Instruction Manual Edible Oils and Fats - en

Lovibond® Colour Measurement
Tintometer® Group
Handbook of Methods
Analytical procedures for the measure-
ment of edible oils and fats
0.5 g to 1.0 g
= / ± 1 mg
5 ¼"
Title No. Page
How to use 4
Taking a Sample 5
Sample Preparation 6
Measurement Decisions 8
The Sample 13
Troubleshooting 14
Lovibond® RYBN Colour CM1 16
AOCS-Tintometer Colour CM2 22
Chlorophyll CM3 28
Red and Yellow Values to Indian Standard - Sesame Oil, Mustard CM4 34
Oil, Mahua Oil
Red and Yellow Values to Indian Standard - Castor, Ground Nut, CM5 40
Coconut Oil
Red and Yellow Values to Indian Standard - Castor, Ground Nut, CM6 46
Coconut Oil
Red and Yellow Values to Indian Standard - Cottonseed Oil CM7 52
Beta Carotene CM8 58
EN Handbook of Methods 3
How to use
How to use this guide

The Lovibond® guide to the measurement of colour in edible oils and fats has been de-
signed to enable the accurate and repeatable communication of colour data throughout
the edible oil supply chain.
We recommended that, whether creating a new operating procedure or reviewing your
existing procedures, you work through the guide from the beginning.
The guide can also be used for troubleshooting any problems arising from differences
in your product’s colour measurements.
Whilst we have taken every care to ensure that all aspects of edible oil measurement
are covered within this guide, we are always available to support our customers via our
website www.lovibond.com or directly by email at [email protected].
4 EN Handbook of Methods
Taking a Sample
Taking a Sample
Follow standards such as ISO 5555:2001 Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Samp-
ling.
The key aspects of this standard include:
• Use of stainless-steel sampling containers as these are the most suitable
• Types of suitable sampling instrument:
- Weighted sample can
- Weighted cage for sample bottle
- Valve sampling cylinder (sinker sampler)
- Bottom sampler
- Sampling tubes and scoops
• The importance of clean or gloved hands
• Protection of the sample from contamination (rain or dust etc.)
• Heating of oils to facilitate sampling
• Homogenisation of the oil to be sampled
• The taking and preparation of inhomogeneous fats
It is most important to ensure that the sample has not been contaminated and is a
representative sample of the homogeneous bulk of oil concerned.
Sample Preparation
Sample Preparation
This is one of the most important steps to ensuring accurate and repeatable measure-
ments not only in the single laboratory but also when comparing results across multiple
laboratories. Care taken here will reduce errors and provide better measurements.
Filtration
The sample should be clear and free of particles before it is measured.
Filtration of oil samples can be achieved through a process of heating (for samples that
are highly viscous at room temperature) and gravity or vacuum filtration.
Sealed
Strong Clamp Vacuum
Particle
filter Add
Vacuum
Universal
Vacuum
Lab Quality Hose
Borosilicate Connection
Glass
Typical vacuum filtration equipment
The choice of filter pore size should be based upon the sample oil. Some experimenta-
tion will be required to obtain the optimum pore size which provides sample clarity in a
suitable timeframe.
Sample Cloud Point & Heating

If the oil is solid at room temperature then heating will be required so that it becomes
liquid and clear. This can be achieved by heating in an oven or stirrer hotplate. The
sample should be heated to 10 Degrees Celsius above its cloud point.
When placed into a cold measurement instrument, some samples may crystallise
quickly upon contact with the cooler surface of the sample cuvette.
To avoid this, warm the instrument (if applicable, see section on measuring equipment)
with the empty sample cuvette before use.
Sample Preparation
Please note that some instruments provide heated sample chambers. These are not
intended for use in bringing the sample to a suitable temperature but to maintain tem-
perature while the measurement is taken.
Sample Convection Currrents

If the temperature is not consistent throughout the sample, small thermal currents can
form within it.
These refract the light passing through the sample affecting the amount of light detec-
ted. This refracted light can cause inaccurate measurement results as well as repeata-
bility problems.
The sample should be gently stirred within the measurement cuvette using a clean
stirring rod just prior to measurement.
Thermal currents:
A B C
Thermal currents After stirring
forming within the sample
a sample
The heater in the instrument is not intended to be used for heating samples up to tem-
perature as it will be quite slow. It is only intended to stop heat being taken away from
the sample during the measurement cycle.
Measurement Decisions
There are four key decisions that must be made prior to measuring colour in oil con-
sistently:
1) The choice of colour scale to be used in communicating the colour data.
2) Visual versus automatic measurement.
3) The path length across which the colour will be measured.
4) Possible dilution of the sample
Choice of Scale
Colour scales are designed to replicate the range of colours specific to an application-
type or sample colour-type. There are a number of scales which are used for measu-
ring edible oil colour. Your supplier or customer will be working to an existing scale and
it is important to try and maintain colour communication within a single scale.
Common Scales and Applicable Standards

Lovibond® RYBN
• AOCS Cc 13e, Color of Fats and Oil, Lovibond (ISO Method) – 13e92 Lovibond
Method Using Color Glasses Calibrated in Accordance with the Lovibond Tintome-
ter Color Scale
• AOCS Cc 13j, Color of Fats and Oils, Automated Method
• ISO 15305, Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of Lovibond colour
• ISO 27608, Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils - Determination of Lovibond Co-
lour - Automatic Method
• Department of Standards Malaysia MS 252: Part 16, ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE
FATS AND OILS: PART 16: DETERMINATION OF COLOUR
• Department of Standards Malaysia MS 817: PART 12, PALM OIL AND PALM
OIL PRODUCTS: PART 12: DETERMINATION OF LOVIBOND COLOUR (ISO
15305:1998, MOD)
The Lovibond® Scale is based on 84 calibrated glass colour standards of different
densities of magenta (red), yellow, blue and neutral, graduating from desaturated to
fully saturated. Sample colours are matched by a suitable combination of the three
primary colours together with neutral filters, resulting in a set of Lovibond® RYBN units
that define the colour.
Since several million combinations are available, it is possible to match the colour of
almost any sample; it is particularly popular for measuring the colour of oils and fats.
Designed originally for visual colour assessment, this scale has been since digitised
and can now be expressed using automatic equipment.
Lovibond® RYBN utilises a combined numbering system to express a value represen-
ting:
• Red
• Yellow
• Blue
• Neutral
The neutral element of the scale performs the function of adjusting for “brightness”
overall light intensity in visual glass-based measurement systems. Care must be taken
if users of visual measurement systems employ neutral filters to dull a bright sample,
but omit to report this in their results.
A Neutral standard of a particular value is equivalent to a combination of Red, Yellow
and Blue standards, so if there is a match using all four colours, it can be simplified
by removing the smallest number from all the colours. For example, 1.5R, 7.8Y, 0.2B,
0.5N is equivalent to, and should only be reported as, 1.3R, 7.6Y, 0.3N.
Practical Aspects of Lovibond® RYBN Measured in Visual Systems
The Lovibond® RYBN colour scale is the preferred colour scale when measuring Lovi-
bond colour as it most closely correlates with the way in which visual instruments are
designed to be used.
There are two working practices which are sometimes used in visual systems, to simp-
lify the comparison of samples with glass colour standards.
Lovibond® RY
Uses only the Red and Yellow glass standards when comparing two samples (or samp-
le with a standard). This will often lead to lower values in the reported match due to the
brightness difference in visual measurement systems. A higher variation between users
will be seen, as a more subjective decision on the match at different brightness levels is
being made. An RY result may be correct, but often a complete result requires Neutral
values as well.
Lovibond® RY 10:1
In some sample oils, there is a useful relationship between Yellow and Red colour va-
lues (where Yellow is approximately ten times the Red value). The 10:1 ratio is often a
useful point to start from when making a colour match, then improved to a more precise
match using the full gamut of Red, Yellow, Blue and Neutral. The RY 10:1 ratio is a
step in the process of achieving a good RYBN match, but it is not a final result.
American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) AOCS-Tintometer Scale.

• AOCS Cc 13b-45, Color of Fats and Oils, Lovibond (Wesson) Wesson Method
Using Color Glasses Calibrated in Accordance with the AOCS-Tintometer Color
Scale
• AOCS Cc 8d-55, Refined and Bleached Color in Tallow and Greases Intended for
Soap Production
• AOCS Cc 13j-97, Color of Fats and Oils, Automated Method
The AOCS-Tintometer colour scale is a scale of Red and Yellow colour values only.
The scale differs in its values from the Lovibond® RYBN scale so measurements bet-
ween the two scales are not comparable.
The AOCS-Tintometer scale also uses a different viewing system for visual measu-
rement: in the Lovibond® RYBN method the sample and coloured glass are side by
side while in AOCS-Tintometer, the sample and coloured glass are shown in separate
circles of colour.
Chlorophyll
• AOCS Cc-13d-55, Chlorophyll Pigments in Refined and Bleached Oils
Whilst not a colour scale, the content of chlorophyll in a number of edible oils can be
determined by light absorbance. The relationship between absorbance (optical density)
at 670nm, 630nm and 710nm is dependent upon the chlorophyll content of the oil.
The sample pathlength is used in the calculation of chlorophyll content and should be
chosen such that the optical density at 670nm is between 0.3 and 0.8.
Beta Carotene
• BS 684 (section 2.20) Determination of carotene in vegetable oils
Beta Carotene is seen in some oils (e.g. Palm Oil) as the orange/red hue. This can be
measured as light absorbance at 445nm. It should be noted that as a purely quantita-
tive method, any sample that absorbs light at 445nm will give a result (which may not
necessarily be constituted of beta carotene).
Scale Summary Reported Units

Lovibond® RYBN Red, Yellow, Blue and Neutral. Most 0.1 to 70 Red, Yellow
closely correlates with use of visual 0.1 to 40 Blue
instruments 0.1 to 3 Neutral
Lovibond® RY Uses only Red and Yellow. Lack of 0.1 to 70 Red, Yellow
brightness factor can lead to lower
reported values and higher variation
between users in visual systems
Lovibond® RY Uses an approximation of the Red 0.1 to 20 Red
10:1 value as being ten times that of yellow 1.0 to 70 Yellow
in order to make visual measurement
easier.
AOCS Tintometer Red and Yellow only. Sample and ad- 0.1 to 20 Red
justed match colour are separated 1 to 70 Yellow
Chlorophyll Calculation made using absorbance Parts per million / mg
(optical density) at 670nm, 630nm and per kg
710nm
Beta Carotene Absorbance at 445nm in some oils Parts per million / mg
per kg
Visual vs Automatic Measurement Systems. Advantages and Disadvantages

Visual Measurement
• Human assessment is usually the final arbiter of colour matching. Regardless of
what any instrument reports, a human consumer will make their own subjective
assessment of the suitability of colour to them.
• Measurements must be assessed by a number of people and aggregated to pro-
vide a result consistent with an “average viewer”. Two groups of “average viewers”
may present different results on the same sample due to biological variations in
colour perception and subjective variations (mood can affect colour perception).
• You must ensure that operators pass a colour vision test administered by a quali-
fied optician. They should be re-tested every five years.
Automatic Measurement
• Consistent repeatability of results between instruments of the same principle and
design.
• Only requires a single operative to provide a result.
Path length selection

Selecting a suitable pathlength cuvette for your sample.
Many standards reference a 5 1/4 “ or 133.4mm cell but provision is made to use shor-
ter pathlength cells.
1/16” or 1.6 MM 1/8” or 3.2 MM ¼” or 6.4 MM ½” or 12.7 MM 1” or 25.4 MM
Because of the logarithmic nature of the Lovibond® RYBN colour space, when measur-
ing in Lovibond® RYBN, it is recommended to select a cell with a pathlength such that
the total of colour units required to match is not greater than 20 (R + Y + B or N <20).
Doing so will improve repeatability and reproducibility.
Linear Scale
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Logarithmic Scale
0 10 20 30 40 70
Sample dilution
Sample Dilution for Lovibond® RYBN, Lovibond® RY, Lovibond® RY 10:1 or
AOCS Tintometer
Sample dilution is not recommended. Selection of a suitable pathlength will ensure
repeatable and reproducible results.
Sample Dilution for Beta Carotene
Dilute your sample in analytical grade cyclohexane at a dilution of 1:100. The PFXi and
Model Fx firmware assumes that the dilution is correct, so one must weigh out precise-
ly 1 g of oil, measured as accurately as possible (BS684 2:20 states one should use
scales accurate to 1mg) and dilute to 100 ml with cyclohexane.
Then measure in a 10mm pathlength cuvette.
One can avoid solvent dilution by using an undiluted sample and measuring in a
0.1 mm pathlength cuvette (part number 606700) with the measurement instrument
pathlength set at 10 mm.
0.1 mm detachable cuvette

(PIPS face downwards towards sample)
10 mm Cuvette
Equipment Verification
As with any measurement device it is important that the instrument used for colour
measurement is checked to ensure that it is working within its specified parameters.
With colour measurement instruments this done by measuring standards with known
values against which the results can be compared.
Colour reference standards

Reference colour standards will come with a certificate that states the colour values
and the tolerances. It is often helpful to understand how the colour values are derived
and how the tolerances are determined.
With visual instrumentation we know that the measured result is subjective, so trying to
put an absolute value to that is problematic at the best of times. At the Tintometer Ltd.
the procedure adopted is to use 3 to 5 operators that have been tested for any colour
deficiency and found to have normal colour vision. Visual measurements are made
independently. The results are reviewed with any outliers being removed. The average
of the results is taken. Tolerance levels for the visual system have been developed
using a larger population of users and samples. The data from this study is used for the
tolerance levels shown on a certificate.
Any instrument has repeatability and inter-instrument reproducibility tolerances. These
are calculated by repeating many measurements with many samples over a defined
period as well as measuring on several instruments. The tolerances then defined for
the repeatability and reproducibility of the instrument are added to the tolerance value
specified with the colour standard.
Types of verification standard

The Tintometer Ltd. produces two types of verification standard: solid glass and liquid
reference standards.
Glass Reference standards

Glass reference standards have the benefit of not having a shelf life. They can however
become dirty and care should be taken to ensure they are kept clean. They are very
good for validating the instrument’s performance, many users check their instrument
each day or week using glass standards. It is recommended that they are recalibrated
periodically to ensure no damage has occurred that may affect the colour values.
Liquid Reference Standards

The liquid reference standards can be used in the same way as glass standards for
verifying that an instrument is working correctly. They do have certain benefits over
the glass standards in that they better replicate the way in which normal samples are
measured. This can be useful for also detecting operator faults such as not cleaning
cuvettes correctly. Dirty cuvettes can lead to errors in measurements. The use of liquid
references can also detect the incorrect placement of the cuvette in the instrument.
When using liquid reference standards also be sure to use the cuvette pathlength
recorded on its certificate.
The Sample
The Sample
All vegetable oils contain the same fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid
and stearic acid. However, other fatty acids can also occur in sometimes significant
amounts and the matrix in which these fatty acids are contained are very different. This
leads to large practical differences in the physical and optical properties of these oils.
Sample Types
Lovibond® products are designed to measure all types of edible oils. The most common
oils covered in these methods are listed here:
• Soya bean oil
• Palm oil
• Rapeseed/Canola oil
• Sunflower seed oil
• Groundnut (peanut) oil
• Cottonseed oil
• Coconut oil
• Palm kernel oil
• Olive oil
• Corn oil
• Sesame oil
• Linseed oil
The viscosity, density and optical properties of these vary between each oil and with
temperature. This variance, along with the oil´s common visible spectral characteristics
influences both the way it is prepared for measurement and the colour scale to which it
may be measured.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Common Issue Solution
Our Automatic Instrument (Lovibond Your samples are not transparent,
Model Fx or PFXi) is showing higher they require filtering or heating.
Blue values when compared to our
Visual Tintometer Model F.
Our samples are heated and transpa- Convection currents in your samples
rent, but we are experiencing differen- could be causing issues. Please stir
ces between our Automatic Instrument them before measuring.
(Lovibond Model Fx or PFXi) and
Despite transparency, appropriate cell Your instruments and cells should be
path length and stirring we are still clear and in a good state of repair.
experiencing differences between our Oil contamination and damage can
Automatic Instrument (Lovibond Model negatively impact results.
Fx or PFXi) and Visual Model F.
Where can I get my instrument ser- Please contact The Tintometer Ltd for
viced? advice. We are happy to help.
Despite transparency, appropriate cell Review the relevant standard (e.g.
path length, stirring and cleanliness AOCS 13e-92) for recommended
we are still experiencing differences tolerances. Visual instruments are less
between our Automatic Instrument (Lo- repeatable than automatic.
vibond Model Fx or PFXi) and Visual
Model F.
We are getting different results from Check you are using the same colour
another site. scale, cell path length, temperature
and sample preparation technique.
Our Automatic Instrument (Lovibond Are you correctly compensating for
Model Fx or PFXi) is showing Neutral brightness when using your Tintome-
values when compared to our Visual ter Model F?
Tintometer Model F.
Our Automatic Instrument (Lovibond Check you are applying the correct
Model Fx or PFXi) is reporting Blue colour scale. Lovibond RYBN reports
and Neutral Values that we do not re- Red, Yellow, Neutral and Blue values.
port on our Visual Tintometer Model F. AOCS Tintometer reports Red and
Yellow only.
How can I check inter-instrument We recommend checking with a Lovi-
agreement between a Lovibond Model bond Universal Verification Standard
Fx, PFXi and/or Tintometer Model F. set.
When using our Visual Tintometer We strongly advise against this poor
Model F instrument we wish to round practice.
down Y values to the nearest 10.
Troubleshooting

When using our Visual Tintometer We strongly advise against this poor
Model F instrument we wish to round practice.
down R values to the nearest 1.
We wish to fix a R (Red) or Y(Yellow) We strongly advise against this poor
value, then colour match. practice.
We are seeing a lot of variation in We recommend colour vision testing
readings between the operators of our for all operators at least every 5 years.
We only have one operator using our As per the standards, we recommend
Visual Tintometer Model F. at least two operators make indepen-
dent visual assessments with a 3rd
available to adjudicate.
We are unsure what International Please contact The Tintometer Ltd for
Standard to apply for the oils we are advice. We are happy to help.
handling?
What tolerances should we apply to Please contact The Tintometer Ltd
our "Red" and "Yellow" values? for advice. We can advise you what is
dictated in the applicable International
Standard.
Lovibond® RYBN Colour / CM1
Lovibond® RYBN Colour CM1
Instrument specific information

The test can be performed on the following devices. In addition, the required path length
and the range of the colour scale are indicated.
Title Scale Path Length Scale Range

Model Fx, PFXi-880/IP17, 1/16" - 6" 0 - 70 R, 0 - 70 Y, 0 - 30 B,
PFXi-880/IP 0-3N
17 heated, PFXi-880/L,
PFXi-880/S, PFXi-880/S
heated, PFXi-880L
heated, PFXi-950,
PFXi-950 heated,
PFXi-995,
PFXi-995 heated,
PFXi-995/P, PFXi-995/P
heated
Model F, Model F (BS 684) 1/16" - 6" 0 - 79.9 R, 0 - 79.9 Y, 0 -
with Compensating slides 39.9 B, 0 - 3.9 N
Application List
• Food and Beverage
• Household Products
• Petroleum Oils and Waxes
• Edible Oils and Fats
• Chemicals
Applicable Standard
• AOCS Cc 13j-97
• ISO 27608
• MS 252 : Part 16
• MS 817 : Part 12
• AOCS Cc 13e-92
• BS684
• ISO 15305
16 EN Method Reference Book


Title Packaging Unit Part Number
Lovibond® RYBN Colour 0.8R 2.0Y 0.1N (5¼) 500 ml 134080
Lovibond RYBN Colour 2.0R 7.0Y 0.5N (5¼)
®
500 ml 134100
Lovibond® RYBN Colour 2.1R 11.0Y 0.5N 500 ml 134110
(5¼)
(5¼)
(5¼")
Lovibond® RYBN Colour 1.4R 4.0Y 0.5N (5¼) 500 ml 134090
(5¼)
Glass Standards
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Neutral Filter Set 1 pc. 185000
(Model F, E, D)
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Blue (Model F, E, D) 1 pc. 186000
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Neutral (Model F, E, 1 pc. 184000
D)
(PFXi 995/950/880)
(PFXi 995/950/880)
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Blue Filter Set (PFXi 1 pc. 139620
995/950/880)
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Neutral (PFXi 1 pc. 139630
995/950/880)
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Neutral (Fx) 1 pc. 169630
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Neutral Filter Set (Fx) 1 pc. 169610
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Blue Filter Set (Fx) 1 pc. 169620
Lovibond Red, Yellow, Neutral Filter Set (Fx) 1 pc. 169590
EN Method Reference Book 17

Implementation of the provision Lovibond RYBN Colour

Using colorimeter: Model F, Model Fx, PFXi
Select the colour scale on the device: Model Fx, PFXi
For this colour scale, a baseline measurement must be carried out in the following
devices: Model Fx, PFXi
Perform Baseline Measurement (Automatic Instruments)
ZERO
Ensure the measurement Press the ZERO button
chamber is empty and (Model Fx: Ø button) to
close the lid. perform a baseline.
Sample Preparation
100 ml
Sample volume of 100 ml Vacuum filter to remove Heat sample to 10 °C

required. particles. above cloud point.
If available, set the device
heating.

Stir sample to disturb Fill prepared sample in the Place cuvette containing
convection currents. sample cuvette to 75 % of Sample in the sample
maximum. chamber. Pay attention to
the positioning.
Cuvette Pathlength Selection

Set the path length in the devices: Model Fx, PFXi
133.4 MM / 5 ¼“
76.2 MM / 3“
25.4 MM / 1“
12.7 MM / ½“
6.4 MM / ¼“
3.2 MM / ⅛“
Total ≤ 20
1.6 MM / 1/16“
Choose a pathlength which

allows a match using ≤
20 Colour units in total.
Taking Measurement
Performing a Test: Model Fx, PFXi
Red =
Yellow =
READ Blue =
Neutral =
Temperature =
Pathlength =
Press the READ button Record results.

(Model Fx: √ button) to take
measurement.

Taking Measurement
Performing a Test: Model F
R = 8.4
R = X = 8.5
R = 8.6
Using all of the glass stan- It is recommended to take

dards, slide the standards at least two values from
until the colour of the stan- two operators and use the
dards match the colour of average of each value. This
the sample. helps to reduce the effect
With some lighter oils an of subjective colour assess-
approximate initial match ment.
can be achieved by sliding
the red values to match the
samples, then sliding the
yellow values by 10x that
value.
This estimation should
be adjusted to improve
the colour match by
adding neutral values and
changing the reds and
yellows to compensate.

Troubleshooting
We are measuring Lovibond RYBN Shorten the cell path length used for
values of R+Y+B or N >20. more precise results.
We wish to measure Lovibond RYBN, but Select Lovibond RY on your Lovibond
only report (R)Red and (Y)Yellow. Model Fx.
We wish to measure Lovibond RYBN, but Select Lovibond 1:10 on your Lovibond
wish to fix the ratio at 1:10. Model Fx.


AOCS Tintometer Colour / CM2
AOCS-Tintometer Colour CM2


AF 710-3, Model Fx, 1/4", 1", 5 1/4" 0 - 20 R, 0 - 70 R
PFXi-880 AT heated,
PFXi-880/AT, PFXi-950,
PFXi-950 heated,
PFXi-995,
PFXi-995 heated
Application List
Applicable Standard
• AOCS Cc 13b-45
• AOCS Cc 8d-55
• AOCS Cc 13j-97

AOCS-Tintometer Colour 0.4R 2.0Y (5¼") 500 ml 134240

Glass Standards
AOCS-Tintometer Filter Set (Fx) 1 pc. 166900
AOCS-Tintometer Filter Set (PFXi 1 pc. 136900
995/950/880)
AOCS-Tintometer Colour (AF 710-3) 1 pc. 109720

Implementation of the provision AOCS-Tintometer Colour

Using colorimeter: Model Fx, PFXi, AF710-3
ZERO
Sample Preparation
100 ml
Prepare sample according Sample volume of 100 ml Vacuum filter to remove

to published standards. required. particles.

Heat sample to 10 °C Stir sample to disturb Fill prepared sample in the

above cloud point. convection currents. sample cuvette to 75 % of
If available, set the device maximum.
heating.
5 ¼“
AF710-3: Fill one of the Place cuvette containing

tubes to 5 ¼” mark. Insert Sample in the sample
into AF710-3. chamber. Pay attention to
Adjust focus of telescopic the positioning.
viewing tube for comfort.


133.4 MM / 5 ¼“
25.4 MM / 1“
R < 20
Y < /70
AOCS Cc 13b-45 only

recommends reducing
the path length to 1” if R
>40. However, an oil that is
darker than the maximum
will appear on the screen
as 20R or 70Y, so it would
be advisable to reduce the
path length to get a better
idea of the true colour.
Taking Measurement
Performing a Test: AF710-3
R = 8.4 Red =
Y = 16.0
Yellow =
R = X = 8.5
Y = X = 15.8 Temperature =
R = 8.6 Pathlength =
Y = 15.6
Adjust Red and Yellow It is recommended to take Record results.

glass standards using at least two values from
highest values first by two operators and use the
sliding racks until a colour average of each value. This
match is achieved. helps to reduce the effect
If a match is not possible of subjective colour assess-
reduce volume of oil to 1" ment.
mark on tube.
Record Red and Yellow
total values.

Taking Measurement
Red =
READ Yellow =
Temperature =
Pathlength =

measurement.

Chlorophyll / CM3
Chlorophyll CM3


Model Fx, PFXi-995, 10 mm unlimited
PFXi-995 heated
Application List
Applicable Standard
• AOCS Cc 13d-55
Glass Standards
Chlorophyll A (PFXi 995/950/880) 1 pc. 139530
Chlorophyll A (Fx) 1 pc. 169530

Chlorophyll / CM3

Chlorophyll / CM3
Implementation of the provision Chlorophyll

Using colorimeter: Model Fx, PFXi
ZERO
Sample Preparation
100 ml
Sample volume of 100 ml Vacuum filter to remove Heat sample to 30 °C or

required. particles. ≤ 10 °C above sample
melting point.
heating.

Chlorophyll / CM3
Stir sample to disturb Fill prepared sample in the

convection currents. sample cuvette to 75 % of
maximum.

133.4 MM / 5 ¼“
READ 10 MM / 0.4“
1 MM / 0.04“
0.3 < Abs <0.8
Place cuvette containing Press the READ button The method suggests
Sample in the sample (Model Fx: √ button) to take adjusting the cell path
chamber. Pay attention to measurement. length to ensure that
the positioning. the absorbances at 630,
670 and 710 nm all fall
between 0.3 and 0.8 A. As
a rough guide, 0 – 10 ppm
can be measured at 1”
to 5 ¼”, 10 – 20 ppm at
10 mm and >20 ppm at
1 mm.

Chlorophyll / CM3
Setting Path Length
Sample Temp Target Temp

23.4 °C 25 °C
Path Length Settings
Cell Path Length: User
Help
User Cell Path: 11.0
Set Cell / Cuvette Path Length
User Length Units: Metric Set Heater Temperature
Select Colour Scale
Instrument Settings
Select chosen path length Select chosen path length

in the PFXi menu and press in the Model Fx menu
ESC. The path length is and press Enter. The path
used in the calculation of length is used in the calcu-
the result. If the setting in lation of the result. If the
the instrument is different setting in the instrument is
from the cell, the result will different from the cell, the
be incorrect. result will be incorrect.
Taking Measurement
READ
Chlorophyll =
Temperature =
Pathlength =

measurement.

Sesame, Mustard, Mahua Oil / CM4
Red and Yellow Values to Indian Standard -

CM4
Sesame Oil, Mustard Oil, Mahua Oil


Model F, Model F (BS 684) 1/4" 0 - 79.9 R, 0 - 79.9 Y, 0 -
with Compensating slides, 49.9 B, 0 - 3.9 N
Model Fx, PFXi-880/IP17,
PFXi-880/IP
heated, PFXi-880L
heated, PFXi-950,
PFXi-950 heated,
PFXi-995,
PFXi-995 heated,
heated
Application List
• Chemicals
Applicable Standard
• IS 548 (part 1)-2010


Implementation of the provision Red & Yellow Values to Indian

Standard - Sesame Oil, Mustard Oil & Mahua Oil
Using colorimeter: Model F, Model FX, PFXi
ZERO
Sample Preparation
50 ml

heating.

Stir sample to disturb

convection currents.

Set the path length in the devices: Model F
6.4 MM / ¼“
Clean Cell
CCl4 +
Clean the cuvette. Fill prepared sample in the Place cuvette containing
sample cuvette to 75 % of Sample in the sample
maximum. chamber. Pay attention to
the positioning.

Taking Measurement
Red =
Yellow =
READ Blue =
Neutral =
Temperature =
Pathlength =

measurement.
Taking Measurement
∑ Y + 5 ∑R =
Using all of the glass stan- Total the values on the

dards. Yellow sliding standards.
Slide the standards until Total the values on the Red
the colour of the standards sliding standards.
match the colour of the Multiply the total Red
sample. values by five and add to
total Yellow values to give
result.

Castor, Ground Nut, Coconut Oil / CM5

CM5
Castor, Ground Nut, Coconut Oil


Model F, Model F (BS 684) 1" 0 - 79.9 R, 0 - 79.9 Y, 0 -
PFXi-880/IP
heated, PFXi-880L
heated, PFXi-950,
PFXi-950 heated,
PFXi-995,
PFXi-995 heated,
heated
Application List
• Chemicals
Applicable Standard
• IS 548 (part 1)-2010



Standard - Castor Oil, Ground Nut Oil & Coconut Oil
Sample Preparation
50 ml

heating.


Set the path length in the devices: Model F, Model Fx, PFXi
25.4 MM / 1“

Clean Cell
CCl4 +
Clean the cuvette. Fill prepared sample in the

sample cuvette to 75 % of
maximum.
ZERO
Taking Measurement
READ Y+5R=
Place cuvette containing Press the READ button Multiply the total Red
Sample in the sample (Model Fx: √ button) to take values by five and add to
chamber. Pay attention to measurement. total Yellow values to give
the positioning. result.

Taking Measurement
∑ Y + 5 ∑R =

sample. values by five and add to
result.


CM6
Castor, Ground Nut, Coconut Oil


Model F, Model F (BS 684) 1/4" 0 - 70 R, 0 - 70 Y, 0 - 40 B,
with Compensating slides, 0 - 3.9 N
PFXi-880/IP
heated, PFXi-880L
heated, PFXi-950,
PFXi-950 heated,
PFXi-995,
PFXi-995 heated,
heated
Application List
• Chemicals
Applicable Standard
• IS 548 (part 1)-2010



Standard - Castor Oil, Ground Nut Oil & Coconut Oil
Sample Preparation
50 ml

heating.


6.4 MM / ¼“

Clean Cell
CCl4 +
Clean the cuvette.

ZERO
Taking Measurement
READ
Fill prepared sample in the Place cuvette containing Press the READ button
sample cuvette to 75 % of Sample in the sample (Model Fx: √ button) to take
maximum. chamber. Pay attention to measurement.
the positioning.

Y+5R=
Multiply the total Red

values by five and add to
result.

Cottonseed Oil / CM7

CM7
Cottonseed Oil


Model F, Model F (BS 684) 1/4" 0 - 79.9 R, 0 - 79.9 Y, 0 -
PFXi-880/IP
heated, PFXi-880L
heated, PFXi-950,
PFXi-950 heated,
PFXi-995,
PFXi-995 heated,
heated
Application List
• Chemicals
Applicable Standard
• IS 548 (part 1)-2010


Implementation of the provision Red & Yellow Values to Indian -

Cottonseed Oil (washed & refined)
Sample Preparation
50 ml

heating.

maximum.

Set the path length in the devices: Model F, Model Fx, PFXi
6.4 MM / ¼“

Clean Cell
CCl4 +
Clean the cuvette.
ZERO
Taking Measurement
READ Y + 10 R =
Press the READ button Multiply the total Red

(Model Fx: √ button) to take values by ten and add to
measurement. total Yellow values to give
result.

Taking Measurement
∑ Y + 10 ∑R =

sample. values by ten and add to
result.

Beta Carotene / CM8
Beta Carotene CM8


Model Fx, PFXi-995, 10 mm 0 - 1000 ppm
PFXi-995 heated
Application List
Applicable Standard
• BS684 Section 2.20
Glass Standards
Beta carotene (PFXi 995/950/880) 1 pc. 139520
Beta carotene (Fx) 1 pc. 169520

Beta Carotene / CM8

Beta Carotene / CM8
Implementation of the provision Beta Carotene

Sample Preparation
50 ml

heating.

maximum.

Beta Carotene / CM8
ZERO
10 mm
Fill 10 mm cuvette with Place sample vial in the Press the ZERO button
Cyclohexane sample chamber. • Pay (Model Fx: Ø button) to
attention to the positioning. perform a baseline.
Setting Path Length
Sample Temp Target Temp

23.4 °C 25 °C
Path Length Settings
Cell Path Length: User
Help
User Cell Path: 11.0
Set Cell / Cuvette Path Length
User Length Units: Metric Set Heater Temperature
Select Colour Scale

Instrument Settings
Select chosen path length Select chosen path length

in the PFXi menu and press in the Model Fx menu
ESC. The path length is and press Enter. The path
used in the calculation of length is used in the calcu-
the result. If the setting in lation of the result. If the
the instrument is different setting in the instrument is
from the cell, the result will different from the cell, the
be incorrect. result will be incorrect.

Beta Carotene / CM8
Taking Measurement
READ
10 mm
Fill cuvette with prepared Place sample vial in the Press the READ button
sample in solution with sample chamber. • Pay (Model Fx: √ button) to take
cyclohexane. Please note attention to the positioning. measurement.
it is important for the oil
content to be as close to
1g in 100 ml as possible for
the best accuracy.
Beta Carotene =
Temperature =
Pathlength =
Record results.

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Schleefstraße 8-12 Sun Rise Way 16 Chaoyangmenwai Avenue,
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Technical changes without notice

No.: 04/2021
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Instruction Manual Edible Oils and Fats - en

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What are the important steps for sample preparation?

What are the important steps for sample preparation?

What are the steps to perform baseline measurement using the colorimeter?

What are the steps to perform baseline measurement using the colorimeter?

Lovibond® Colour Measurement

How to use this guide

Typical vacuum filtration equipment

Sample Cloud Point & Heating

Sample Convection Currrents

Common Scales and Applicable Standards

American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) AOCS-Tintometer Scale.

Scale Summary Reported Units

Visual vs Automatic Measurement Systems. Advantages and Disadvantages

Path length selection

1/16” or 1.6 MM 1/8” or 3.2 MM ¼” or 6.4 MM ½” or 12.7 MM 1” or 25.4 MM

0.1 mm detachable cuvette

Colour reference standards

Types of verification standard

Glass Reference standards

Liquid Reference Standards

Common Issue Solution

Lovibond® RYBN Colour CM1

Instrument specific information

Title Scale Path Length Scale Range

16 EN Method Reference Book

Liquid Reference Standards

EN Method Reference Book 17

Implementation of the provision Lovibond RYBN Colour

Perform Baseline Measurement (Automatic Instruments)

Sample volume of 100 ml Vacuum filter to remove Heat sample to 10 °C

18 EN Method Reference Book

Cuvette Pathlength Selection

Choose a pathlength which

Press the READ button Record results.

EN Method Reference Book 19

Using all of the glass stan- It is recommended to take

20 EN Method Reference Book

EN Method Reference Book 21

AOCS-Tintometer Colour CM2

Instrument specific information

Title Scale Path Length Scale Range

Liquid Reference Standards

22 EN Method Reference Book

EN Method Reference Book 23

Implementation of the provision AOCS-Tintometer Colour

Perform Baseline Measurement (Automatic Instruments)

Prepare sample according Sample volume of 100 ml Vacuum filter to remove

24 EN Method Reference Book

Heat sample to 10 °C Stir sample to disturb Fill prepared sample in the

AF710-3: Fill one of the Place cuvette containing

EN Method Reference Book 25

Cuvette Pathlength Selection

AOCS Cc 13b-45 only

Adjust Red and Yellow It is recommended to take Record results.

26 EN Method Reference Book

Press the READ button Record results.

EN Method Reference Book 27

Instrument specific information

Title Scale Path Length Scale Range