Kerr Effect
Kerr Effect
Kerr Effect
OBJECTIVE
1. The phase-shift between the normal and the extra-ordinary light beam is
to
be
recorded
respectively
for
for
different
different
voltages
electric
applied
field
to
the
strengths.
PLZT-element
The
half-wave
normal
and
extraordinary
beam
it
is
to
be
shown
that
the
INTRODUCTION
Monochromatic, vertically polarized light impinges on a PLZT element (leadlanthanum-zirconium-titanium compound) which is set in its holder at 45 to
the vertical. An electric field is applied to the PLZT element and causes
it to become birefractive. The phase-shift between the normal and the
extraordinary light beam behind the PLZT element is recorded as a function
of the applied voltage and it is shown that the phase-shift is proportional
to the square of the electric field strength respectively of the voltage
applied. From the constant of the proportionality the Kerr constant is
calculated for the PLZT element.
EXPERIMENTAL
i) Equipment
Kerr cell, PLZT-element
High voltage supply unit, 0-1 kV
Laser, He-Ne 1.0 mW, 220V AC
Polarizing filter, on stem
Optical profile bench, l = 60cm
Base for optical profile-bench, adjustable
Slide mount for optical profile-bench, h = 30 mm
Photoelement for optical base plate
Page 1 of 9
Digital multimeter
Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm
Adapter, BNC-socket 4 mm plug pair
Connecting cord, 750 mm, red
Connecting cord, 750 mm, blue
Caution:
Fig. 1
Page 2 of 9
Experimental procedures
1. The experiment is set up and aligned, as in Fig. 1.
2. Turn on the laser for about 20 minutes.
3. Adjust the voltage to zero and wait for one minute
4. Take down the I 0 value. (When both polarizer and analyzer are at 0.)
(It should be about 65 A 75 A; use A range in the digital
multimeter).
5. Turn the analyzer to 90, clockwise.
6. Adjust the voltage to 300 V.
(a)count for 5 sec and record the output voltage from the voltmeter.
(b)reduce the voltage to zero and wait for 1 minute.
7. Increase
the
voltage
in
steps
of
25V,
from
300V
until
1000V,
and
As can be seen from Fig. 1, the light from the He/Ne laser which is
vertically polarized on passing through the polarizer, impinges on the PLZT
element which is set in its holder at 45 to the vertical. The incident
linearly polarized wave can be regarded as the superimposition of two in
phase oscillating waves which are polarized, one perpendicularly and the
other parallel, to the PLZT element and to the electric field that is
applied to the PLZT element.
The two light waves pass through the PLZT element at different speeds. The
light wave which oscillates parallel to the electric field of the PLZT
element
is
delayed
relative
to
the
light
wave
which
oscillates
Page 3 of 9
For a phase difference between the two waves of /2 a linear polarized wave
results from the superimposition of the two waves after they have passed
through the PLZT element.
silicon
photodiode
with
amplifier
is
used
as
the
detector
for
the
As long ago as 1875 Kerr discovered that a glass plate to which a strong
electric field was applied became birefractive. It soon became clear that
this effect was not based on deformation caused by the electric field as
the same phenomenon was observed in liquids and even in gases.
The
PLZT
element
used
in
this
experiment
has
the
advantage
that
the
Ti
0.3503.
element
behaves
With
like
regard
to
transparent
the
transmission
polycrystal.
For
of
light
=
633
the
nm
PLZT
its
Within the PLZT element there are already prepolarized domains which grow
or which are reorientated by the applied electric field. In this way, the
element becomes optically anisotropic respectively birefractive. Regarding
the above mentioned electro-optical modulation, it should be pointed out
that the element can deal with modulation frequencies of up to 100 kHz.
Page 4 of 9
Fig. 2
= 1.4 mm.
The width represents the distance between the electrodes. The electric
field strength is given by the ratio of voltage applied over the distance
between the electrodes. The path of the light beam within the element is
equal to the length of the element. Active element (1) is encapsulated
using silicon hermetics (2) in isolating ring (3) and glued between two
glass plates (4). An optical glue (5) Canadian balsam was used. Wire (6)
are fixed on the electrode faces of the element and connected with BNC
socket on frame (7).
Method of Analysis
The light wave, whose field vector oscillates parallel to the electric
field,
is
called
the
extraordinary
beam
whereas
the
wave
oscillating
l (n a0 n 0
Page 5 of 9
= 2
l
(n a0 n 0
(1)
2 K l E 2
the
applied
(2)
can
be
expressed
by
voltage
and
the
inter-electrode
distance d
U
d
E =
(3)
The luminous intensity I behind the analyzer is obtained for the given
experimental apparatus (polarizer and analyzer crossed and at 45 to the
electric field on the PLZT element) from the relationship (1):
I = I 0 sin 2
(4)
I 0 is the luminous behind the analyzer when the polarizer and the analyzer
are aligned in the same direction and the electric field on the PLZT
element
is
zero.
After
substituting
(2)
in
(4)
and
using
(3),
the
followings is obtained:
U2
I 0 sin 2
K l U 2
(5)
d2
gives :
d2
.arc
K l
sin
I
I0
(6)
Page 6 of 9
By
plotting
against
2 arc
sin
I / I0
an
approximately
straight
line is obtained and the Kerr constant can be derived from its slope,
because the geometrical dimensions l and d for the Kerr cell (PLZT element)
are known.
I
U(Volt)
I0
= arc
2
sin
I
I0
300
325
350
375
400
425
:
:
950
975
1000
Plot the graph of I/I 0 vs U (volt). Indicate clearly the phase shift as
well as the voltages for which maxima and minima of luminous intensity
are observed.
reaches a maximum for the first time. At this voltage the normal and
extraordinary beam are phase-shifted by 180. It is therefore the halfwave voltage . It is a function of the PLZT element composition and of
the temperature.
Page 7 of 9
APPENDIX
424
347
265
213
162
126
96
67
46
31
21
I/I0
Phase shift
___
= 2.arc sinI/I0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
U(/2)=615[V]
U/Volt
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
615[V]
800
753[V]
900
1000
Example:
U
(Volt)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
I 0 = 76 A
2
U
2
(Volt )
I
(A)
I
I0
0.53
0.44
0.798
2.2
8.82
21.67
44.4
67.95
74.49
40.43
16.28
25.65
51.84
47.77
25.92
0.00698
0.00582
0.0105
0.0302
0.1106
0.2852
0.5844
0.8941
0.9802
0.5320
0.2142
0.3376
0.6822
0.6282
0.3411
= arc
sin
4.79
4.375
5.88
10
19.42
32.28
49.86
71.01
81.91
46.83
27.57
35.52
55.68
52.45
35.74
I
I0
(Measured)
(Actual)
9.58
8.75
11.76
20
38.84
64.56
99.72
142.02
163.82
93.66
55.14
71.04
111.36
104.9
71.48
9.58
8.75
11.76
20
38.84
64.56
99.7
142
163
266 (360-)
304 (360-)
431 (360+)
471 (360+)
615 (720-)
688 (720-)
Page 8 of 9
U /10 Volt
10
-9
[m/Volt ]
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Page 9 of 9