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    Rutherford - 230603 - 121617 1

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    Sanjeev Singh
    This document summarizes key developments in atomic structure models: 1) Thomson's "plum pudding" model proposed atoms as a uniform sphere of positive charge with electrons distributed throughout. However, it did not account for the concentration of mass. 2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Most alpha particles passed through but a few were strongly deflected, indicating a compact nucleus. 3) Rutherford's nuclear model proposed atoms have a tiny, massive nucleus surrounded by empty space, with electrons in orbits around the nucleus. The nucleus accounts for nearly all an atom's mass but a tiny fraction of its volume.

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    Rutherford - 230603 - 121617 1

    Uploaded by

    Sanjeev Singh
    5 views7 pages
    This document summarizes key developments in atomic structure models: 1) Thomson's "plum pudding" model proposed atoms as a uniform sphere of positive charge with electrons distributed throughout. However, it did not account for the concentration of mass. 2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Most alpha particles passed through but a few were strongly deflected, indicating a compact nucleus. 3) Rutherford's nuclear model proposed atoms have a tiny, massive nucleus surrounded by empty space, with electrons in orbits around the nucleus. The nucleus accounts for nearly all an atom's mass but a tiny fraction of its volume.

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    Rutherford _230603_121617 1

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    This document summarizes key developments in atomic structure models: 1) Thomson's "plum pudding" model proposed atoms as a uniform sphere of positive charge with electrons distributed throughout. However, it did not account for the concentration of mass. 2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Most alpha particles passed through but a few were strongly deflected, indicating a compact nucleus. 3) Rutherford's nuclear model proposed atoms have a tiny, massive nucleus surrounded by empty space, with electrons in orbits around the nucleus. The nucleus accounts for nearly all an atom's mass but a tiny fraction of its volume.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views7 pages

    Rutherford - 230603 - 121617 1

    Uploaded by

    Sanjeev Singh
    This document summarizes key developments in atomic structure models: 1) Thomson's "plum pudding" model proposed atoms as a uniform sphere of positive charge with electrons distributed throughout. However, it did not account for the concentration of mass. 2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge. Most alpha particles passed through but a few were strongly deflected, indicating a compact nucleus. 3) Rutherford's nuclear model proposed atoms have a tiny, massive nucleus surrounded by empty space, with electrons in orbits around the nucleus. The nucleus accounts for nearly all an atom's mass but a tiny fraction of its volume.

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    of 7

    Atomic Structure Part-02

    Atomic Structure
    Part-02

    Golden Key Point


    ➢ Particles carrying negative charge were called negatrons by Thomson.The name negatron was changed to
    'electron' by Stoney.
    In cathode ray experiment, particles (electron) forming the rays have same specific charge (e/m) which is
    independent of the nature of gas and electrode used. It points out that electrons are present in all atoms.

    i r
    1
    ➢ Mass of electron is times that of proton.

    S
    1837

    u r
    rest mass of electron
    Mass of moving electron =

    dh
    ➢
    1 − ( v / c)
    2

    M a
    (Where v is the velocity of the electron and c is the velocity of light.)

    t h
    When v = c  mass of electron =  and if v > c  mass of electron = imaginary

    W i
    ➢ In anode ray experiment, the particles forming rays have e/m value that is dependent on the nature of the gas

    m
    taken in the discharge tube, i.e. +ve particles are different in different gases.

    Ch e
    ATOMIC MODELS

    Thomson Rutherford Bohr Wave mechanical Model


    Model Model Model (Quantum Numbers)

    Chemistry with Madhur sir. [1]


    Atomic Structure Part-02

    (A) Thomson's Model of Atom [1904]


    • Thomson was the first to propose a detailed Positive charge
    model of the atom.
    • Thomson proposed that an atom consists of a
    uniform sphere of positive charge in which the
    -+
    electrons are distributed more or less uniformly.
    - +-
    • This model of atom is known as "Plum-Pudding + - +
    model" or "Raisin Pudding Model" or "Water
    Melon Model".
    Electron
    Atom model Watermelon
    Drawbacks:
    • An important drawback of this model is that the mass of the atoms is considered to be evenly spread over
    that atom.

    r
    • It is a static model. It does not reflect the movement of electron.

    S i
    (B) Rutherford's Scattering Experiment

    u r
    M a dh
    i t h
    m W
    Ch e
    Rutherford observed that -
    (i) Most of the -particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
    (ii) A small fraction of the -particles were deflected by small angles.
    (iii) A very few -particles (~1 in 20,000) bounced back, that is, were deflected by nearly 180°.
    Following conclusions were drawn from the above observations –
    (i) Since most of the -particles went straight through the metal foil undeflected, it means that there must
    be very large empty space within the atom.
    (ii) Since few of the -particles
    were deflected from their
    original paths through
    moderate angles; it was
    concluded that whole of the
    +ve charge is concentrated and
    the space occupied by this
    positive charge is very small in
    the atom.

    Chemistry With Madhur Sir [2]


    Atomic Structure Part-02

    • When -particles come closer to this point, they suffer a force of repulsion and deviate from their
    paths.
    • The positively charged heavy mass which occupies only a small volume in an atom is called nucleus.
    It is supposed to be present at the centre of the atom.
    (iii) A very few of the -particles suffered strong deflections or even returned on their path indicating that
    the nucleus is rigid and -particles recoil due to direct collision with the heavy positively charged mass.

    (C) Rutherford's atomic Model


    On the basis of scattering experiments, Rutherford proposed model of the atom, which is known as nuclear
    atomic model. According to this model -
    (i) An atom consists of a heavy positively charged nucleus where all the protons and neutrons are present.
    Protons & neutrons are collectively referred to as nucleons. Almost whole of the mass of the atom is

    r
    contributed by these nucleons. The magnitude of the +ve charge on the nucleus is different for different

    S i
    atoms.

    r
    (ii) The volume of the nucleus is very small and is only a minute fraction of the total volume of the atom.

    dh u
    Nucleus has a diameter of the order of 10–12 to 10–13 cm and the atom has a diameter of the order of

    a
    10–8 cm.

    h M
    −8
    DA Diameter of theatom 10
    = = −13 = 105, DA = 105 DN

    i t
    D N Diameter of the nucleus 10

    W
    Thus diameter (size) of the atom is 10 times the diameter of the nucleus.
    5

    e m
    • The radius of a nucleus is proportional to the cube root of the number of nucleons within it.

    Ch
    R  A1/3  R = R0A1/3
    Where R0 = 1.33 × 10–13 cm (a constant) and A = mass number (p + n) and R = radius of the
    nucleus.

    R = 1.33 × 10−13 × A1/3 cm


    (iii) There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear part. In this part electrons are present.
    The number of electrons in an atom is always equal to number of protons present in the nucleus. As the
    nuclear part of atom is responsible for the mass of the atom, the extra nuclear part is responsible for its
    volume.
    The volume of the atom is about 1015 times the volume of the nucleus.
    Volumeof theatom (10 –8 )3
    = –13 3 =1015
    Volumeof the nucleus (10 )
    (iv) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in closed orbits with high speeds. The centrifugal force acting on
    the revolving electron is being counter balanced by the force of attraction between the electrons and
    the nucleus.
    • This model was similar to the solar system, the nucleus representing the sun and revolving electrons
    as planets.

    Chemistry with Madhur Sir. [3]


    Atomic Structure Part-02

    Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model:


    (i) This theory could not explain the stability of atom. According to Maxwell,
    electron loose its energy continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations.
    As a result of this, the e– should loose energy at every turn and move closer and
    closer to the nucleus following a spiral path. The ultimate result will be that it will
    fall into the nucleus, thereby making the atom unstable.
    (ii) If the electrons loose energy continuously, the observed spectrum should be
    continuous but the actual observed spectrum consists of well defined lines of
    definite frequencies. Hence, the loss of energy by electron is not continuous in an atom.

    S i r
    u r
    M a dh
    i t h
    m W
    Ch e

    Chemistry with Madhur sir [4]

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