Atomic Structure 1

Level-I
Chapter 2
Structure of Atom
Solutions (Set-1)
Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. What is the SI unit of frequency?
Sol. hertz or s–1.
2. Which quantum number determines the orientation of the orbital?
Sol. Magnetic quantum number (ml).
3. What are isoelectronic species?
Sol. These are the chemical species which have same number of electrons.
4. Out of manganese and iron, which has higher number of unpaired electrons?
Sol. 25Mn  [Ar]3d 54s 2
26Fe  [Ar]3d 64s 2

Manganese has highest number of unpaired electrons (5) as compared to iron (4).
5. What are the possible value of ‘ml’ for 2p-orbitals?
Sol. For 2p-orbital, n = 2; l = 1
Therefore, ‘ml’ has values = –l to +l including 0. The possible values of ‘ml’ are = 1, 0,  1 .
6. Atomic spectra is a line spectra. What does this mean?

Sol. Atomic spectra is a line spectra or discontinuous spectra. This means that the spectrum of atoms consists
of a series of bright lines separated from each other by a dark space.
7. How many angular nodes are present in 3dxy orbital?
Sol. Angular nodes = ‘l’
For 3dxy orbital, l = 2
Therefore angular nodes are 2.
8. Name the series of lines obtained when electrons in hydrogen atoms fall from higher energy level to first energy
level.
Sol. Lyman series.
9. Which scientist discovered nucleus?
Sol. Rutherford.
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56 Structure of Atom Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)
10. What is the formula for calculating the orbit angular momentum of an electron in a stationary state?
h
Sol. Angular momentum, mevr = n ; where n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2
Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Define atomic number. Give the atomic number of zinc.
Sol. Atomic number is defined as the total unit positive charges on the nucleus i.e., the equal to the number of
protons. Atomic number designated as ‘Z’.
Atomic number of zinc is 30 (Z = 30).
12. Write the three main observations made by Rutherford from his -scattering experiment.
Sol. (i) Most of the -particles striking the thin gold foil passed undeflected.
(ii) A small fraction of -particles were deflected by small angles.
(iii) A very few -particles (1 in 20,000) bounced back, i.e., they were deflected by nearly 180°.
13. Write down the important feature of plum pudding model of atom.
Sol. Plum Pudding model is the Thomson’s model of atom. An important feature of this model is that the mass of
the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom.
14. Why Fe3+ ion is more stable than Fe2+ ion?
Sol. The electronic configuration of iron
 26Fe = [Ar]
3d6 4s2
 Fe2+ = [Ar]
3d6 4s0
[In this case (Fe2+), two electrons gets removed from the 4s-orbital leaving four unpaired electron in
3d-orbitals]
Fe3+ = [Ar]
3d 5 4s0
[In this case (Fe3+), two 4s electrons and one 3d electron gets removed to form Fe3+ ion]
In Fe3+, the d-orbitals are half-filled and symmetrical. So they are very stable.
Therefore, Fe3+ ion is more stable than Fe2+ ion.
15. If the atomic number of an element ‘X’ is 27, then deduce the possible values of four quantum numbers for
the 20th electron of element ‘X’.
Sol. Element ‘X’ has Z = 27
Then the electronic configuration of the element ‘X’ is [Ar]4s23d 7
19, 20 21, 26 22, 27 23 24 25
Electronic configuration = 18 [Ar]
4s 2 3d 7
The 20th electron is 4s2.
So, the n value is 4.
1
l = 0, ml = 0, ms  
2
Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Structure of Atom 57
16. What are orbits? Why Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states?
Sol. Orbits : Orbits are the fixed circular paths in which the electrons revolve around the nucleus.
Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states because the radius and energy of orbits in which the electrons revolve
around the nucleus is fixed.
17. Give the explanation behind following the Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity along with an example.
Sol. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity is followed so as to minimize the electronic repulsions in an atom. The
electron-electron repulsions are minimum when the electrons are as far apart as possible with parallel spins
i.e., when all the orbitals of the subshells are half-filled with parallel spins.
For example :
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7
Nitrogen : 7N (Wrong way)
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p
The above is the wrong way of filling the orbitals, as pairing cannot occur unless all the degenerate orbitals
are singly filled.
1, 2 3, 4 5 6 7
So, Nitrogen 7N (Correct way)
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p
The above is the correct way of assigning the electrons in which p-orbitals are singly filled.
18. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of Li2+ ion.
Sol. Atomic number of Lithium, Li+2 (Z = 3)
Energy of hydrogen-like species is given as
 Z2 
En  2.18  10 18  2  J
n 
 
‘n’ here is 1, as 1st orbit
 32 
So, E1 = –2.18 × 10–18  2  J
1 
E1  1.962  10 17 J
19. Write two points of difference between cathode rays and canal rays.
Sol. Cathode rays Canal rays

(i) These consist of negatively charged particles (i) Canal rays is the other name of anode rays
called electrons which consist of positively charged particles
(ii) The mass of negatively charged particles does (ii) The mass of the positive particles depend upon
not depend upon the nature of gas taken in the the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube
discharge tube
20. Who discovered neutron and how?

Sol. Neutron was discovered by Chadwick. It was discovered when he bombarded a thin foil of Beryllium with fast
moving -particles.
4 9 12 1
2 He  4Be 

 6C  0n

(  -particle) (Neutron)
21. Find the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in Sc3+ ion having mass number 45.
Sol. Mass number (A) for scandium = 45. The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of scandium which
is 21 i.e., Z = 21
 Number of protons = 21
Number of electrons = 21 – 3 = 18
(Sc3+ ion is formed by the loss of three electrons from Sc atom)
Number of neutrons = A – Z
= 45 – 21 = 24
22. Write a short note on Planck’s quantum theory.
Sol. Planck’s quantum theory was given by Max Planck. He suggested that the energy is radiated or absorbed
by atoms and molecules not continuously but discontinuously in the form of small discrete quantities or
packets.
He gave the name quantum to the small quantity of energy absorbed or radiated in the form of electromagnetic
radiations. In case of light, the quantum is called ‘photon’. The energy of quantum of radiation is proportional
to its frequency.
E  h
23. Write down the main postulates of Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom.
Sol. The main postulates of Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom are as follows :
(i) The electrons in the hydrogen atom revolve around the nucleus in a circular paths of fixed radius and energy
called orbits or allowed energy states.
(ii) An electron do not radiate energy if it stayed in one orbit and therefore do not fall into the nucleus.
(iii) An electron moves from a lower energy state to higher energy state after absorbing energy but energy is
emitted when electron moves from the higher energy state to lower energy state.
24. Calculate the wavelength of moving object ‘X’ so that its momentum is four times that of the moving object
‘Z’ having wavelength 2.6 × 10–10 m.
Sol. Wavelength of object ‘Z’ = 2.6 × 10–10 m
Momentum (p) of object ‘X’ is four times that of object ‘Z’ i.e., p x  4p z (Given)
Wavelength of object X = ?
Applying de-Broglie equation
h

p
For object ‘Z’;  = 2.6 × 10–10 m, we get
h
2.6 × 10–10 m = ...(i)
pz
For object X;  = ?
h
x  ...(ii)
px
Now, we know px = 4pz
Putting in equation (ii), we get
h
x 
4p z
Now taking ratio
x h p
  z
 z 4p z h
x 1

z 4
2.6  10 10 m
Therefore, x =
4
 x  6.5  10 11 m
25. What is meant by

(i) Stark effect?
(ii) Zeeman effect?
Sol. (i) Stark effect : The splitting of spectral lines in electric field is called stark effect.
(ii) Zeeman effect : The splitting of spectral line in magnetic field is called zeeman effect.
26. Show how the wavelength of a moving particle is related to its kinetic energy(KE).
Sol. According to de-Broglie;
h
Wavelength of a moving particle () = ...(i)
mv
mv = momentum
1
Kinetic energy (E) = mv 2
2
2E
v= ...(ii)
m
Substituting the value of (ii) in (i) we get
h

2E
m
m
h

(2mE)1/2
27. Write the complete symbol of the element with the given information
(i) Z = 24, A = 52
(ii) Z = 20, A = 40
(iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Sol. (i) Z = 24, A = 52

Chromium (Cr) is the element with atomic number 24.
52
So, 24 Cr
(ii) Z = 20, A = 40
Calcium (Ca) is the element with atomic number 20.
40
20 Ca
(iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Beryllium (Be) is the element with atomic number 4.
9
4 Be
28. Write a short note on Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Is it applicable to macroscopic objects?
Sol. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle : “It is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position
and velocity (or momentum) of a microscopic moving particle”.
h
x  v 
4m
where x = uncertainty in position and v = uncertainty in velocity

This uncertainty principle led to the concept of probability of finding the electron around the nucleus.
Uncertainty principle is not applicable to macroscopic objects as from the equation it is clear
1
x  v 
m
m = Mass of the object

As, the mass of the macroscopic objects is large, therefore the uncertainties become insignificant.
29. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible and why?
1
(i) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 0, ms = 
2
1
(ii) n = 4, l = 4, ml = +3, ms = 
2
1
(iii) n = 3, l = 1, ml = –2, ms = 
2
1
(iv) n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = 
2
Sol. (i) Possible.
(ii) Not possible, as ‘l’ can never have value equal to ‘n’.
‘l’ has values = 0 to (n – 1)
(iii) Not possible
l = 1, ml = –2
Magnetic quantum number = –2 is not possible here as ml has value = –l to +l including 0.

So, the possible values of ml can be = –1, 0, +1
(iv) Possible.
30. State (n + l) rule. Illustrate with the help of example.
Sol. The energy of an orbital is determined by (n + l) rule as follows :

(i) The orbital with the lower (n + l) value have lower energy. For example, 4s and 3d-orbitals.
4s-orbital 3d-orbital
n=4 n=3
l=0 l=2
nl  4 nl 5
Thus 4s-orbital has a lower energy than 3d-orbital, hence filled first.
(ii) When the two orbitals have the same (n + l) value, then the orbital having lower value of n has lower energy.
For example : 2p and 3s-orbitals

2p-orbital 3s-orbital
n=2 n=3
l=1 l=0
nl 3 nl 3
Thus 2p-orbital has lower energy than 3s-orbital, hence filled first.
Long Answer Type Questions :
31. The wave number of a radiation is 500 cm–1. Find out its
(i) Wavelength
(ii) Frequency
(iii) Time period
(iv) Energy in terms of joule per photon
(v) Energy in terms of kcal per mol of photon

Sol. (i) Wavelength ()
1
Wavelength =
Wave number
1 1
  cm 1
 500
 = 2 × 10–3 cm
(ii) Frequency ()
c


c = 3 × 108 ms–1
= 3 × 1010 cm s–1
3  1010 cms 1

2  10 3 cm
  1.5  1013 s 1
(iii) Time period (T)
1
T

1
T
1.5  1013 s 1
T  6.6  10 14 s
(iv) Energy in J per photon

Ephoton = h
= 6.626 × 10–34 Js × 1.5 × 1013 s–1
E  9.939  10 21 J
(v) Energy in kcal per photon

Ephoton = 9.939 × 10–21 J
For 1 mol of photon, energy = 9.939 × 10–21 J × 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Energy = 5.985 × 103 J mol–1
(1 cal = 4.184 J)
Energy = 1.430 kcal mol–1
32. Discuss photoelectric effect in detail.
Sol. When a beam of light of suitable frequency falls on a metal surface, electrons are ejected from the surface
of metal. This phenomenon of ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal by the action of light is known
as photoelectric effect. The electron so ejected are called photoelectrons. It explains the particle nature of light.
1
K.E. = mv2
2
Incident light Electron
Electron
Metal
Photoelectric effect
Generally the metals which show this effect are as Cs, K and Rb.
The three important facts about photoelectric effect are
(a) There is no time lag between the ejection of the electrons from metal and the striking of beam of light on
the surface.
(b) The number of electron ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of light.
(c) There is some characteristic minimum frequency for a metal called threshold frequency, below which the
photoelectric effect cannot be observed.
Photoelectric effect follows the law of conservation of energy principle.
1
h = h0 + me v 2
2
h = Energy of incident light

h0 = Threshold energy or work function
1
me v 2 = K.E. of the photoelectrons
2
While the number of electrons ejected depends upon the intensity of incident light but their energies do not
depend upon the energy of the incident light.
e
33. What is the charge, mass and ratio of electron? Write few properties of cathode rays.
me
Sol. Electron is a negatively charged particle. It has

Charge = –1.6022 × 10–19 C
Mass = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
e
= 1.758 × 1011 C kg–1
me
Few properties of cathode rays are :

(i) The cathode rays start from cathode and move towards anode.
(ii) The rays travels in straight lines.
(iii) These rays are not visible but their behaviour can be observed with the help of certain kind of
phosphorescent materials like zinc sulphide (ZnS).
(iv) On applying electric field, these rays are deflected towards the positive plate. This shows that the cathode
rays constitute negatively charged particles called electrons.
(v) The mass of the particles do not depend on the nature of the gas taken in the discharge tube.
34. (i) Discuss the line spectrum of hydrogen.
(ii) Find out the longest wavelength of absorption line for hydrogen gas containing atoms in ground state.
Sol. (i) Line spectrum of hydrogen : When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous hydrogen, the H2
molecules dissociate and the energetically excited hydrogen atoms produced emit electromagnetic radiation
of discrete frequencies.
There are five series of lines called Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series.
All the series of lines in the hydrogen spectrum could be described by the following expression
 1 1
  109677  2  2  cm 1
n 
 1 n2 
Where n1 for Lyman series = 1

Balmer series = 2
Paschen series = 3
Brackett series = 4
Pfund series = 5
n2 = n1 + 1, n1 + 2, .....
(ii) For longest wavelength, energy has to be lowest, that means transition will occur to the first excited energy
level.
When the hydrogen atom is in the ground state n1 = 1, n2 will be = 2 (first excited energy level)
Putting the values in equation
1 1
  RZ 2  2  2  cm 1
 n1 n2 
1 1 1 
 109677  (1)2  2  2  cm 1
 1 2 
1 3
 = 109677 × cm 1
 4
1
 = 82257.75 cm–1

  = 1.215 × 10–5 cm
35. What is the ground state electronic configuration of copper and Cu+ ion? Why fully-filled orbitals are more stable?
Sol. The ground state electronic configuration of copper (29Cu) is
29Cu = 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 1
29Cu = [Ar]3d 10 4s 1
= [Ar]
3 d 10 4s1
Cu+ = [Ar]3d 10 4s 0
= [Ar]
3 d 10 4s0
The stability of fully-filled orbitals are highly stable due to the following reasons :
(i) Symmetrical distribution of electrons : It is well-known fact that symmetry leads to stability. The
completely filled orbitals are symmetrical, therefore stable.
(ii) Exchange energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever two or more electrons with the same spin are
present in the degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons with same spin can exchange their
positions and the energy involved is called exchange energy. Greater the number of exchange, greater will
be the exchange energy and more will be stability. In case of fully filled orbitals, maximum number of
exchanges are possible, therefore, it has maximum stability.
36. Define the four properties used to characterize the electromagnetic radiations along with their SI units.
Sol. The following are the properties associated with the radiations which are used to characterize them.
) : The distance between two neighbouring troughs or crests is known as wavelength.
(i) Wavelength (
The SI unit of wavelength = metre (m)
) : It is defined as the number of waves that pass a given point in one second.
(ii) Frequency (
SI unit = Hertz (Hz) or (s–1)
(iii) Wave number (  ) : It is defined as the number of waves per unit length.
SI unit = m–1
(iv) Velocity (v) : The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called its velocity.
SI unit = ms–1
37. (i) Define isotopes and isobars.
32
(ii) How many protons, electrons and neutrons are present in 2.4 g of 16 S?
Sol. (i) (a) Isotopes : These are the atoms of same element having different mass numbers but same atomic
number.
(b) Isobars : These are the atoms of different elements with same mass number but different atomic
numbers.
32
(ii) 16 S
Number of protons (Z) = 16

Number of electron = 16
Number of neutrons = A – Z
= 32 – 16 = 16
32 g of sulphur contains = 16 × 6.022 × 1023 neutrons, protons and electrons
= 96.352 × 1023 electrons, protons and neutrons
96.352  10 23
1 g of sulphur contains = neutrons, protons and electrons
32
96.352  10 23
2.4 g of sulphur contains =  2.4
32
= 7.22 × 1023 neutrons, protons and electrons
Therefore, the number of protons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 protons
The number of electrons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 electrons
The number of neutrons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 neutrons
38. (i) What is the wavelength associated with 200 eV electron?

(ii) What are the shapes of s and p orbitals?
Sol. (i) 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
h
Wavelength () = ...(i)
mv
1
K.E. = mv 2
2
2 K.E.
v ...(ii)
m
From (i) and (ii), we get
h

2 m KE
Therefore,
6.626  10 34 Js

2  (9.11 10 31 kg)(200  1.6  10 19 J)
= 0.867 × 10–10 m
= 0.867 Å
(ii) Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals are
s-orbital = Spherical shape
p-orbital = Dumb-bell shape
39. If the sodium metal is irradiated with a wavelength 450 nm, calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity of
the ejected photoelectron. (Given w0 (work function) = 2.3 eV)
Sol. Given w0 = 2.3 eV
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
w0 = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
w 0  3.68  10 19 J
Wavelength of irradiated light () = 450 nm

= 450 × 10–9 m
E = h
hc
h 

c
= 6.626 × 10–34 Js ×

6.626  10 34 Js  3  10 8 ms 1
=
450  10 9 m
h  4.417  10 19 J
We know,
h = h0(w0) + K.E.
K.E. = h – h0
K.E. = 4.417 × 10–19 J – 3.68 × 10–19 J
K.E. = 0.737 × 10–19 J
1
K.E.  mv 2
2
2 K.E.
v
m
2  0.737  10 19 J

9.11  10 31 kg
v = 4.01 × 105 ms–1
40. State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle along with its applications.
Sol. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that “no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum
numbers”. That means that the number of electrons to be filled in the various orbitals is restricted by the
exclusion principle. Two electrons in an orbital can have the same values of three quantum numbers n, l and
ml but must have the opposite spin quantum numbers (ms).
For example, for K shell i.e., ‘n’ = 1
n l m s
1
1 0 0  (For first electron)
2
1
1 0 0  (For second electron)
2
Two points we can conclude from this principle that
(i) An orbital cannot have more than 2 electrons.
(ii) If an orbital has two electrons, they must have opposite spin.
Application of the principle
The maximum number of electrons in different sub-shells and energy levels can be deduced from this principle.
For L shell ‘n’ = 2
n l m s Number of electrons
in subshell
2 0 0 ±1/2 2
–1 ±1/2 2
1 0 ±1/2 2
+1 ±1/2 2
There are 8 electrons in L shell

2 in s-subshell
6 in p-subshell.
41. A proton is accelerated to one-tenth of the velocity of light. Suppose velocity can be measured with a precision
of ±2%, what can be the uncertainty in its position?
Sol. Mass of proton = 1.672 × 10–27 kg
Velocity of light = 3 × 108 ms–1
1
Velocity of proton =  3  108 ms 1
10
= 3 × 107 ms–1
Uncertainty in velocity (v) = 0.02 × 3 × 107
= 6 × 105 ms–1
Applying, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
h
x × v 
4m
We get,
6.626  10 34 Js
x 
4  3.142  (9.1  10 31 kg)  (6  105 ms 1 )
x  9.655  10 11 m
42. (i) What are
(a) Atomic orbital,
(b) Quantum numbers,
(c) Orbits?
(ii) List the four quantum along with their functions.
Sol. (i) (a) Atomic orbital : It is defined as the 3-dimensional region of space around the nucleus where the
probability of finding an electron is maximum.
(b) Quantum numbers may be defined as a set of four numbers with help of which we can give the
complete information about the electron present in an atom.
(c) Orbits : It is a rigid circular path, in which the electron revolves around the nucleus.
(ii) Four quantum numbers are :
(a) Principal quantum number (n) : It gives the energy of the main shell.
(b) Azimuthal quantum number (l) : It gives the shape of the orbitals in the subshell.
(c) Magnetic orbital quantum number (ml) : It gives the orientation of degenerate orbitals in space.
(d) Spin quantum number (ms) : It gives the spin of the electrons.
43. Write down the conclusion made from -scattering experiment and the defects of the Rutherford model of atom.
Sol. Conclusions of -scattering experiment
(a) Most of the space in the atom is empty as most of the -particles passed undeflected.
(b) A few positively charged -particles were deflected. This shows that they are deflected by the small
positively charged body in the atom.
(c) The positively charged body called nucleus is very small of radius 10–15 m as compared to the radius of
atom which is about 10–10 m.
Defects
(i) Position of electrons : The exact position of the electrons from the nucleus was not mentioned.
(ii) Stability of atom : According to electromagnetic theory, when a charged body moves under the influence
of an attractive force, it loses energy continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations. The electron
should therefore continuously emit radiation and lose energy. As a result of this a moving electron will come
closer to the nucleus through a spiral path, it should ultimately fall into the nucleus. So, Rutherford’s model
of atom could not account for the stability of atom.
–
+
44. (a) What are electromagnetic radiations?

(b) What is electromagnetic spectrum?
(c) Arrange the different regions of electromagnetic spectrum in the increasing order of wavelength.
(d) What does and L designate with respect to the structure of atom?
Sol. (a) Electromagnetic radiations : The radiations which have both magnetic as well as electric field components
which oscillate in the phase perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular to the direction of
propagation are called electromagnetic radiations. All of these move with the same speed in vacuum
regardless of their wavelength with the speed of light of 3 × 108 ms–1.
(b) Electromagnetic spectrum : An arrangement of radiations of all kinds, in the order of decreasing frequency
or increasing wavelength is called electromagnetic spectrum.
(c) Gamma rays < X-rays < UV rays < IR < Microwaves < Radiowaves
(d) l stands for subshell.
L stands for 2nd shell.
45. (a) Write the two limitations of Bohr’s model.
(b) Name the various subshells associated with (i) n = 4, l = 2, (ii) n = 3, l = 1.
(c) Arrange the subshells in 3rd shell in the order of increasing energy incase of (i) Hydrogen atom and (ii)
Iron atom.
Sol. (a) Two limitations of Bohr’s model of atom are
(i) Bohr’s theory was unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field
(Zeeman effect) and in an electric effect (Stark effect)
(ii) Only applicable to single electron system.
(b) (i) n = 4; l = 2
Subshell = 4d
(ii) n = 3; l = 1
Subshell = 3p
(c) (i) Hydrogen atom
3s = 3p = 3d
(ii) Iron atom
3d > 3p > 3s

Level-I
Chapter 2
Structure of Atom
Solutions (Set-2)
[Fundamental Particle]
1. Out of X-rays, infrared rays, visible rays and microwaves, the largest frequency is of
(1) X-rays (2) IR rays (3) Visible (4) Microwaves
Sol. Answer (1)
X-rays > Visible > Infra-Red > Microwaves
2. In the Rutherford scattering experiment, the number of  particles scattered at an angle  = 60º is 12 per min.
The number of  particles per minute when scattered at an angle of 90º is
(1) 160 (2) 10 (3) 6 (4) 3
Sol. Answer (4)
1
Number of -particles scattered 

sin4  
2
k [x = 12 -particles]
x

sin4  
2
k sin  sin60 1
12  [ = 60°],   sin30 
 1
4 2 2 2
2
 
3
k
4
k
x' 
 90 
sin4  
 2 
x’ = 3
3. The number of quanta of radiation of frequency 4.98 × 1014 s–1 required to melt 100 g of ice are (latent
heat of melting of ice is 33 joule per g)
(1) 1020 (2) 1022 (3) 1024 (4) 6.023 × 1021
Sol. Answer (2)
∵ 1 g requires 33 J of heat
 100 g = 3300 J
En = nhn
3300 = n × 6.6 × 10–34 × 4.98 × 1014
n = 1022 photons
4. Calculate the wavelength of light required to break the bond between two Cl atoms in Cl2 molecules
((BE)Cl – Cl = 243 kJ mole–1)
(1) 8180 Å (2) 9860 Å (3) 4930 Å (4) 500 nm
Sol. Answer (3)
hc
E [E = 243 × 103 J mole–1]

6.6  1034  3  108  6.023  1023  243  103 

 E  
243  103  6.023  1023 
 = 4930 Å
[Photoelectric Effect and Bohr Model]
5. The potential energy of an electron in hydrogen atom is –3.02 eV, its kinetic energy will be
(1) 1.51 eV (2) 15.10 eV (3) 13.6 eV (4) 1.36 eV
Sol. Answer (1)
P.E. = –3.02 eV
P.E. = 2E [K.E. = –E]
 P.E. = –2 K.E.
3.02
K.E. 
2
K.E. = 1.51
6. In which of the following, maximum wavelength is emitted?
(1) 4 to 1 in H (2) 5 to 1 in He+ (3) 6 to 1 in Li+2 (4) 6 to 1 in Be+3
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact
7. The radius of 5th Bohr orbit in hydrogen atom is (r0 Radius of 1st orbit of H-atom)
r0 r0
(1) 5r0 (2) (3) 25r0 (4)
5 25
Sol. Answer (3)
n2r0
rn  [Z = 1 for hydrogen]
Z
r5 = 25r0
8. Radius of 2nd shell of He+ (where a0 – Bohr radius)
3
(1) 3a0 (2) a0 (3) a0 (4) 2a0
2
Sol. Answer (4)
a 0 n2 a 0  4
r   2a0
Z 2
9. In the emission line spectra of hydrogen atom, how many lines can be accounted for all possible electronic
transitions from 5th energy level within the atom?
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 10 (4) 20
Sol. Answer (3)
n(n  1)
Number of possible lines = [n = 5]
2
= 10 lines
10. The velocity of electron moving in 3rd orbit of He+ is v. The velocity of electron moving in 2nd orbit of Li+2 is
9 4
(1) v (2) v (3) v (4) None of these
4 9
Sol. Answer (1)
Z
vn  v0 
n
2
He+ : vn  v0  …(i)
3
3
Li+2 : v n'  v 0  …(ii)
2
3
v0 
v n' 2  33  9

vn 2 2 2 4
v0 
3
9 9
v n'  vn = v
4 4
11. An electron is moving in 3rd orbit of Li+2 and its separation energy is y. The separation energy of an electron
moving in 2nd orbit of He+ is
4y y y
(1) (2) (3) – (4) y
9 9 9
Sol. Answer (4)
Z2
En  13.6
n2
Z2
IE = En  13.6
n2
Z2 32
y  13.6  13.6 
n2 32
32
y  13.6  …(i)
32
y = 13.6
13.6Z 2
En  
n2
13.6  22
 = –13.6
22
Separation energy of electron moving in 2nd orbit of He+
= E – Eexcited
= 0 – (–13.6)
= +13.6 = y
12. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to
(1) Number of electrons undergoing transition
(2) The nuclear charge of the atom
(3) Velocity of an electron undergoing transition
(4) The difference in the energy levels involved in the transition
Sol. Answer (4)
1
E 

13. Graph of incident frequency with stopping potential in photoelectric effect is
   
(1) (2) (3) (4)

vs vs vs vs
Sol. Answer (1)

h -– h0 = eVs
e
  0  Vs
h
14. H line of Balmer series is 6500 Å. The wavelength of H is
(1) 4815 Å (2) 4298 Å (3) 7800 Å (4) 3800 Å
Sol. Answer (2)
1  1 1
 RZ2  2  2
  n1 n2 
1  1 1
 RZ2  2  2 …(i)
6500  2 3 
1  1 1
 RZ2  2  2  …(ii)
' 2 5 
(i) ÷ (ii)
1 1 5
 2
'
 9
2
 2 3 4
6500 1 1 21

22 5 2 100
' 5 100
 
6500 36 21
 = 4298.94 Å = 4298 Å
15. Photoelectric emission is observed from a surface when lights of frequency n1 and n2 incident. If the ratio of
maximum kinetic energy in two cases is K : 1 then (Assume n1 > n2) threshold frequency is
Kn1  n2 K 1 Kn2  n1
(1) (K – 1) × (Kn2 – n1) (2) (3) Kn  n (4)
1 K 1 2 K 1
Sol. Answer (4)

h1 = h0 + K.E1
or, h1 = h0 + K.E1
K.E1 = h(1 –0) …(i)
and K.E2 = h(2 – 0) …(ii)
 K.E1 K 
(i) ÷ (ii)   
 K.E2 1 
K 1   0

1  2  0
 K   1 
 0   2 
 K 1 
16. An electron is moving in 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom. The frequency of moving electron is
(1) 2.19 × 1014 rps (2) 7.3 × 1014 rps (3) 2.44 × 1014 rps (4) 7.3 × 1010 rps
Sol. Answer (3)
2r
T
v
Z
v0 
n  v0 Z  Z  v0  Z
2
1 vn
n  
T 2rn n 2
2a0 n n 2
2a0 n 3
2a0
Z
2.18  106 m / sec 12

n 
2  3.14  0.529  10 10 m 33
n = 2.4 ×1014 rps
[Quantum Mechanical Model]
17. The mathematical expression which is true for the uncertainty principle is
h h h h
(1) (x) (v)  (2) (E) (x)  (3) () ()  (4) (x) (m) 
4 4 4 4
Sol. Answer (3)

According to uncertainty principle,
h
x.P 
4
h
or E.t 
4
h
or  . 
4
18. Which of the following equation was suggested by de Broglie?
p
(1) 2r = n (2)   (3) r2 = n (4) 2r  nh
h 
Sol. Answer (1)
Circumference = n
2r = n
19. For a microscopic object x is zero than v will be (According to Heisenberg's principle)
(1) Zero (2) Infinite (3) 10–23 (4) 108
Sol. Answer (2)
h
x, m.v
4
20. The momentum of a particle which has a de Broglie wavelength of 0.1 nm is (h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)
(1) 3.2 × 10–24 kg ms–1 (2) 4.3 × 10–22 kg ms–1
(3) 5.3 × 10–22 kg ms–1 (4) 6.62 × 10–24 kg ms–1
Sol. Answer (4)
 = 0.1 × 10–9 m
h = 6.6 × 10–34
h h
 
mv p
6.6  10 34
 10–10 =
p
p = 6.6 × 10–24 kg ms–1
21. If radius of 2nd orbit is x then de Broglie wavelength in 4th orbit is given by
(1) 8 x (2) 2 x (3) 4 x (4) 6 x
Sol. Answer (2)
r2 = x
x 4x
 r1  and r4   2x
2 2
2r = n
 n = 2 × 2x [n = 2]
 = 2x
22. If E1, E2 and E3 represent respectively the kinetic energies of an electron,  particle and a proton, each having
same de Broglie’s wavelength then
(1) E1 > E3 > E2 (2) E2 > E3 > E1 (3) E1 > E2 > E3 (4) E1 = E2 = E3
Sol. Answer (1)
e = a = p
h

2mK.E
1
 K.E. 
m
∵ me < mp < ma
[Quantum Number]
23. With increasing principal quantum number, the energy difference between adjacent energy levels in atoms
(1) Decreases (2) Increases
(3) Remains constant (4) Decreases for low Z and increases for high Z
Sol. Answer (1)
The difference between 1st & 2nd shell in hydrogen atom is 10.2 eV.
24. The total number of electrons in a 4d subshell are
(1) 14 (2) 7 (3) 10 (4) 32
Sol. Answer (3)
d = 10e–
1
25. How many 3d electrons can have spin quantum number  ?
2
(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 10
Sol. Answer (1)
3d 
1
5e– = +
2
1
5e– = –
2
26. The total spin resulting from d9 configuration is
9 5 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) (4)
2 2 2
Sol. Answer (4)
d9
Number of unpaired n = 1
1 1 1
s  n  1 
2 2 2
27. The maximum number of electrons possible in subshell is equal to
(1) 2l + 1 (2) 2n2 (3) 2l 2 (4) 4l + 2

Sol. Answer (4)
Number of electrons in a particular sub-level = 2(2l + 1) = 4l + 2.
28. The total number of orbitals in a shell with principal quantum number n is
(1) 2n (2) n2 (3) 2n2 (4) n + 1
Sol. Answer (2)

Factual.
29. How many electrons with l = 2 are there in an atom having atomic number 54?
(1) 3 (2) 10 (3) 14 (4) 20
Sol. Answer (4)

l = 2, i.e. d-orbital
Z = 54, 1s2 2s 2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
 Number of electrons in d-orbital = 3d10 + 4d10 = 20e–

30. Which set of quantum numbers is not consistent with theory?
1 1
(1) n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s =  (2) n = 4, l = 3, m = 2, s = 
2 2
1 1
(3) n = 3, l = 2, m = 3, s =  (4) n = 4, l = 3, m = 3, s = 
2 2
Sol. Answer (3)
For n = 3
Possible values of m are –2, –1, 0, +1, +2.
31. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is
(1) n = 2, l = 1, m = 0 (2) n = 2, l = 1, m = 1
(3) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1 (4) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0
Sol. Answer (3)
17Cl  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

For last electron of Cl atom
n = 3, l = 1, m = 1
32. Which of the following represent(s) the correct set of four quantum numbers of a 4d electron?
1 1 1 1
(1) 4, 3, 2,  (2) 4, 2, 1,  (3) 4, 3, –2,  (4) 4, 1, 1, 
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (2)
For 4d electrons
n = 4, l = 2
33. The electron identified by quantum numbers n and l
(i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0
(iii) n = 3, l = 0 (iv) n = 3, l = 1
Can be placed in order of increasing energy
(1) (iii) < (iv) < (i) < (ii) (2) (iii) < (iv) < (ii) < (i)
(3) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (4) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
Sol. Answer (2)
Higher the value of (n + l) more will be energy.
34. The orbital diagram in which Hund’s rule and Aufbau principle is violated is
(1)    (2)     (3)     (4)   
Sol. Answer (4)
  
Hund’s rule is violated
   
Hund’s rule is violated
   
Pauli’s exclusion principle violated
  
Aufbau principle and Hund’s rule both violated

35. Which of the following has the same number of s-electrons as the d-electrons in Fe2+?
(1) Li (2) Ca (3) N (4) P
Sol. Answer (4)
Fe2+ has 6 d-electrons. P also has 6s-electrons.
P-15-1s22s22p63s23p3
36. Which of the following ion has the maximum magnetic moment?
(1) Mn3+ (2) Cu2+ (3) Fe3+ (4) V3+
Sol. Answer (3)
Fe3+  [Ar] 3d5
Magnetic moment = n(n  2) BM
 Greater number of unpaired electrons higher the magnetic moment.


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Level-I

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

26Fe  [Ar]3d 64s 2

6. Atomic spectra is a line spectra. What does this mean?

Short Answer Type Questions :

Sol. Cathode rays Canal rays

20. Who discovered neutron and how?

For object ‘Z’;  = 2.6 × 10–10 m, we get

Now, we know px = 4pz

Now taking ratio

25. What is meant by

Substituting the value of (ii) in (i) we get

Sol. (i) Z = 24, A = 52

where x = uncertainty in position and v = uncertainty in velocity

m = Mass of the object

Magnetic quantum number = –2 is not possible here as ml has value = –l to +l including 0.

Sol. The energy of an orbital is determined by (n + l) rule as follows :

For example : 2p and 3s-orbitals

(iv) Energy in terms of joule per photon

(v) Energy in terms of kcal per mol of photon

(ii) Frequency ()

(iii) Time period (T)

(iv) Energy in J per photon

(v) Energy in kcal per photon

h = Energy of incident light

Sol. Electron is a negatively charged particle. It has

Few properties of cathode rays are :

Where n1 for Lyman series = 1

29Cu = 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 1

Number of protons (Z) = 16

38. (i) What is the wavelength associated with 200 eV electron?

From (i) and (ii), we get

Wavelength of irradiated light () = 450 nm

There are 8 electrons in L shell

44. (a) What are electromagnetic radiations?

6.6  1034  3  108  6.023  1023  243  103 

Sol. Answer (3)

8. Radius of 2nd shell of He+ (where a0 – Bohr radius)

Sol. Answer (1)

Sol. Answer (4)

13. Graph of incident frequency with stopping potential in photoelectric effect is

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Sol. Answer (1)

Sol. Answer (4)

2.18  106 m / sec 12

n = 2.4 ×1014 rps

Sol. Answer (3)

27. The maximum number of electrons possible in subshell is equal to

(1) 2l + 1 (2) 2n2 (3) 2l 2 (4) 4l + 2

Number of electrons in a particular sub-level = 2(2l + 1) = 4l + 2.

Sol. Answer (2)

Sol. Answer (4)

 Number of electrons in d-orbital = 3d10 + 4d10 = 20e–

Sol. Answer (3)

Possible values of m are –2, –1, 0, +1, +2.

Sol. Answer (3)

17Cl  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

(1)    (2)     (3)     (4)   