Theory of Atomic Structure For Neet 2017

9027187359, 7351266266 A NAME IN CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS
XI &XII (CBSE & ICSE BOARD) IIT-JEE / NEET /AIIMS / JIPMER / uptU
VARIOUS MODELS FOR STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Dalton's Theory
Every material is composed of minute particles known as atom. Atom is indivisible i.e. it cannot be subdivided. It can neither be created
nor be destroyed.
All atoms of same element are identical physically as well as chemically, whereas atoms of different elements are different in properties.
The atoms of different elements are made up of hydrogen atoms. (The radius of the heaviest atom is about 10 times that of hydrogen
atom and its mass is about 250 times that of hydrogen).
The atom is stable and electrically neutral.
Thomson's Atom Model: Thomson gave the first idea regarding structure of atom. According to this model.
(i) An atom is a solid sphere in which entire and positive charge and it's mass is uniformly distributed and in which negative
charge (i.e. electron) are embedded like seeds in watermelon.
The positive charge and the whole mass of the atom is uniformly distributed throughout the sphere.
electron Positively charged
sphere

positively
charged Electron
matter
Success and failure

Explained successfully the phenomenon of thermionic emission, photoelectric emission and ionization.
The model fail to explain the scattering of - particles and it cannot explain the origin of spectral lines observed in the
spectrum of hydrogen and other atoms.
Shortcomings of Thomson's model
(i) The spectrum of atoms cannot be explained with the help of this model
(ii) Scattering of particles cannot be explained with the help of this model
8 2 K 2 Z 2 e 4 m Z2 m
(iii) Angular frequency of electron in nth orbit (n) : n = n
n3 h3 n3
RUTHERFORD ATOM MODEL
Rutherford experiments on scattering of - particles by thin gold foil
Rutherford performed experiments on the scattering of alpha particles by extremely thin gold foils and made the following
observations
vacuum ZnS
lead
gold foil screen
mi
lead box screen

cro
107m N() cosec

4
sc

op
e
beam of
N()
r0 b
-particle most -pass
through
source of Nucleu
-particle s
-particle
about 1 in 8000 is some are deviated 90 180 (Energy E )
repelled back through large angle
THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE
P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

Opp. Sagar Complex Meerut OPP. SUMIT NURSING HOME, 1ST FLOOR AIM INTERNATIONAL Page 1
(i) Most of the -particles pass through the foil straight away undeflected.
(ii) Some of them are deflected through small angles.
(iii) A few -particles (1 in 1000) are deflected through the angle more than 90 o.
(iv) A few -particles (very few) returned back i.e. deflected by 180o.
(v) Distance of closest approach (Nuclear dimension)
The minimum distance from the nucleus up to which the -particle approach, is called the distance of closest approach (r0).
1 Ze 2 1
From figure r0 . ; E mv 2 K.E. of -particle
40 E 2
After Rutherford's scattering of -particles experiment, following conclusions were made as regard as atomic structure :
(a) Most of the mass and all of the charge of an atom concentrated in a very small region is called atomic nucleus.
(b) Nucleus is positively charged and it's size is of the order of 1015 m 1 Fermi. Atom
(c) In an atom there is maximum empty space and the electrons revolve around the Nucleus
nucleus in the same way as the planets revolve around the sun. +
According to Rutherford scattering formula, the number of - particle scattered at an 1015 m
angle by a target are given by

1010 m
N0 nt(2Ze 2 )2 1
N = Size of the nucleus = 1 Fermi = 1015 m
4(40 ) r (mv 0 ) sin 4
2 2 2 2
Size of the atom 1 = 1010 m
2
Where N0 = number of - particles that strike the unit area of the scatter
n = number of target atom per m3
t = thickness of target
Ze = charge on the target nucleus
2e = charge on - particle
r = distance of the screen from target
v0 = velocity of - particles at nearer distance of approach the size of a nucleus or the distance of nearer approach is given by.
(vi) Impact parameter (b) : The perpendicular distance of the velocity vector ( v ) of the -particle from the centre of
the nucleus when it is far away from the nucleus is known as impact parameter. It is given as
Ze 2 cot( / 2)
b b cot( / 2)
1 2
40 mv
2
Note : If t is the thickness of the foil and N is the number of -particles scattered in a particular direction ( =
N N t
constant), it was observed that constant 1 1 .
t N2 t2
1
Number of scattered particles : N
sin 4 ( / 2)
Draw backs
(i) Stability of atom : It could not explain stability of atom because according to
classical electrodynamics theory an accelerated charged particle should continuously
radiate energy. Thus an electron moving in an circular path around the nucleus should e
also radiate energy and thus move into smaller and smaller orbits of gradually decreasing
radius and it should ultimately fall into nucleus.
(ii) According to this model the spectrum of atom must be continuous where as practically
it is a line spectrum.
(iii) It did not explain the distribution of electrons outside the nucleus. Instability of atom

(3) Bohr's model
Bohr proposed a model for hydrogen atom which is also applicable for some lighter atoms in which a single electron revolves
around a stationary nucleus of positive charge Ze (called hydrogen like atom)
Bohr's model is based on the following postulates.
(i) The electron can revolve only in certain discrete non-radiating orbits, called stationary orbits, for which total angular
h
momentum of the revolving electrons is an integral multiple of ( )
2
h
i.e. L n mvr; where n = 1, 2, 3, ..= Principal quantum number
2
(ii) The radiation of energy occurs only when an electron jumps from one permitted orbit to another.
When electron jumps from higher energy orbit (E1) to lower energy orbit (E2) then difference of energies of these orbits
i.e. E1 E2 emits in the form of photon. But if electron goes from E2 to E1 it absorbs the same amount of energy.
E1 E1
E1 E2 = h E1 E2 = h
E2 E2
Emission Absorption
h
Note : According to Bohr theory the momentum of an e revolving in second orbit of H 2 atom will be

For an electron in the n orbit of hydrogen atom in Bohr model, circumference of orbit n ;
th
where = de-Broglie wavelength.
Bohr's Orbits (For Hydrogen and H2-Like Atoms).

(1) Radius of orbit
For an electron around a stationary nucleus the electrostatics force of attraction provides the necessary centripetal force
1 (Ze)e mv 2 nh
i.e. . (i) also mvr .(ii)
40 r 2 r 2 r
th
From equation (i) and (ii) radius of n orbit
n 2 h2 n2h2 0 n2 1 n2
rn 0.53 where k rn n
4 2kZme2 mZe 2 Z 4 0 Z
Note : The radius of the innermost orbit (n = 1) hydrogen atom (z = 1) is called Bohr's radius a0 i.e. a 0 0.53
(2) Speed of electron :
From the above relations, speed of electron in nth orbit can be calculated as v
2kZe 2
Ze 2
c Z 6 Z
vn . 2.2 10 m / sec
nh 2 0 nh 137 n n
where (c = speed of light 3 108 m/s) n
Note : The ratio of speed of an electron in ground state in Bohr's first orbit of hydrogen atom to velocity of light in
e2 1
air is equal to (where c = speed of light in air)
2 0 ch 137

(3) Some other quantities
For the revolution of electron in nth orbit, some other quantities are given in the following table
Quantity Formula Dependency on n and Z
(1) Angular speed vn mz 2 e 4 Z2
n n
rn 2 02 n 3 h 3 n3
(2) Frequency n mz 2 e 4 Z2
n n
2 4 02 n 3 h 3 n3
(3) Time period 1 4 02 n 3 h 3 n3
Tn Tn
n mz 2 e 4 Z2
(4) Angular momentum h Ln n
Ln mvn rn n
2
(5) Corresponding current mz 2 e 5 Z2
i n e n in
4 02 n 3 h 3 n3
(6) Magnetic moment M n in A in rn2 Mn n
eh
(where 0 Bohr magneton)
4m
(7) Magnetic field 0 in m 2 z 3 e 7 0 Z3
B B
2rn 8 03 n 5 h 5 n5
(4) Energy
(i) Potential energy : An electron possesses some potential energy because it is found in the field of nucleus potential
(Ze)(e) kZe 2
energy of electron in nth orbit of radius rn is given by U k.
rn rn
(ii) Kinetic energy : Electron posses kinetic energy because of it's motion. Closer orbits have greater kinetic energy than
outer ones.
mv 2 k. (Ze)(e) kZe 2 | U |
As we know Kinetic energy K
rn rn2 2rn 2
(iii) Total energy : Total energy (E) is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy i.e. E = K + U
kZe 2 n 2 h 2 0
E also rn .
2rn mze 2
me 4 z2 me 4 z2 Z2 Z2
Hence E . ch R ch 13 .6 eV
8 2 h 2 n2 8 2 ch3 n2 n2 n2
0 0
me 4
where R = Rydberg's constant = 1.09 107 per metre
8 02 ch3
Note : Each Bohr orbit has a definite energy
13.6
For hydrogen atom (Z = 1) En eV
n2
The state with n = 1 has the lowest (most negative) energy. For hydrogen atom it is E1 = 13.6 eV.
Rch = Rydberg's energy ~
2.17 10 18 J ~
31.6 eV .
U
E K .
2

(iv) Ionisation energy and potential : The energy required to ionise an atom is called ionisation energy. It is the energy
required to make the electron jump from the present orbit to the infinite orbit.
Z2 13.6 Z 2
Hence Eionisation E En 0 13.6 eV
n 2 n2

13.6(1) 2
For H2-atom in the ground state Eionisation 13.6 eV
n2
The potential through which an electron need to be accelerated so that it acquires energy equal to the ionisation energy is
Eionisation
called ionisation potential. Vionisation
e
(v) Excitation energy and potential : When the electron is given energy from external source, it jumps to higher energy
level. This phenomenon is called excitation.
The minimum energy required to excite an atom is called excitation energy of the particular excited state and corresponding
potential is called exciting potential.
Eexcitation
EExcitation EFinal EInitial and VExcitation
e
(vi) Binding energy (B.E.) : Binding energy of a system is defined as the energy released when it's constituents are brought
from infinity to form the system. It may also be defined as the energy needed to separate it's constituents to large distances. If
an electron and a proton are initially at rest and brought from large distances to form a hydrogen atom, 13.6 eV energy will
be released. The binding energy of a hydrogen atom is therefore 13.6 eV.
13.6
Note : For hydrogen atom principle quantum number n .
(B.E.)
(5) Energy level diagram
The diagrammatic description of the energy of the electron in different orbits around the nucleus is called energy level
diagram.
Energy level diagram of hydrogen/hydrogen like atom
n= Infinite Infinite E = 0 eV 0 eV 0 eV
n=4 Fourth Third E4 = 0.85 eV 0.85 Z 2 + 0.85 eV
2
n=3 Third Second E3 = 1.51 eV 1.51 Z + 1.51 eV
n=2 Second First E2 = 3.4 eV 3.4 Z 2 + 3.4 eV
2
n=1 First Ground E1 = 13.6 eV 13.6 Z + 13.6 eV
Principle Orbit Excited Energy for H2 Energy for H2 Ionisation energy

quantum state atom like atom from this level (for H2
number atom)
Note : In hydrogen atom excitation energy to excite electron from ground state to first excited state will be
3.4 (13.6) 10.2 eV .
and from ground state to second excited state it is [ 1.51 (13.6) 12.09 eV ].
In an H 2 atom when e makes a transition from an excited state to the ground state its kinetic energy increases while
potential and total energy decreases.

(6) Transition of electron
When an electron makes transition from higher energy level having energy E2(n2) to a lower energy level having energy E1
(n1) then a photon of frequency is emitted

Rc h Z 2 Rch Z 2

(i) Energy of emitted radiation E E 2 E1 13.6 Z 2 1 1

n22 n2 n2
n12
1 2
E E 2 E1 1 1
(ii) Frequency of emitted radiation : E h Rc Z 2 2 2
h h n1 n2 E2 n2
(iii) Wave number/wavelength Wave number is the number of waves in unit length E,,
1 1 1 1 13.6 Z 2 1 1 E1 n1
RZ 2 2 2
n2 n2
c n1 n2 hc 1 2
Emission
(iv) Number of spectral lines : If an electron jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit it emits raidations with
various spectral lines.
(n2 n1 1)(n2 n1 )
If electron falls from orbit n2 to n1 then the number of spectral lines emitted is given by N E
2
n (n 1)
If electron falls from n orbit to ground state (i.e. n2 = n and n1 = 1) then number of spectral lines emitted N E
th
2
Note : Absorption spectrum is obtained only for the transition from lowest energy level to higher energy levels. Hence
the number of absorption spectral lines will be (n 1).
(v) Recoiling of an atom : Due to the transition of electron, photon is emitted and the atom is recoiled
h 1 1
Recoil momentum of atom = momentum of photon hRZ 2 2 2

n1 n2
p2 h2
Also recoil energy of atom (where m = mass of recoil atom)
2m 2m 2
(7) Drawbacks of Bohr's atomic model
(i) It is valid only for one electron atoms, e.g. : H, He+, Li+2, Na+1 etc.
(ii) Orbits were taken as circular but according to Sommerfield these are elliptical.
(iii) Intensity of spectral lines could not be explained.
(iv) Nucleus was taken as stationary but it also rotates on its own axis.
(v) It could not be explained the minute structure in spectrum line.
(vi) This does not explain the Zeeman effect (splitting up of spectral lines in magnetic field) and Stark effect (splitting up in
electric field)
(vii) This does not explain the doublets in the spectrum of some of the atoms like sodium (5890 & 5896)
Hydrogen Spectrum and Spectral Series:

When hydrogen atom is excited, it returns to its normal unexcited (or ground state) state by emitting the energy it had
absorbed earlier. This energy is given out by the atom in the form of radiations of different wavelengths as the electron jumps
down from a higher to a lower orbit. Transition from different orbits cause different wavelengths, these constitute spectral
series which are characteristic of the atom emitting them. When observed through a spectroscope, these radiations are
imaged as sharp and straight vertical lines of a single colour.
Photon of Spectrum
wavelength
+ + +
Emission spectra

Spectral series
The spectral lines arising from the transition of electron forms a spectra series.
(i) Mainly there are five series and each series is named after it's discover as Lymen series, Balmer series, Paschen series,
Bracket series and Pfund series.
(ii) According to the Bohr's theory the wavelength of the radiations emitted from hydrogen atom is given by
1 1 1
R 2 2
n1 n2
where n2 = outer orbit (electron jumps from this orbit), n1 = inner orbit (electron falls in this orbit)
(iii) First line of the series is called first member, for this line wavelength is maximum ( max)
(iv) Last line of the series (n2 = ) is called series limit, for this line wavelength is minimum (min)
continuum
5th excited state n=6 0.38 eV

Pfund Series
4th excited state n=5 .54 eV
Brackett Series
3rd excited state n=4 0.85 eV
Paschen Series
2nd excited state n = 3 1.51 eV
Balmer Series
st
1 excited state n=2 3.40 eV
Lyman Series
ground state n=1 13.6 eV
Spectral series Transition n12 n22 n12 max (n 1) 2 Region

Wavelength ()
(n22 n12 )R 2 min (2n 1)
1 n1 R
n22

Maximum wavelength Minimum
n1 n and n2 n 1 wavelength
n 2 (n 1) 2
n2 , n1 n
max
(2n 1)R n2
min
R
1. Lymen series n2 = 2, 3, 4 (1) 2 (1 1) 2 4 n1 = n = 1 4 Ultraviolet
n1 = 1 max 1 region
(2 1 1)R 3 R 3
min
R
2.Balmer series n2 = 3, 4, 5 n1 = n = 2, n2 = 2 + 1 = 3 4 9 Visible
min region
n1 = 2 36 R 5
max
5R
3. Paschen series n2 = 4, 5, 6 n1 = n = 3, n2 = 3 + 1 = 4 n1 = n = 3 16 Infrared
n1 = 3 144 9 7 region
max min
7R R
4. Bracket series n2 = 5, 6, 7 n1 = n = 4, n2 = 4 + 1 = 5 n1 = n = 4 25 Infrared
n1 = 4 400 16 9 region
max min
9R R
5. Pfund series n2 = 6, 7, 8 n1 = = 5, n2 = 5 + 1 = 6 25 36 Infrared
min region
n1 = 5 900 R 11
max
11R

Concepts
With the increase in principal quantum number the energy difference between the two successive energy level decreases, while
wavelength of spectral line increases.
E' E' ' E' ' ' n=4
E,
' ' ' ' ' ' n=3
E, E,
E E' E' ' E' ' '
n=2
1 1 1 1
E,
' ' ' ' ' '
n=1
Rydberg constant is different for different elements
R( =1.09 107 m1) is the value of Rydberg constant when the nucleus is considered to be infinitely massive as compared to the
revolving electron. In other words, the nucleus is considered to be stationary.
R
In case, the nucleus is not infinitely massive or stationary, then the value of Rydberg constant is given as R' where m is
m
1
M
the mass of electron and M is the mass of nucleus.
Atomic spectrum is a line spectrum
Each atom has it's own characteristic allowed orbits depending upon the electronic configuration. Therefore photons emitted
during transition of electrons from one allowed orbit to inner allowed orbit are of some definite energy only. They do not
have a continuous graduation of energy. Therefore the spectrum of the emitted light has only some definite lines and
therefore atomic spectrum is line spectrum.
Just as dots of light of only three colours combine to form almost every conceivable colour on T.V. screen, only about 100 distinct
kinds of atoms combine to form all the materials in the universe.
Ex. A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by radiations of wavelength 975 .
Find : (a) the energy state to which the atom is excited.
(b) how many lines will be possible in emission spectrum
Sol. (a) = 975 = 975 x 10-10 m
1 1 1 1 1 1
=R 2 2 10
= 1.1 107 2 2 or n=4
1 n 975 10 1 n
(b) n=4
n(n 1)
Number of spectral lines (N) =
2
4 (4 1)
N= =6
2
Possible transition 4 3, 4 2, 4 1, 3 2, 3 1, 2 1
Ex. Find the longest and shortest wavelength when a hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by radiations of wavelength 975
.
hc 12400 12400 12400
Sol. = for longest wavelength max = = 18787.8
eE E(eV) E 4 3 0.66
hc 12400 12400
for smallest wavelength min = 973
eE E 4 1 12.75
Ex. How many lines will be possible in the absorption spectrum when a hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by radiations
of wavelength 975 .
Sol. Here n = 4 Number of absorption lines be 1 2, 1 3, 1 4

Ex. Find the first and second excitation potentials of an atom when its ionisation potential is 122.4 V.
122.4
Sol. I.P. = 122.4 V Eex1 = 122.4 = 91.8 V
4
122.4
Eex2 = 122.4 = 108.8 V
9
Ex. Find the atomic number of atom when given that its ionisation potential is equal to 122.4 V.
E 122.4
Sol. I.P. = 122.4 V E = Z2EH Z= = =3
E H1 13.6
Ex. If the second excitation potential of an atom is 108.8 V then, find
(a) The recoil momentum of atom in kg-m/sec
(b) The energy of recoil atom in joule.
E 108.8 1.6 10 19
Sol. (a) Eex2 = 108.8V p= = = 5.8 10-26 kg-m/s
c 3 10 8
p2 5.82 10 52
(b) E = 1.44 x 10-25 J
2M 2 7 1.67 10 27
Ex. Find the maximum wavelength of Brakett series of hydrogen atom.
1 1 1 25 16 1010
Sol. n1 = 4 and n2 = 5 =R 2 2 or max = = 40400
max 4 5 9 1.1 107
Ex. Find the ratio of wavelength of first line of Lyman series of doubly ionised lithium atom to that of the first line of Lyman series
of deuterium (1H2).
l 1 1
Sol. For deuterium (1H2) = R 12 2 2
D 1 2
l 1 1 Li 1
For lithium (Li+2) = R 32 2 2 = =1:9
Li 1 2 D 9
Ex. Find the value of magnetic induction at the proton due to electron motion, if the radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.5
and the speed of electron in it is 2.2 x 106 m/sec.
Sol. r = 0.5 and V = 2.2 106 m/sec
ev 10 7 1.6 10 19 2.2 10 6
B= 0 2 = 14.08 Tesla
4 r 25 10 22
Ex. Find the ratio of equivalents current due to electron motion in first and second orbits of hydrogen atom.
3
I1 n2
3
1 2
Sol. In =8:1
n3 I 2 n1 1
Ex. Find the ratio of the area of orbit of first excited state of electron to the area of orbit of ground level for hydrogen atom.
4
A2 2 16
Sol. A r2 n4 = 16 : 1
A1 1 1
Ex. If the ionisation potential in the ground state for hydrogen is 13.6 e.V., then find the excitation potential of third orbit.
13.6 13.6
Sol. I.P. = 13.6 eV E4 - E3 = 2 = 0.66 Ev
42 3
Ex. When an electron jump from fourth orbit to ground state of hydrogen atom then calculate the wavelength of emitted photon.
13.6
E = E2 E1= ( 13.6) = 3.4 + 13.6 = 10.2 eV
4
hc 1240 (eV) (nm)
The wavelength = = = 121.6 nm. 122 nm.
E 10.2 (eV)


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9027187359, 7351266266 A NAME IN CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS

VARIOUS MODELS FOR STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Success and failure

lead box screen

107m N() cosec

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

According to Rutherford scattering formula, the number of - particle scattered at an 1015 m

angle by a target are given by

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

where = de-Broglie wavelength.

Bohr's Orbits (For Hydrogen and H2-Like Atoms).

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

Principle Orbit Excited Energy for H2 Energy for H2 Ionisation energy

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

Hydrogen Spectrum and Spectral Series:

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

5th excited state n=6 0.38 eV

ground state n=1 13.6 eV

Spectral series Transition n12 n22 n12 max (n 1) 2 Region

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

THEORY NOTES FOR IIT - PMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center CENTRAL MARKET,

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