained, reanalyze using double the amount
anhydrous CaCl2 but not CaSO4 because it may retain SeH2. of K2S2O8. For analysis of both elements in a single sample,
Before using the hydride generation/analysis system, optimize increase sample volume to 100 mL and double the volumes of
operating parameters. Align quartz atomizers for maximum ab- acids used in the digestion. Adjust final digestate volume to 100
sorbance. Aspirate a blank until memory effects are removed. mL. Use 50 mL for As and 30 mL for Se determinations, making
Establish purging gas flow, concentration and rate of addition of appropriate volume corrections in calculating results.
sodium borohydride reagent, solution volume, and stirring rate e. Determination of arsenic with sodium borohydride: To 50
for optimum instrument response for the chemical species to be mL digested standard or sample in a 200-mL Berzelius beaker
analyzed. Optimize quartz cell temperature. If sodium borohy- (see Figure 3114:1) add 5 mL conc HCl and mix. Add 5 mL NaI
dride reagent is added too quickly, rapid evolution of hydrogen prereductant solution, mix, and wait at least 30 min. (NOTE: The
will unbalance the system. If the volume of solution being NaI reagent has not been found necessary for certain hydride
purged is too large, the absorption signal will be decreased. reaction cell designs if a 20 to 30% loss in instrument sensitivity
3-36 METALS (3000)

is not important and variables of solution acid conditions, tem-

peratures, and volumes for production of As(V) and arsine can
Method As(III) Org As Se(IV) Se(VI)
be controlled strictly. Such control requires an automated deliv-
ery system; see Section 3114C.) Manual with digestion 91.8 87.3
Attach one Berzelius beaker at a time to the rubber stopper Manual without digestion 109.4 19.4 100.6 110.8
containing the gas dispersion tube for the purging gas, the Automated with digestion 99.8 98.4
sodium borohydride reagent inlet, and the outlet to the quartz Automated without digestion 92.5 10.4
cell. Turn on strip-chart recorder and wait until the base line is
established by the purging gas and all air is expelled from the
reaction cell. Add 0.5 mL sodium borohydride reagent. After the 7. References
instrument absorbance has reached a maximum and returned to
the base line, remove beaker, rinse dispersion tube with water, 1. VIJAN, P.N. & D. LEUNG. 1980. Reduction of chemical interference
and speciation studies in the hydride generation-atomic absorption
and proceed to the next sample or standard. Periodically compare
method for selenium. Anal. Chim. Acta 120:141.
standard As(III) and As(V) curves for response consistency. 2. VOTH-BEACH, L.M. & D.E. SHRADER. 1985. Reduction of interfer-
Check for presence of chemical interferences that suppress in- ences in the determination of arsenic and selenium by hydride gen-
strument response for arsine by treating a digested sample with eration. Spectroscopy 1:60.
10 g/L As(III) or As(V) as appropriate. Average recoveries 3. JULSHAMN, K., O. RINGDAL, K.-E. SLINNING & O.R. BRAEKKAN. 1982.
should be not less than 90%. Optimization of the determination of selenium in marine samples by
f. Determination of selenium with sodium borohydride: To 30 atomic absorption spectrometry: Comparison of a flameless graphite
mL digested standard or sample in a 200-mL Berzelius beaker or furnace atomic absorption system with a hydride generation atomic
100-mL micro-kjeldahl flask, add 15 mL conc HCl and mix. absorption system. Spectrochim. Acta. 37B:473.
Heat for a predetermined period at 90 to 100C. Alternatively 4. NYGAARD, D.D. & J.H. LOWRY. 1982. Sample digestion procedures
for simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, and selenium
autoclave at 121C in capped containers for 60 min, or heat for
by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry with
a predetermined time in open test tubes using a 90 to 100C hot hydride generation. Anal. Chem. 54:803.
water bath or an aluminum block digester. Check effectiveness 5. WELZ, B. & M. MELCHER. 1984. Mechanisms of transition metal
of the selected heating time by demonstrating equal instrument interferences in hydride generation atomic-absorption spectrometry.
responses for calibration curves prepared either from standard Part 1. Influence of cobalt, copper, iron and nickel on selenium
Se(IV) or from Se(VI) solutions. Effective heat exposure for determination. Analyst 109:569.
converting Se(VI) to Se(IV), with no loss of Se(IV), ranges 6. KRIVAN, V., K. PETRICK, B. WELZ & M. MELCHER. 1985. Radiotracer
between 5 and 60 min when open beakers or test tubes are used. error-diagnostic investigation of selenium determination by hydride-
Establish a heating time for effective conversion and apply this generation atomic absorption spectrometry involving treatment with
time to all samples and standards. Do not digest standard Se(IV) hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. Anal. Chem. 57:1703.
7. CHU, R.C., G.P. BARRON & P.A.W. BAUMGARNER. 1972. Arsenic
and Se(VI) solutions used for this check of equivalency. After
determination at submicrogram levels by arsine evolution and flame-
prereduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), attach Berzelius beakers, one less atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. Anal. Chem.
at a time, to the purge apparatus. For each, turn on the strip-chart 44:1476.
recorder and wait until the base line is established. Add 0.50 mL 8. SIEMER, D.D., P. KOTEEL & V. JARIWALA. 1976. Optimization of arsine
sodium borohydride reagent. After the instrument absorbance generation in atomic absorption arsenic determinations. Anal. Chem.
has reached a maximum and returned to the base line, remove 48:836.
beaker, rinse dispersion tube with water, and proceed to the next
sample or standard. Check for presence of chemical interferences
that suppress selenium hydride instrument response by treating a 8. Bibliography
digested sample with 10 g Se (IV)/L. Average recoveries
should be not less than 90%. FERNANDEZ, F.J. & D.C. MANNING. 1971. The determination of arsenic at
submicrogram levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Atomic Absorption Newsletter 10:86.
5. Calculation JARREL-ASH CORPORATION. 1971. High Sensitivity Arsenic Determination
by Atomic Absorption. Jarrel-Ash Atomic Absorption Applications
Construct a standard curve by plotting peak heights or areas of Laboratory Bull. No. As-3.
standards versus concentration of standards. Measure peak MANNING, D.C. 1971. A high sensitivity arsenic-selenium sampling
system for atomic absorption spectroscopy. Atomic Absorption
heights or areas of samples and read concentrations from curve.
Newsletter 10:123.
If sample was diluted (or concentrated) before sample digestion, BRAMAN, R.S. & C.C. FOREBACK. 1973. Methylated forms of arsenic in
apply an appropriate factor. On instruments so equipped, read the environment. Science 182:1247.
concentrations directly after standard calibration. CALDWELL, J.S., R.J. LISHKA & E.F. MCFARREN. 1973. Evaluation of a
low-cost arsenic and selenium determination of microgram-per-liter
levels. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc., 65:731.
6. Precision and Bias
AGGETT, J. & A.C. ASPELL. 1976. The determination of arsenic (III) and
total arsenic by atomic-absorption spectroscopy. Analyst 101:341.
Single-laboratory, single-operator data were collected for FIORINO, J.A., J.W. JONES & S.G. CAPAR. 1976. Sequential determination
As(III) and organic arsenic by both manual and automated of arsenic, selenium, antimony, and tellurium in foods via rapid
methods, and for the manual determination of selenium. Recov- hydride evolution and atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem.
ery values (%) from seven replicates are given below: 48:120.
HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (3114)/Continuous Method 3-37

CUTTER, G.A. 1978. Species determination of selenium in natural waters. SINEMUS, H.W., M. MELCHER & B. WELZ. 1981. Influence of valence
Anal. Chem. Acta 98:59. state on the determination of antimony, bismuth, selenium, and
GODDEN, R.G. & D.R. THOMERSON. 1980. Generation of covalent hy- tellurium in lake water using the hydride AA technique. Atomic
drides in atomic absorption spectroscopy. Analyst 105:1137. Spectrosc. 2:81.
BROWN, R.M., JR., R.C. FRY, J.L. MOYERS, S.J. NORTHWAY, M.B. DENTON DEDINA, J. 1982. Interference of volatile hydride forming elements in
& G.S. WILSON. 1981. Interference by volatile nitrogen oxides and selenium determination by atomic absorption spectrometry with
transition-metal catalysis in the preconcentration of arsenic and hydride generation. Anal. Chem. 54:2097.
selenium as hydrides. Anal. Chem. 53:1560.

3114 C. Continuous Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method

1. General Discussion

The continuous hydride generator offers the advantages of

simplicity in operation, excellent reproducibility, low detection
limits, and high sample volume throughput for selenium analysis
following preparations as described in 3500-Se.B or 3114B.4c
and d.
a. Principle: See Section 3114B.
b. Interferences: Free chlorine in hydrochloric acid is a com-
mon but difficult-to-diagnose interference. (The amount of chlo-
rine varies with manufacturer and with each lot from the same
manufacturer.) Chlorine oxidizes the hydride and can contami- Figure 3114:2. Schematic of a continuous hydride generator.
nate the hydride generator to prevent recoveries under any con-
ditions. When interference is encountered, or preferably before
using each new bottle of HCl, eliminate chlorine from a 2.3-L
bottle of conc HCl by bubbling with helium (commercial grade, out of the separator via a constant level side drain to a waste
100 mL/min) for 3 h. bucket. Schematics and operating parameters are shown in Fig-
Excess oxidant (peroxide, persulfate, or permanganate) from ure 3114:2.
the total selenium digestion can oxidize the hydride. Follow Check flow rates frequently to ensure a steady flow; an
procedures in 3500-Se.B.2, 3, or 4 to ensure removal of all uneven flow in any tubing will cause an erratic signal. Re-
oxidizing agents before hydride generation. move tubings from pump rollers when not in use. Typical flow
Nitrite is a common trace constituent in natural and waste rates are: sample, 7 mL/min; acid, 1 mL/min; borohydride
waters, and at levels as low as 10 g/L nitrite can reduce the
reagent, 1 mL/min. Argon flow usually is pre-fixed, typically
recovery of hydrogen selenide from Se(IV) by over 50%. More-
at 90 mL/min.
over, during the reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) by digestion with
b. Atomic absorption spectrometric equipment: See Section
HCl (3500-Se.B.5), some nitrate is converted to nitrite, which
subsequently interferes. When this interference is suspected, add 3111A.6.
sulfanilamide after sample acidification (or HCl digestion). The
diazotization reaction between nitrite and sulfanilamide com-
pletely removes the interferent effect (i.e., the standard addition 3. Reagents
slope is normal).
a. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 5 1: Handle conc HCl under a
2. Apparatus fume hood. If necessary, remove free Cl2 by stripping conc HCl
with helium as described above.
a. Continuous hydride generator: The basic unit is composed b. Borohydride reagent: Dissolve 0.6 g NaBH4 and 0.5 g
of two parts: a precision peristaltic pump, which is used to meter NaOH in 100 mL water. CAUTION: Sodium borohydride is toxic,
and mix reagents and sample solutions, and the gas-liquid sep- flammable, and corrosive.
arator. At the gas-liquid separator a constant flow of argon strips c. Selenium reference standard solution, 1000 mg/L: Use
out the hydrogen and metal hydride gases formed in the reaction commercially available standard; verify that selenium is Se(IV).
and carries them to the heated quartz absorption cell (3114B.1b d. Intermediate standard solution, 1 mg/L: Dilute 1 mL ref-
and 2b), which is supported by a metal bracket mounted on top erence standard solution to 1 L in a volumetric flask with
of the regular air acetylene burner head. The spent liquid flows distilled water.
3-38 METALS (3000)

e. Working standard solutions, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/L: compounded using chemically pure sodium selenite and sodium
Dilute 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mL intermediate standard selenate. The values of Se(IV) Se(VI) were determined by
solution to 100 mL in a volumetric flask. converting Se(VI) to Se(IV) by digestion with HCl. Results are
f. Sulfanilamide solution: Prepare a 2.5% (w/v) solution daily; tabulated below.
add several drops conc HCl per 50 mL solution to facilitate
dissolution.
No. Mean Se(IV) Rel. Dev. Se(IV) Se(VI) Rel. Del.
4. Procedure Analyses g/L % g/L %

21 4.3 12 10.3 7
a. Sample preparation: See Section 3500-Se or 3114B.4c and 26 8.5 12 19.7 6
d for preparation steps for various Se fractions or total Se. 22 17.2 7 39.2 8
b. Preconditioning hydride generator: For newly installed 20 52.8 5 106.0 6
tubing, turn on pump for at least 10 to 15 min before instrument
calibration. Sample the highest standard for a few minutes to let
volatile hydride react with the reactive sites in the transfer lines 7. Bibliography
and on the quartz absorption cell surfaces.
c. Instrument calibration: Depending on total void volume in REAMER, D.C. & C. VEILOON. 1981. Preparation of biological materials
sample tubing, sampling time of 15 to 20 s generally is sufficient for determination of selenium by hydride generation-AAS. Anal.
to obtain a steady signal. Between samples, submerge uptake Chem. 53:1192.
tube in rinse water. Calibrate instrument daily after a 45-min SINEMUS, H.W., M. MELCHER & B. WELZ. 1981. Influence of valence
lamp warmup time. Use either the hollow cathode or the elec- state on the determination of antimony, bismuth, selenium, and
trodeless discharge lamp. tellurium in lake water using the hydride AA technique. Atomic
d. Antifoaming agents: Certain samples, particularly waste- Spectrosc. 2:81.
water samples containing a high concentration of proteinaceous RODEN, D.R. & D.E. TALLMAN. 1982. Determination of inorganic sele-
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