Chemistry IX Notes
Chemistry IX Notes
Chemistry IX Notes
OF
ELEMENTS
ii.
iii.
Answer:
i.
ii.
iii.
Q3. Define:
i.
iv.
Answer:
Periodicity
energy
Electron affinity
ii.
Atomic radius
v. Electronegativity
iii. Ionization
i.
ii.
Periodicity
It is defined as recurrence of chemical or physical properties at
regular interval.
Atomic Radius
It is defined as half the distance between two adjacent nuclei of two
atoms.
iii.
Ionization Energy
It is defined as minimum energy required to remove an electron
from a gaseous atom in its ground state.
iv.
Electron Affinity
It is defined as the energy change that occurs when an electron is
gained by an atom in the gaseous state.
v.
Electronegativity
It is defined as the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract
shared pair of electrons to itself.
Metals
ii.
Non-metals iii.
Metalloids
Answer:
i.
ii.
iii.
Metals
They are electropositive elements i.e. they lose electrons to form
cations.
Non-metals
They are electronegative elements i.e. they gain electrons to form
anions.
Metalloids
These are the elements which exhibit dual character i.e. they show
the properties of both metals as well as non-metals.
Q6. Write two physical and two chemical differences between metal and nonmetal.
Answer:
Difference between Metals and Non-metals
Metals
Non-Metals
Physical Differences
1 All metals except mercury
1. About half of the non-metals
are solids.
are gases.
2 They have high melting
2. They have low melting and
and boiling points.
boiling points.
3 Metals have luster and can
3. They do not have luster and
be polished.
cannot be polished.
4 They are malleable and
4. They are usually brittle and
ductile and converted into
are not malleable and ductile.
sheets and wires.
Chemical Differences
1. They combine with oxygen
1. They combine with oxygen to
to form basic oxide.
form acidic oxide.
2. When dissolved in water
2. When dissolved in water they
they form alkaline solution.
form acidic solution.
3. They turn red litmus blue.
3. They turn blue litmus red.
Q7. Which elements have zero valency? In which group of the periodic table
have they been placed? Also give their two examples.
Answer:
Noble gases have zero valency. They have been placed in group VIIIA in the
periodic table. Examples are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr).
Q8. How many periods and groups are there in the modern periodic table?
Also state what are Lanthanides and Actinides?
Answer:
The modern periodic table contains seven periods and sixteen groups.
Lanthanides and actinides are the inner transition elements. They are also
called rare earth metals. They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.
Q9. Which elements possess only one electron in their valence shell? What
are they called? Name the radioactive element in this group.
Answer:
Elements of group IA possess only one electron in their valence shell. They
are called alkali metals. Francium (Fr) is radioactive in this group.
Q10. Which elements possess seven electrons in their valence shell? Name
the element which has the highest electronegativity and give its value.
Answer:
Elements of group VIIA or halogens possess seven electrons in their valence
shell. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity and it has the value 4.
Q11. Name the alkali metals of group IA of the periodic table and write their
three general properties.
Answer:
Names of Alkali Metals
Lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and
francium (Fr).
Properties of Alkali Metals
They
They
They
They
Q12. Write five general properties of the elements of group VIIA of the
periodic table.
Answer:
Properties of Group VIIA Elements
They have high ionization energies.
They have large negative electron affinities.
They all form diatomic molecules.
The bonds in these diatomic molecules are non-polar covalent single
bonds.
They are never seen uncombined in nature.
Q2. What is ionic bond? How an ionic bond is formed between sodium and
chlorine atoms resulting in the production of NaCl. Explain.
Answer:
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond which is formed by the complete transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom to another is called ionic bond.
Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
In the combination of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms, an atom of
sodium (Na) transfers one outer most shell electron and becomes positive
sodium ion (Na+) and an atom of chlorine gains that electron to complete its
octet and becomes chloride negative ion (Cl-).
Na
2,8,1
Cl + e2,8,7
Na+ + Cl-
Na+ + e2,8
Cl2,8,8
Na+1Cl1-
Q4. Define covalent bond. Explain polar covalent bond and non-polar
covalent bond.
Answer:
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of unpaired electrons is
called covalent bond.
Non-polar Covalent Bond
If the difference in the electro-negativities of bonded atoms is zero, then the
bond is pure covalent or non-polar bond.
Polar Covalent Bond
If the difference in the electro-negativities of bonded atoms is up to 1.7, then
the bond is called polar covalent bond.
1.
2.
3.
4.
They
They
They
They
Q7. Write three differences between ionic bond and covalent bond.
Answer:
Differences between Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
1. It is formed by the complete
transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom to
another.
2. It is formed between a metal
and a non-metal.
3. The polarity in ionic bonds is
much higher than covalent
bond.
Covalent Bond
1. It is formed by the sharing of
unpaired electrons.
2. It is formed between two nonmetals that have similar
electro-negativities.
3. The polarity in covalent bonds
is much lower than ionic bond.
Q9. Write three differences between covalent bond and coordinate covalent
bond.
Answer:
Differences between Covalent and Coordinate Covalent Bond
1.
2.
3.
4.
Covalent Bond
It is formed by the mutual
sharing of electrons between
atoms.
It may be polar or non-polar.
It is associated with only
covalent character.
It is denoted by short lines (
).
Metallic boning
ii.
forces
Vander Waals forcesv.
Answer:
1. Metallic Bonding
Hydrogen bonding
Dipole- Dipole forces
iii.
Dispersion
CHAPTER 06 STATES
OF
MATTER
Q3. Define:
i.
iv.
vii.
Boiling point
ii.
Sublimation v.
Fusion
Freezing point
iii.
Diffusion
Brownian movement
vi.
Evaporation
viii.
Melting point
Answer:
1. Melting Point
It is defined as the temperature at which solid starts melting is called
melting point.
2. Boiling Point
It is defined as the temperature at which vapor pressure becomes
equal to external pressure and liquids starts boiling is called boiling
point.
3. Freezing Point
It is defined as the temperature at which liquid turns into a solid when
cooled is called freezing point.
4. Fusion (melting)
It is defined as a process in which state of a substance changes from
solid to liquid.
5. Evaporation
Q4. State Grahams law of diffusion of gases. Which gas from among CO2,
CH4 and H2 will diffuse the fastest and why? Give reason.
Answer:
Grahams Law of Diffusion
It states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of its molar mass or density.
Reason
Since the molar mass of hydrogen is the smallest among CO2 and CH4 and it
is lightest among CO2 and CH4, therefore according to Grahams law, it will
diffuse the fastest.
CHAPTER 07 SOLUTION
AND
SUSPENSION