Principle and Operation of Transformer

COURSE OUTCOME 1
Principle and Operation of Single-Phase Transformers
• Principle and Operation of Two-Winding Transformer

• Elementary Theory of An Ideal Transformer
• Transformer Tests
• Transformer Equivalent Circuit and Voltage Regulation
• Short-Circuit Test and Copper Loss
• Open-Circuit Test and Core Loss
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EEA107 | ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND DEVICES
29/11/2023 1
EEA107
Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Module 1 Topic 1
Principle and Operation of Two-Winding
Transformer
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Characteristics of Practical Transformer
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of

which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the
same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a
circuit but with a corresponding increase or decrease in current. The
physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits
linked by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two
inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked
through a path of low reluctance as shown.

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The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a
source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated
core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces
mutually induced EMF (according to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction). If the second coil circuit is closed, current flows in it and so
electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from first point some
point the first, in which energy the AC supply mains, is called primary
winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary
winding.

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In brief, a transformer is a device that:

• transfers electric power from one circuit to another
• it does so without a change in frequency
• it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
• where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each
other

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Elementary Theory of An Ideal Transformer
The average induced voltage is equal to:
𝜙𝑚
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑁 ∙
𝑡
where: 𝐸𝑎 is average induced emf in a coil

𝑁 is number of turns in a coil
𝑡 is the time for flux to change by 𝜙𝑚 in Wb.

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Elementary Theory of An Ideal Transformer
The general transformer equation is:
𝐸 = 4.44𝑓𝜙𝑚 𝑁

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1. The 2300-V primary winding of a
60-Hz transformer has 4800 turns.
Calculate:
a. the mutual flux in Wb and Mx.

b. the number of turns in the 230-V
secondary winding.

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2. The maximum flux in the core of
a 60-Hz transformer that has 1320
primary turns and 46 secondary
turns is 3.76 x 106 Mx. Calculate the
primary and secondary induced
voltages.

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Voltage and Current Ratios in a Transformer
Referring to the general voltage equation of a

transformer, it is clear that the volts per turn 𝐸/𝑁
is exactly the same for both the primary and
secondary windings because each equal
4.44𝑓𝜙𝑚 . This indicates that, in any transformer,
the primary and secondary induced voltages are
related to each other by the ratio of the number
of primary and secondary turns.

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Voltage and Current Ratios in a Transformer
Static transformers are extremely efficient

because the only losses are those that occur in
the copper windings (𝐼 2 𝑅 losses) and in the iron
(hysteresis and eddy-current losses); there are no
losses resulting from rotation, such as are present
in rotating machines. If the input to a transformer
is assumed to equal to the output of a
transformer (𝜂 = 100%), and the voltage drops are
considered negligible then,

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3. The secondary winding of a 4600/230-V
transformer has 36 turns. How many turns
are there in the primary winding?

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4. The volts per turn in a 25-Hz, 2400/230-V
transformer is 8. Calculate:
a. the primary and secondary turns
b. the maximum flux in the core

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5. The secondary load current of a
2300/115-V transformer is 46 A. Calculate
the primary current.

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6. The primary and secondary currents of a
transformer were measured and found to be
3.8 A and 152 A respectively. If the
secondary load voltage is 116 V, what is the
primary EMF?

29/11/2023 16

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COURSE OUTCOME 1

Principle and Operation of Single-Phase Transformers

• Principle and Operation of Two-Winding Transformer

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

In brief, a transformer is a device that:

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

The average induced voltage is equal to:

where: 𝐸𝑎 is average induced emf in a coil

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

The general transformer equation is:

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

a. the mutual flux in Wb and Mx.

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Referring to the general voltage equation of a

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Static transformers are extremely efficient

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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