Advisory Circular

AC662.1B
Revision 3

Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licence

Examination Subject 1B Aeronautical
Science Electrical Fundamentals

17 February 2015

General
Civil Aviation authority advisory circulars contain information about standards, practices,
and procedures that the Director has found to be an acceptable means of compliance with
the associated rule.
An acceptable means of compliance is not intended to be the only means of compliance
with a rule, and consideration will be given to other methods of compliance that may be
presented to the Director. When new standards, practices, or procedures are found to be
acceptable they will be added to the appropriate advisory circular.
An advisory circular may also include guidance material to facilitate compliance with the
rule requirements. Guidance material must not be regarded as an acceptable means of
compliance.
This advisory is intended to be read in conjunction with Part 66 Subpart B of the rule. If
there are any conflicts between the advisory circular and the rule, the rule takes precedence.
Purpose
This advisory circular provides an acceptable means of compliance for the syllabus content
in respect of written examinations for Subject 1B (Aeronautical Science Electrical
Fundamentals).
Related Rules
This advisory circular relates specifically to Civil Aviation Rule Part 66 Subpart B
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licence.
Change Notice
Revision 3 corrects Section 13.3.3 of the Syllabus with the appropriate term.

Published by
Civil Aviation Authority
PO Box 3555
Wellington 6140
Authorised by
Manager Policy & Regulatory Strategy

Table of Contents

Examination Overview: Subject 1B ...................................................................... 4

General Examining Objective ........................................................................................... 4
Knowledge Levels ............................................................................................................ 4
LEVEL 1: A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject. .................... 4
LEVEL 2: A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of
the subject. ................................................................................................ 4
LEVEL 3: A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of
the subject. ................................................................................................ 4
Recommended Study Material ......................................................................................... 5
Publication List ................................................................................................................. 5
Syllabus Layout ................................................................................................................ 5

Syllabus: Subject 1B (Aero. Science Electrical Fundamentals) .................... 7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

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Electrical Theory ...................................................................................................... 7

Generation of Electricity ........................................................................................... 7
Static Electricity........................................................................................................ 8
Chemical Action ....................................................................................................... 9
Other Sources of Electricity...................................................................................... 9
Batteries ................................................................................................................... 9
Magnetism ............................................................................................................. 14
Alternating Current (AC) ........................................................................................ 16
Direct Current (DC) ................................................................................................ 17
Aircraft Alternators ................................................................................................. 20
DC Motors .............................................................................................................. 21
Transformers.......................................................................................................... 23
Resistance ............................................................................................................. 24
Capacitance ........................................................................................................... 25
Circuits ................................................................................................................... 26
Electrical Drawings, Diagrams, Schematics & Symbols......................................... 29

CAA of NZ

Rule 66.53 Eligibility Requirements

Rule 66.53(a)(2) requires an applicant for an AMEL to have passed written examinations that are
acceptable to the Director, relevant to the duties and responsibilities of an aircraft maintenance
engineer in the category of licence sought.
The written examinations acceptable to the Director for Subject 1B (Aeronautical Science
Electrical Fundamentals) should comply with the syllabus contained in this advisory circular. Each
examination will cover all topics and may sample any of the sub-topics.
The new syllabus has been developed after extensive industry consultation and the objectives
reflect the knowledge required of current technology and international best work practice.

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Examination Overview: Subject 1B

Subject 1B (Aeronautical Science Electrical Fundamentals) is a closed book, written
examination. The pass mark for subject 1B is 70%.
Application to sit an examination may be made directly to Aviation Services Limited (ASL). Refer
to http://caanz.aspeqexams.com/ for examination information.

General Examining Objective

The objective of the examination is to determine that the applicant for an AMEL has adequate
knowledge of Electrical Fundamentals to permit the proper performance, supervision and
certification of aircraft maintenance at a level commensurate with the privileges of the various
AMEL categories.

Knowledge Levels
LEVEL 1: A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject.
Objectives: The applicant should:
(1)

be familiar with the basic elements of the subject

(2)

be able to give simple descriptions of the whole subject, using common words and
examples

(3)

be able to use typical terms.

LEVEL 2: A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the

subject.
An ability to apply the knowledge.
Objectives: The applicant should:
(1)

be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject

(2)

be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical

examples

(3)

be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing

the subject

(4)

be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the
subject

(5)

be able to apply his/her knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.

LEVEL 3: A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the

subject.
A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and
comprehensive manner.
Objectives: The applicant should:
(1)

know the theory of the subject and the interrelationships with other subjects

(2)

be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals

and specific examples

(3)

understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject

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(4)

be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics
describing the subject.

(5)

be able to apply his/her knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturers

instructions.

(6)

be able to interpret results and measurements from various sources and apply
corrective action where appropriate.

Recommended Study Material

The publication list below provides guidance material for suitable study references for the overall
syllabus content. However, applicants may have to conduct further research using other references
or sources (including the internet) or attend a formal course in order to gain a comprehensive
understanding of all sub-topics in the syllabus.
Where applicable, publication references have been placed below each main topic or sub topic
heading in this syllabus.

Publication List
Study
Ref

Book Title

Author

ISBN

A & P Technician General Textbook

Jeppesen

0-88487-203-3

Aviation Maintenance Technician Series - General

Dale Crane

1-56027-422-0

A & P Technician Airframe Textbook

Jeppesen

0-88487-205-1

Aircraft Batteries Lead Acid/Nickel Cadmium

Jeppesen

0-89100-410-6

Aircraft Electrical Systems

E.H.J. Pallett

0-582-98819-5

Electrical Systems for A&Ps

Jeppesen

0-89100-412-2

Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms

Dale Crane

1-56027-287-2

Syllabus Layout
Topic Numbering left hand column
The syllabus is set out by topics, each of which is identified by a single-digit number. Each topic is
divided into a number of sub-topics, which are identified by two-digit numbers: the first and second
digits of which refer to the topic and the sub-topic respectively.
Each sub-topic is further sub-divided into one or more sub-sub-topics, which are identified by
three-digit numbers. Where applicable, sub-sub-topics may be further subdivided into paragraphs
that are identified by four/five digit alphanumeric sequences.
The three-digit sub-sub-topic numbers shown in the left hand column are used in the knowledge
deficiency reports to provide feedback on individual examinations.
Objective description middle column
The middle column objectively describes each sub-sub-topic by stating, in plain language, its
subject matter and the type of performance or activity required. The objectives are intended to be
simple, unambiguous, and clearly-focussed, outcomes to aid learning.

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Knowledge levels right hand column

The right hand column specifies the knowledge level for each sub-topic heading. The three levels
of knowledge used in this syllabus are described above. Note that the knowledge levels indicate the
depth of knowledge required NOT its safety importance.

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Syllabus: Subject 1B (Aero. Science Electrical Fundamentals)

1

Electrical Theory
Study Ref. 1 2 7

1.1

Electron Theory

1.1.1

Outline the structure and distribution of electrical charge within:

a. Atoms
b. Compounds
c. Ions
d. Molecules
1.1.2

Describe the molecular structure of the following with examples:

a. Conductors
b. Semi-conductors
c. Insulators

Generation of Electricity
Study Ref. 1 2

2.1

Sources of Electricity

2.1.1

Specify how electricity is produced by the following, with examples:

a. Chemical action
b. Friction
c. Heat
d. Light
e. Magnetism and motion
f.

Pressure

2.2

Laws of Electricity Production

2.2.1

Describe Flemings left and right hand rules and their application.

2.2.2

State:

a. The laws of electrostatic attraction and repulsion.

b. The units of charge and describe Coulombs law.

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c. Faradays law
2.3

Electrical Terminology

2.3.1

Define the following terms:

a. Charge
b. Conductance
c. Current flow
d. Electromotive force
e. Potential difference
f.

Resistance

g. Voltage
2.3.2

List the units and symbols for each of the electrical terms listed in 2.3.1.

2.3.3

Outline factors affecting the performance of each of the terms listed in 2.3.1, including their
impact on circuit performance.

Static Electricity
Study Ref. 1 2

3.1

Static Electricity and Conduction

3.1.1

Describe how static electricity is produced and how electrostatic charges are distributed.

3.1.2

Describe:

a. The concept of electric current as a flow of free electrons.

b. The conduction of electricity in solids, liquids and gasses.
3.1.3

Differentiate between positive and negative charges

3.1.4

Explain the attraction and repulsion of positive and negative charges.

3.1.5

State the direction of an electrical field around positive and negative charges.

3.1.6

Describe:

a. The distribution of charges on a regular shaped solid, hollow disc or sphere.

b. The electrical charge distribution on an irregular shaped object.
3.1.7

Specify how electrostatic charges are distributed throughout aircraft structure and
components.

3.1.8

Describe:

a. Electrostatic fields as they occur in aircraft

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b. Electrostatic lines of force as they leave a charged body.

3.1.9

Compare the effects of attraction and repulsion on parallel current carrying conductors.

Chemical Action

Study Ref. 1 2 4 5 6 & 7

4.1

Cells

4.1.1

Outline the construction and basic chemical action of the following sources of electricity:

a. Primary cells
b. Secondary cells
c. Lead acid cells
d. Nickel-cadmium cells
e. Other alkaline cells
4.1.2

Specify the effects of connecting cells in series and parallel.

4.1.3

Compare the difference between primary or dry cells and secondary cells.

4.1.4

Name the types of primary cells that may be found in aeronautical applications.

Other Sources of Electricity

Study Ref. 1 2 4 5 6 & 7

5.1

Heat

5.1.1

Specify the construction, materials and operation of a thermocouple.

5.2

Light

5.2.1

Outline the operation of a photocell.

Batteries

Study Ref. 1 2 4 5 6 & 7

6.1

Terminology

6.1.1

State common terms used in the maintenance, operation and storage of aircraft batteries

6.2

Lead Acid Batteries Construction

6.2.1

Describe the construction of a common lead acid aircraft battery.

6.2.2

Describe the two types of lead-acid battery found in general use with particular reference to
the electrolyte characteristics.

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6.2.3

Using appropriate terminology, describe the chemical action of a lead acid battery during
charging and discharging.

6.2.4

Specify the effect that the batterys internal resistance has on its operations.

6.2.5

Describe the energy transformation (mechanical/electrical/chemical) that takes in an aircraft

battery during the charging and discharge processes.

6.2.6

Identify the changes that take place to the electrolyte.

6.2.7

Define specific gravity or relative density relating to battery electrolytes.

6.3

Lead Acid Battery Charging

6.3.1

State the open circuit voltage limits of a fully charged cell.

6.3.2

Identify the causes of changes to plate resistance.

6.3.3

Describe and calculate battery capacity ratings.

6.3.4

List the factors that affect ratings.

6.3.5

Describe the discharge characteristics at the five-hour rate.

6.3.6

With respect to charging a lead acid battery, identify:

a. The cause of gassing

b. The type of gas produced
c. When in the charging cycle gassing is most intense.
6.3.7

Identify the cause of sulphation.

6.3.8

Describe the effect sulphation has on the life and operation of batteries.

6.3.9

Describe the SG of a battery at various states of charge and how temperature affects the SG
reading.

6.3.10

From given data, calculate battery efficiency after the charging process has been completed.

6.4

Lead Acid Battery Maintenance and Storage

6.4.1

Describe the following:

a. The safety precautions associated with mixing of electrolyte

b. How to neutralise spills
c. How to vary a batterys SG
d. Segregation requirements for acid and alkaline electrolytes
e. Protective clothing required when handling batteries and solutions
f.

Fire precautions and protection

g. Correct electrolyte levels

h. Stand down times after charging

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i.

How to identify a fully charged battery during the charging operation

j.

Desirable load conditions applied to a battery when checking maximum EMF and
capacity

k. Environmental hazards associated with lead acid batteries

6.4.2

Specify the precautions to be observed when:

a. Carrying out maintenance on and around installed aircraft batteries and battery
installations.
b. Fitting or removing an aircraft battery, including the removal and replacement
sequence of battery leads.
c. Charging multiple batteries off the same power source
6.4.3

Detail the following procedures:

a. Preparing a new or stored battery (dry or uncharged) for service, including initial
filling
b. Preparing to charge a battery
6.4.4

Explain the use of a battery hydrometer in the testing of batteries.

6.4.5

Describe the principles of operation of the hydrometer, including the float levels and
graduations relating to a battery at various states of charge.

6.4.6

State the constant voltage and current methods of recharging batteries.

6.4.7

Outline:

a. How deposits are formed on battery terminals

b. The adverse effects of the deposits
c. How terminal posts should be cleaned and protected.
6.4.8

Identify the causes and remedies of the following battery defects:

a. Loss of capacity
b. Constant requirement to add water
c. Rapid accumulation of deposits on terminals
d. Plate buckling
e. Case damage
f.

Melting of insulation

g. Excessive venting or gassing

6.4.9

Describe the storage requirements for lead acid batteries.

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6.5

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Overview

6.5.1

Compare the main advantages and disadvantages of nickel-cadmium batteries over lead acid
batteries for aircraft use.

6.5.2

Compare internal resistances between a nickel-cadmium and lead-acid battery types.

6.6

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Construction

6.6.1

Describe the following designs of nickel-cadmium battery:

a. Sealed batteries
b. Semi-sealed batteries
c. Semi-open batteries
6.6.2

State the chemical principles relating to charging and discharging a nickel-cadmium battery
with particular emphasis on the following:

a. Exchange of ions
b. Plate oxidation
c. Composition of plates and basic plate materials
d. Chemical composition and SG of electrolyte
e. SG changes during charge and discharge
f.

Cause of gassing, the effect gassing has on electrolyte levels and the requirement to
add water

g. Electrolyte temperature
h. Change of electrolyte state during charge and discharge
i.

Charging voltage

j.

Individual cell voltage

k. Internal resistance
6.6.3

Graph the discharge characteristics of a nickel-cadmium battery with respect to discharge

current versus time.

6.6.4

Describe battery construction of a nickel-cadmium battery.

6.6.5

State the number of cells normally found in 12 and 24-volt nickel-cadmium aircraft
batteries.

6.7

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Charging

6.7.1

Identify the following battery charging equipment:

a. Constant voltage and constant current chargers

b. Ni-cad charger/analyser
c. Load banks

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d. Voltage monitors
6.7.2

Specify the following storage criteria for nickel-cadmium batteries:

a. Charge state
b. Double charge and capacity check
6.8

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Maintenance and Storage

6.8.1

Specify the procedure and safety precautions for servicing nickel-cadmium batteries.

6.8.2

Specify with the purpose and operating principles of the following installed equipment
associated with the in-service operation of nickel-cadmium batteries:

a. Temperature sensing equipment

b. Current sensing equipment
c. Voltage sensing equipment
6.8.3

Describe thermal runaway with particular regard to:

a. The causes of high temperatures during charge and discharge

b. Indications of thermal runaway
c. The adverse effects of high temperatures on internal resistance
d. The thermal runaway cycle (vicious cycling)
e. How thermal runaway is monitored location and use of temperature sensors
f.
6.8.4

Modern methods of controlling thermal runaway

Identify with the probable cause and corrective action of the following nickel-cadmium
battery defects:

a. High continuous trickle charge

b. Battery fails to pass ampere-hour check
c. Battery fails to deliver rated capacity
d. No potential available
e. Excessive white crystal deposits
f.

Excessive water consumption

g. Heat or blue marks on hardware

h. Excessive corrosion of hardware
i.
6.8.5

Distortion of cell case

Specify the following storage criteria for nickel-cadmium batteries:

a. Storage periodicity and limitations

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b. Terminal protection
c. Inspection intervals
d. Storage environment

Magnetism
Study Ref. 1 2

7.1

Properties of a Magnet

7.1.1

Describe the properties of a magnet and the molecular theory of magnetism, including:

a. Artificially made magnets

b. Domain theory
c. Laws of attraction and repulsion
d. Magnetic shielding techniques and shielding materials
e. Magnetisation and demagnetisation
f.

The action of a magnet suspended in the earths magnetic field

7.1.2

Identify the various types of magnetic material.

7.1.3

Specify the precautions associated with the handling, care and storage of permanent
magnets, including the requirement for keepers.

7.2

Electromagnetism

7.2.1

Specify how the following factors affect the magnitude of an induced current in a conductor
as it passes through a magnetic field:

a. Magnetic field strength

b. Angle at which the magnetic lines are cut
c. Rate at which the magnetic field is cut
7.2.2

Define the following terms and their relationship in a magnetic circuit:

a. Coercive force
b. Flux density
c. Permeability
d. Reluctance
e. Retentivity
f.
7.2.3

Saturation

Describe the construction and principles of operation of electromagnets.

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7.2.4

Specify the use of the handclasp rules to determine the direction of the magnetic field about
a current carrying conductor (electron and conventional flow).

7.2.5

With respect to electromagnets:

a. Define magneto motive force (MMF) and field intensity

b. Identify electromagnetic units
c. Calculate MMF and field intensity from given data.
7.2.6

In relation to electromagnets, describe:

a. The action and field patterns where two current carrying conductors are placed
adjacent to each other.
b. The handclasp rules to determine the direction of north and south poles and the
direction of current flow through a coil.
7.2.7

List the factors that affect the strength of a magnetic field in an electromagnet.

7.2.8

Describe the B-H curve and the significance of a hysteresis loop.

7.2.9

With respect to eddy currents, describe:

a. How they are produced

b. Their effects on the performance of an electromagnetic component
c. The methods used to reduce adverse effects.
7.2.10

Specify the precautions for the care and storage of electromagnets.

7.3

Induction

7.3.1

Describe how voltage is induced within a conductor.

7.3.2

Specify the effect of the following criteria on the magnitude of an induced voltage:

a. Magnetic field strength

b. The number of conductor turns
c. The rate of change of flux
7.3.3

Describe the production of an induced voltage in a secondary coil (mutual inductance).

7.3.4

Specify the effects that the rate of change of primary current and mutual inductance have on
the value of an induced voltage.

7.3.5

Describe how the following factors affect mutual inductance:

a. Permeability of each coil

b. Position of the coils with respect to each other
c. The number of turns in each coil
d. The physical size of each coil

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7.3.6

Describe:

a. Back EMF
b. Lenzs Law and the rule for determining the polarity of an induced voltage
c. The production of an induced voltage in a coil. (self-induction)
d. The unit of inductance
7.3.7

Explain the condition known as saturation.

7.3.8

Describe the following types of fixed inductors:

a. Air core
b. Ferrite core
c. Iron dust core
d. Laminated core
7.3.9

Specify the following methods of varying the value of an inductor:

a. Adjustable slug
b. Slider contact on a coil
c. Tapped coil
d. Variometer
7.3.10

Identify the following common faults in inductors:

a. Open coil
b. Shorted turns
7.3.11

Illustrate the principal uses of inductors.

7.3.12

State the purpose of an iron core in an electromagnetic device.

Alternating Current (AC)

Study Ref. 1 2 5 & 6

8.1

Sinusoidal Wave Form Analysis

8.1.1

Outline the general principles of AC generation in respect of:

a. Single phase
b. Three phase
8.1.2

In relation to voltage, current and power, define the following:

a. Average

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b. Instantaneous
c. Peak
d. Peak to peak
e. Root mean square (RMS)
8.1.3

Perform calculations involving voltage, current and power, given variables.

8.1.4

Describe sinusoidal waveform with respect to the following:

a. Angular velocity (Radians)

b. Cycle
c. Frequency and resonant frequency
d. Period
e. Phase
8.1.5

With respect to sinusoidal waveform, perform calculations given variables.

8.1.6

Identify the functions and effects of the following waves:

a. Triangular
b. Square.
8.1.7

Calculate the effects on frequency with variation in the number of alternator poles and RPM. 2

8.1.8

Describe harmonics and the effect that odd and even harmonics have on fundamental wave
shapes.

Direct Current (DC)

Study Ref. 1 2 5 & 6

9.1

Theory of Operation

9.1.1

Describe how AC to DC current rectification is achieved in a basic aircraft system.

9.1.2

Describe the following factors pertaining to the operation of a DC generator:

a. The left-hand rule

b. Production of a current in a conductor
c. Graphical representation through 360 degrees, the output of an elementary generator
d. Graphical representation of the effects of commutation on the output of a generator
through 360 degrees
e. The effects of multiple armature loops on generator output
f.

Multiple poles

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g. Ripple output and how it is reduced

h. Excitation and self-excitation
i.

Residual magnetism

9.2

Types of DC Generator

9.2.1

Describe the construction, principles of operation and general characteristics of the

following types of DC generator:

a. Self-excited
b. Series-wound
c. Shunt-wound
d. Compound-wound
e. Differential-compounding
f.

Cumulative-compounding

g. Starter generators
9.2.2

Describe the advantages, disadvantages and aeronautical applications of various types of

DC generators.

9.2.3

State which type of generator is most commonly found in light aircraft applications.

9.2.4

Compare the voltage/load characteristics of the various types of DC generators.

9.2.5

Describe:

a. How aircraft DC generators are typically rated

b. The importance of rating
c. Where the rating may be found
9.2.6

Define the term coming in speed with respect to a generator coming on line.

9.2.7

Specify the importance of direction of rotation and how it is determined.

9.3

DC Generator Construction

9.3.1

Outline the construction of a typical 24-volt aircraft DC generator including the function
and operation of the following components:

a. Armature
b. Commutator; segments, risers, mica separators and wedges
c. Slots
d. Coils
e. Shaft
f.

Splined drive

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g. Field frame
h. Field windings
i.

Bearing arrangement

j.

Brushes, springs and holders

k. Pole shoes
l.

Laminated cores

m. Air scoop
n. Terminal posts or boxes
9.3.2

Specify the significance of A, F and E terminals and what electrical connections would
normally be made at each.

9.4

Maintenance

9.4.1

Identify the cause and effects of armature reaction in a DC generator.

9.4.2

Specify how armature reaction is corrected through the use of inter-poles or brush
placement.

9.4.3

Describe the following activities associated with the in-service maintenance of generators:

a. Installation procedures
b. Checking and adjustment of drive belts
c. Commutator serviceability
d. Brush, brush holder, and spring serviceability
e. Spring tension checks
f.

Cleaning of parts

g. Insulation checks
h. Checks for field shorts
i.

Checks for armature shorts

j.

Bedding of brushes

k. Rectification of typical generator defects

l.

Voltage regulator operation

m. Load considerations when making voltage adjustments

9.4.4

Outline the basic principles of how the output voltage is normally regulated on a DC
generator.

9.4.4

Describe the testing of a DC generator with particular regard to the following:

a. Low or no output

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b. Type of equipment used

c. Identification and likely causes of defects

10

Aircraft Alternators
Study Ref. 1 2 5 & 6

10.1

Types of Aircraft Alternator

10.1.1

Describe the following types of alternator in aeronautical use:

a. DC alternators
b. AC alternators Constant frequency and frequency wild systems
c. Inverters (static and rotary)
10.1.2

State the advantages, disadvantages, and common applications of each type of alternator:

10.2

Construction

10.2.1

Describe the construction of a DC alternator with particular regard to the following:

a. Rotor shaft
b. Rotor windings
c. Segments and fingers
d. Slip rings
e. Brushes
f.

Stator frame (laminated soft iron)

g. Stator windings or coil sets

h. Coil connections
i.

Rectifier diodes

10.3

Operation

10.3.1

Specify the principles of operation of a DC alternator with particular regard to the

following:

a. Three phase stator configuration

b. Output current
c. Y connections
d. Wave form during 360 degree rotation
e. AC rectification and voltage reduction for battery charging
f.

Voltage control

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g. Transistorised voltage regulators

10.3.2

Define what is meant by the term rectification.

10.3.3

State how rectification is achieved in an AC system.

10.4

Maintenance

10.4.1

Identify the following faults relating to an alternator not producing power, and how they
would be found and rectified:

a. Open field circuit

b. Shorted or open diode in the rectifier circuit
10.4.2

Specify the effects of battery polarity on rectifying diode serviceability.

10.4.3

Describe the adverse effects of flashing the field on a DC alternator.

10.4.4

Describe the importance of electrical load during DC alternator operation.

11

DC Motors
Study Ref. 1 2 5 & 6

11.1

Types of DC Motor

11.1.1

Describe the following types of DC motors:

a. Series wound
b. Shunt wound
c. Compound wound
11.1.2

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of types of motors.

11.1.3

Specify typical aeronautical applications for each type of motor.

11.1.4

Graph the speed/load characteristics of the various types of DC motor

11.1.5

State how speed may be controlled in a no-load situation.

11.1.6

Explain how electrodynamic braking is achieved in an electric motor, including control of

field and armature currents.

11.2

Construction

11.2.1

Describe the construction, armature and field connections of the following types of DC
motor:

a. Series wound
b. Shunt wound
c. Compound wound

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11.3

Operation

11.3.1

Describe the principles of operation of the following types of DC motor:

a. Series wound
b. Shunt wound
c. Compound wound
11.3.2

Describe the following:

a. Right hand rule for basic motor operation

b. The effects of parallel current carrying conductors
c. Developing torque
d. Principles of operation of the basic DC motor
e. The purpose of having two field windings wound in opposite directions
11.3.3

Specify how the following functions are achieved:

a. Motor speed change

b. Reversing motor direction
c. Motor braking (mechanical and electrodynamic)
11.4

Electrically Powered Actuators

11.4.1

With regard to actuators in an aircraft electrical system, describe the following:

a. Typical applications for linear and rotary types

b. Types of electrical motor used
c. Braking systems commonly used
d. Speed control
e. Reversing devices
f.

Travel adjustment

g. Maintenance requirements
11.5

Maintenance

11.5.1

Identify the following losses that occur when electrical energy is converted into mechanical
energy.

a. Copper losses
b. Iron losses
c. Eddy current losses
11.5.2

Explain how losses caused during energy conversion may be minimised.

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11.5.3

Identify the cause and effects of back EMF in a motor armature relative to the various types
of motor.

11.5.4

Describe the following inspection and maintenance activities associated with DC motors:

a. Brush serviceability checks

b. Commutator serviceability
c. Wiring and connections
d. Bearings
e. Lubrication requirements
f.

12

Requirements for a load when testing a series wound motor removed from the
aircraft system

Transformers
Study Ref. 1 2 & 5

12.1

Transformer Principles

12.1.1

Describe construction and operating principles of a transformer.

12.1.2

Identify transformer losses and state how they are minimised.

12.1.3

Specify the action of a transformer under the following conditions:

a. Load
b. No load
c. Resistive load
d. Inductive load
e. Capacitive load
12.1.4

Describe power transfer, efficiency and the relevance of polarity markings.

12.1.5

From given data calculate:

a. Efficiency
b. Power
c. Primary or secondary current
d. Primary or secondary voltage
e. Turns ratio
12.1.6

Specify the operation and use of autotransformers, current transformers and variacs.

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13

Resistance
Study Ref. 1 2

13.1

Resistance

13.1.1

Describe resistance and factors that affect its value.

13.1.2

Define the following terms.

a. Positive and negative temperature coefficient

b. Conductance
c. Specific resistance
13.2

Resistors

13.2.1

Specify the composition, performance (stability and tolerance) and limitations of the
following fixed resistors:

a. Carbon composition
b. Carbon film
c. Metallic film
d. Wire wound
13.2.2

Outline the following types of variable resistor:

a. Carbon film
b. Thermistor
c. Voltage dependent resistor and varistor
d. Wire wound
13.2.3

Identify resistor colour codes, values and tolerances.

13.2.4

Describe the system of preferred values and wattage ratings.

13.2.5

State the factors that affect the resistance of a wire conductor.

13.2.6

Outline the construction and use of potentiometers and rheostats.

13.2.7

State the effect on the output voltage when the load is varied.

13.2.8

Describe the characteristics of a good insulator material.

13.3

Power

13.3.1

Specify the dissipation of power by a resistor.

13.3.2

In electrical terms, define power, work, and potential and kinetic energy.

13.3.3

Convert horsepower to watts and vice versa.

13.3.4

State the power formula.

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13.3.5

Describe the maximum power transfer theorem.

13.3.6

Perform calculations involving power, work and energy.

14

Capacitance
Study Ref. 1 & 2

14.1

Capacitance

14.1.1

State the unit of capacitance and explain the following relationships:

a. C= KA/D
b. Q=CV
14.1.2

Describe the following factors affecting capacitance:

a. Area of the plates

b. Dielectric and dielectric strength
c. Dielectric constant
d. Distance between the plates
e. Number of plates
14.1.3

Describe the following factors:

a. Relationship between capacitance and working voltage

b. Voltage rating
c. Working voltage
d. Losses and efficiency
14.2

Capacitors

14.2.1

Outline the basic construction and principle of operation of a capacitor.

14.2.2

Describe the construction, principles of operation and application of the following

capacitors:

a. Ceramic
b. Electrolytic
c. Mica
d. Paper
e. Tantalum
14.2.3

State the common types of variable capacitor.

14.2.4

State the preferred values of capacitors and the method of colour coding.

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14.2.5

Explain the procedure for testing a capacitor with an ohmmeter and be able to identify the
following:

a. Leaking capacitor
b. Open circuit
c. Short circuit
14.2.6

Describe the exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor and state the time constant
(T=CR).

14.2.7

Identify the main uses of a capacitor such as in:

a. DC blocking
b. Energy storage

15

Circuits
Study Ref. 1 & 2

15.1

Circuit Terminology

15.1.1

Define the following terms:

a. Closed circuit
b. Open circuit
c. Short circuit
15.1.2

Define Ohms law and Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws.

15.1.3

Perform calculations using the Ohms and Kirchhoffs laws to find:

a. Resistance
b. Voltage
c. Current in a circuit
including the effects of adding or removing electrical components.
15.1.4

Describe the significance of the internal resistance of a supply.

15.1.5

Explain what causes the heating effect in a conductor.

15.2

Series and Parallel Circuits

Resistors

15.2.1

Specify the effects of connecting resistors in series, parallel and combinations thereof.

15.2.2

Calculate total resistance using series, parallel and series-parallel combinations of

resistors.

15.2.3

Perform resistance calculations from given information.

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15.2.4

Describe the principles of a Wheatstone Bridge.

15.2.5

Perform calculations using potential dividers and a Wheatstone Bridge.

15.2.6

Describe the polarities of potential differences in resistive circuits and the potential at
various points in a circuit.

Capacitors
15.2.7

Calculate capacitance and voltage for series and parallel circuits.

Inductors
15.2.8

Calculate total inductance in a series, parallel and series-parallel circuit.

15.2.9

Describe the exponential rise and fall of a current in an inductive resistive (LR) circuit.

15.2.10

Determine the time constant T=L/R.

15.3

Series and Parallel Resonance

15.3.1

Define the following terms:

a. Resonance
b. Bandwidth
Series Resonance
15.3.2

Describe how the properties of a series reactive circuit change at resonance.

15.3.3

When the frequency of a series resonant circuit is varied, describe the effect on:

a. Current
b. Impedance
c. Phase angle
15.3.4

Describe and interpret frequency response curves for series resonant circuits.

15.3.5

From given information, calculate the resonant frequency of a circuit.

15.3.6

Describe and calculate the voltage magnification factor Q of a circuit.

15.3.7

Specify the effect that resonance has on Q and resonance curves.

15.3.8

Calculate bandwidth, given variables.

Parallel Resonance
15.3.9

Specify how the properties of a parallel resonant circuit change at resonance.

15.3.10

When the frequency of a parallel circuit is varied, describe the effect on:

a. Current
b. Impedance
c. Phase angle

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15.3.11

Describe and interpret frequency response curves for parallel resonant circuits.

15.3.12

Specify the operation and use of a tank circuit.

15.4

Inductive, Capacitive and Resistive Circuits

15.4.1

In relation to series and parallel L, C and R circuits, describe the relationship between
voltage and current across the circuit components.

15.4.2

Given a circuit diagram with variables, calculate:

a. Applied and component voltage

b. Current
c. Impedance
d. Phase angle
e. Power factor
15.4.3

Describe:

a. True power
b. Apparent power
c. Reactive power
15.4.4

Given variables, calculate true, apparent and reactive power.

15.4.5

Given variables in relation to purely resistive, capacitive and inductive circuits:

a. Apply Ohms Law to determine voltage, current and opposition to current flow.
b. Calculate inductive and capacitive reactance and state the factors that affect them.
c. Describe and calculate impedance and phase angle.
d. Describe the power dissipation and phase relationship between voltage and
current.
15.5

Methods of Coupling

15.5.1

Describe the following factors in regard to coupling:

a. Mutual inductive coupling

b. Resistive coupling
c. Auto-inductive coupling
d. Capacitive coupling
e. Equivalent resistance
f.

Coupling factor

g. Resonance curves

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15.6

Voltage Regulation

15.6.1

Specify the following conditions and state the means of compensation required for each:

a. Over-voltage
b. Under-voltage
c. Reverse current
15.6.2

Specify the operation of typical circuits designed to provide voltage protection.

15.6.3

Solve problems related to typical voltage regulation circuits.

15.6.4

Outline the basic principles of operation and typical uses of the following types of voltage
regulator:

a. Carbon pile
b. Transistor and transistorised
c. Vibrator
d. Mechanical
e. Cut-outs
15.6.5

With respect to a three-unit type regulator, describe the functions and operations of the
following coils and how they interact with the system:

a. Current limiter
b. Reverse current
c. Voltage regulator
15.6.6

Specify the purpose of generator paralleling with particular regard to following:

a. Negative lead paralleling

b. Positive lead paralleling

16

Electrical Drawings, Diagrams, Schematics & Symbols

Study Ref. 5 & 6

16.1

Symbols and Conventions General

16.1.1

Reproduce the standard electrical system symbols and drawing conventions used to depict
the following components in an aircraft electrical system:

a. Polarity
b. Direction of flow
c. Test-point recognition symbols
d. Adjustability or variability symbols

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e. Special property indicators for temperature dependence, magnetic field

dependence and storage
f.

Physical-state recognition symbols for gas, air or pneumatic, liquid and solid

g. Ground
h. Electrical disconnect
i.

Lamp

j.

Alternating current source

k. Permanent magnet
l.

Bus Bars

m. Splice
16.2

Conductors

16.2.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for conductors:

a. Single
b. Electrical intersection
c. Crossover
d. Terminal
16.3

Resistors

16.3.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for resistors:

a. General
b. Tapped
c. Adjustable contact
d. Variable (Rheostat)
e. Thermistor
f.

Photoconductive Transducer

g. Piezoelectric crystal unit

16.4

Batteries

16.4.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for batteries:

a. One-cell
b. Multi-cell
16.5

Capacitors

16.5.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for capacitors:

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a. General
b. Electrolytic
c. Fixed
d. Variable
e. Shielded
f.

Feed-through

g. Polarised
h. Variable with mechanical linkage
16.6

Semiconductors

16.6.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for semiconductors:

a. Diode
b. Zener diode
c. Silicon controlled rectifier
d. PNP transistor
e. NPN transistor
16.7

Transformers

16.7.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for transformers:

a. Basic
b. Iron cored
c. Auto
16.8

Meters

16.8.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for meters:

a. Voltmeter
b. Ammeter
16.9

Generators

16.9.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for generators:

a. DC Generators (2 Symbols)
b. AC Generator
16.10

Motors

16.10.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for motors:

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a. DC Motors (2 Symbols)
b. DC Reversible
c. AC Motors
16.11

Fields, Generator or Motor

16.11.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for fields in generators or
motors:

a. Compensating or commuting
b. Series
c. Shunt or separately excited
16.12

Connectors

16.12.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for connectors:

a. Removable
b. Fixed
c. Bulkhead
d. All pins shown
e. Not all pins shown
f.

Pin and socket designations

16.13

Circuit Breakers and Other Current Limiting Devices

16.13.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for circuit breakers and other
current limiting devices:

a. Automatic reset
b. Push reset
c. Push reset pull off
d. Switch type
e. Momentary switch type
f.

IOA fuse

g. Current limiter
h. Circuit breaker with thermal overload device
i.

Circuit breaker with magnetic overload device

16.14

Thermocouples

16.14.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for thermocouples:

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a. Temperature-measuring thermocouple with integral heater

b. Thermocouple with integral insulated heater
16.15

Solenoids and Relays

16.15.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for solenoids and relays:

a. Single pole single throw

b. Single pole double throw
c. Double pole single throw
d. Double pole double throw
e. Heavy duty contactor (Starter relay)
f.

Heavy duty contactor (AN Type)

g. SPST Momentary on
h. SPDT Normal or momentary contacts
i.

MPDT normal or momentary contacts

16.16

Switches

16.16.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for switches:

a. Single pole single and double throw

b. Double pole single and double throw
c. Push switch normally open
d. Push switch normally closed
e. Temperature-actuated switch
f.

Flasher

g. Contactor
h. Limit switch
i.

Locking switch

j.

Knife switch

k. Pressure or vacuum actuated switch

l.

Non locking switch

m. Selector or multi position switch

n. Multi-way transfer switch

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16.17

Power Supply Connectors

16.17.1

Reproduce the following standard electrical system symbols for power supply connectors:

a. Non-polarised male connector

b. Non-polarised female connector
c. Polarised female connector
d. Polarised three-conductor connector, male
e. Female contact
f.

Male contact

g. Receptacle
h. Plug
i.

Connectors engaged

j.

Coaxial connector

16.18

Aircraft Electrical Drawings

16.18.1

Decode the following drawings pertaining to common general aviation type aircraft:
(Examples Cessna and Piper)

a. Electrical system schematic diagrams

b. Block diagrams
c. Assembly diagrams
d. Trouble shooting flow charts
e. Fault-tree analysis tables
16.19

Title Blocks

16.19.1

Using the above drawing types, determine the following information:

a. Title block format

b. Line conventions
c. Notes
d. Abbreviations and component identification markings
e. Drawing number
f.

Identification code

g. Scale
h. Equipment table
i.

Parts listings

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j.

Revision details

k. Wire codes and gauges

l.

Materials

m. Terminals
n. Assembly arrangements
o. System/Component layout
p. Component location
q. Bulkhead and structural connections
r.

Special mounting and insulation requirements

s. Identification of components with reference to aircraft wing and fuselage stations

16.19.2

Extract information relevant to aircraft wiring installations from electrical wire charts.

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