What we will Learn…

 What is a current?
 How to draw electric circuit diagrams
 What is potential difference, voltage and E.M.F?
 What is resistance?
 Circuits arranged in series versus parallel
 Fixed resistors versus variable resistors
 Effects of electric current
What is Electricity

Electricity is a form of energy that

Definition:
can be easily changed to other forms.
Where does Electricity come from?

Mainly 2 sources:

1) Power Stations
 Supply a lot of electricity
 Used in many electrical appliances
2) Electric Cells (batteries)
 Supply a little electricity
 Portable - Safe
How does an Electrical Appliance Work

 To make an electrical appliance work,

electricity must flow through it.
 The flow of electricity is called an electric
current.
 The path along which the electric current
moves is called the electric circuit.
 1.An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charges in a circuit.

What is an Electric Current

 An electric current is the rate of flow of electric

charges in a circuit.
Electric Charges

 Electric charges are made up of positive

charges (protons) and negative charges
(electrons).
 When these charges flow in a circuit, a
current is produced.
How does electricity Flow?

 The battery in a circuit gives energy to the

electrons and pushes them around a
circuit, from the negative terminal of the
cell, round the circuit and back to the
positive terminal of the cell.
 How to measure Current?
 The SI unit for electric current is ampere (A).
Smaller currents are measured in milliamperes (mA).
1 A = 1,000 mA 1 mA = 0.001 A
 Different electrical components and appliances require
different sizes of current to turn them on.
Instrument to Measure Current

 An ammeter is an instrument used for

measuring electric current.
Voltage

 An electric cell gives energy to the

electrons and pushes them round a circuit.
Voltage is a measure of how much energy
the electrons receive.
 Different voltages are supplied by
different cells and batteries. 1.5 V Dry
Cell 12 V Car Battery 9 V Dry Cell
How to Measure Voltage

 The SI unit for voltage is volt (V).

 A voltmeter is an instrument used for
measuring voltages.
Electromotive Force(EMF)

 Electromotive force is the same as

voltage.
 E.m.f refers to the amount of energy
supplied by the electric source (eg.
battery) to each unit of electric charge
 Potential Difference

 This difference in electric potential between 2 points

in a circuit is known as the potential difference. It is
the same as VOLTAGE also
Resistance

When an electric current flows through a circuit,

there will be some resistance that opposes it.
It can be measured by,
Resistance = V divide by I
 Good conductors of electricity have LOW
RESISTANCE.
(Eg. Metal objects) – Electricity is able to flow
through them very easily
 Poor conductors of electricity have HIGH
RESISTANCE.
(Eg. Wood, cloth) – Electricity is not able to flow
through them very easily
 The SI unit for resistance is ohm ()
 Different electrical components have
different resistance
 For example, nichrome wires have a
higher resistance than copper wires. So
should we use nichrome or copper to
make wires?
Resistors

 An electrical component that is specially

made to have a certain resistance is called
a resistor.
 They can be connected in a circuit to
resist the current flow.
Fixed Resistors and Variable Resistors

 Fixed resistors have only one resistance

value
 Variable resistors can be adjusted to
change the resistance. fixed resistor
symbol variable resistor symbol
 Variable resistors are useful in light
dimmers
BASICS OF ELECTRONICS
We will be discussing…..

 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Diode
 Transistor
RESISTORS

 Resistors are used to limit current or divide

voltage and in some cases, generate heat.
 Used for driving circuit which requires low
current and voltage than available.
 A two terminal non-polarized component.
Cont..

 Unit of resistance is ohm.

 Notation for resistance
O- for ohm
K- for kilo ohm
M- for mega ohm
Physical appearance
Color code table
Practical Use

 To reduce the current flowing in circuit,

use resistance in parallel.
 Toreduce the voltage for any circuit, use
resistance in series.
CAPACITORS

 A two terminal electronic component which stores

energy in form of charge.
 capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability to
store charge.
 A large capacitance means that more charge can
be stored.
 Capacitance is measured in Farads(F) but prefixes
like µF and pF for smaller values.
Types of capacitors

 Polarized

which have specified positive and

negative terminals.

 Non-polarized

no defined polarity for terminals.

Practical use

 Used for making timer circuits, when

used with resistance.
 Used in clipper, clamper circuit.
 Used for providing instantaneous large
power as in flashlight of cameras.
 Used in DC filter circuits.
DIODES

 A two-terminal electronic component that

conducts electric current in only one
direction.
The direction of arrow shows the only
possible direction of current.
Types of diodes

 LED i.e Light Emitting Diodes

These diodes emit light when provided with
power supply.
 Photodiode

These diode generates currents when exposed to

light.
Practical use

 Used for making gates

 Used for making rectifiers
 Used as a switch
 LED as indicators
 Photodiodes as light detector
TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device

commonly used to amplify or switch electronic
signals.
 Device with three terminals where one terminal
can be use to control the flow of current
through the other two terminals.
Contd….
 The three terminals are Emitter, Base and Collector
 Transistor are of two types:
1-> n-p-n
A straight switch

2-> p-n-p
A inverted switch
n-p-n as straight switch

 When base of n-p-n is connected with logic high

voltage then it short circuit emitter and collector
(SWITCH ON).
 When base of n-p-n is connected with logic low
voltage then it open circuit both emitter and
collector (SWITCH OFF).
p-n-p as inverted switch

 When base of p-n-p is connected with logic high

voltage then it open circuit emitter and collector
(SWITCH OFF).
 When base of p-n-p is connected with logic low
voltage then it short circuit both emitter and
collector (SWITCH ON).
Practically used…

 As a switch
 As an amplifier
 For realizing logic gates
 Basic Electrical Safety

 Objectives
Be familiar with the fundamental concepts of electricity
 Be familiar with the effects of electricity on the human body
 Be able to recognize common electrical hazards.
 Be familiar with electrical protective devices.
Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards

 To flow electricity must have a complete path.

 Electricity flows through conductors

water, metal, the human body

 Insulators are non-conductors
 The human body is a conductor.
Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
 Hazards of Electricity

Electrocution/Shock/Burns/Death
 Voltage

electrical pressure
 Amperage

electrical flow rate

 Impedance

restriction to electrical flow

 Circuit
path of flow of electricity

 Circuit Element
objects which are part of a circuit and
through which current flows.

 Fault
current flow through an unintended path.
 Electrical Protection
 Circuit Breakers
Provided to protect EQUIPMENT not people
Do not reset breakers with a line voltage higher than 120V and only reset if you know why it
tripped

 Distance
If you sense the presence of an electrical hazard or exposed conductors that may be
energized, keep your distance and STAY AWAY
Grounding

 What is Grounding?
Protection from electric shock normally a secondary protection measure

 A ground is a conductive connection between electrical

circuit or equipment and earth or ground plane creates
a low resistance to the earth.
Basic Rules of Electrical Action

 Electricity isn’t live until current flows

 Electrical current won’t flow until there is a complete loop, out

from and back to the power source.
Do’s and Don’ts

 Do plug power equipment into wall

receptacles with power switches in the
Off position.
 Do unplug electrical equipment by
grasping the plug and pulling. Do not pull
or jerk the cord to unplug the equipment.
 Do not drape power cords over hot pipes,
radiators or sharp objects.
 Do check the receptacle for missing or
damaged parts.
 Do not plug equipment into defective
receptacles.
 Do check for frayed, cracked, or exposed
wiring on equipment cords.
 Do check for defective cords clamps at
locations where the power cord enters the
equipment or the attachment plug.
 Extension cords should not be used in
office areas. Generally, extension cords
should be limited to use by maintenance
personnel
 “Cheater plugs”, extension cords with
junction box receptacle ends or other jury-
rigged equipment should not be used.
 Consumer electrical equipment or
appliances should not be used if not
properly grounded.
 Employees should know the location of
electrical circuit breaker panels that
control equipment and lighting in their
 Temporary or permanent storage of any
materials must not be allowed within 3
feet of any electrical panel or electrical
equipment.
 Any electrical equipment causing shocks
or with high leakage potential must be
tagged with a Danger tag or equivalent.
Myths and Misconceptions

 Electricity takes the path of least

resistance.
 Electricity wants to go to ground.
 If an electric tools falls into a sink or tub
of water, the item will short out.
 AC reverse polarity is not hazardous.
 It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts is
not dangerous.