Chemical Bonding Notes by DR - Shilpa

CHEMISTRY NOTES CLASS 11
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Part A)
Chemical bond: The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in
different chemical species is called a chemical bond.
KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH TO CHEMICAL BONDING

• Kössel and Lewis were the first to provide some logical explanation of valence which was based on the
inertness of noble gases.
• Lewis pictured the atom in terms of a positively charged ‘Kernel’ (the nucleus plus the inner electrons)
and the outer shell that could accommodate a maximum of eight electrons.
• Lewis postulated that atoms achieve the stable octet when they are linked by chemical bonds. In the
case of sodium and chlorine, this can happen by the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine
thereby giving the Na+ and Cl– ions. In the case of other molecules like Cl2, H2, F2, etc., the bond is formed
by the sharing of a pair of electrons between the atoms. In the process each atom attains a stable outer
octet of electrons.
Lewis Symbols: In the formation of a molecule, only the outer shell electrons take part in chemical
combination and they are known as valence electrons. The inner shell electrons are well protected and are
generally not involved in the combination process. G.N. Lewis, an American chemist introduced simple notations
to represent valence electrons in an atom. These notations are called Lewis symbols.
Significance of Lewis Symbols: The number of dots around the symbol represents the number of
valence electrons. This number of valence electrons helps to calculate the common or group valence of the
element. The group valence of the elements is generally either equal to the number of dots in Lewis symbols
or 8 minus the number of dots or valence electrons.
Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Number
Valence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
electrons
Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
Extra question:
Q. What is kernel in chemistry (electron shells)?
Ans. Kernels are basically the atom without its valence shell. All the inner shells and the nucleus make up
the kernel. The valence shell is represented outside the kernel.
Some Important Facts given by Kössel in relation to chemical bonding:

• In the periodic table, the highly electronegative halogens and the highly electropositive alkali metals are
separated by the noble gases;
• The formation of a negative ion from a halogen atom and a positive ion from an alkali metal atom is
associated with the gain and loss of an electron by the respective atoms;
• The negative and positive ions thus formed attain stable noble gas electronic configurations. The noble gases
(with the exception of helium which has a duplet of electrons) have a particularly stable outer shell
configuration of eight (octet) electrons, ns2np6.
• The negative and positive ions are stabilized by electrostatic attraction.
Types of Chemical bonds:
Ionic bond: The bond formed, as a result of the electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative
ions is termed as the electrovalent bond or ionic bond.
Examples of formation of Ionic Compounds:
1) Formation of NaCl
2) Formation of MgCl2
3) Formation of MgO
Covalent bond: It is formed by mutual sharing of electrons.

Types of covalent bond:
Single bond Multiple bond
Double bond Triple bond
When two atoms share one electron If two atoms share two pairs of If two atoms share three pairs
pair they are said to be joined by a electrons, the covalent bond of electrons, the covalent bond
single covalent bond. between them is called a between them is called a triple
double bond. bond.
Example: Formation of H2, Cl2, CH4, Example: Formation of CO2, Example: Formation of CO,
Ethane (C2H6) Ethene (C2H4) Ethyne (C2H2)
Examples of formation of Covalent Compounds:
Example 1: formation of Chlorine
Example 2: formation of water
Example 3: formation of carbon tetrachloride
Example 4: formation of carbon dioxide

Example 5: formation of ethene
Example 6: formation of nitrogen
Example 7: formation of ethyne
Examples of Lewis dot structures of some elements and compounds:
Note: Ethylene is ethene and Acetylene is ethyne.

Other type of bond:
Coordinate or dative bond:
• It is formed by sharing of electrons between electric rich and electron deficient species.
• It is represented by an arrow →.
• Electron pair is transferred from electron rich species to electron deficient species.
Solved example:
Exercise Questions:
Q1. Explain the formation of a chemical bond.
Q2. Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements : Mg, Na, B, O, N, Br
Q3. Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions:
Q4. Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions:
Q14. Use Lewis symbols to show electron transfer between the following atoms to form cations and anions:
(a) K and S (b) Ca and O (c) Al and N

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CHEMISTRY NOTES CLASS 11

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Part A)

KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH TO CHEMICAL BONDING

Some Important Facts given by Kössel in relation to chemical bonding:

Examples of formation of Ionic Compounds:

Covalent bond: It is formed by mutual sharing of electrons.

Examples of formation of Covalent Compounds:

Example 1: formation of Chlorine

Example 2: formation of water

Example 3: formation of carbon tetrachloride

Example 4: formation of carbon dioxide

Example 6: formation of nitrogen

Example 7: formation of ethyne

Examples of Lewis dot structures of some elements and compounds:

Note: Ethylene is ethene and Acetylene is ethyne.

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