Zoology/Entomology

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important food legume, however there is an increasing decline in performance and production due to pest attack especially from the aphids. Pest infestation is even higher during the dry season hence causing a serious damage to the crop. Therefore there is an urgent need to come up with methods like integrated pest management in order to control the pest, which destroys the crop by sucking the nutrients, excrete honey dew which attract saprophytic fungi and is also known to transmit a number of viruses to the bean plant. The aim of this study was to: determine efficacy of integrated management on bean aphid infestation and to determine the efficacy of integrated management on bean performance. This was done with an overall aim of increasing the yields of beans. Data collection was done using a 4x2x2 factorial experiment comprising of Bean variety cv. Nyayo ,two rates of seed dressing chemical (with and without) using (Gaucho) Imidacloprid, two rates of botanical pesticide (Tephrosia vogelii) extract at 0 and 20w/v %) applied as a foliar spray and four rates of inorganic fertilizer Triple Super Phosphate (TSP)-zero rate (no fertilizer), Low rate (TSP at, 50 kg product/ha), medium rate, 75 kg/ha and high 100 kg product/ha). The four factors were combined in a completely factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design replicated three times constituting 16 treatment combination giving 48 experimental plots which were planted in five row field plots measuring 2m by 2.25 m. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Each experimental plot measured 2.0 M x 2.0 M with inter row and intra row spacing of 45 cm and 20 cm respectively. Clean bean variety seed sourced from local market was used in this study to reflect local farmer's source of planting material. Data collected on all the parameters was subjected to analysis of variance procedure using general linear model of the statistical analysis system (SAS) package (SAS Institute, 1996). However, data on aphid count and number of plants infested by bean aphids were first subjected to a transformation of square root of x+ 1 in order to reduce heterogeneity of the data before being analalysed. Mean separation was done according to Fisher's protected LSD significant difference Test at 5% level of significance. The Pearson's correlation test was performed on the means of the parameters investigated to compare on their relationships. Results showed that the aphid population builds up and damage in bean crop was significantly reduced when combined application of treatments of seed treatment using Imidacloprid at 700 ml/100kg seed was done on bean seed before planting and planting with 100 kg/ha of tsp fertilizer, then followed with a Biopesticide foliar spray of T. vogelii at 20%w/v from 30 days after emergence (30DAE) thereafter spraying on a weekly basis better than any other treatment applied. The application of T.vogelii at 20%w/v alone on weekly basis significantly reduced bean aphid infestation better than control and application of seed dress alone. Use of seed dressing alone was only temporary measure during seedling stages and should be supported with other control measure one month after crop emergence as it does not provide complete control of bean aphid infestation for the whole season during bean growth. The integration of TSP fertilizer, seed dresser, and application of foliar spray of Tephrosia leaf extract at 20%w/v greatly reduced Aphis fabae infestation and population build in bean crop below damaging levels and resulted in improved bean grain yield, Application of TSP fertilizer rates alone did not seem to have effect on bean aphid infestation on bean crop as population build up was observed under all the rates applied. It's therefore recommended to use integrated control in order to increase performance and production of beans.

This three-volume work provides a complete study of this well-known group of animals, dealing with every level of their biological organization, from the molecular to the zoological.
    The leech, once so prominent in the history of medicine, is again being used widely in modern hospitals, especially in microsurgery. Revival in the use of leeches coincides with recent revelations about the rich diversity of pharmacologically active peptides secreted by the leech, including the powerful anticoagulant Hirudin which was discovered in 1884. The author who has studied  leeches extensively for many years, documents for the first time the scientific and biological rationale underlying the medical use of leeches and concludes that there was a nucleus of truth behind their use in previous centuries.
    In recent years the leech has been the subject of much neurobiological research, but such research has tended to emphasize the neurophysiological aspects. This book gives an authoritative account of leech neurobiology from the biological viewpoint, with emphasis on the neuronal basis and the evolution of leech behaviour.
    The book takes up Manton's controversial thesis that insects, myriapods and onychophorans constitute a new phylum (Uniramia) unrelated to the Crustacea. He also significantly extends the argument by proposing that leeches are also allied to the Uniramia. This proposal is a major intrusion into the traditional classification of the animal kingdom, and as such is likely to gain considerable attention.
    A 'key' to the leeches of each zoogeographical region of the world and an extensive bibliography (volume 3) are included.
    The diverse and wide-ranging nature of the book should make it of interest to research workers and students in various disciplines, particularly medicine, molecular biology, neurobiology, zoology and marine biology.
    Volume 1:    0 19 857377 4,  430 pages, 170 illustrations
    Volume 2:    0 19 857622 6,  430 pages, 170 illustrations
    Volume 3:    0 19 857623 4,  240 pages

A total of 156 fish specimens, including Wallago attu, Channa striata, C. marulius, C. orientalis, Mastacembelus armatus and M. zebrinus from Taungthaman Lake, Amarapura Township were examined during from December,2011 to March, 2012. Fourteen species of helminth parasites were recorded, including five species of nematodes, Cucullanus sp inquirendae, Camallanus ophicephali, Capillaria sp inquirendae, Eustrongylides wenrichi, and Heterotyphlum calcarifum; two species of acanthocephlans, Pallisentis nandai and Rhadinorhynchus celebesense; four species of cestodes, Bovienia serialis, Lytocestus longicollis Ancistrocephalus polyptera, and Khawia sinensis; and three species of trematodes, Dactylostomum gracile, Poracanthium mastacembellum, and Hapladena sp inquirendae. 58.3% of fishes were

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The insecticidal property of dry leaves of Vitex negundo against the Sitophilus granarius in the laboratory at (28±3) 0 C and (78±3) % r. h. with Soxhlet extracted extracts of V. negundo leaves in ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone and n-Hexane were tested and found very effective to control the store grain insect pest. The biopesticidal effects of extracts in different solvents were compared by calculating LD10, LD50, LD90 and LD99 values for 96 hrs. The Probit analysis of data demonstrated that LD values for ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone and n-Hexane extracts were LD10-1.216, 1.141, 0.9298, 1.265, 0.5398 ml/Kg; LD50-2.997, 3.106, 2.490, 3.727, 1.302 ml/Kg; LD90-7.392, 8.457, 6.667, 10.98, 3.142 ml/Kg and LD99-15.43, 19.14, 14.88, 26.50, 6.439 ml/Kg respectively, for 96 hrs. These results demonstrated that the mortality increased with increase in concentration of extract and exposure time. There was nearly zero fecundity and next generation was not observed in treated grains. The extracts of V. negundo leaf may be of high value in grain storage against S. granarius, especially in subsistence agriculture where the plants are locally available to local farmers. Hence, we conclude that the ethanol, chloroform and n-Hexane extracts from V. negundo leaf are more effective and useful. It served as being a potential insecticidal agent and could be applicable to the management of populations of stored-product insects particularly against the infestation by granary weevil, S. granarius after proper dose formulation.

An investigation was carried out to study the population dynamics of brinjal whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) and jassid (Amrascabiguttula biguttula Ishida) and their relation to abiotic parameterin randomized block design with three replications at Crop Research Center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut during kharif 2017. During the crop seasonthe jassid and whitefly population was recorded first on second week of July and reached to its peak (21.40 jassids/leaf and 8.40 whiteflies/leaf) during the second week of September, when the mean temperature and relative humidity ranged from 22.40 to 33.80 0 C and 68.30 to 90.40 per cent, respectively. The jassids shows positive correlation with maximum temperature, relative humidity and negative with minimum temperature and rainfall. The whiteflies showed positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.

This study was conducted under laboratory conditions at temperature of 28±2 o C and relative humidity 75±5% to investigate the entomocidal flurry of Newbouldia laevis against Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais infesting maize grain in storage. The powders of stem and root of N. laevis were prepared at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5g dosages, while their extracts were prepared at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% concentrations. The control experiments were also set up. None of the powders of stem and root of this plant was able to achieve complete mortality of the two insects within 96h of application, except for the root powder which was able to achieve 100% mortality of S. oryzae at 0.5g dosage only. Only the root extract at 4% was able to achieve complete weevils mortality within 96h and its effect was significantly different (p<0.05) from the extracts of the stem except at 4 and 5% concentration of stem extract. The fiducial limits showed that a lower concentration of root extract was needed to cause 50% mortality in S. zeamais (0.00-1.64 %) when compared to the concentration needed for S. oryzae (0.10-1.72 %). Both the stem and root extracts of the plant were more effective than their powders. The powders and the extracts of this plant either reduced or prevented the emergence of adult weevils and inhibit the developmental period of the insects. The powders and the extracts of N. laevis also reduced or prevented the weight loss of the treated maize grains. Therefore, with the result obtained in this research, both the powder and extract of N. laevis root and stem could go a long way in the quest of providing alternative wherewithal to the use of chemical insecticides for protecting maize grain in storage. Root extract of N. laevis could, however, offer more protection against S. oryzae and S. zeamais infesting maize grain than its stem extracts.

Kenya faces acute food shortages to satisfy the increasing population as traditional food stocks continue to be depleted as a result of environmental changes and increasing population. Faced with problems of food insecurity, increasing food prices and overreliance on the traditional food items, there is an urgent need for Kenyans to diversify their food sources. In western Kenya, the white ants have a long history of consumption as a delicacy during the rainy seasons. A major problem is that the white ants are varied in species and may not all contain the ingredients required by humans for nutrition. There are also very few studies that have attempted to evaluate the totality of white ants in Kenya. The aim of this study was to: (i) to determine the food value of the white ants in Western Kenya and (ii) to determine effects of preservation methods on the proximate composition of the white ants and (iii) to establish the consumer preferences for the white ants in various urban centers of Kenya. This was done with an overall aim of determining whether white ants can be declared as an alternative food source in Kenya. Data were collected and analyzed for proximate composition of moisture, protein, lipids, ash, crude fiber and nitrogen free extracts (NFE). Essential Amino Acid (EAA) profiles were evaluated to determine protein composition. The consumer preference and seasonal fluctuation was done through personal administered questionnaires that sought direct information on the issues of consuming white ants. Food value of the different species was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while consumer preferences and effect of preservation methods on the proximate composition was analyzed by frequency distribution and cross-tabulations and hypothesis tested using chi-square. In all the analysis either a version of GenStat 4.0 S.E or SPSS 17.0 was used as appropriate. Results indicated that white ants have low levels of starch, 54% crude protein, 9.0% moisture, 10.8% ash, 9.5% crude fibre, which renders it a perfect substitute for beef and fish meals preferred by many households. The profile of Essential Amino Acid in the current study was found to be high and therefore white ants formed a very good source of essential amino acid to the local people. Under traditional and modern preservation methods, only sun drying resulted to loss of some nutrients, smoking only changed the texture while salting and freezing changed the moisture content and tastes. Frying and roasting improved the consumer appeal. Finally, many people had believed that white ants are additional food ingredients but should be considered an alternative food source to beef or fish. This study therefore concludes that white ants are suitable alternative food source to replace major protein food and nutritionists should start a campaign of making the white ants a delicacy. Given that white ants are neglected food in Kenya, it is recommended that the food items should be consumed as one of the food in the traditional diets in areas where the species occur.

Inorganic arsenic compounds were predominantly used as pesticides, primarily on cotton fields and in orchards. Inorganic arsenic compounds can no longer be used in agriculture. The greatest use of arsenic in alloys is in lead-acid batteries for automobiles. Presently, arsenic is widely used in the electronics industry in the form of gallium arsenide and arsine gas as components in semiconductor devices. Keeping these points in view, the present study is undertaken to study the amount of arsenic in brain, liver and kidney of albino rats after acute and subacute treatments based on median lethal dose in terms of body weight, organ weight and their ratio.

The genus Verger Navás 1918 (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), is a Neotropical genus exclusive to the Andean region, with most of its species distributed from Tierra del Fuego to north central Chile and Argentina. Currently, 20 species of the genus have been described from adults and only six larvae have been associated and diagnosed. The ecology of the species is completely unknown. In this work, we describe and illustrate the immature stages of Verger lutzi (Navás 1918) and study its breeding phenology, larval growth and adult emergence. The main characters that enable the separation of this species are the coloration the body, shape of the anterior ventral apotome, shape and distribution of metanotal setal areas, distribution of tracheal gills and number of accessory teeth in the anal prolegs. Reproduction occurs during the summer and females lay their eggs on the wetland basin formed by humid leaf litter and organic debris, cover by herbaceous vegetation. Larvae hatch after flooding and overwinter in the wetland. Larvae develop fast during spring and emergence begins in December before the wetland dries up. Description of the immature stages is helpful for use of macroinvertebrates biomonitoring, ecological studies and understanding their ecosystem services in seasonal-lentic habitats.

Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a solitary nymphal endoparasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), an important pest of cotton in Haryana. The present studies on the effect of cold storage on some biological characteristics of A. bambawalei were carried out by storing one-day-old mummies of P. solenopsis (i.e. parasitoid in pupal stage) for 1 to 8 weeks at four storage temperatures viz., 5, 10, 15 and 20°C at 75 per cent relative humidity. Emergence of the parasitoid adults from mummies occurred within first week during storage at 20°C, hence, this temperature was judged unsuitable for cold storage. The parasitoid A. bambawalei could be stored for one week at 5°C and for two weeks each at 10 and 15°C, without any significant effect on emergence, longevity, fecundity and per cent females emerging in F 1 progeny. At the above mentioned temperatures and durations these biological parameters of the parasitoid were comparable with the emergence (100%), longevity (19.60 and 33.20 days for males and females, respectively), fecundity (24.60 mealybugs parasitized per female in five days) and per cent females emerging in F 1 progeny (63.12%) recorded in the control (27°C).

The study was carried out to assess the efficacy of Oberon 22.9% (spiromesifen) SC against okra red spider mite at surrounding area of PAU Regional Research Station Gurdaspur. The efficacy of Oberon 22.9% @ 250, 375 & 500 ml was compared along with earlier recommended insecticide Rogor 30 EC @ 675 ml per hectare. The results revealed that all the insecticidal treatment significantly decreased the mite population (1.41 to 2.04 mites/2 cm2 leaf area) as compared to control (21.01mites/2 cm2 leaf area) fourteen days after spray. But Oberon 22.9% @ 500 ml/ha showed high performance with least mite population (1.41) and it was par with its median and lowest doses with mite population (1.71 & 1.93) and Rogor 30 EC (2.04). The maximum fruit yield (100.42 q/ha) was recorded with highest dose of Oberon. All the acaricidal treatments under present study had no any significant impact on population of natural enemies of red spider mite.

The courtship and mating behavior of Xylocopa sulcatipes is reexamined and described here. The study sought to determine whether a courted female may already be mated or is still virgin, and whether females are selective or not, with emphasis on precopulatory behavior and possible mate selection. All the observed copulations in the study were preceded by grasping behavior, in which the male holds the female by the legs. Eighty-five percent of females caught during the grasping behavior were virgin, as indicated by their empty spermatheca. The duration of grasping behavior by smaller males was short, suggesting their immediate rejection by the female; whereas a prolonged grasping behavior in larger males tended to end in copulation. The new behavior described here-grasping behavior-is interpreted as providing a mechanism for inspection of the male by the female prior to mating. It is suggested that without an 'I am ready' signal from the female the sequence of grasping that leads to copulation will not proceed, implying that females can prevent the sequence and thereby manipulate inter-sexual selection.

The present investigation was conducted to study the spreading, dynamics of flying, attack and predominance of flies of the family Muscidae (Diptera, Insecta) in cattle at livestock farms of Kyiv and Rivne regions of Ukraine during September-October, 2011. Species such as Lyperosia spp., Stomoxys spp. (stable flies), Musca autumnalis (face fly), M. larvipara and flies of the family Calliphoridae (blow flies) were parasitizing on cattle in September. Genus Lyperosiа was a dominant flies species of cows in pasture; the highest prevalence infection was up to 94%. The highest quantity of flies (II was 89.7±24.13 insects in average) fixed at 7 am, with peak of their activity at 4 pm (on the abdominal area around the udder of cows). Since 6 pm till 9 pm at artificial lighting was found by 77.59% more flies on cows in comparison with those in premises. The dominant species of flies in livestock premises of Rivne region was Stomoxys spp.. Tendency of their activity, the flying and attack on animals was continuing to the peak at 5 pm (II was 29.85±1.94 insects/animal in average). A highest quantity of flies was registered at 7 am (early morning), and 9 pm (late evening) on cows on the front legs of the metacarpal bones with the highest indexes of 53.52 and 52.59%, respectively; the lowest quantity of those, in the abdominal area and sacrum at 7 am and 5 pm were from 6.57 to 23.45%, respectively.

An experiment conducted during rabi, 2015-16 to evaluate the efficacy of bio-pesticides and indoxacarb against gram pod borer on chickpea from six treatments viz., Indoxacarb, Bacillus thuringiensis, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, NSKE, Azadirachtin and Garlic extract. The indoxacarb 14.5 SC (1.0 ml/lit.) was found most effective in crop protection. NSKE (5.0 ml/ha), azadirachtin 0.3 EC (5.0 ml/lit.), HaNPV (250 LE/ha) and B. thuringiensis (1000 ml/ha) were found moderately effective in reducing pod borer population, while garlic extract (10 ml/lit.) was found least effective. The minimum pod damage (4.69%) was recorded in treatment of indoxacarb followed by NSKE (10.41%) and azadirachtin (10.84%). The maximum pod damage (14.27%) was found in garlic extract treatment, while it was 20.95% in control. The maximum seed yield was obtained in the treatment of indoxacarb 14.5 SC (16.49 q/ha) whereas it was minimum in garlic extract (10.10 q/ha) treatment. Maximum B:C ratio was obtained in the treatment indoxacarb (9.52), while minimum in garlic extract (0.17).

« Es gibt keine Maikäfer mehr », klagte 1974 der Sänger Reinhard Mey in einem seiner Erfolgslieder. DDT und andere Insektizide hatten dem Tier in der Tat arg zugesetzt und den Käfer zur zoologischen Seltenheit werden lassen. Vorbei also die Zeiten, wo es bei uns Kindern noch Anfang der 1950er Jahre hieß : « haut den Owend gi mir Kiewerlécke fänken » oder « am Do kënne mer d'Kiewerlécke vun de Beem rëselen ». Die eingefangenen Tierchen landeten in Blechdosen, Zigarrenkisten oder sonstigen Behältern. Wenn sie Glück hatten, wurden sie wieder fliegen gelassen, wobei das « Pumpen » der Käfer vor dem Start für uns Kinder besonders spannend zu beobachten war. Meistens kamen die armen Kerle allerdings nicht mit heiler Haut davon, wurden den Hühnern zum Fraß vorgeworfen, mit kochendem Wasser getötet oder verbrannt. Maikäfer galten als gefährliche Schädlinge. Hatten also kein Pardon verdient !

In order that survival of young be more than optimum, the
timing of spawning by the mature adult fish is so adjusted that
must be closely linked to the availability of maximum congenial
environment added by increased food availability of food for the
newly hatched young ones. The availability of food for the larvae
and juveniles of most temperate and cold water fish species varies
on a seasonal basis and following this fish are usually found to have
a discrete and selective spawning season so perfectly timed that
hatched out larvae will get readily available exogenous food from
nature for their further development. Thus, in many temperate
and cold water species, spawning is an annual event. Spawning
culminates a series of preparatory events during which the
gametes develop and the gonads increase in size.

Six species of Tenuipalpidae are reported for the first time from India among the seventeen species from South Bengal in the current collection. Among them, three species belong to the genus Brevipalpus, B. melichrus Pritchard and Baker, B.mitrofanovi (Pegazzano) and B. turrialbensis Manson; one species of the genus Cenopalpus, C. picitilis Chaudhri; and the remaining two species belong to the genus Tenuipalpus, T. crassulus Baker and Tuttle and T. leipoldti Meyer.

Kenya faces acute food shortages to satisfy the increasing population as traditional food stocks continue to be depleted as a result of environmental changes and increasing population. Faced with problems of food insecurity, increasing food prices and overreliance on the traditional food items, there is an urgent need for Kenyans to diversify their food sources. In western Kenya, termites (white ants) have a long history of consumption as a delicacy during the rainy seasons. A major problem is that the termites are varied in species and may not all contain the ingredients required by humans for nutrition. The aim of this study was to establish the consumer preferences for the white ant (Pseudocanthotermes grandiceps) species in various urban centers of Kenya. This was done with an overall aim of determining whether white ants can be declared as an alternative food source in Kenya. Data was collected and analyzed. consumer preference was done through personal administered questionnaires that sought direct information on the issues of consuming white ants. Qualitative data from the questionnaires and interviews collected during this study were analyzed by descriptive statistics employing tools of central tendencies, frequency distributions, cross tabulations and chi-square (χ 2) of goodness of fit tests using SPSS version 17.0. Chi-square test was suitable here since enabled the identification of any significant differences in the frequencies of the alternative response. All data was analyzed at a level of p < 0.05. After analysis, data were presented using table, bar graphs and pie charts. The median ingredient uptake volumes were calculated based on the respondents responses, which were then used to calculate the daily ingredient intake. The first survey identified that local consume beef, poultry, vegetables mainly traditional, cabbages, fish, and white ants. The consumers were asked to rank foods that should be considered a delicacy and should be advocated for all the Kenyan to take as long as they are available. The results show that beef ranked highest followed by white and brown ants respectively. Bacon and wild birds ranked lowest.

Food insecurity is a major problem facing the Kenyan populace. There are acute food shortages that do not satisfy the increasing population as traditional food stocks continue to be depleted as a result of environmental changes and increasing population. Faced with problems of food insecurity, increasing food prices and over-reliance on the traditional food items, there is an urgent need for Kenyans to diversify their food sources. In western Kenya, the termites have a long history of consumption as a delicacy during the rainy seasons. A major problem is that they are varied in species and may not all contain the ingredients required by humans for nutrition. There are also very few studies that have attempted to evaluate the totality of white ants in Kenya. The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition of the termites in Western Kenya. This was done with an overall aim of determining whether termites can be declared as an alternative food source in Kenya. Data were collected and analyzed for proximate composition of moisture, protein, lipids, crude fiber. Essential Amino Acid (EAA) profiles were evaluated to determine protein composition. Food value of the different species was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that termites have high levels of moisture content of 90.2% crude protein (64%), crude lipids (9.35%), crude fibre (9.53), gross energy of 4.99 kcal and the essential amino acids at 31.5g/100g. Due to the conditions of families in Kenya this can be a substitute for the sources of protein substitute for red meat and Tilapia fish meals preferred by many households. The profile of Essential Amino Acid in the current study was found to be high and therefore white ants formed a very good source of essential amino acid to the local people. This study therefore concludes that white ants are suitable alternative food source to replace major rotein food and nutritionists should start a campaign of making the white ants a delicacy. Given that white ants are neglected food in Kenya, it is recommended that the food items should be consumed as one of the food in the traditional diets in areas where the species occur.

A new species of the myrmicine ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler,
1910, N. micheleae Sharaf sp. nov., is described and illustrated from
Oman based on the worker caste. The new species is a member of
the N. angulatus species group and can be diagnosed by the golden
yellow gaster that contrasts with the dark brown body; the irregular
longitudinal rugulose sculpture on the cephalic surface; and the
finely punctate mesonotum and propodeal dorsum. A synoptic
species list, an updated key and a distribution map to the Arabian
Nesomyrmex species are presented. Continued ant species discoveries
are central to large-scale diversity patterns, conservation biology
and macroecology.

The termite alates of Pseudocanthotermes grandiceps are eaten as a substitute dietary element in Kenya. Artificial inducement of the alates was evaluated based on a traditional method that has been used for decades. The idea is to imitate the natural weather conditions required by swarming alates. In natural situations, the most conducive weather is when rain is accompanied by thunderstorms and then stops for at least 2days with intervals of clear and sunny skies. Such weather conditions stimulate the emergence of alates during day time. In artificial situation, producing the sound of rain to strengthen the impression of rain was found to work with Pseudocanthotermes species. Through field manipulation of weather conditions, the alates of P. grandiceps responded to external changes and were harvested for consumption by local community. The following weather conditions were found necessary in stimulating nest activities and emergence of alates: a) hot and dry weather for a week prior to artificial inducement; b) sunny and hot afternoon at time of swarming. The time taken from the onset of the experiment to the end of swarming was approximately 8 hours. The artificial inducement of alates was found to be effective, seasonal and limited only to the genus Pseudocanthotermes.

It is a review of causes and conservation of endangered species. Endangered species are those considered at the risk of extinction. According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 112,400 species on the red list are assessed and more than 30,000 species are threatened with extinction where, 133 species are endangered in Pakistan. The main causes of extinction of species are climate change, pollution, habitat destruction, invasive alien species, over exploitation and illegal wildlife trade. International and National conservation organizations like the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Pakistan, the WWF (World Wide Fund) Pakistan and the BRC (Bio Research Center) Islamabad are working for conservation of wildlife. To reduce the chances of extinction of wildlife, there is a dire need to impose such legislation where deforestation is banned, pollution is controlled, trade is monitored and sufficient knowledge about invasive species is provided.

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important food legume, however there is an increasing decline in performance and production due to pest attack especially from the aphids. Pest infestation is even higher during the dry season hence causing a serious damage to the crop. Therefore there is an urgent need to come up with methods like integrated pest management in order to control the pest, which destroys the crop by sucking the nutrients, excrete honey dew which attract saprophytic fungi and is also known to transmit a number of viruses to the bean plant. The aim of this study was to: determine efficacy of integrated management on bean aphid infestation and to determine the efficacy of integrated management on bean performance. This was done with an overall aim of increasing the yields of beans. Data collection was done using a 4x2x2 factorial experiment comprising of Bean variety cv. Nyayo ,two rates of seed dressing chemical (with and without) using (Gaucho) Imidacloprid, two ra...

A 4 day old calf was presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, with the history of no fecal output since birth and progressive depression. On clinical examination, the abdomen of the animal was found to be severely distended and the contours of distended large intestinal loops were detected on palpation of right paralumbar fossa. Lateral abdominal radiograph of the abdomen revealed gaseous distension of the large intestine. Based on history and clinical examination findings diagnosis of atresia coli was made and surgical correction was done by done by performing end to side anastomosis of the blind end of the proximal colon with the descending colon using no. 2-0 polygalactin 910 under local analgesia using lignocaine 2%. An uneventful recovery was seen and it is concluded that the success of the treatment depends upon the early diagnosis of the condition and immediate surgical correction.

In the present study freshwater teleost fish Barbus carnaticus used as a specimen to observe the concentration based effects of Fenvalerate on the Ovary and Testicular structure, Concentration mediated histopathological lessions were observed in the Ovary and Testis of Barbus carnaticus exposed to LC 50 concentrations of Fenvalerate for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Conclusion drawn from the study is that the structure of Ovary and Testis is highly damaged at LC 50 concentration for 96 hours duration. Damage of germinal epithelium inflammation, contraction, condensation in the cells of Ovary and Testicular tubules are observed.

The major objective of the 3rd Global Conference on Entomology is to showcase recent
advances in research and development in the insect world. The skills and knowledge of entomologists
are needed worldwide helping farmers to produce crops and livestock more efficiently through sound
integrated pest management strategies, fighting to save endangered species and fragile ecosystems, and
preventing insects from spreading agents that cause serious diseases. Insects provide a readily
accessible resource for us to use in developing a better scientific understanding of the world around us.
For more than 350 million years, insects have evolved and adapted to become the creatures we
know today. Through the millennia, insects have become an essential part of every terrestrial and
freshwater ecosystem. They are the most numerous and diverse form of life on Planet Earth. About one
million species are known, and it is estimated that 10 million are undiscovered. The studies of insects
help us increase the bounty of the land and preserve its natural beauty. It also helps us understand how to
protect lives and property from harmful insects. Food shortages still exist in many parts of the world and
about 40 percent of the world’s food production is lost to insect pests each year. Sound entomological
research and extension programs are at the forefront of the sciences involving these important
problems. Although reducing vast insect-caused losses will not automatically solve the hunger
problems – other economic and cultural factors are important too – entomology is a central part of the
solution. Vast areas of the world are dominated by insects that transmit parasites that cause yellow fever,
river blindness, chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Malaria, plague, and tick-borne fevers are
diseases of worldwide importance, and entomologists lead the way in research to combat these
ailments. Entomologists are seeking new, less expensive ways to prevent these losses.
The scheduled conference is encouraged and supported by several Entomological Societies,
Universities and research organizations in order to provide a scientific platform to exchange
information on the recent advances in entomological research and to bring together the International
scientific community involved in the study of insects.

EMPUSA PENNICORNIS (MANTODEA, EMPUSIDAE) AT THE SOUTH URALS
Rusakov A.V., Davygora A.V.
Till nowdays at the territory of South Urals two species of Mantodea were marked: Mantis religiosa L. and Bolivaria brachyptera Pall. In May, 1999 the third species — Empusa pennicornis Pall, was found out. Earlier that insect was marked, as characteristic for deserts of Central Asia.

The study was carried out to assess the efficacy of Oberon 22.9% (spiromesifen) SC against okra red spider mite at surrounding area of PAU Regional Research Station Gurdaspur. The efficacy of Oberon 22.9% @ 250, 375 & 500 ml was compared along with earlier recommended insecticide Rogor 30 EC @ 675 ml per hectare. The results revealed that all the insecticidal treatment significantly decreased the mite population (1.41 to 2.04 mites/2 cm2 leaf area) as compared to control (21.01mites/2 cm2 leaf area) fourteen days after spray. But Oberon 22.9% @ 500 ml/ha showed high performance with least mite population (1.41) and it was par with its median and lowest doses with mite population (1.71 & 1.93) and Rogor 30 EC (2.04). The maximum fruit yield (100.42 q/ha) was recorded with highest dose of Oberon. All the acaricidal treatments under present study had no any significant impact on population of natural enemies of red spider mite.

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important food legume, however there is an increasing decline in performance and production due to pest attack especially from the aphids. Pest infestation is even higher during the dry season hence causing a serious damage to the crop. Therefore there is an urgent need to come up with methods like integrated pest management in order to control the pest, which destroys the crop by sucking the nutrients, excrete honey dew which attract saprophytic fungi and is also known to transmit a number of viruses to the bean plant. The aim of this study was to: determine efficacy of integrated management on bean aphid infestation and to determine the efficacy of integrated management on bean performance. This was done with an overall aim of increasing the yields of beans. Data collection was done using a 4x2x2 factorial experiment comprising of Bean variety cv. Nyayo ,two rates of seed dressing chemical (with and without) using (Gaucho) Imidacloprid, two ra...

Hyperomerus Redtenbacher is a genus of Neotropical katydid with only one species, H. crassipes. For more than one hundred years, the only specimen known was the female holotype. Now, more three exemplars were found deposited in the Zoological Collection of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas in Brazil, including the unknown male, which reveals the congeneric status with Uchuca Giglio-Tos species and, consequently, this last genus is being made a junior synonym of Hyperomerus. Additionally, H. crassipes is redescribed, and the records of all species now included within the genus Hyperomerus are updated.

Hormone receptors that are classically located in either cytosol or nucleus or in the plasma membrane are also found in mitochondria.
Notably, they belong to different categories, such as proteins mainly known as hormone-dependent transcription factors, receptor tyrosine
kinases, multimeric ligand-gated ion channels, and G protein-coupled receptors. Some of them represent mitochondrial variants, whereas
others seem to be almost or fully identical with the extra mitochondrial forms. In some cases, mitochondrial receptors are associated with the
outer membrane, whereas others are integrated in the inner membrane and act by signaling towards the matrix. In functional terms, some
steroid receptors display genomic actions at the mitochondrial chromosome, whereas membrane-bound receptors transmit metabolic effects in the matrix or at the electron transport chain and modulate mitochondrial structure and length or apoptosis.

ABSTRACT
Six species of Tenuipalpidae are reported for the first time from India among the seventeen species from South Bengal in the current collection. Among them, three species belong to the genus Brevipalpus, B. melichrus Pritchard and Baker, B.mitrofanovi (Pegazzano) and
B. turrialbensis Manson; one species of the genus Cenopalpus, C. picitilis Chaudhri; and the remaining two species belong to the genus Tenuipalpus, T. crassulus Baker and Tuttle and T. leipoldti Meyer.

Understanding the proximate mechanisms of caste development in eusocial taxa can reveal how social species evolved from solitary ancestors . In Polistes wasps, the current paradigm holds that differential amounts of nutrition during the larval stage cause the divergence of worker and gyne (potential queen) castes . But nutrition level alone cannot explain how the first few females to be produced in a colony develop rapidly yet have small body sizes and worker phenotypes . Here, we provide evidence that a mechanical signal biases caste toward a worker phenotype. In Polistes fuscatus, the signal takes the form of antennal drumming (AD), wherein a female trills her antennae synchronously on the rims of nest cells while feeding prey-liquid to larvae . The frequency of AD occurrence is high early in the colony cycle, when larvae destined to become workers are being reared, and low late in the cycle, when gynes are being reared . Subjecting gyne-destined brood to simulated AD-frequency vibrations caused them to emerge as adults with reduced fat stores, a worker trait . This suggests that AD influences the larval developmental trajectory by inhibiting a physiological element that is necessary to trigger diapause, a gyne trait .