Urban Elites

Amid a globally increasing trend of urban segregation, this article asks why a particular urban place, the Gangnam area in the city of Seoul, has come to symbolize the rich and the powerful, consolidating both socioeconomic segregation and political conservatism in a short span of time. While different approaches exist that partially explain Gangnam’s luxurious lifestyles, fervent real estate speculation, obsession with education, and political conservatism, this article seeks to provide a holistic explanation for the rise of Gangnam and draws particular attention to the social construction of place identity. Based on the analysis of historically and contextually grounded evidence, imaginations, and cognitive scaling of different stakeholders, it suggests bidirectional formations of self–other and present–future identities, highlighting the sociopsychological aspects of place identity formation. Specifically, it explains political conservatism as the attempts of Gangnam residents to sustain the area’s entrance barrier and pass on their exclusivity to future selves and children.

This article examines how images of carnations in the page borders and calendar miniatures of the late medieval devotional books locally produced for Netherlandish civic elites provide an opportunity to examine identity formation and concepts of urban magnificence and splendor. It also considers the role of carnations in discussions and depictions of gardens in a popular medieval Italian estate creation and management book, Piero Crescenzi’s Ruralium Commodorum, that, especially in French translation in Netherlandish illuminated manuscript copies, was a how-to- do- it manual for those seeking to build manor and town houses with gardens befitting their status. Thus, both depictions of the potted plant in art and scenes of the carnation in a garden setting were intended to project the owners’ flower connoisseurship and their splendor and civic magnificence. Further, the makers (in most cases artisan fellow townsmen of the commissioners) of these miniatures and borders projected luxury and consumption fantasies on which to model their lives for the books’ patrons, and to help them distinguish themselves culturally from the long established landed aristocracy.

In this introductory essay to our special issue on elites, we outline some of the major challenges to research in this area and propose a series of theoretical and methodological pathways to address them. Theoretically we make four recommendations: (a) greater attentiveness to and specificity about the relationship between elites and power; (b) a clearer articulation of the relationships between elites and the varieties of capitalism; (c) far more attention to diversity within elites and the use of elites to understand forms of domination like white supremacy and masculine domination and (d) expanding beyond the orthodox form of Bourdieusian theoretical frameworks. Methodologically we outline how research using survey instruments, social network analysis (SNA) (and multiple correspondence analysis), interviews, ethnographic observation, experiments, archival research, administrative data and content analysis can each be deployed, built upon or redirected to help bring elites into greater focus.

La Serenísima República de Venecia durante sus casi mil años de existencia (IX/XIX) se nos presenta como un estado soberano europeo, en forma de república aristocrática de mercaderes, que regía un importante imperio ultramarino. Gobernada por un Dogo con un poder similar al de un monarca, aunque limitado por una serie de consejos mediante los cuales se buscaba el equilibrio de poder entre las principales familias.
En el presente trabajo se estudia tanto su historia, como su organización política y social. Se analiza la figura del patrizio véneto, oligarquía de sangre que controlaba la vida pública.  Para terminar explicando las peculiaridades de su heráldica.

Ce livre étudie les relations entre Bruxelles et sa périphérie entre le XIe et le XIIIe siècle par le biais d’une analyse combinant lecture économique traditionnelle et approche sociale innovante. Il envisage l’impact du terreau régional sur l’émergence de la ville, l’empreinte de la ville constituée, ensuite, sur les structures économiques, sociales et politiques et, d’une manière générale, les synergies créées par cette interaction permanente qui fait du couple ville-périphérie un véritable continuum. La première partie – le volet économique – fait le point sur la croissance rurale et urbaine, ses protagonistes, ses modalités et sa chronologie. Elle met particulièrement en évidence la montée en puissance de Bruxelles comme place centrale et son rôle dans la croissance économique. La deuxième partie – le volet social – étudie le rôle du prince territorial et des élites politiques. Elle envisage spécialement le devenir du groupe aristocratique traditionnel dans son rapport au prince et à la ville, de même que l’émergence des nouveaux acteurs sociaux et leur confrontation avec le prince et la société seigneuriale (4e de couverture).

Los reyes navarros concedieron la nobleza nativa a todos los nacidos en seis valles de gran valor estratégico por su condición de paso fronterizo y que se habían caracterizado por su espíritu bélico en la defensa de su tierra frente al invasor.
Fueron denominados los seis  Nobles Valles, por los privilegios de nobleza general para todos los avecindados que recibieron de los Reyes de Navarra: Valles del Baztán, Roncal, Aezcoa, Larraun, Salazar y Lana. Los oriundos avecindados en alguno de estos Nobles Valles podían utilizar las armas colectivas concedidas por el rey a dicho valle y que se recogían en el Armorial del Reino de Navarra.

Preminenza aristocratica a Napoli nel tardo medioevo: i tocchi e il problema dell'origine dei sedili stato. Famiglie e identità aristocratiche nel tardo medioevo. La Sicilia, Roma, Donzelli, 2001; e F. titone, Governments of the "Universitates": urban communities of Sicily in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth centuries, Turnhout, Brepols, 2009. 4 Cfr. G. Vitale, La nobiltà di Seggio a Napoli nel basso medioevo. Aspetti della dinamica interna, «ASPN», CVI, 1988, pp. 151-169; ead., Uffici, militia e nobiltà. Processi di formazione della nobiltà di Seggio a Napoli: il casato dei Brancaccio fra XIV e XV secolo, «Dimensioni e problemi della ricerca storica», II, 1993, pp. 22-52; ead., Nobiltà napoletana della prima età angioina. Élite burocratica e famiglia, in L'État angevin. Pouvoir, culture et société entre XIIIe et XIVe siècle. Actes du Colloque internationale (Roma-Napoli, 7-11 novembre 1995), Roma, École française de Rome, 1998, pp. 535-576; ead., Nobiltà napoletana dell'età durazzesca, in La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Age, dir. N. Coulet, J. M. Matz, Roma, École française de Rome, 2000, pp. 363-415; ead., Modelli culturali nobiliari nella Napoli aragonese, Salerno, Carlone, 2000; ead., Élite burocratica e famiglia. Dinamiche nobiliari e proces si di costruzione statale nella Napoli angioinoaragonese, Napoli, Liguori, 2003; ead., Ritualità monarchica, cerimonie e pratiche devozionali nella Napoli aragonese, Salerno, Laveglia, 2006; ead., Monarchia e ordini cavallereschi nel regno di Napoli in età angioi na, in Linguaggi e pratiche del potere. Genova e il Regno di Napoli tra Medioevo et Età moderna, a cura di G.

Over the 10th and 11th centuries, the dioceses of Florence and Fiesole were governed by important bishops. Their charisma and political power, however, did not prevent them being consigned to obscurity. This paper describes how and why this came about, presenting an analysis of clues found in several texts written by the reformers (Saint Peter Damian's letters, Saint John Gualbert's life). It appears that the authority of the bishops was undermined by the rivalry between two influential religious communities close to the Episcopate – the monastery of San Miniato al Monte and the Florentine cathedral chapter – that came to the fore at about the same time. A powerful Florentine family (the Visdomini) and a group of John Gualbert’s monastic followers took advantage of this conflict, and while the bishops were busy calming the waters between the canons and monks, the Visdomini rose to political prominence and John Gualbert’s fortunes were favoured on the spiritual plane.

[it] La particolare attenzione riservata all’«umanesimo civile» fiorentino e l’affermarsi nella storiografia anglo-americana del paradigma “repubblicano” hanno contribuito, in forme diverse, a limitare l’interesse degli storici per i contesti principeschi e monarchici della penisola italiana nel tardo Medioevo. Questa tendenza, unita alle gravi perdite documentarie dell’Archivio di Stato di Napoli, ha relegato finora le élites ascritte ai Seggi di numerose città del Regnum ai margini del dibattito storiografico internazionale. Nel corso del Quattrocento il riuso dell’Antico non trasformò solo i linguaggi di legittimità e l’azione dei principi, ma anche quelli delle élites urbane dell’intera penisola. A quali auctores essi s’ispirarono? Qual è il rapporto tra il classicismo e i progetti di riforme istituzionali? Il volume prova a rispondere a tali quesiti, soffermandosi sul contesto napoletano, finora poco indagato, attraverso l’analisi e l’edizione critica del Libro terczo de regimento de l’Opera de le medaglie di Pietro Jacopo de Jennaro. Si tratta di un’opera composta tra il 1500 e il 1504, come libero commento in medaglie agli Ab urbe condita libri di Livio, per ridefinire la preminenza politica della più antica nobiltà dei Seggi e per proporre un nuovo modello di governo misto. Attraverso l’esame di tale opera si ripercorrono i dibattiti relativi al rapporto tra rappresentanza e obbedienza, tra consenso e legittimità negli ultimi anni del regno dei Trastámara, offrendo nuovi spunti per ripensare il classicismo politico umanistico e i processi di chiusura oligarchica tra Quattro e Cinquecento. [en] The specific attention paid to the Florentine «civic humanism» and the success of “republican” paradigm achieved by the Anglo-American historiography are responsible, in various forms, for limiting differently historical interests in the princely and monarchical contexts of the late Middle Ages Italian peninsula. This tendency, joined with the serious documentary loss of the Naples State Archive, put so far the Seggi élites of many Southern mainland cities away on the margins of historical international debate. During the 15th century the reception of the Antiquity transformed the legitimacy languages and the power practices both of the princes and of the whole peninsula urban élites. Which auctores did they inspire to? Which is the relationship between the classicism and the institutional reform proposals? This book tries to answer to these questions, focusing on the Naples context, not deeply investigated, through the study and the critical edition of Pietro Jacopo de Jennaro’s Libro terczo de regimento de l’Opera de le medaglie. It is a book wrote between 1500 and 1504, as free comment in form of medaglie to Livy’s Ab urbe condita libri, in order to legitimize the political prominence of Seggi antiqui lineages and to propose a new mixed government. By studying this work it is possible to identify the debates developed during the Aragonese kingdom fall, concerning the relationships between representation and obedience, consensus and legitimacy, and to offer new ways to rethink the humanistic political classicism and the establishments of oligarchical urban governments between the 15th and 16th centuries.

The presence of highly structured factions is a key-feature of lombard political society throughout the later Middle Ages until well into the Cinquecento. This essay explores the nature of factional groups in 15th century Parma, where they operate as a means of political action at informal but also at institutional level. Far from being loose networks kept together by the temporary interests of individuals, factions appear to be built around the political traditions of urban lineages and the long-term patronage ties which connected them to the four major families of the local landed nobility. Parma’s case study provides useful insights into relevant issues: the relations between kinship and factional membership, the political cohesion of the lineage, the influence of structural factors on the political choices of the individual, the interrelations between feud and faction.

La ciudad de Nuestra Señora de La Paz fue, desde 1548, sede del poder español en pleno altiplano aymara. Muchos miembros de las huestes leales al rey durante las guerras civiles devinieron vecinos y, como tales, recibieron en merced el derecho a percibir tributo y disponer de la mano de obra de los repartimientos de indios comarcanos. Los encomenderos rápidamente se abroquelaron como grupo de poder en el cabildo paceño, controlando los destinos de la población nativa encomendada y de sus recursos. Posteriores conflictos con la administración central redefinieron el significado de la encomienda, tendiendo a la monetización del tributo nativo y a la limitación de las atribuciones jurisdiccionales de los encomenderos. Para principios del siglo XVII, la encomienda se transformó en un marcador de status de rentistas que, en muchos casos, ni siquiera residían en el Perú. Este artículo se propone reevaluar el problema de la encomienda y examinar la formación y consolidación de la elite paceña, atendiendo al impacto de la encomienda en la territorialidad nativa; la tensión entre este núcleo encomendero y el poder virreinal; y las transformaciones de la propia institución encomendera hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XVII.

This article explores the significance of writing history for a late medieval Antwerp patrician family. In recent historiography, these families (in this case Van Halmale)  have not received the attention they deserve, in part because their social status is difficult to pin down. Although members of the family Van Halmale had knightly titles and performed deeds of arms on the battlefield and during tournaments, their noble status was not undisputed. Both a chronicle and a tournament diary written by different members of the Van Halmale family reflect the aspirations of a dominant social category in the late medieval towns of Brabant, Flanders, and Holland. Their writings reflect how these men perceived themselves and how they wanted their contemporaries and peers to perceive them. In that sense the writing of history was indeed a means for nobles (and would-be-nobles) to justify (or to claim) their privileged position. Their works helped them to express their identity as powerful aldermen, firmly rooted in an urban environment but with open minds for the world of princes and (inter)national politics.

Las circunstancias históricas hicieron que coexistiera una doble oligarquía: Adeldon (Nobleza) y Patriciaat (Patriciado). La conversión de las Provincias Unidas en una república no afectó a las instituciones feudales de las diversas provincias. En ellas se mantuvo su nobleza local, cuyo origen se remontaba a los Duques de Borgoña. . Se trataba de una nobleza de cuño feudal, formada por Condes, Barones y Caballeros, asentada en sus propiedades agrarias que ejercía su poder a través de los Ridderschap. A ella se unió una nobleza de facto, el Patriciado, formada por las principales familias burguesas, cuyos miembros monopolizaban las instituciones de gobierno y los ayuntamientos de la antigua República, constituyendo las Regenten families, cuyos privilegios y dominio público se sucedía de padres a hijos.
El rey Guillermo I constituyó en 1815 el Hoge Raad van Adel entre cuyas competencias estaba el homogeneizar el sistema heráldico del país que estaba reservado a la nobleza, especialmente en cuanto sus competencias sobre la elaboración y reproducción de los blasones de la nobleza, así como los nacionales, cívicos e institucionales.

El servicio de las élites urbanas
a la nobleza señorial era un mecanismo muy
beneficioso para ambas partes. Los primeros
conseguían una vía óptima para un rápido
ascenso social, político y económico. Los
segundos, influir en la esfera política de las
ciudades que limitaban con sus señoríos. El
caso de los duques de Medinaceli y algunas
familias jerezanas ejemplifica perfectamente
este juego de relaciones de poder.

The complexity of regional study of municipal elites in the Greek part of the Roman Empire is commonly known. Nonetheless, many aspects of the Cretan notables' activity can be investigated, not only in the island but also in other regions of the Empire. Material is distributed among four large chapters: 1/ Polis and its organization, 2/ Cretan Koinon, 3/ Mobility of municipal elites in Crete, 4/ Economy. Yet again it is clear that one should regularly appeal to various types of evidence because inscriptions surely constitute material most abounding in first-rate information but often insufficient to obtain pertinent results. In every stage of the research one seeks to assess the degree of changes in comparison with Hellenistic epoch. In this way Crete appears to us as the land of old traditions which continued to exert great influence in Roman period. On the other hand, some forms, inherited from the remote times, received entirely new content, in conformity with general tendencies of the epoch. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR2003

Si tratta di un'indagine sulla fisionomia socio-economica di 60 famiglie appartenenti al gruppo dirigente fiorentino tra 1170 e 1211. Se ne presentano sinteticamente i risultati.

1) Al momento del primo incarico pubblico circa la metà delle famiglie studiate era di origine molto recente (al massimo 20-30 anni) e urbana.
2)Prima della fine del secolo XII poche famiglie detenevano grandi possedimenti in campagna. Le cose cambiarono molto dopo il 1200.
3) Quasi la metà delle famiglie (42%) era coinvolta in attività legate al credito.
4) Le relazioni vassallatiche riguardavano il 30% delle famiglie, sono attestate solo molto tardi (1230-1250) e solo in relazione al vescovo.

CONCLUSIONI
Il gruppo dirigente fiorentino cambiò notevolmente la sua fisionomia tra i secoli XII e XIII: da una 'aristocrazia di fatto', piuttosto elastica, definita quasi soltanto dal radicamento urbano e dall’esercizio delle cariche pubbliche cittadine, si passò a un gruppo esclusivo sempre più coinvolto nel governo del territorio, anche tramite la detenzione di vere e proprie dominazioni signorili ('dominatus loci').

SILVA, Gonçalo Melo da, “Nobilitação e Espiritualidade na Lisboa Medieval: os Nogueira, os Brito e a paróquia de São Lourenço (1296-1523)”, in COSTA, Adelaide Millán da e JARA FUENTE, José Antonio (eds.), Conflito político: lucha y cooperación. Ciudad y nobleza en Portugal y Castilla en la baja Edad Media, Lisboa, IEM, 2017, pp. 341-373. ISBN: 978-989-99567-5-9.

Il dossier (complemento al volume "Firenze nell’età romanica (1000-1211). L’espansione urbana, lo sviluppo istituzionale, il rapporto con il territorio", Firenze, 2010)  raccoglie i i materiali di ricerca utili all’identificazione di famiglie e personaggi del gruppo dirigente fiorentino dell’età consolare (profili genealogici, ricerca prosopografica). Lo scopo è di rendere trasparente l’analisi e di permettere una sua prosecuzione da parte di ricercatori e appassionati.

This paper outlines the relations between the Passignano monastery (an important centre of religious and seigneurial power in the Florentine territory) and the city of Florence. These relations appear to be fairly regular until the end of the 11th century, when – following a trend noted by Maria Elena Cortese as characterizing the entire Florentine territory – their documentary evidence becomes few and far between. However, at the end of the 12th century these relations return to their former intensity – at this time the city aristocracy was beginning a military and financial conquest of the surrounding contado (countryside). Careful investigation of the prosopographical aspects of these documents reveals that not all the aristocrats were equally involved in relations with the monastery. Indeed, those most involved were the family groups of the political faction that, during the 13th century, came to be known as the pars imperii or Ghibellines.
The essay shows how an investigation into the city-state must take into account its sociopolitical complexity, i.e., its existence as a ‘collection of centres’, as opposed to a single locus of power. Hence, no phenomenon, particularly not the relationship between the city and the countryside or the ‘conquest of the contado,’ can be studied scientifically without reference to its political context.

"Il saggio studia le relazioni tra il monastero di Passignano (importante centro di potere religioso e signorile nel territorio fiorentino) e la città. Le relazioni risultano abbastanza regolari fino alla fine del secolo XI. Poi - seguendo una tendenza riscontrata da Maria Elena Cortese in tutto il territorio fiorentino - le tracce di rapporti si fanno più rare. Alla fine del secolo XII, queste relazioni tornano a farsi intense: l'aristocrazia cittadina, infatti, stava cominciando una conquista militare ed economica del 'contado'. Tuttavia uno studio attento all'aspetto prosopografico mostra che non tutta l'aristocrazia era egualmente coinvolta nei rapporti con il monastero. Ad essere più interessati erano i gruppi familiari di quella fazione politica che, nel corso del secolo XIII, avrebbe assunto il nome di 'pars imperii' o 'parte ghibellina'.
Il saggio mostra come l'indagine sulla città debba tener conto del suo essere non 'un centro', ma 'un insieme di centri', ovvero della sua complessità socio-politica; quindi nessun fenomeno - tantomeno il rapporto città-campagna o la 'conquista del contado' - può essere studiato in modo neutrale, senza riflettere sulla sua qualità politica."

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"Der Wangensbach ist ein besonderer Ort. Der Besucher spaziert den Weg zum Landhaus hinauf. Er entdeckt die prächtige alte Buche, die längst eine Landmarke ist, und
lässt seinen Blick über leuchtende Blumenwiesen schweifen. Die letzten Reben, Zeugen
von Küsnachts reicher Vergangenheit, wurden vor wenigen Jahren gefällt. Wer waren die
Gründer, die das Gelände mit seinem herrschaftlichen Sitz einst schufen?" (Schmid: Reben, Wein und ein Schloss, in: Küsnachter Jahrheft 2021, S. 87).

Inhalt:
- Älter als der Bundesbrief - S. 87
- Geistliche und weltliche Herren - S. 87
- Die tüchtige Witwe - S. 89
- Das Anwesen des Junkers - S. 90
- Schloss Küsnacht - S. 92
- Eine Ära geht zu Ende - eine neue beginnt - S. 96

On the Monument to the Liberators of 1881, built after the explosion of the largest sacred building of Bar, in multitude of medieval fragmentary symbols, there are two coats of arms of archbishop and primate Ludovico Chiericati. Although this prelate of Bar (Antivari) was a typical Renaissance minister who did not reside in his diocese, he left the marks of his authority, however, in the see with which he was intitled. In that way the heraldry confirms that his presence in Bar was greater than what is communicated by the known sources.

The paper analyses the census (status animarum) by the Šibenik presbyter Bartholomew Ostojčić, so far the oldest known document of that kind concerning the inhabitants of Šibenik. The document is kept in the National and University Library (NSK) in Zagreb, in the Collection of manuscripts and old books, as a part of fund Šibenik. Documenta ad illustrandam historiam civitatis Sibenicensis (shelf mark: R-3931). Ostojčić’s status animarum is well preserved (32 x 10,7 cm) written in humanistic cursive, in a mixture of Italian and Latin, on 6 non-enumerated folios, and it is undated. It contains chronological data about Ostojčić’s life, as well as the biographical data about the persons registered in the status animarum. The persons registered are divided into parishes, according to the regular ecclesiastical division of Šibenik into parishes, conducted in 1564 by the bishop Jeronim Savorgnano from Forli. Thus, Ostojčić’s status animarum can for sure be dated into the post-Tridentine period, more precisely, according to the biographical data about the humanist and historian Dominicus Zavoreus, who was also registered in the census, it can be dated into the eighth decade of the 16th century. According to the data about the total number of inhabitants of Šibenik in the period between the 1583 and 1595, the reports of the Venetian magistrates in Šibenik show that Ostojčić’s status animarum covers approximately 5 % of the total number of inhabitants of Šibenik. In spite of a small sample, due to lack of such historical sources for Šibenik and other Dalmatian communes, further analysis of registered inhabitants according to anthroponymy as well as social and gender structure has revealed that Ostojčić’s status animarum is a relevant source of knowledge about the key aspects of the social topography of the late Renaissance city of Šibenik. The analysis of the gender structure of the registered inhabitants revealed that the females prevail. According to anthroponymy, it is concluded that the commoners are the most numerous, then the nobility, the servants and finally the clerics. The analysis of registered persons combined with the topographical data has revealed that the parishes of St. Trinity, St. Spirit and St. Chryrsogonus, where the largest number of the members of nobility was registered, were elite parts of Šibenik. The data were also compared to Ante Šupuk’s research on the Šibenik onomasticon after the plague in 1649 and Kristijan Juran’s research on the inhabitants of Šibenik in the 17th and 18th century. The comparison revealed that of 109 families registered in Ostojčić’s status animarum only 48 survived the plague. The detailed analysis of every single registered family and its members according to parishes has also partly completed the data from the oldest Šibenik register of baptized persons (Liber baptizatorum 1581-1590). A comparative analysis of persons registered in Ostojčić’s status animarum and the data from the notary documents of St. Francis Convent (Codex Diphniceus) helped to locate the buildings owned by the persons registered by Ostojčić in the parishes of St. Trinity, St. Spirit and St. Benedict. The aim of this research was also to present a methodological model for a further research of this type of historical source, primarily important for a further insight into the social topography, anthroponymy and gender affiliation of the citizens of Šibenik. Depending on the availability of archival sources, the presented model of research could be applied to other Dalmatian communes as well.

El objetivo prioritario al que responde esta investigación es el de analizar el binomio nobleza-ciudad a través del ejemplo de la casa señorial de los Fernández de Velasco (condestables de Castilla, condes de Haro y duques de Frías) y la ciudad realenga de Burgos en el marco cronológico de los años 1379 a 1520. Con este fin, el trabajo se estructura en torno a cuatro bloques: el primero de ellos incorpora un balance crítico acerca del estado actual de los estudios ciudad-nobleza. A continuación, se presenta la propuesta teórico-metodológica y los objetivos particulares del trabajo. Esta investigación parte de una concepción sistémica y estructuralista de la realidad social, en la que se combina el Análisis de Redes de Tipo Cualitativo con la Teoría de Sistemas y el recurso al método prosopográfico. Además, hemos operado con las nociones de “capital social” y “capital relacional”. El segundo bloque tiene como objetivo particular delimitar la red social en la que tuvieron lugar dichas relaciones. En definitiva, identificar y examinar a los agentes que protagonizaron las relaciones nobleza-ciudad. Así, esta sección la conforma el análisis prosopográfico y relacional de los individuos que protagonizaron las relaciones Burgos-casa de Velasco. Los individuos constituyen la base de nuestro análisis para, a partir de los mismos y a través de los procesos relacionales, determinar cómo éstos se integraron en las organizaciones que estructuran la realidad social y política. De este modo, en el tercer bloque se examina la posición que dichos individuos ocuparon en la estructura de poder urbano. En concreto, en el regimiento, atendiendo a la ocupación de los servidores de la casa señorial de las escribanías, regidurías, alcaldías, procuradurías y alcaidías. Por su parte, el cuarto bloque se centra en el análisis de las acciones que los miembros de la casa de Velasco protagonizaron en la ciudad. En este sentido, se observará cómo la presencia de la nobleza en el marco urbano se encuentra muy vinculada con el propio desarrollo y consolidación de la casa de Velasco en términos políticos y de expansión señorial en la comarca burgalesa, así como a su protagonismo en la corte y a su participación en el devenir político de la Corona de Castilla. Finalmente, esta investigación se cierra con unas conclusiones generales para todo el estudio. A través del examen de estas cuestiones se comprobará cómo los condestables de Castilla habrían disfrutado en la ciudad de una amplia red clientelar, mediante la fidelización y clientelización de una parte importante de la élite urbana situada al frente de la institución concejil. Además, los titulares del linaje habrían favorecido la adquisición de oficios municipales para sus servidores. Como resultado, a comienzos del siglo XVI los Velasco se encontraban bien representados en el concejo burgalés, pudiendo participar de este modo en el ejercicio del gobierno urbano.


The main objective of the present research is to analyse the pairing nobility-city through the example of the Fernández de Velasco manor house (constables of Castile, counts of Haro and dukes of Frias) and the royal city of Burgos in between the years 1379 and 1520. To this end, the paper is structured around four blocks: the first of them incorporates a critical balance on the present state of the city-nobility studies. After this, a theoretical-methodological proposal is presented with the specific objectives of the paper. This investigation starts with the systematic and structuralist conception of the social reality, in which combines the Qualitative-type network analysis with System Theory and the usage of the prosopographic method. We have also operated with the notions of "social capital" and "relational capital". The second block has the specific objective to define the social network in which such relationships took place. In essence, to identify and examine the agents that played the main roles within the nobility-city relations. Thus, this section is conformed by the prosopographical and relational analysis of the individuals who acted in the Burgos-House of Velasco relationship. The basis of our analysis is made up by the individuals, from which we determine the relational processes by which they became part of the organizations that structure the social and political reality. With this, the third block examines the position of these individuals occupied in the urban structure of power. Specifically, the army, attending to the occupation of the servants of the different states. The fourth block with focus on the analysis of the actions that the members of the House of Velasco were protagonists of in the city. In this sense, we will observe how the presence of the nobility in the urban setting is linked to the proper development and consolidation of the house of Velasco in terms of politics and manor expansion within the Burgos region, as well as to its prominent role in the court and participation in the political fate of the Crown of Castile in the late Middle Ages. Lastly, this investigation will focus on general conclusions for all the paper. Through the examination of these questions we will assure how the constables of Castile would have enjoyed a great customer network in the city through fidelization and customization of an important part of the urban elite situated at the front of the council. Also, the constables had favoured the acquisition of the municipal offices for their servants. As a result, by the beginning of the XVI century, the Velascos were well represented back then in the Burgos Council and were able to participate in the exercise of the urban government.

This article uses several epidemics that beset Buenos Aires between 1867 and 1871 as a lens through which to investigate a period in which urban elites registered with both anxiety and exhilaration the changes that their city was undergoing. In an effort to limit the spread of disease, elites noticed that the growing number of inhabitants and the connected anonymity had rendered their traditional system of social control obsolete. One of the main features of this traditional system consisted of a usage of space that relied on the city's grid plan. During the epidemics, some among the elites protested against the ineffectiveness of this system, which in their eyes pertained to the older ancien régime tradition. Notwithstanding their efforts, they failed to implement concrete alternatives. They were nonetheless able to express a new urban imaginary, which they viewed as more apt to respond to the new challenges engendered by the new big-city dimension. Connecting these findings with the wider debate on the history of grid plans, the article argues that this imaginary was related to a new conception of the grid that did not replace previous conceptions and practices of urban control, but rather overlapped and intertwined with them.

reiche Erzählungen von Wunderheilungen und Befreiungen von Krankheit und Dämonen, die sich während der von ihm gelesenen Messen zugetragen haben sollen. Auch über die Wahl zum Papst, den kurzen Pontifikat, die Abdankung, die Haft am Hof seines Nachfolgers und seinen baldigen Tod wird berichtet. An diesen Text schließt die Liste der gewirkten Wunder an, die zumal im Hinblick auf die Kanonisation von Bedeutung gewesen sein dürfte (175 -222). Alle Teile dieser "Viten" sind ausführlich kommentiert, wobei Herde neben den eigenen Arbeiten dafür ausführlich die Ergebnisse anderer, neuerer Forschungen einbezieht und diskutiert. Lediglich der Querverweis auf die Einleitung in der Anmerkung zur "Lamentatio de eodem patre" (170 -174), die der Wunderliste vorausgeht, führt nicht weiter. So bleibt offen, weshalb diese Ansprache, die anlässlich des Todes Peters vom Morrone vermutlich an die Cölestinermönche der Abtei S. Spirito di Sulmona gerichtet wurde, von demselben Verfasser stammen muss wie der "Tractatus" und welche Funktion eine aufgezeichnete Grabpredigt innerhalb der Lebensbeschreibung oder für das Kanonisationsverfahren gehabt haben könnte.

El escudo de San Sebastián vino a ser un barco, un navío en alta mar con todas las velas desplegadas al viento del Océano. Hay símbolos que caracterizan una época. Para muchos donostiarras, ésta fue un viaje de pujanza, de crisis y de orientación hacia nuevos horizontes. A lo largo del periodo, San Sebastián consigue mantener y mejorar sus bases medievales, se afirma en la Provincia, y pronto se ve envuelta en guerras y fortificaciones. Pero es entonces cuando los horizontes se abren hacia nuevas construcciones políticas y hacia nuevos mundos, origen de transformaciones y de nuevas riquezas.

A finales del Antiguo Régimen el desarrollo de Madrid como centro político y
económico atrajo a una multitud de inmigrantes de todos los rincones del mundo hispánico. Algunos
de ellos se establecieron y buscaron alcanzar el reconocimiento social en su comunidad. El
recibimiento como hidalgos en el ayuntamiento madrileño fue una de las estrategias desarrolladas
para obtener un estatus. El estudio de los procesos de hidalguía promovidos con este fin proporciona
abundante información sobre estas personas: orígenes geográficos y familiares, ocupación o
domicilio son cuestiones fundamentales para conocer el perfil de esta nueva nobleza en ascenso.// At the end of the Former Regime the development of Madrid like political and economic
center attracted a great amount of immigrants from every corner of the Hispanic world. Some of
them settled in this community aiming to reach social recognition. The welcoming of noblemen in
the city hall of Madrid was one of the strategies developed to obtain a status. The study of the
processes of hidalguía, promoted with this aim, provides abundant information about these people:
geographical and familiar origins, occupation or domicile are fundamental in knowing the profile of
this new nobility in ascent.

Artfully decorated wooden panels (pettenelle and cantinelle) and frames dating back as far as the 1400s still ornament many ceilings in Cividale del Friuli today. But, in the absence of any documentation on the subject (painting contracts or payslips), it is difficult to say who the patrons responsible for their commission were, especially considering that no family crests, which would at least give clues as to the owners of the houses in question, are depicted. This essay investigates the wealthy inhabitants of Cividale in the 15th century, searching among them for likely candidates, i.e., those who lent money to the comune when the coffers were empty, those who bid for control of datia duties, and those who were appointed chamberlain for the six-month term. By focussing on the revenue flows, in particular that generated by datia duties (which are also compared with those of nearby cities like Udine and Gemona), chamberlains, tax collectors (Appendix I), and their professions (Appendix II), an interesting prosopographical profile emerges: several short genealogies of alliances (consorterie) deeply involved in bidding for datia rights. There are also some notable absences from these activities (like the Boiani family, for example), but, alongside the other noble families, emerge another class of people, comprising notaries, physicians, teachers and skilled craftsmen. Although we cannot be sure that these nouveaux riche had the same artistic sensibilities as their high-born counterparts, they certainly had the financial means to posses large dwellings and commission such elaborate ceilings.
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Pettenelle, cantinelle e cornici lignee variamente decorate ornano ancor oggi molti soffitti cividalesi. Chi furono i mecenati che le commissionarono a partire dal Quattrocento? È difficile dirlo, soprattutto in assenza di documenti (contratti col pittore o cedole di pagamento) e di stemmi parlanti, che indichino almeno la famiglia cui appartenevano le dimore.
Il saggio indaga tra le persone abbienti della Cividale del sec. XV, cercando tra i nomi di coloro che prestavano denaro al comune nei momenti in cui le casse erano vuote, di coloro che partecipavano alle aste per assicurarsi l’appalto dei dazi e di coloro che assumevano la carica semestrale di camerario.
Dapprima l’analisi si è concentrata sulle entrate fiscali, in particolare sui DAZI cividalesi (mettendoli anche in relazione con quelli delle comunità vicine (Udine e Gemona); quindi si è portata l’attenzione sui nomi dei camerari e dei daziari (Appendice I) e sulla loro professione (Appendice II).
Ne è emerso un quadro prosopografico interessante: si sono evidenziate brevi genealogie di consorterie fortemente coinvolte nell’appalto dei dazi e assenze altrettanto interessanti (come quella della famiglia Boiani). E, oltre ai nomi delle principali casate nobiliari, sono usciti dall’ombra quelli del notabilato locale composto da notai, medici, maestri e quelli della componente artigiana. Forse non tutti erano ugualmente dotati di sensibilità culturale e gusto artistico, ma da un punto di vista meramente economico commissionare un ciclo di pettenelle era nelle loro possibilità."

Against the traditional vision, the relations between the Spanish Monarchy and the Republic of Venice improved significantly during the second half of the 17 th century. Once again, the war against the Ottomans in Candia (1645-1669) forced the Serenissima to look for the support of the Catholic King. For this reason, the role played by their ambassadors in Madrid, with a view to achieve the necessary assistance of Philip IV, became essential for the Venetian interests. At the same time, they pursued to ensure a relevant and closer position to the principal nucleus of power in the Spanish court. Accordingly, the continuous disputes with the members of the Spanish institutions with regard to their lodging become an essential field of study to measure the degree of influence, supremacy or immunity of these legates during the reigns of the two last monarchs of the House of Austria.

No está permitida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su incorporación a un sistema informático, ni su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, sea este electrónico, mecánico, por fotocopia, por grabación u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito del editor. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual art.270 y siguientes del Código Penal) Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos reprográficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra. Puede contactar con CEDRO a través de la web www.conlicencia.com o por teléfono en el 917021970/932720407 Este libro ha sido sometido a evaluación por parte de nuestro Consejo Editorial Para mayor información véase www.dykinson.con/quienes_somos Índice Presentación Javier DE SANTIAGO FERNÁNDEZ y José María DE FRANCISCO OLMOS 5 Visibilidad de las clases no privilegiadas en la edad media María de la Encarnación MARTÍN LÓPEZ 9 Ecos literarios en el escribir cotidiano entre la Edad Media y el Renacimiento Mª Luz MANDINGORRA LLAVATA 41 Mujeres y escritura en el espacio urbano. Cataluña, siglos XIV-XV Mireia COMAS VIA 69 Burguería y Moneda: una unión indisoluble. Las series monetarias durante los reinados de Fernando III y Alfonso X. Un intento de ordenación José María DE FRANCISCO OLMOS 85 Documentos y archivos de mercaderes del siglo XVI en Medina del Campo Mauricio HERRERO JIMÉNEZ 137 Del artesano al artista medieval: la funcionalidad de la inscripción como medio de identificación del proceso Natalia RODRÍGUEZ SUÁREZ 171 Algunos epígrafes funerarios de mercaderes y artesanos de época bajomedieval y moderna: el contexto de su producción Francisco J. MOLINA DE LA TORRE 183 Burgueses, artesanos y escritura a través de los fondos parroquiales: una aproximación Diego BELMONTE FERNÁNDEZ 211 De la matriz manuscrita a la impresa: la escritura cortesana en un protocolo de Medina del Campo de 1519 María HERRANZ PINACHO 223 Familias y escribanos. Los Guillén de Barat en Sanlúcar de Barrameda como ejemplo de patrimonialización notarial y aristocratización del linaje en la Edad Media Javier E. JIMÉNEZ LÓPEZ DE EGUILETA 241 Una muestra de la pequeña burguesía malagueña a mediados del siglo XVIII: los maestros de primeras letras y los preceptores de gramática Lorena C. BARCO CEBRIÁN

Previous studies of the status of local magistrates in the Late Empire are unsatisfying and fail to explain when and why local magistracies ended. With the aid of legal, epigraphic, papyrological and literary sources, the author re-examines the functions and chronology of both regular and quasi-magistrates, among them the curator, defensor and pater civitatis.  He finds that the expense of office-holding was only part of the reason for the extinction of regular magistracies. More critical was the failure of local magistrates to control finances and protect the plebeians.

O estudo das misericórdias como instituições de poder constitui uma abordagem cuja abertura se deve a José Manuel Sobral (1990) e Rui Santos (1993), mas já muito antes, em 1969, Boxer definira as misericórdias e as câmaras como os pilares gémeos da sociedade colonial. Isabel Sá (1996) salientou que a dupla, traduzida pela presença dos mesmos indivíduos nas duas mais importantes instituições de poder local, tanto podia ser Misericórdia/Câmara como Misericórdia/Bispo, Misericórdia/Cabido ou Misericórdia/Ordem religiosa. E, acrescento, embora mais aplicável ao século XIX e apenas a Coimbra, Misericórdia/Universidade (Lopes, 2003/04). Ou ainda, como salientou Marta Lobo Araújo (2008), em terras de fronteira e em tempos de guerra, Misericórdia/Autoridades militares. Assim, se os espólios documentais dos arquivos das misericórdias são imprescindíveis para o estudo das práticas de caridade e para a compreensão do universo dos pobres, esses fundos podem servir também como óptimos laboratórios de análise das elites, visto que os cargos de provedor e de escrivão eram estatutariamente

Первая из книг, посвященных старовавилонской культуре, работа Н. В. Козыревой освещает проблемы экономических
отношений, существовавших в XIX—XVIII вв до н. э. в тогдашней столице Южной Месопотамии городе Ларсе. На основе анализа сохранившихся архивных документов той поры автору удалось воссоздать различные стороны хозяйственной жизни города и его округи, имущественного положения городского населения.

Resumen: A fines del siglo XV los pilares del gobierno y la sociedad donostiarra bajomedieval se estaban desquebrajando. Numerosos problemas salieron a la luz en un contexto en el que las epidemias y los incendios, especialmente el de 1489, afectaron notablemente a la villa. Las consecuencias fueron tan notables que ese año ha sido considerado como el inicio de la Modernidad en San Sebastián. Las tensiones estuvieron estrechamente ligadas a la crisis del linaje Engómez, principal detentador del poder político en la villa durante la centuria. Todo ello dio lugar a una serie de intervenciones y estrategias que buscaron solucionar y recomponer la situación en numerosos ámbitos.
Palabras clave: San Sebastián. Baja Edad Media. Gobierno urbano. Elites. Cofradías. Común. Parcialidades.

Laburpena: XV. mende amaieran, Erdi Aroko gizarte donostiarraren zutabeek pitzadura sakonak ezagutu zituzten. Anitz arazo agerian geratu ziren; eta horiei izurrite eta suteak gehitu behar zaizkie, besteak beste 1489koa. Ondorioak benetan nabarmenak izan ziren, aipatutako urtea Donostia Aro Berri edo Modernoan sartu zeneko momentu gisa jarri delarik. Tentsio horiek guztiek prozesu jakin batekin lotura zuzena zuten: XV. gizaldian hiribilduko leinu garrantzitsuena zen Engomeztarren gainbeherarekin, hain zuzen ere. Horrek guztiak hainbat esku hartze eta estrategiari bidea ireki zien, egoera konpontzeko asmoz. Modu honetan, Donostiako bizitzak hamaika esparrutan aldaketak edo hauek bideratzeko saiakerak ezagutu zituen.
Giltz-hitzak: Donostia. Behe Erdi Aroa. Eliteak. Kofradiak. Herria. Partzialidadeak.

Abstract: At the end of the XVth century, the pillars of the society and government of San Sebastian were breaking. Many problems appeared in a context where the spread of disease and fires, specially that happened in 1489, affected considerably to the town. The consecuences were very importants, and sometimes that 1489 year has been considered like the beginning of Modern Ages in San Sebastian. The conflicts were closely related with the crisis of the Engomez lineage, the most powerful during the XVth century. This context give rise to interventions and strategies in order to find solutions and recompose the situation in many fields.
Keywords: San Sebastián. Late Middle Ages. Urban government. Elites. Guilds. Common people. Factions.

What was the real story behind Buondelmonte de’ Buondelmonti’s condemnation, attributed to Cacciaguida in Paradiso, xvi, 136–147? The major Florentine chronicles of Dante’s era (Compagni) and thenceforth (Villani, Stefani) paint a picture of an innocent Buondelmonte, barbarously assassinated thanks to the homicidal rage of his peers – the magnates. However, the harsh treatment of Buondelmonte in the Commedia is the result of the character Cacciaguida (and therefore Dante) adhering to the noble/magnate ethos found in many contemporary sources (for example the chronicle by the pseudo-Brunetto Latini). Indeed, only at a later date would the Popolo’s ethos, expressed in the works of Compagni, Villani and Stefani, become the ‘definitive’ version.