Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for the Iraqi people as one-third of I... more Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for the Iraqi people as one-third of Iraq population resides in rural areas and depends upon agriculture for their livelihoods. This study aims to estimate the impact of temperature variability on crops productivity across the agro-climatic zones in Salah Al-Din governorate using climate satellite-based data for the period 2000 to 2018. The average annual air temperature based on satellite data was downloaded from the GLDAS Model NOAH025_M v2.1, and interpolates using Kriging interpolation/spherical model. Thirteen strategic crops were selected which is Courgette, garlic, Onion, Sweet Pepper, Watermelon, Melon, Cucumber, Tomato, Potato, Eggplant, Wheat, Barley, and Maize. Temperature requirements for each crop during the growing period were compared with actual temperature from GLDAS data. The study highlighted the impacts of temperature changes on agricultural productivity. The results show that there are some crops that ar...
The marshes of Iraq, which lie in southern part, play an important role in the economic and natur... more The marshes of Iraq, which lie in southern part, play an important role in the economic and natural equilibrium. In the last decades, the Iraqi marshes suffered from several changes especially the land cover changes, which effect on environmental and ecosystem of marshes. In this research, AL-Hawizeh marsh was selected as a study area due to being a one of the largest and most important Iraqi Marshlands to deduce the occurred changes in last decades. This study aims to detect the changes of land cover using vegetation index (NDVI), water index (NDWI), and sand dune index (NDSDI), these are implemented for a study area represented by AL-Hawizeh marsh and surrounding areas for the four years of the period of 1990-2015 depending on GIS technique and multi-temporal satellite data. During the last decade remotely sensed data have been widely used to monitoring Marshland. Satellite remote sensed data can also provide information on surrounding land cover and their change over the time. ...
Remote sensing and GIS-based techniques were used to select the potential sites for water harvest... more Remote sensing and GIS-based techniques were used to select the potential sites for water harvesting in Salah Al-Din Governorate, northern Baghdad/ Iraq. Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used where seven criteria layers have been evaluated to identify water-harvesting sites, such as slope, stream order, precipitation, potential evaporation rate, soil type, distance to roads and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This method helps in locating water-harvesting sites in suitable places as well as improves the management of water resources in the study area. Fuzzy logic modeling was used to standardize the criteria layers, and the Fuzzy Gamma overlay was used to combine these layers together in ArcGIS 10.5. Specific criteria were used to unify all these layers. Finally, the final suitability map for the potential water harvesting sites in Salah Al-Din area was produced were twelve potential waterharvesting sites within the study area have been identified according to the specific criteria used for this purpose and have a high potential for water harvesting. This map will provide optimum sites to build dams in order to store the water, especially in drought-stricken areas. The results illustrate that the GIS can be used as a decision-making tool in water resources management in a scientific approach, which makes the decision making easier and accurate.
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2020
Rainwater harvesting is a promising tool for supplementing surface water and groundwater to overc... more Rainwater harvesting is a promising tool for supplementing surface water and groundwater to overcome the imbalance between water supply and demand under changing climate conditions. Multi-Criteria Evaluation is one of the well-known methods of decision-making. In this study, the geographical information system (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation is used to select the optimum rainwater harvesting sites in Maysan province, Iraq. Fuzzy membership is used for standardization of the criteria, and Fuzzy Gamma overlay for a combination of multi-layers using ArcGIS 10.5. Seven criteria layers, including slope, stream order, soil type, precipitation, evaporation, roads, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are derived to identify rainwater-harvesting catchment. The results determined the optimum sites for water storage within the study area. The resultant potential rainwater harvesting catchment map can be used as a reference to enhance the effectiveness of water managemen...
Groundwater is among the most important resources of water supply of the worldwide population. Th... more Groundwater is among the most important resources of water supply of the worldwide population. The objective of this research is to select the most suitable drilling location of new groundwater wells, with a decision-making tool using geographic information system (GIS). The optimum location was evaluated based on the hydro-geoelectrical parameter derived from vertical electrical sounding (VES) including longitudinal conductance, aquifer thickness, aquifer resistivity, transmissivity, formation factor, and porosity. The analysis of the VES data revealed that the porosity values range from 1.8 to 21%, the formation factor values vary between 0.0355 and 0.14, the transmissivity values range from 3.4 to 6 m2/day, the longitudinal conductance values vary from 3 to 4.6 Ω−1, the aquifer thickness values range from 4.1 to 8.5 m, the aquifer resistivity varies between 0.7 and 40 Ω m. Hydro-geoelectrical data were integrated into GIS to precisely determine the best location for groundwater w...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Droughts are a major problem in Iraq especially in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands where they are fr... more Droughts are a major problem in Iraq especially in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands where they are frequent and causes a great deal of suffering and loss. Drought monitoring and forecasting requires extensive climate and meteorological data which is usually largely missing in developing countries or not available in the required spatial and temporal resolutions. In this study, the drought categories were defined for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017 using the TRMM data to map the spatiotemporal meteorological drought, and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to analyze the meteorological drought at 11 stations located in Western Iraq. The SPI analyses were performed on 12-month datasets for five years. The results showed that the northeast region has the higher rainfall indices and the southwest region has the lowest rainfall. An analysis of the drought and rain conditions showed that the quantity of extreme drought events was higher than that expected in the study area, e...
This paper aim to select the best site to drill a groundwater wells by using of Geographic Inform... more This paper aim to select the best site to drill a groundwater wells by using of Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool for decision-making. The study conducted in Fadak farm in Bahr Al-Najaf which is located west and southwest of Najaf city, and extends more than (40 km) away from it, to drill a new wells for irrigations usages. The optimal location selected depending on the available hydrogeophysical data includes resistivity, depth, thickness and transmissivity of aquifer. The weighted factor maps generated for the evidence layers were given weights depending on the significance of each parameter, these parameters were integrated in GIS to precisely to find the preferable sites. Finally, region was divided in to three classes; good medium, and bad according to the importance of each input factors using an overly combing method.
In this study, GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (MCDA) is used to identify suitable loc... more In this study, GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (MCDA) is used to identify suitable locations to use groundwater for irrigation purposes in Salah-Al-Din Governorate, 180 km to the North of Baghdad, capital of Iraq republic. Various criteria are adopted including Electrical Conductivity (EC), Power of Hydrogen (pH), Sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), climate factor, aquifer thickness, and aquifer elevation. Three datasets are integrated to produce the suitability model, including geophysical data, groundwater wells data and satellite-based climate data. The criteria layers are assessed using the multi-criteria decision approach by combining them together using the weighted overlay function in ArcGIS 10.5. Appropriate weights assigned and integrated into GIS to create the groundwater suitability map for irrigation. Finally, the suitability of the study area for irrigation purposes with its percent to ...
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2018
Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data ... more Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data is gradually becoming a cost-effective source of input for flood prediction under a variety of circumstances. The study conducted in Wasit province/Eastern Iraq when a flood occurs due to heavy rainfall in May 2013. In this study the capability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall daily data have been used to estimate the relationship between measured precipitation and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), also to study the relationship between rainfall intensity and flood waters areas. Rainfall estimation by remote sensing using satellite-derived data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a possible means of supplementing rain gauge data, having the better spatial cover of rainfall fields. The approach used throughout this paper has integrated recently compiled data derived from satellite imagery (rainfall, and digital elevation model) into a GIS geodatab...
Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well... more Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well suited to applications in the fields of geohydrology, environmental science and engineering. The present work is aimed to show the efficiency of 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) in probing the subsurface soil for site investigation and differentiating the clayey soil layers as it is a common practice to measure the IP sounding along with resistivity for correct interpretation of field data. The study has demonstrated the practical application of 2D ERI and IP tomography along 7 lines using Wenner-Schlumberger array. The data analysis comprises of 2D inversions using the RES2DINV software, thus 2D electrical resistivity and IP imaging sections have been obtained. The depth of investigation was 4 m, and resistivity values range from <1 to 292 ohm.m. Two electrical layers were recognized: the upper layer with high resistivity (7-71 ohm.m) represents the loamy soil extends to a depth around 1.3 m; and the second layer with low resistivity (<1-9 ohm.m) represents the clayey layer. Some anomalous low and high electric zones are appeared reflecting the inhomogeneity in deposits. The IP values are ranging from-2 to 15 mV/V showing good confirmation with resistivity data, where high chargeability are associated with low resistivity. The study reveals that combining IP with resistivity surveys is recommended since IP is, sometimes, very effective in relieving ambiguity in interpretation.
Land cover mapping of marshland areas from satellite images data is not a simple process, due to ... more Land cover mapping of marshland areas from satellite images data is not a simple process, due to the similarity of the spectral characteristics of the land cover. This leads to challenges being encountered with some land covers classes, especially in wetlands classes. In this study, satellite images from the Sentinel 2B by ESA (European Space Agency) were used to classify the land cover of Al‑Hawizeh marsh/Iraq‑Iran border. Three classification methods were used aimed at comparing their accuracy, using multispectral satellite images with a spatial resolution of 10 m. The classification process was performed using three different algorithms, namely: Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classification algorithms were carried out using ENVI 5.1 software to detect six land cover classes: deep water marsh, shallow water marsh, marsh vegetation (aquatic vegetation), urban area (built‑up area), agriculture area, an...
Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well... more Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well suited for the applications in the fields of geohydrology, environmental science and engineering. The present work is aimed to show the efficiency of 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) in probing the subsurface soil for site investigation and differentiating the clayey soil layers as it is a common practice to measure the IP sounding along with resistivity for correct interpretation of field data. The study has demonstrated the practical application of 2D ERI and IP tomography along 7 lines using Wenner- Schlumberger array. The data analysis comprises of 2D inversions using the RES2DINV software, thus 2D electrical resistivity and IP imaging sections have been obtained. The depth of investigation was 4 m, and resistivity values range from <1 to 292 ohm.m. Two electrical layers were recognized: the upper layer with high resistivity (7-71 ohm.m) repre...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Agro-climatology is highly worthy in the identification of agro-climates with the climate change ... more Agro-climatology is highly worthy in the identification of agro-climates with the climate change conditions to introduce new agricultural crops. Agro-Climatic Zones permits recognizing areas with different potential products according to their climate change environmental conditions. This study aims to produce Agro-Climatic Zones map using satellite-based climate data in Iraq. Climate data based on satellite data were downloaded and processed with a spatial resolution of 0.25º, then interpolated using the spline method. The annual precipitation was downloaded from TRMM_3B43 v7 satellite data from 1998 to 2018 and the average annual air temperature for the period 2000 to 2018 was downloaded from the GLDAS Model (NOAH025_M v2.1). The GIS-based approach was implemented to create the necessary datasets and to develop an Agro-Climatic Zones map in the Iraq Republic. The results have mapped Iraq republic Agro-Climatic Zones into five zones, which are arid, cool winter, very warm summer (A...
Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method is very useful in mapping subsurface contamination zo... more Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method is very useful in mapping subsurface contamination zones. In this study, 3D ERI is used to identify the distribution and depth of subsurface soil contamination zone near Al_Furat state company for chemical and pesticides industries in Hilla city, Iraq. A 3D pure image of electrical resistivity distribution is obtained from a perpendicular square grid (80 × 80 m) which consists of three parallel and three perpendicular lines. The electrical resistivity values range from < 1 to 21 O.m, and the total root mean square (RMS) after four iterations is about 7%. The image gives eight different depth slices for the estimated model with a depth interval of about 1 m. The maximum depth of investigation is 13.7 m. The results mapped the contamination zone, where high electrical resistivity values (about 21 O.m) are observed possibly due to accumulation of alkaline waste disposed from the company. The ERI results show that the subsurface layers up to a depth of 4.99 m are of moderate-to-high electrical resistivity values. The study reveals that 3D ERI is an effective tool for subsurface contamination zone mapping in various depths, which extends in this study from the near-surface to a depth of about 5 m below the ground level.
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2018
Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data ... more Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data is gradually becoming a cost-effective source of input for flood prediction under a variety of circumstances. The study conducted in Wasit province/Eastern Iraq when a flood occurs due to heavy rainfall in May 2013. In this study the capability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall daily data have been used to estimate the relationship between measured precipitation and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), also to study the relationship between rainfall intensity and flood waters areas. Rainfall estimation by remote sensing using satellite-derived data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a possible means of supplementing rain gauge data, having the better spatial cover of rainfall fields. The approach used throughout this paper has integrated recently compiled data derived from satellite imagery (rainfall, and digital elevation model) into a GIS geodatabase to study the relationship between rainfall intensity and floodwater's areas then the results' comparison with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) after the flood. ArcGIS software has been used to process, analyze the archived Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data, and calculate NDWI from Landsat 8 images. In conclusions, the study explains the flood-area clearly captured by the TRMM measurements; and the region's water increased. Also, good correlation between measured precipitation and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been detected.
Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method was used to detect the contact b... more Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method was used to detect the contact between sediment and bedrock some regions of south Iraq. ABEM Terrameter LS used for data collection, using three 2D electrical resistivity profiles. For the fieldwork, two-dimensional surveying carried out along three profiles using Dipole-dipole array with 8 m electrode spacing. The maximum depth of investigation was 50 m. The data analyzed and explained 2D inversions by the RES2DINV software. The obtained data analyzed, and 2D models of the subsurface generated. The resistivity data were inverted into subsurface electrical sections using the least-squares inversion technique. Then, the contact between the bedrock and sediment was observed. Our results indicate well-defined boundary in the resistivity structure that can be used to estimate the quantity of sediments covering bedrock.
The study included applying 2D electric resistivity imaging in thirteen locations which had been ... more The study included applying 2D electric resistivity imaging in thirteen locations which had been identified based on primary geological and topographical information of the study area, as well as the availability extent of convenient areas and locations for survey work. Land survey were also performed to determine the elevation above sea level depending on tripling points available in the region; in addition to analyzing water samples to determine their chemical content. ABEM Terrameter LS was used for data collection, and field work was conducted in Samarra city. Wenner-Schlumberger array was applied to survey 2D linear sections by different distance between electrodes. The maximum penetrating depth was 74 meters. Two-dimensional data were analyzed and inversions by RES2DINV software. The results showed that the reasons behind the rise of groundwater levels in some locations without others are due to the existence of lenses or suspended water assemblages resulted from rain water and sewage leakage and not due to the effect of main aquifers in the region. Geoelectrical survey sections also showed the presence of dry layers and impermeable layers separating sub-surface water from the main aquifer in the region.
Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for the Iraqi people as one-third of I... more Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for the Iraqi people as one-third of Iraq population resides in rural areas and depends upon agriculture for their livelihoods. This study aims to estimate the impact of temperature variability on crops productivity across the agro-climatic zones in Salah Al-Din governorate using climate satellite-based data for the period 2000 to 2018. The average annual air temperature based on satellite data was downloaded from the GLDAS Model NOAH025_M v2.1, and interpolates using Kriging interpolation/spherical model. Thirteen strategic crops were selected which is Courgette, garlic, Onion, Sweet Pepper, Watermelon, Melon, Cucumber, Tomato, Potato, Eggplant, Wheat, Barley, and Maize. Temperature requirements for each crop during the growing period were compared with actual temperature from GLDAS data. The study highlighted the impacts of temperature changes on agricultural productivity. The results show that there are some crops that ar...
The marshes of Iraq, which lie in southern part, play an important role in the economic and natur... more The marshes of Iraq, which lie in southern part, play an important role in the economic and natural equilibrium. In the last decades, the Iraqi marshes suffered from several changes especially the land cover changes, which effect on environmental and ecosystem of marshes. In this research, AL-Hawizeh marsh was selected as a study area due to being a one of the largest and most important Iraqi Marshlands to deduce the occurred changes in last decades. This study aims to detect the changes of land cover using vegetation index (NDVI), water index (NDWI), and sand dune index (NDSDI), these are implemented for a study area represented by AL-Hawizeh marsh and surrounding areas for the four years of the period of 1990-2015 depending on GIS technique and multi-temporal satellite data. During the last decade remotely sensed data have been widely used to monitoring Marshland. Satellite remote sensed data can also provide information on surrounding land cover and their change over the time. ...
Remote sensing and GIS-based techniques were used to select the potential sites for water harvest... more Remote sensing and GIS-based techniques were used to select the potential sites for water harvesting in Salah Al-Din Governorate, northern Baghdad/ Iraq. Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used where seven criteria layers have been evaluated to identify water-harvesting sites, such as slope, stream order, precipitation, potential evaporation rate, soil type, distance to roads and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This method helps in locating water-harvesting sites in suitable places as well as improves the management of water resources in the study area. Fuzzy logic modeling was used to standardize the criteria layers, and the Fuzzy Gamma overlay was used to combine these layers together in ArcGIS 10.5. Specific criteria were used to unify all these layers. Finally, the final suitability map for the potential water harvesting sites in Salah Al-Din area was produced were twelve potential waterharvesting sites within the study area have been identified according to the specific criteria used for this purpose and have a high potential for water harvesting. This map will provide optimum sites to build dams in order to store the water, especially in drought-stricken areas. The results illustrate that the GIS can be used as a decision-making tool in water resources management in a scientific approach, which makes the decision making easier and accurate.
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2020
Rainwater harvesting is a promising tool for supplementing surface water and groundwater to overc... more Rainwater harvesting is a promising tool for supplementing surface water and groundwater to overcome the imbalance between water supply and demand under changing climate conditions. Multi-Criteria Evaluation is one of the well-known methods of decision-making. In this study, the geographical information system (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation is used to select the optimum rainwater harvesting sites in Maysan province, Iraq. Fuzzy membership is used for standardization of the criteria, and Fuzzy Gamma overlay for a combination of multi-layers using ArcGIS 10.5. Seven criteria layers, including slope, stream order, soil type, precipitation, evaporation, roads, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are derived to identify rainwater-harvesting catchment. The results determined the optimum sites for water storage within the study area. The resultant potential rainwater harvesting catchment map can be used as a reference to enhance the effectiveness of water managemen...
Groundwater is among the most important resources of water supply of the worldwide population. Th... more Groundwater is among the most important resources of water supply of the worldwide population. The objective of this research is to select the most suitable drilling location of new groundwater wells, with a decision-making tool using geographic information system (GIS). The optimum location was evaluated based on the hydro-geoelectrical parameter derived from vertical electrical sounding (VES) including longitudinal conductance, aquifer thickness, aquifer resistivity, transmissivity, formation factor, and porosity. The analysis of the VES data revealed that the porosity values range from 1.8 to 21%, the formation factor values vary between 0.0355 and 0.14, the transmissivity values range from 3.4 to 6 m2/day, the longitudinal conductance values vary from 3 to 4.6 Ω−1, the aquifer thickness values range from 4.1 to 8.5 m, the aquifer resistivity varies between 0.7 and 40 Ω m. Hydro-geoelectrical data were integrated into GIS to precisely determine the best location for groundwater w...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Droughts are a major problem in Iraq especially in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands where they are fr... more Droughts are a major problem in Iraq especially in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands where they are frequent and causes a great deal of suffering and loss. Drought monitoring and forecasting requires extensive climate and meteorological data which is usually largely missing in developing countries or not available in the required spatial and temporal resolutions. In this study, the drought categories were defined for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017 using the TRMM data to map the spatiotemporal meteorological drought, and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to analyze the meteorological drought at 11 stations located in Western Iraq. The SPI analyses were performed on 12-month datasets for five years. The results showed that the northeast region has the higher rainfall indices and the southwest region has the lowest rainfall. An analysis of the drought and rain conditions showed that the quantity of extreme drought events was higher than that expected in the study area, e...
This paper aim to select the best site to drill a groundwater wells by using of Geographic Inform... more This paper aim to select the best site to drill a groundwater wells by using of Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool for decision-making. The study conducted in Fadak farm in Bahr Al-Najaf which is located west and southwest of Najaf city, and extends more than (40 km) away from it, to drill a new wells for irrigations usages. The optimal location selected depending on the available hydrogeophysical data includes resistivity, depth, thickness and transmissivity of aquifer. The weighted factor maps generated for the evidence layers were given weights depending on the significance of each parameter, these parameters were integrated in GIS to precisely to find the preferable sites. Finally, region was divided in to three classes; good medium, and bad according to the importance of each input factors using an overly combing method.
In this study, GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (MCDA) is used to identify suitable loc... more In this study, GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (MCDA) is used to identify suitable locations to use groundwater for irrigation purposes in Salah-Al-Din Governorate, 180 km to the North of Baghdad, capital of Iraq republic. Various criteria are adopted including Electrical Conductivity (EC), Power of Hydrogen (pH), Sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), climate factor, aquifer thickness, and aquifer elevation. Three datasets are integrated to produce the suitability model, including geophysical data, groundwater wells data and satellite-based climate data. The criteria layers are assessed using the multi-criteria decision approach by combining them together using the weighted overlay function in ArcGIS 10.5. Appropriate weights assigned and integrated into GIS to create the groundwater suitability map for irrigation. Finally, the suitability of the study area for irrigation purposes with its percent to ...
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2018
Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data ... more Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data is gradually becoming a cost-effective source of input for flood prediction under a variety of circumstances. The study conducted in Wasit province/Eastern Iraq when a flood occurs due to heavy rainfall in May 2013. In this study the capability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall daily data have been used to estimate the relationship between measured precipitation and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), also to study the relationship between rainfall intensity and flood waters areas. Rainfall estimation by remote sensing using satellite-derived data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a possible means of supplementing rain gauge data, having the better spatial cover of rainfall fields. The approach used throughout this paper has integrated recently compiled data derived from satellite imagery (rainfall, and digital elevation model) into a GIS geodatab...
Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well... more Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well suited to applications in the fields of geohydrology, environmental science and engineering. The present work is aimed to show the efficiency of 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) in probing the subsurface soil for site investigation and differentiating the clayey soil layers as it is a common practice to measure the IP sounding along with resistivity for correct interpretation of field data. The study has demonstrated the practical application of 2D ERI and IP tomography along 7 lines using Wenner-Schlumberger array. The data analysis comprises of 2D inversions using the RES2DINV software, thus 2D electrical resistivity and IP imaging sections have been obtained. The depth of investigation was 4 m, and resistivity values range from <1 to 292 ohm.m. Two electrical layers were recognized: the upper layer with high resistivity (7-71 ohm.m) represents the loamy soil extends to a depth around 1.3 m; and the second layer with low resistivity (<1-9 ohm.m) represents the clayey layer. Some anomalous low and high electric zones are appeared reflecting the inhomogeneity in deposits. The IP values are ranging from-2 to 15 mV/V showing good confirmation with resistivity data, where high chargeability are associated with low resistivity. The study reveals that combining IP with resistivity surveys is recommended since IP is, sometimes, very effective in relieving ambiguity in interpretation.
Land cover mapping of marshland areas from satellite images data is not a simple process, due to ... more Land cover mapping of marshland areas from satellite images data is not a simple process, due to the similarity of the spectral characteristics of the land cover. This leads to challenges being encountered with some land covers classes, especially in wetlands classes. In this study, satellite images from the Sentinel 2B by ESA (European Space Agency) were used to classify the land cover of Al‑Hawizeh marsh/Iraq‑Iran border. Three classification methods were used aimed at comparing their accuracy, using multispectral satellite images with a spatial resolution of 10 m. The classification process was performed using three different algorithms, namely: Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classification algorithms were carried out using ENVI 5.1 software to detect six land cover classes: deep water marsh, shallow water marsh, marsh vegetation (aquatic vegetation), urban area (built‑up area), agriculture area, an...
Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well... more Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promising techniques which is well suited for the applications in the fields of geohydrology, environmental science and engineering. The present work is aimed to show the efficiency of 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) in probing the subsurface soil for site investigation and differentiating the clayey soil layers as it is a common practice to measure the IP sounding along with resistivity for correct interpretation of field data. The study has demonstrated the practical application of 2D ERI and IP tomography along 7 lines using Wenner- Schlumberger array. The data analysis comprises of 2D inversions using the RES2DINV software, thus 2D electrical resistivity and IP imaging sections have been obtained. The depth of investigation was 4 m, and resistivity values range from <1 to 292 ohm.m. Two electrical layers were recognized: the upper layer with high resistivity (7-71 ohm.m) repre...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Agro-climatology is highly worthy in the identification of agro-climates with the climate change ... more Agro-climatology is highly worthy in the identification of agro-climates with the climate change conditions to introduce new agricultural crops. Agro-Climatic Zones permits recognizing areas with different potential products according to their climate change environmental conditions. This study aims to produce Agro-Climatic Zones map using satellite-based climate data in Iraq. Climate data based on satellite data were downloaded and processed with a spatial resolution of 0.25º, then interpolated using the spline method. The annual precipitation was downloaded from TRMM_3B43 v7 satellite data from 1998 to 2018 and the average annual air temperature for the period 2000 to 2018 was downloaded from the GLDAS Model (NOAH025_M v2.1). The GIS-based approach was implemented to create the necessary datasets and to develop an Agro-Climatic Zones map in the Iraq Republic. The results have mapped Iraq republic Agro-Climatic Zones into five zones, which are arid, cool winter, very warm summer (A...
Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method is very useful in mapping subsurface contamination zo... more Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method is very useful in mapping subsurface contamination zones. In this study, 3D ERI is used to identify the distribution and depth of subsurface soil contamination zone near Al_Furat state company for chemical and pesticides industries in Hilla city, Iraq. A 3D pure image of electrical resistivity distribution is obtained from a perpendicular square grid (80 × 80 m) which consists of three parallel and three perpendicular lines. The electrical resistivity values range from < 1 to 21 O.m, and the total root mean square (RMS) after four iterations is about 7%. The image gives eight different depth slices for the estimated model with a depth interval of about 1 m. The maximum depth of investigation is 13.7 m. The results mapped the contamination zone, where high electrical resistivity values (about 21 O.m) are observed possibly due to accumulation of alkaline waste disposed from the company. The ERI results show that the subsurface layers up to a depth of 4.99 m are of moderate-to-high electrical resistivity values. The study reveals that 3D ERI is an effective tool for subsurface contamination zone mapping in various depths, which extends in this study from the near-surface to a depth of about 5 m below the ground level.
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2018
Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data ... more Increasingly available and a virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-estimated rainfall data is gradually becoming a cost-effective source of input for flood prediction under a variety of circumstances. The study conducted in Wasit province/Eastern Iraq when a flood occurs due to heavy rainfall in May 2013. In this study the capability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall daily data have been used to estimate the relationship between measured precipitation and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), also to study the relationship between rainfall intensity and flood waters areas. Rainfall estimation by remote sensing using satellite-derived data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a possible means of supplementing rain gauge data, having the better spatial cover of rainfall fields. The approach used throughout this paper has integrated recently compiled data derived from satellite imagery (rainfall, and digital elevation model) into a GIS geodatabase to study the relationship between rainfall intensity and floodwater's areas then the results' comparison with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) after the flood. ArcGIS software has been used to process, analyze the archived Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data, and calculate NDWI from Landsat 8 images. In conclusions, the study explains the flood-area clearly captured by the TRMM measurements; and the region's water increased. Also, good correlation between measured precipitation and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been detected.
Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method was used to detect the contact b... more Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method was used to detect the contact between sediment and bedrock some regions of south Iraq. ABEM Terrameter LS used for data collection, using three 2D electrical resistivity profiles. For the fieldwork, two-dimensional surveying carried out along three profiles using Dipole-dipole array with 8 m electrode spacing. The maximum depth of investigation was 50 m. The data analyzed and explained 2D inversions by the RES2DINV software. The obtained data analyzed, and 2D models of the subsurface generated. The resistivity data were inverted into subsurface electrical sections using the least-squares inversion technique. Then, the contact between the bedrock and sediment was observed. Our results indicate well-defined boundary in the resistivity structure that can be used to estimate the quantity of sediments covering bedrock.
The study included applying 2D electric resistivity imaging in thirteen locations which had been ... more The study included applying 2D electric resistivity imaging in thirteen locations which had been identified based on primary geological and topographical information of the study area, as well as the availability extent of convenient areas and locations for survey work. Land survey were also performed to determine the elevation above sea level depending on tripling points available in the region; in addition to analyzing water samples to determine their chemical content. ABEM Terrameter LS was used for data collection, and field work was conducted in Samarra city. Wenner-Schlumberger array was applied to survey 2D linear sections by different distance between electrodes. The maximum penetrating depth was 74 meters. Two-dimensional data were analyzed and inversions by RES2DINV software. The results showed that the reasons behind the rise of groundwater levels in some locations without others are due to the existence of lenses or suspended water assemblages resulted from rain water and sewage leakage and not due to the effect of main aquifers in the region. Geoelectrical survey sections also showed the presence of dry layers and impermeable layers separating sub-surface water from the main aquifer in the region.
Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for the Iraqi people as one-third of the Ir... more Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for the Iraqi people as one-third of the Iraq population resides in rural areas and depends upon agriculture for their livelihoods. This study aims to enhance the planning and management of agricultural production by identifying the suitable sites to use water for irrigation purposes in Salah Al-Din Governorate. Additionally, it aims to map the Agro-Climatic Zones which expected to be highly important in the identification of the Agro-climates with favorable conditions for the introduction of new crops in Iraq and to estimate the temperature variation impact on selected crops. The hydrological model is divided into two parts, the groundwater and surface water, while the crops model is divided into the Agro-climatic zoning and crops suitability. For groundwater model, GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach is used to identify suitable locations to use groundwater for irrigation purposes in the study area. Various criteria are adopted including Electrical Conductivity (EC), Power of Hydrogen (pH), Sodium percentage (Na %), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly’s ratio (KR), climate factor, aquifer thickness, and aquifer elevation. The suitability of the study area for irrigation purposes with its percent to the total area is classified into three classes according to the set criteria used for this purpose: high suitability, low suitability, and unsuitable/excluded. For surface water model, the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation is used to select the potential sites for water harvesting. Seven criterion layers are evaluated to identify water-harvesting sites, these are slope, stream order, precipitation, potential evaporation rate, soil type, distance to roads and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Twelve potential waterharvesting sites within the study area have been identified according to thespecific criteria used for this purpose and have a high potential for water harvesting. The aim of the Agro-climatic model is to produce ACZs map using satellite-based climate data. The GIS-based approach was implemented to create the necessary datasets and to develop an ACZs map in Iraq. The results of ACZs map is mapped Iraq into five zones (with its percent to the total area) which are: arid, cool winter, very warm summer (ACZ 1 of about 48.8 %); arid, mild winter, very warm summer (ACZ 2 about 36.8 %); semi-arid, cool winter, very warm summer (ACZ 3 about 8.8 %); semihumid to Mediterranean, cool winter, very warm summer (ACZ 4 about 4.2 %); and very humid to humid, cold to cool winter, warm summer (ACZ 5 about 1.4 %). Concerning crops model, the impact of temperature variability on crops productivity is estimated in Salah Al-Din Governorate using climate satellite-based data. Temperature requirements for thirteen strategic selected crops during the growing period were compared with actual temperature from GLDAS data. The results show that there are some crops that are not achieving optimum productivity, such as Courgette first seasons (December-March), Garlic, Onion, and Cucumber. Whereas, there are other crops that achieve good productivity. The study recommends adopting a planned, scientifically-based approach for water management in Iraq, including irrigation site selection and proper mitigate and adaptive strategies to enhance the positive and lessen the adverse impacts of temperature changes on crops productivity in Iraq. This study will be assisting in the planning process for strategic crop cultivation. Moreover, it is proposed to be helpful in setting the regions into single planning and management units aiming for economic integration.
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Papers by Nadia Aziz