groundwater Exploration

The study included applying 2D electric resistivity imaging in thirteen locations which had been identified based on primary geological and topographical information of  the study area, as well as the availability extent of convenient areas and locations for survey work. Land survey were also performed to determine the elevation above sea level depending on tripling points available in the region; in addition to analyzing water samples to determine their chemical content. ABEM Terrameter LS was used for data collection, and field work was conducted in Samarra city. Wenner-Schlumberger array was applied to survey 2D linear sections by different distance between electrodes. The maximum penetrating depth was 74 meters. Two-dimensional data were analyzed and inversions by RES2DINV software. The results showed that the reasons behind the rise of groundwater levels in some locations without others are due to the existence of lenses or suspended water assemblages resulted from rain water and sewage leakage and not due to the effect of main aquifers in the region. Geoelectrical survey sections also showed the presence of dry layers and impermeable layers separating sub-surface water from the main aquifer in the region.

Barind Tract, located north western part of Bangladesh, is one of the most diversified physiographic units of the country. The surface water supply in this part is particularly limited, so the irrigation is almost entirely depends on groundwater. However, over exploitation indicates falling groundwater heads in this area. The objective of present study is to examine the nature of the aquifer system Barind Tract of Bangladesh in order to assess the sustainability of groundwater yield. Borehole lithology data were collected, processed and analyzed for this purpose. Representative panel diagram, 3-D stratigraphic and cross-sectional views were also prepared for necessary assessment of the variation of individual subsurface stratum in different locations. The study identified three subsurface geologic formations namely, a top clay layer, sand layer of different grain size and at the bottom an impermeable clay zone. Maps of formation thickness and index revealed that aquifer thickness is low in the northwestern corner and in some places of middle of southwestern corner. The thickness of sand formation in other places is recorded above 20 m. It is expect that the finding of the study will help groundwater resources development, planning and management in the area.

The allocation of groundwater resources has been a challenge for many years due to its unforeseen side effect and lag time issues, which are often overlooked. The full impact of groundwater utilization/abstraction takes time to realize its effect at its full. In this paper, long‐term effects and groundwater dynamics were assessed using a water balance model and a time series analysis, respectively. Undeveloped groundwater systems are commonly found in a state of equilibrium, where, on average, equal amounts of water are recharged and discharged. A water budget is a static accounting of the state of the system at a given time, often before the system is developed. Water balance analysis was carried out together with the groundwater through flow, hydrograph, and surface‐groundwater interaction analysis (base flow index) to develop a conceptual water balance model, which is a very basic representation of a complex natural aquifer system and is instrumental to constrain and build a robust numerical model that can be readily justified and updated. A noble approach was employed to assess and constrain the discharge coming out of the model area to sustain the lake level, located to the north of the study area, using the whole lake catchment and lake water balance analysis. Based on the lake water balance, there is a deficit between input and output computation, and hence there should be a groundwater input to sustain the historical lake area. The analysis showed that the model area contributes 40% of the lake catchment, and hence the portion of the groundwater inflow feeding the lake was computed. This is one of the means to constrain the discharge, which adds more confidence to the recharge estimation. This is very important because the size of a sustainable groundwater development usually depends on how much of the discharge from the system can be captured by the development. Capture is independent of the recharge. Instead, it depends on the dynamic response of the aquifer system to the development. The idea that knowing the recharge is important in determining the size of a sustainable groundwater development is a myth and has no basis. The important entity in determining how a groundwater system reaches a new equilibrium is capture. How capture occurs in an aquifer system is a dynamic process. Following this study, lake water balance assessment was indirectly considered as prior information for the numerical model calibration of the discharge from the model area using a conductance parameter. Conductance is a key parameter to estimate the discharge volume together with the change in the simulated hydraulic head between time steps. The water balance error highlights which one is more sensitive, and this could help to assist in planning for future data collection/field work and where to invest the money. The water balance computation helps to figure out the degree of surface‐groundwater interaction, uncertainty, sensitive parameter, helps in the decision to invest time and money, and operates as a cross check with other analytical or numerical modelling.

Nanoparticles have grown in importance over the last decade with significant consumer and industrial applications. Yet, the behavior (fate and transport) of nanoparticles in the environment is virtually unknown. Research is needed to identify, characterize, and monitor nanomaterials in the subsurface. Here, we investigate the spectral induced polarization (SIP) response of nanometallic powders (nZVI, nAg, nTiO2, nZnO, and nCeO2) in porous geologic media. Our main objective is to determine the sensitivity of the SIP response (0.1–10,000 Hz) to the presence of nanoparticles (metals and metal oxides) in porous media. The SIP response was tested under various conditions: increasing particle concentration under constant solution chemistry; varying solution molarity (0.0 M–1.0 M), and varying solution valence (+ 1, + 2, + 3 valence) under constant particle volume. We examine the results in terms of phase shift and resistance magnitude. Our data suggest that the oxide nanoparticles do not show SIP responses to increasing particle concentration, solution valence, and molarity, while the metallic particles show a clear response to increasing particle concentration, and frequency. Silver was the only material to show any significant response to increasing solution molarity, valence, and frequency. Because of the high propensity of the nanoparticles to form aggregates, they essentially behave as colloidal and clay particles allowing us to apply conventional SIP theory to our interpretation. We suggest that the oxidation state of the metals diminishes their SIP response consistent with more recent studies that have documented that polarization decreases with oxidation of metallic particles. We infer from our results that nanoparticle crystalline composition and aggregation effects control the SIP response of nanoparticles in porous media.

Statute laws concerning preventative archaeology adopted in France in 2001 for threatened sites required development of evaluation techniques. The common methodology used during the past 10 years has been extensive excavation. This method delivers a direct record of the discovered archaeological features and of their distribution. However, the success of visual observation can be variable, depending on geological context and the feasibility of envisaging the entire archaeological settlement from the part that is observed. We report here a case study from an early Middle Age settlement located on a floodplain. It was partially excavated and the alluvial context makes the features difficult to recognize for archaeologists. We show how the geophysical survey complemented the archaeological survey and allowed the detection of previously unrecognized features. In a second step, we compare the results of surveys with magnetic and electromagnetic methods on a topsoil stripped area and the neighbouring surface. From this analysis we conclude that a significant part of the unrecognized features discovered were present above the level of stripping. This example underlines that the practice of topsoil stripping has to be reconsidered, and should be integrated with geophysical survey to limit the potential loss of archaeological information.

‫الكهر‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫المتشققة‬ ‫الصخور‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫استكشاف‬ ‫مغن‬ ‫مصر‬ ، ‫المنيا‬ ‫غرب‬ ، ‫طيسية‬ ‫الخالصـة‬ : ‫تعتبر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ندر‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫في‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫المو‬ ‫تغطي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اوية،‬ ‫الصحر‬ ‫اضي‬ ‫األر‬ ‫في‬ ‫سيما‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التنمية،‬ ‫يع‬ ‫مشار‬ ‫اجه‬ ‫تو‬ ‫التي‬ ‫ئيسية‬ ‫الر‬ ‫العقبة‬ ‫هي‬ 69 % ‫من‬ ‫النيل‬ ‫ادي‬ ‫و‬ ‫حول‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫الكثافة‬ ‫من‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫اوية‬ ‫الصحر‬ ‫التنموية‬ ‫يع‬ ‫المشار‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ية‬ ‫المصر‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫تميل‬ ‫ية.‬ ‫المصر‬ ‫اضي‬ ‫األر‬. ‫االمتداد‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫محافظة‬ ‫غرب‬ ‫اوي‬ ‫الصحر‬ ‫احد‬ ‫و‬ ‫المنيا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫استصالح‬ ‫مشروع‬ ‫اضي‬ ‫األر‬ ‫استصالح‬ ‫و‬ ‫اعة‬ ‫الزر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ار‬ ‫وز‬ ‫نفذت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫اعدة‬ ‫الو‬ ‫التنموية‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫من‬ 03333 ‫بالقرب‬ ‫فدان‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫تي‬ ‫دائر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫تقع‬ ‫فدان.‬ ‫ونصف‬ ‫المليون‬ ‫استصالح‬ ‫مشروع‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫الغرب‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫في‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫من‬ 8240.22° ‫و‬ 824..89° ‫شماال‬ ‫و‬ ‫طول‬ ‫خطي‬ 0341682° ‫و‬ 034..80°. ‫قا‬ ‫شر‬ ‫و‬ ‫للطبقات‬ ‫األفقي‬ ‫و‬ ‫أسي‬ ‫الر‬ ‫االمتداد‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬ ‫ئيسي‬ ‫الر‬ ‫الهدف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫وخاصة‬ ‫سطحية‬ ‫قات‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫تم‬ ‫اسة،‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫لتحقيق‬ ‫اسة.‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫للمياه‬ ‫الحاملة‬ .9 ‫محطة‬ TEM ‫جهاز‬ ‫باستخدام‬ TEM-Fast 48HPC ‫شبكه‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫من‬ ‫في‬ ‫الر‬ ‫التكوينات‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫تم‬ ‫اسة،‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫طقة‬ ‫ينتمي‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫سمالوط‬ ‫مكون‬ ‫تتبع‬ ‫التي‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫للمياه‬ ‫الحامل‬ ‫المتشقق‬ ‫الجيري‬ ‫الحجر‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫للمياه‬ ‫الحاملة‬ ‫ئيسية‬ ‫سجلت‬ ‫الطفلة.‬ ‫من‬ ‫وتداخالت‬ ‫الضحل‬ ‫المتشقق‬ ‫البحري‬ ‫الجيري‬ ‫الحجر‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫و‬ ‫األوسط‬ ‫االيوسين‬ ‫لعصر‬ 86 ‫أصل‬ ‫من‬ ‫محطة‬ .9 ‫م‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫حطة‬ ‫شرق‬ ‫شمال‬ ‫العام‬ ‫االتجاه‬ ‫وتتبع‬ ‫قي‬ ‫الشر‬ ‫الجنوبي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫المحطات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وتتركز‬ ‫المتشقق.‬ ‫الجيري‬ ‫الحجر‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مائي‬ ‫محتوي‬-‫غر‬ ‫جنوب‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫اجد‬ ‫وتتو‬ ‫ب‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫محطات‬ ‫مجموعه‬ ‫قياسها.‬ ‫تم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫قة‬ ‫المتفر‬ ‫اقع‬ ‫المو‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫في‬ ‫بي‬ ‫الغر‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجنوبي‬ (TEM Stations) ‫تو‬ ‫سجلت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫اجدات‬ ‫الي‬ ‫حو‬ ‫تغطي‬ ‫المتشقق‬ ‫الجيري‬ ‫الحجر‬ ‫طبقة‬ 93 % ‫لحفر‬ ‫المقترحة‬ ‫األماكن‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫الكسور‬ ‫و‬ ‫بالتشققات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تأثر‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫تعتبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اسة‬ ‫الدر‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫منتجة.‬ ‫جوفية‬ ‫مياه‬ ‫ابار‬ ABSTRACT: The scarcity of water resources in Egypt is considered to be the main obstacle to development projects, particularly in desert lands, which cover 96% of the Egyptian land. The government tends to carry out several development projects to reduce the population intensity around the Nile Valley. West El-Minia governorate desert fringes are one of the promising development areas where the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation carried out a 30,000-acre reclamation project near the study area included the 1,500,000 acres. The study area defined by the following coordinates, Latitudes 28.3488° N & 28.5576° N and longitudes 30.1928° E & 30.4573°E. The main objective of this study is to understand the vertical and horizontal extension of the subsurface succession and groundwater aquifer conditions in the study area. To achieve the objective of this study, 46 TEM stations were carried out using the TEM-Fast 48HPC device. In the study area, the main water-bearing formations have been specified to be the fractured limestone aquifer of the Middle Eocene age Samalut Formation composed of shallow marine limestone with shale bed intercalations. 29 TEM stations out of 46 recorded the existence of water content in the fractured limestone aquifer, and these stations are concentrated in the eastern part and follow the NE-SW direction of faults, and recorded in a limited number of TEM stations in the western and southern parts of the study area. The TEM stations recorded water in the limestone aquifer)Samalut Formation) cover about 60 % of the Study area that was almost regarded to be the most impacted area with fractures and faults. And these locations are suggested for drilling productive groundwater wells.

Se evaluaron las características hidroquímicas de una cuenca intramontana, ubicada en la Sabana de Bogotá, usando indicadores y métodos estadísticos, basados en los datos fisicoquímicos de 10 pozos de monitoreo obtenidos durante dos campañas de muestreo realizadas en el año 2014, para determinar las características hidroquímicas generadas por la interacción agua/sedimento del acuífero y determinar las condiciones de calidad del agua subterránea. Para ello, (1) se aplicaron indicadores hidroquímicos para evaluar los procesos de interacción entre el agua y la matriz sedimentaria del acuífero, corroborados mediante (2) la aplicación del análisis de componentes principales, que develó asociaciones fuertes entre las variables (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42- y HCO3-), y la influencia de las variables T, pH y STD en los procesos hidroquímicos que gobiernan el acuífero, además (3) se analizaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos, comparándolos con la normatividad ambiental colombiana para consumo humano y para riego. Como resultados, se determinó que en la matriz agua-sedimento, se suscitan procesos de intercambio catiónico reverso y meteorización de los minerales presentes en las formaciones que conforman el acuífero analizado, así mismo, que las muestras de agua obtenidas no presentan características de calidad que permita su uso para riego o consumo humano.

Magnetic, geoelectric and seismic refraction methods are used to prospect for groundwater in basement terrains of Wadi Sibaiya and the upstream part of Wadi El Sheikh, south Sinai. The electric resistivity of the water-bearing alluvium ranges between 150 and 260 ohm/m while that of the underlying weathered basement filled with water is about 1000 ohm/m and more. Moreover, the velocity of the refracted seismic waves in the watered alluvial deposits is more than 2000m/sec, while it is around 5000m/sec in the underlying weathered basement rocks filled with water. According to the obtained geophysical results, two sites in Wadi El Sheikh are recommended for drilling water wells. The probable depth of water table is about 40 meters.

Electromagnetic induction (EMI) is one of the geophysical techniques widely used in soil studies, the slingram devices being held horizontally over the soil surface, i.e. with the coils located at the same height above the ground surface. Our study aims assessing the abilities of slingram devices when held vertically. 1D and 3D modelling have been achieved in order to compare the theoretical responses of vertical devices to the horizontal ones. Some comparative surveys were also undertaken in archaeological contexts to confirm the reliability of theoretical conclusions. Both approaches show that vertical slingram devices are suitable for survey and can constitute an alternative to the usual horizontal orientation. We give a table in Appendix A which contains the calibration coefficient allowing transforming of the values given by some of commercially available devices which would be advantageous to use in vertical orientation