Marine Zoology

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The regression parameters for intercept (a) and slope (b) of the length (L)-Weight (W) relationship for the model W = a.L b were determined in Pomadasys maculatum (Bloch 1797) (family: Pomadasyidae). Data on fish size was gathered for 221 male and 231 females fishes collected from Karachi coast and analyzed with correlation and regression to determine relationship of fish weight with standard (SL) and total (TL) lengths in male, female separately and with pooled data for the two sexes. The magnitude of exponents (b) varied only slightly in the regression equations. The t-test for various pairs (male vs. female, male vs. pooled sexes and female vs. pooled sexes) for SL or TL as independent variables indicated the differences among the values of b statistically insignificant at p < 0.05. The regression lines were therefore parallel in this species. The magnitude of b was in all cases near 3 which indicated that that this fish grew symmetrically and isometrically.

At a time when Europe was engaged in the War of Austrian succession, an unknown scholar, Abraham Trembley, managed to dramatically influence the course of the Natural Sciences. He focused his interest not only on the properties of a new organism, the polyp later named Hydra, and its freshwater environment, but also on the communication of his discoveries to the most es-timable scholarly circles of his time. Under the patronage of influential scholars, Réaumur in Paris and Folkes in London, he forged a new perspective on a common object-water. Everyone had seen a glass of water and through it he could project the concept of a wet laboratory and hence reshape the experimental practices of naturalists. His research propelled a surge of interest for investigation of the aquatic environment, a new line of investigative force that can be called the Trembley Effect. This effect pushed scholars to explore the shallow areas of water, to test the properties of tiny aquatic bodies, to examine the frontiers between organisms. Thanks to Trembley, it was the first time that, in a fully artificial setting, man could give life to an animal species, a practice that created for all of those who tried it, an enigmatic feeling of power that stirred passions for decades. Indeed this experimental approach that emerged in parallel to Linnaean classifications, inaugurated a new phase of Natural Sciences.

This study was carried out to find the sex ratio (Male:Female) of two Teraponid species of Family Teraponidae (i.e., Terapon jarbua and T. puta) from Pakistan. The result of present investigation shows the dominance of female Teraponid over male Teraponids along Karachi coast, Pakistan.

The genus Nemopsis, a bougainvillid hydrozoan with a dominant medusa phase, currently includes three species (Nemopsis bachei, N. dofleini and N. hexacanalis), all characterized by the presence of a pair of club-shaped tentacles  in the median portion of the marginal bulbs. In this paper, we describe a fourth species, based on the medusa collected off Dichato, central Chilean coast.

The ultra structural observations on Somatotrophs During estrus cells are spherical to oval in shape with the spherical nucleus. Cytoplasm of cell is filled with a large number of round to oval shaped secretory granules of diameter ranges from 200-400nm. Cells during early pregnancy are polyhedral in shape with eccentric nucleus and mostly euchromatic. Mitochondria are spherical to oval in shape with lamellar cristae. The Golgi zone is observed juxtanuclear in position. Secretory granules are increases in number as compared to estrus. STH cell during lactation are polyhedral in shape. Rough endoplasmic reticulums are elongated, tubular dotted with ribosomes. Secretory granules are seen scattered in the cytoplasm. The diameter of secretory granules is about 230 nm. The light and ultra structural findings on the pituitary gland by many workers gave much more information about different cell type in pituitary gland. The different cell found in the pars distalis play  very  important  role  in  the  reproductive  cycle  of  the  animals.  Biologists attempting to investigate central endocrine mechanisms in bats face obvious difficulties on all these fronts. Wild-caught bats, sampled at different phases of their reproductive cycles, have provided the basis for most of our current knowledge. As a result, most studies have been descriptive in nature, documenting apparent changes in hypothalamic and pituitary activity that occurs over the course  of  male  and  female  reproductive  cycles.  However,  efforts  to  maintain  healthy  captive  bat  colonies,  in  which  individuals  not  only survive over the long term, but also reproduce, are becoming increasingly  successful.  Nerkar,  Gadegone  [1]  have  reported  the  structure  of  FSH  cell  in  pars  distalis  of  female  bat  Taphozous longimanus during different phases of reproductive cycle.

It is a review of causes and conservation of endangered species. Endangered species are those considered at the risk of extinction. According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 112,400 species on the red list are assessed and more than 30,000 species are threatened with extinction where, 133 species are endangered in Pakistan. The main causes of extinction of species are climate change, pollution, habitat destruction, invasive alien species, over exploitation and illegal wildlife trade. International and National conservation organizations like the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Pakistan, the WWF (World Wide Fund) Pakistan and the BRC (Bio Research Center) Islamabad are working for conservation of wildlife. To reduce the chances of extinction of wildlife, there is a dire need to impose such legislation where deforestation is banned, pollution is controlled, trade is monitored and sufficient knowledge about invasive species is provided.

This study describes the frequency distribution of lengths of two Teraponid species i.e., Terapon jarbua and T. puta from Karachi coast, Pakistan. The results show the presence of all size classes of two Teraponid species (T. jarbua and T. puta) during different months of the research period (January 2013 to December 2014). It supports that environmental conditions near Karachi coast are suitable for these two Teraponid species in all stages of their life cycle.

A new species of pontoniine shrimp belonging to the &#39;Periclimenes obscurus species group&#39; is described from the Berau Islands, North East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Specimens were obtained from aglaopheniid hydrozoans of the genus Macrorhynchia. The new species is here described and figured. Its affinities with related species are discussed and a DNA-barcode is provided.

Copepoda abundance, biomass and taxonomic composition were studied seasonally (April 2004-February 2005) in southeast Adriatic area influenced both by the Bojana River and open waters. Total Copepoda abundance showed high variability and lack of clear seasonal pattern. Copepods fauna dominated by Paracalanus parvus, Clausocalanus arcuicornis, Clausocalanus furcatus, Ctenocalanus vanus, Centropages kröyeri, Temora stylifera, Acartia clausi, Oithona plumifera and Euterpina acutifrons in the spring and summer communities. Forty species were identified: 28 in spring, 21 in summer, 11 in autumn and 8 in winter. The community was predominantly neritic but the open sea waters were important in structuring the copepods communities during the spring-summer period. Temperature and salinity influenced the seasonal dynamics of some species. The relationship between the Copepoda species abundance and environmental parameters varied within the group. In conclusion, clear seasonal variation and slight differences were observed in terms of the examined properties of the Copepoda taxa. Abiotic environmental variables were considered to particularly affect this variability.

Echinoderms, exclusively marine animals, present a great diversity and are an important and very ancient phylum. Whether they are predators, vegetarian or scavengers, echinoderms frequently dominate the ecosystems in which they are subservient. Benthic macrofauna and particularly echinoderms acting directly on the functioning of marine ecosystems, represents the fundamental link in the food chain and an essential source of food for many consumers. There has been very little work on the echinoderms found in the western Algerian coast. The objective of this work is to conduct an inventory on the echinological fauna in the intertidal zone, including the description of the morphological and ethoecological characteristics of the echinoderms in their ecosystem. To this end ten stations were surveyed. For each station, a random sampling was performed on hard substrates found in the coast of Oran. The identification of species and faunal analysis permitted to identify six species belonging to this phylum with a presence of 55.17% of Echinoids (Echinoids), 34.8% of sea cucumber (holothurian) and 10.34% of starfish (Asteroidean).