Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 96 views

    Components 1. Diode: Semiconductor Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Varanasi Ramakrishna
    Diodes allow electric current to flow in only one direction by using a semiconductor material. Most modern diodes use a P-N junction made of differing semiconductors that creates a depletion layer preventing current from flowing the opposite direction. Voltage regulators like the 7805 and 7812 maintain a steady output voltage from a varying input voltage using three terminals - input, ground, and output. Capacitors store energy in an electric field between conductive plates separated by a dielectric and are used widely in electronic circuits to filter signals. Transistors can amplify or switch electronic signals and are made of semiconductor materials arranged to have a base, collector, and emitter that controls current flow between the two using a small base current. Res

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Components 1. Diode: Semiconductor Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Varanasi Ramakrishna
    96 views8 pages
    Diodes allow electric current to flow in only one direction by using a semiconductor material. Most modern diodes use a P-N junction made of differing semiconductors that creates a depletion layer preventing current from flowing the opposite direction. Voltage regulators like the 7805 and 7812 maintain a steady output voltage from a varying input voltage using three terminals - input, ground, and output. Capacitors store energy in an electric field between conductive plates separated by a dielectric and are used widely in electronic circuits to filter signals. Transistors can amplify or switch electronic signals and are made of semiconductor materials arranged to have a base, collector, and emitter that controls current flow between the two using a small base current. Res

    Original Description:

    Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsBasic Components

    Original Title

    Basic Components

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Diodes allow electric current to flow in only one direction by using a semiconductor material. Most modern diodes use a P-N junction made of differing semiconductors that creates a depletion layer preventing current from flowing the opposite direction. Voltage regulators like the 7805 and 7812 maintain a steady output voltage from a varying input voltage using three terminals - input, ground, and output. Capacitors store energy in an electric field between conductive plates separated by a dielectric and are used widely in electronic circuits to filter signals. Transistors can amplify or switch electronic signals and are made of semiconductor materials arranged to have a base, collector, and emitter that controls current flow between the two using a small base current. Res

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    96 views8 pages

    Components 1. Diode: Semiconductor Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Varanasi Ramakrishna
    Diodes allow electric current to flow in only one direction by using a semiconductor material. Most modern diodes use a P-N junction made of differing semiconductors that creates a depletion layer preventing current from flowing the opposite direction. Voltage regulators like the 7805 and 7812 maintain a steady output voltage from a varying input voltage using three terminals - input, ground, and output. Capacitors store energy in an electric field between conductive plates separated by a dielectric and are used widely in electronic circuits to filter signals. Transistors can amplify or switch electronic signals and are made of semiconductor materials arranged to have a base, collector, and emitter that controls current flow between the two using a small base current. Res

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Components

    1. Diode
    In electronics, a diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of
    charge carriers. Essentially, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction,
    but blocks it in the opposite direction. Today the most common diodes are made
    from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.

    Semiconductor Diodes
    Most modern diodes are based on semiconductor P-N junctions. In a P-N diode,
    conventional current can flow from the P-type side (the anode) to the N-type side
    (the cathode), but not in the opposite direction. A semiconductor diode s currentvoltage, or I-V, characteristic curve is ascribed to the behaviour of the so-called
    depletion layer or depletion zone which exists at the P-N junction between the
    differing semiconductors. When a P-N junction is first created, conduction band
    (mobile) electrons from the N-doped region diffuse into the P-doped region where
    there is a large population of holes (places for electrons in which no electron is
    present) with which the electrons recombine. When a mobile electron recombines

    with a hole, the hole vanishes and the electron is no longer mobile. Thus, two
    charge carriers have vanished. The region around the P-N junction becomes
    depleted of charge carriers and thus behaves as an insulator.

    2.Voltage regulator

    7805 Voltage regulator


    5V DC Voltage Regulator Data Sheet / Specs
    The 7805 provides circuit designers with an easy way to regulate DC voltages to
    5v.

    Encapsulated in a single chip/package (IC), the 7805 is a positive voltage DC


    regulator that has only 3 terminals. They are: Input voltage, Ground, Output
    Voltage. Although the 7805 were primarily designed for a fixed-voltage output
    (5V). 7812 Voltage regulator

    12V DC Voltage Regulator Data Sheet / Specs The 78012 provides circuit
    designers with an easy way to regulate DC voltages to 12v. Encapsulated in a
    single chip/package (IC), the 78012 is a positive voltage DC regulator that has only
    3 terminals. They are: Input voltage, Ground, Output Voltage. Although the 78012
    were primarily designed for a fixed-voltage output (12V). 7812 Voltage regulator
    It is indeed possible to use external components in order to obtain DC output
    voltages of: 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 20V, 24V. Note that the input
    voltage must, of course, be greater than the required output voltage, so that it can
    be regulated downwards

    4.Capacitor
    In the Regulated power supply the rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000F.
    A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
    component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical
    capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated
    by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal
    foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as
    parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.When there is a
    potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops
    across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative
    charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal

    capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in


    farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
    difference between them.

    The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas
    of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an
    early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a
    small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
    resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an
    undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic
    circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in
    filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits
    that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems
    for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.

    5.Transistor

    An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode. In typical
    operation, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the basecollector
    junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive
    voltage is applied to the baseemitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally
    generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes
    unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region.
    These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high
    concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the
    collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is
    doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.

    Transistors can be regarded as a type of switch, as can many electronic


    components. They are used in a variety of circuits and you will find that it is rare
    that a circuit built in a school Technology Department does not contain at least one
    transistor. They are central to electronics and there are two main types; NPN and

    PNP. Most circuits tend to use NPN. There are hundreds of transistors which work
    at different voltages but all of them fall into these two categories.

    Transistors are manufactured in different shapes but they have three leads (legs).
    The BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
    The COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.The EMITTER - which is the
    negative lead.The diagram below shows the symbol of an NPN transistor. They are
    not always set out as shown in the diagrams to the left and right, although the tab
    on the type shown to the left is usually next to the emitter.

    6.Resistors
    A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
    resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion
    to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied
    across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called
    resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law: where I is the current
    through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured
    across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in

    units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
    constant, independent of the current. Resistors are common elements of electrical
    networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.
    Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
    resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome).
    Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog
    devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

    The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common


    commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
    magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required
    precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of
    the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature
    coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications.
    Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which
    must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit:
    this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher

    power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage
    circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of
    the resistor

    You might also like