Universal

ODR means "Online Dispute Resolution". Dialogue, negotiation and mediation are coming back as sources of contemporary law. We introduce in this paper two concepts and two related projects. We define the concepts of "relational law" and "relational justice". And, at the same time, we describe how to put them in place from a social and technological point of view. Therefore, we introduce two concrete applications: (i) the Catalan White Book on Mediation, a large project to assemble the required social and legal knowledge to draft a general statute on mediation (Catalan Government); (ii) the Ontomedia Project, a semantically-driven platform allowing end-users to negotiate and mediate their conflicts in several domains (family, commerce, environment, health care, administration…). The paper describes the state of the art of ODR services, and proposes some strategies for legal electronic institutions. A middle-out theoretical approach and a mediation core-ontology are briefly described. We situate these two projects within the next generation of Semantic Web services, and the so-called Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 developments.

Despite the conceptual vagueness of definitions, both Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 are opening up for ever-growing communities of users new forms of online interaction and customization of information. In this article we explore some of the critical features of Web 2.0 and 3.0 developments applied to different conflict domains, and then present some of the basic components of the Ontomedia platform. The Ontomedia project aims to provide mediation experts and users with a semantically enriched mediation platform where they are able to interact, mediate, and retrieve useful information on related cases in an effective and friendly way.

This paper describes a vision for the near future in digital content analysis as it relates to the creation, verification, and presentation of knowledge. This paper focuses on how visualization enables humans to gain knowledge. Visualization, in this context, is not just the picture representing the data, but a two-way interaction between the human and their information resources for the purposes of knowledge discovery, verification, and the sharing of knowledge with others. We present PNNL-developed software to demonstrate how current technology can use visualization tools to analyze large diverse collections of text. This will be followed by lessons learned and the presentation of a core concept for a new human information discourse.

Chapter 2 Role of the state: Social policies and the poor An essential concern: how to reduce poverty? Who are the poor? The capability approach Measuring poverty under social policy context 1.2 The role of the State Social Policies and how to help the poor Social Protection as a way to help the poor Chapter 3 Social Policies and Social Protection Policies: Antipoverty policies in Latin-America Poverty in Latin-America: a context for new anti-poverty policies The new set of anti-poverty strategies: Conditional Cash Transfer and the Integration of Social Protection Programs The main differences between CCT and ISPP The design and implementation of CCT and ISPP Main debates that surround CCT"s under ISSP lens Chapter 4 Red Juntos a new strategy to fight extreme poverty in Colombia 26 Background: Poverty in Colombia Social policies confronting the end of the past century Familias en Acción: one answer to poverty thru a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Colombia. Red Juntos: network to overcome extreme poverty Chapter 5: Conclusions Notes 44 Appendices 1 References Figure 2 Red Juntos Coordination Scheme

The Quantum effects instigate to dominate device recital when transistor geometries are abridged. Sometimes, transistors refrain to have the properties that mark them beneficial for comp utational designs. With the intention of keeping pace with Moore's Law, diverse assessing elements must be developed. An alternative prototype to transistor-based logic is Quantum dot cellular automata. This technology has an enormous capability to provide ultra-high density and extremely low power dissipation. These features allow us to develop high-speed, small and high performance circuits for computation and integration. Architectures made in quantum dot cellular automata have been d esigned by exploiting either the inverter and the majority gate or universal gates like And-Or-Inverter, NAND-NOR-Inverter, FNZ and AIN. A new universal logic gate called as Enhanced Majority Voter Gate is presented in this paper which enjoys better performance with respect to previously announced universal gates. Design of several logic utilities via the proposed Enhanced Majority Voter Gate is also demonstrated. The functionality and power analysis of this universal gate is verified by the QCA Designer and QCA Pro simulation tool where a comprehensive comparison with the hitherto stated designs confirms the reliable performance of the proposed designs. The proposed Enhanced Majority Voter Gate helps us in framing various cryptographic and security based circuits in Quantum dot ce llular automata.

Online communities and institutions create new spaces for interaction, but also open new avenues for the emergence of grievances, claims, and disputes. Consequently, online dispute resolution (ODR) procedures are core to these new online worlds. But can ODR mechanisms provide sufficient levels of reputation, trust, and enforceability for it to become mainstream? This contribution introduces the new approaches to ODR and provides a description of the design and structure of Ontomedia, a web-based platform to facilitate online mediation in different domains.

In this paper we introduce the Mediation Core Ontology (MCO), and the steps taken in order to model the expert knowledge on the mediation domain. MCO is created from scratch by eliciting practical knowledge from mediation experts to identify the basic working concepts of the domain. MCO offers initial support towards knowledge acquisition and reasoning and, in later steps, will serve as a general basis for the development of different mediation domain and sub-domain ontologies to be used by the ONTOMEDIA mediation platform, currently also under development.

In the legal domain, ontologies enjoy quite some reputation as a way to model normative knowledge about laws and jurisprudence. Several methods have been used and are well-known qua ontological methods. However, no previous attempt to construct ontologies based on professional knowledge exists, capturing judicial practical expertise. This paper shows the preliminary ontology development for the second version of the prototype Iuriservice, a web based intelligent FAQ for judicial use, containing a repository of professional judicial knowledge. The iFAQ system will focus on such knowledge and will base on OPLK-Ontology of Professional Legal Knowledge-developed by UAB. Profesional Legal Knowledge refers to the core of professional work that contains the experience of the daily treatment of cases and is unevenly distributed within individuals as a result of their professional and personal experiences. The knowledge acquisition process has been based on an ethnographic process designed by the UAB team and the Spanish School of the Judiciary within the national SEC project, to efficiently obtain useful and representative information from questionnaire-based interviews. Nearly 800 competency questions have been extracted from these interviews and the ontology is being modelled from the selection of relevant terms. Regarding ontology modelling issues, we have followed the DILIGENT argumentation methodology to control the discussion and trace the arguments used in favor or against the introduction of a concept X as part of the domain ontology. This paper presents the preliminary Ontology of Professional Judicial Knowledge (OPJK) that has been extracted manually from the selection of relevant terms from nearly 200 competency questions and affirms that the modelling of this professional judicial knowledge demands the description of this knowledge as it is perceived by the judge and the abandonment of dogmatic legal categorizations.

Proverbs and sayings are a significant piece of the practice of human language, since they are consecrated fortunes of individuals’ way of life and language, just as age-old information and abilities. Truly, the article’s fundamental point is to interpret English and Russian proverbs, which can masterfully address an assortment of features of life, social experience, and standpoint, mental, moral, and tasteful standards, just as the inventiveness of imaginative perspectives and inclinations. In addition, this research considers the methodological and analytical value of employing proverbs in English schools (that is to classify English proverbs in relation to the Russian equivalents, to consider the difficulties of translation from English proverbs into Russian language, and to conduct a comparative description of translation of English proverbs in Russian)

Collaborative editing is a major research topic within synchronous CSCW-applications. While preserving some kind of consistency and transparency, it allows different users at di erent locations to edit a shared document at the same time. In the past a variety of di erent approaches have been designed with di erent functionality ranging from pure shared outline editors to fully distributed document preparation systems. Software-engineering projects are an ideal playground because they typically consist of a variety of di erent small subproject documents. The impact of collaborative editors to SE projects is discussed. Furthermore, we develop design concepts that should be essential for user-friendly collaborative editing and collaborationaware group interaction. A collaborative editor, called IRIS, has been prototypically implemented to improve SE project handling. It supports distributed editing with replicated data and provides dynamic voting for consistency as well as sophisticated noti cation mechanisms in the context of well-structured documents.

An interesting new application domain for handheld devices may be represented by Ambient Intelligence (AmI), where they can be used as intermediaries between us and our surrounding environment. Thus, the devices, which always accompany us, will behave as electronic butlers who assist us in our daily tasks, by interacting with the smart objects (everyday objects augmented with computational services) in our whereabouts. In order to achieve such goal, this paper proposes an AmI-enabling framework providing two main functions: a) facilitate the development and deployment of smart objects and b) transform mobile devices into universal remote controllers of those smart objects.

This paper presents Aristotle’s method of understanding the first principles of natural things in the Physics I.1 and analyzes the three stages of which this method consists. In the Physics I.1, Aristotle suggests that the natural proper route which one has to follow in order to find out the first principles of natural things is to proceed from what is clearer and more knowable to us to what is more knowable and clear by nature. In the Physics I.1, the terms καθόλου (universal) and καθ΄ ἕκαστα (particular) are not used in their usual meaning (e.g., the meaning which the same terms have in the Posterior Analytics I. 2). This paper examines the Physics I.1 in comparison with the Posterior Analytics II. 19 in order to elucidate the meaning of καθόλου in the first chapter of Aristotle’s Physics. Furthermore, it reaches the conclusion that the structure of the natural world to which we belong determines the structure and the form of our knowledge. On the one hand, natural things are comp...

Scholars have noted, with apparent regret, that the ancient Chinese in general (Mohists sometimes excepted), and Confucians in particular, did not develop a system of logic comparable to the systems developed in the West. One gets the impression that observations of this sort are made as though the early Chinese philosophers missed something obvious and essential. That having been said, the question whether the failure to develop a system of logic renders early Chinese philosophy somehow "less worthy" than Western philosophy gets silently asked. Underlying this train of thought is the tacit assumption that logic , however defined, is universal, necessary, and applicable to all systems of thought, whereever, whenever, and however conceived. I contend that these assumptions are unwarranted.

This paper is based on a five-day workshop on "Atomicity in System Design and Execution" that took place in Schloss Dagstuhl in Germany [5] in April 2004 and was attended by 32 people from different scientific communities. The participants included researchers from the four areas of• database and transaction processing systems,• fault tolerance and dependable systems,• formal methods for system design and correctness reasoning, and• to a smaller extent, hardware architecture and programming languages.

In this work we present a strategy for off-line signature verification. It takes into account a writer-independent model which reduces the pattern recognition problem to a 2-class problem, hence, makes it possible to build robust signature verification systems even when few signatures per writer are available. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves are used to improve the performance of the proposed system. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First of all, we analyze the impacts of choosing different fusion strategies to combine the partial decisions yielded by the SVM classifiers. Then ROC produced by different classifiers are combined using maximum likelihood analysis, producing an ROC combined classifier. Through comprehensive experiments on a database composed of 100 writers, we demonstrate that the ROC combined classifier based on the writer-independent approach can reduce considerably false rejection rate while keeping false acceptance rates at acceptable levels.

O presente trabalho trata do pretérito perfeito composto (PPC) ea possibilidade de leituras universais e existenciais. Váriosestudos recentes sobre o “Present Perfect” (“Presente Perfeito”)em línguas mais estudadas (e.g. Inglês, Alemão, Grego, Turco,etc.) descrevem as ambiguidades entre os dois tipos de leiturasque frequentemente são definidos em termos da abordagem“Extended Now” (“Presente Estendido”) (RATHERT, 2003;IATRIDOU et al., 2003; MCCOARD, 1978). A caracterização doPresent Perfect nesta abordagem sofre de alguns problemasmesmo quando se trata de fenômenos nas línguas maisestudadas e também é sujeita a outros novos problemas naanálise do PPC. Dado que análises anteriores têm tratado oPresent Perfect somente em contextos com advérbios durativos,a natureza dos rótulos de ‘universal’ e ‘existencial’ ainda nãofoi testada com advérbios de frequência, por exemplo. Alémdisso, as poucas referências feitas em relação ao PPC têmdeclarado que este apresenta somente a leitura universal(...

Multi-disciplinary teams might provide a multi-faceted perspective of web educational systems that integrates experience from different fields. Each expert has a view of the system and she uses domain specific languages in order to express solutions to the problems she is concerned with. In this way, the final system can be seen as a combination of a number of complementary views, each of which focuses on problems of a different nature. However, such views are expressed with different specification tools so that they have to be integrated to produce a common design that is complete and consistent. Creating a common language encompassing multi-disciplinary design views is a challenging endeavor but it might impose a cognitive overload to each member of the group who is exposed to unfamiliar concepts of other disciplines in her design view. Alternatively, this paper describes an approach called MODUWEB that consists of letting each designer use the tool she is proficient in for her de...

Cultural expressions and educational practices: educational possibilities in different contexts Resumo O principal objetivo desse artigo e apresentar e analisar aspectos das dimensoes educativa e cultural da festa de Sao Joao de Corumba, em Mato Grosso do Sul. A necessidade dessa interlocucao nasceu dos estudos da pesquisa “A educacao no processo de constituicao de sujeitos: o dito nas producoes e o feito no cotidiano”. Os dados provieram de entrevistas com professoras que vivem e trabalham na regiao do Pantanal-MS, e foram analisados sob os postulados da Teoria Historico-Cultural. Conclui-se que nas festas populares se estabelece a comunicacao entre o local e o universal, permitindo uma educacao intrinseca a diferentes espacos, tempos e contextos. Palavras-chave: Educacao. Cultura. Espacos educativos nao formais. Abstract Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to present and analyze aspects of the educational and cultural dimensions of Sao Joao’s party, that occur in Corumba...

This paper discusses some of the common threads shared by three dissimilar cases of multimedia authoring: multimedia conference proceedings, multimedia courseware development, and multimedia information kiosks. The benefits and pitfalls of academic development are reviewed and points of wisdom are shared. The paper draws on the experiences from some of the projects run at the Dartmouth Experimental Visualization Laboratory (DEVlab), which develops different types of multimedia applications. The task involved in a multimedia production effort are: requirement definition; software tool search; content research, media orchestration, and design integration phase; programming, integration, evaluation, and stepwise refinement; and product distribution and update maintenance of the software. Case 1, interactive conference proceedings, describes publishing the proceedings from a parallel computation workshop, and discusses the roles of editors, authors, and publishers in multimediapublishing. Case 2, authoring multimedia courseware, explores creating multimedia modules for teaching parallel computing to novices. Case 3, kiosks, involves the development of interactive multimedia brochures about computer science courses offered at Dartmouth. Common difficulties across the three domains are: lack of standardized cross-platform tools; lack of sophisticated text manipulation capabilities in most multimedia software systems; lack of standard evaluation criteria for learning effectiveness; and funding constraints impacting development process and success. Lessons learned include: avoid problems by having a better idea of what the end product should look like and what form the sources should take; understand limitations on time and programmer resources; and keep tight control on the project and meet with the project team regularly. (MAS)

The concept of versioning was initially proposed for controlling design evo- lution on computer aided design and software engineering. On the context of database systems, versioning is applied for managing the evolution of different elements of the data. Modern database systems provide not only powerful data models but also complex query languages that have evolved to include several features from complex program- ming languages. While most related work focuses on different aspects of the concepts, designing models, and processing of versions efficiently, there is yet to be a formal definition of a query language for database systems with versions control. In this work we propose a query language, named Versioned Object Query Language (VOQL), that extends ODMG Object Query Language (OQL) with new features to recover object versions. We provide a precise definition of VOQL through a type system and we prove it safe in relation to a small-step operational semantics. Finally, we valida...

Patents are a type of intellectual property with ownership and monopolistic rights that are publicly accessible published documents, often with illustrations, registered by governments and international organizations. The registration allows people familiar with the domain to understand how to recreate the new and useful invention but restricts the manufacturing unless the owner licenses or enters into a legal agreement to sell ownership of the patent. Patents reward the costly research and development efforts of inventors while spreading new knowledge and accelerating innovation. This research uses artificial intelligence natural language processing, deep learning techniques and machine learning algorithms to extract the essential knowledge of patent documents within a given domain as a means to evaluate their worth and technical advantage. Manual patent abstraction is a time consuming, labor intensive, and subjective process which becomes cost and outcome ineffective as the size of the patent knowledge domain increases. This research develops an intelligent patent summarization methodology using artificial intelligence machine learning approaches to allow patent domains of extremely large sizes to be effectively and objectively summarized, especially for cases where the cost and time requirements of manual summarization is infeasible. The system learns to automatically summarize patent documents with natural language texts for any given technical domain. The machine learning solution identifies technical key terminologies (words, phrases, and sentences) in the context of the semantic relationships among training patents and corresponding summaries as the core of the summarization system. To ensure the high performance of the proposed methodology, ROUGE metrics are used to evaluate precision, recall, accuracy, and consistency of knowledge generated by the summarization system. The Smart machinery technologies domain, under the subdomains of control intelligence, sensor intelligence and intelligent decision-making provide the case studies for the patent summarization system training. The cases use 1708 training pairs of patents and summaries while testing uses 30 randomly selected patents. The case implementation and verification have shown the summary reports achieve 90% and 84% average precision and recall ratios respectively.

We ought never allow ourselves to be persuaded of the truth of anything unless on the evidence of our reason.-Rene Descartes Culture is a matrix of truth and knowledge. It is both the background of intelligibility and a source of insight for our understanding. That much we have learned from many contemporary philosophers. Indeed, it appears that it is unnecessary to call for any further ingenious argument for, or rethinking about, the relationship between culture and understanding at this point. However, we may be taking too much for granted. At least two important issues that contemporary continental philosophers such as Georg-Hans Gadamer deal with need to be explored further. One concerns the kind of knowledge and truth that we learn from culture. Is what we learn from culture something particular or universal, or both? Is what we learn from culture rational or merely justified by tradition? Another is about how rational knowledge and truth from culture are possible. These issues deserve further investigation because traditional charges against culture-provinciality and irrationality-are still outstanding. Philosophers, including Martin Heidegger, Jean-Francois Lyotard, and Michel Foucault, who defend the role of culture in understanding, all abandon the universal. Foucault, for example, considered the truth-power complex to be eradicable and institutionconstituted knowledge and truth to be inevitable. His American peer Richard Rorty claims, "The question of whether there are any beliefs or desires common to all human beings is of little interest apart from the vision of a utopian, inclusivist, human community." 1 True, some philosophers including Gadamer indicate that we can learn the universal from culture. However, they have not answered XUNWU CHEN, assistant professor,

This paper considers the problem of resource allocation in the service industries approached from an agent-based perspective. Agent technologies seem to be well suited to this domain by providing a distributed environment, are network centric, semi-autonomous and collaborative and can communicate with each other to achieve better optimisation with little human intervention. The paper describes the context of this solution, a general power model and several pathways with corresponding example implementations with results and discussion The novelty of the solution resides in the fact that it is a natural and versatile formulation that combines an agent-based model with various artificial intelligence and operations research techniques such as rule-based expressions of allocation strategies and multi-criteria optimisation expressions of allocation objectives.

Morality, the obtrusive and the conditional The secularist (immanentist), historicist and pluralistic nature of current thinking disables the articulation of transcendental conditions for morality. It is ostensibly especially the constancy of a structure for morality, as transcendental condition, for morality that is disputable. However, an aggressive immanentism sees to it that a transcendent origin for morality does not even appear on the agenda of late modern thinkers, which makes the latter probably an equally serious marginalisation of transcendental considerations. In this article the (sometimes unconscious) experience of some philosophers that a constant structure for morality obtrudes itself upon us, is highlighted. A further claim is that a similar obtrusion can be observed about a coherent diversity of moral sources (i.e. sources which find themselves in a transcendental position with regard to each other). The "most daring" argument is for a transcendental transcendent origin for morality. Opsomming Moraliteit, die opdringerige en die voorwaardelike Die sekularistiese (immanentistiese), historistiese en pluralistiese aard van huidige denke bemoeilik die artikulering van transendentale voorwaardes vir moraliteit. Oënskynlik is dit veral die konstantheid van 'n struktuur vir moraliteit wat as transendentale voorwaarde vir moraliteit in die spervuur is. Maar 'n aggressiewe immanentisme wat veroorsaak dat 'n transendente oorsprong vir moraliteit glad nie eers op die agenda 1 Omdat die term universele heelwat bagasie saambring uit die geskiedenis van die filosofie, sal eerder gebruik gemaak word van konsepte soos konstantheid en duursaamheid.

El Código de Procedimientos de Terapia Ocupacional Validado (CPTO - V), es un documento que recopila y describe los procedimientos de contextualización, evaluación e intervención ejecutados por el profesional de terapia ocupacional. Constituye el primer sistema de clasificación validado que delimita el quehacer del terapeuta, facilitando asi un proceso adecuado de toma de decisiones profesionales. Además, proporciona un lenguaje uniforme útil para el ejercicio de la terapia ocupacional en Colombia y promueve el establecimiento de estrategias de gestión como la elaboración de sistemas de registro o indicadores de calidad propios para la profesión y basados en la codificación establecida. Entonces, el CPTO - V dará prestancia e identidad a la profesión puesto que facilita la clara exposición de las áreas de competencia profesional, la población beneficiaría de sus servicios y la sociedad. Además, caracteriza los terapeutas ocupacionales como una comunidad científica...

In 2014, Big Data has passed the top of the Gartner Hype Cycle, proving that Big Data technologies and application start to be mature, becoming more realistic about how Big Data can be useful for organizations. NoSQL data stores are becoming widely used to handle Big Data; these databases operate on schema-less data model enabling users to incorporate new data into their applications without using a predefined schema. But, there is still a need for a conceptual model to define how data will be structured in the database. In this paper, we show how to store Big Data within NoSQL systems. For this, we use the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) that provides a framework for models automatic transformation. Starting from a conceptual model that describes a set of complex objects, we propose transformation rules formalized with QVT to generate a column-oriented NoSQL model. To ensure efficient automatic transformation, we use a logical model that limits the impacts related to technical aspects of column-oriented platforms. We provide experiments of our approach using a case study example taken from the health care domain. The results of our experiments show that the proposed logical model can be effectively implemented in different columnoriented systems independently of their specific technical details.

The year 2020 will go down in the history of pedagogy as the year
in which, due to the pandemic, face-to-face teaching had to be replaced by a
virtual type of education, a new paradigm that is consolidating for the future.
Given this milestone, this work undertakes a review of texts that appeared
internationally between March and September 2020 about the massive
adoption of e-learning imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. An exploratory
study is also carried out through a validated questionnaire, to which an open
question was added to teachers from 25 Spanish, public and private
Universities, to study the perception of university teachers in the face of this
educational fact and their possible challenges, fears, and expectations; the
place that ICTs occupy in their pedagogical model and the way in which their
teaching role has been compromised. The results show us, on the one hand,
the enormous possibilities provided by the implementation of e-learning at
the university level with a great desire for improvement on behalf the
teachers, although, on the other hand, in some variables they show certain
skepticism and concern. Differences in sex and age are also relevant. Faced
with this new situation, university teachers expressed contradictory feelings
of acceptance and frustration.

Some sensor systems are characterized by multiple simultaneous aperiodic emissions, with low signal-to-noise ratio and asynchronous detection. In these systems, complementary sets of sequences can be used to encode emissions, due to their suitable auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties. The transmission of a complementary set can be accomplished by interleaving the sequences of the set, generating a macro-sequence which is easily transmitted by a BPSK modulation. The detection of the macrosequence can be performed by means of efficient correlation algorithms with a notably decreased computational load and hardware complexity. This work presents a new hardware design in configurable logic of an efficient correlator for macrosequences generated from complementary sets of sequences. A generic implementation has been achieved, so the configuration can be changed according to the requirements of the application. The developed correlator has been tested in an ultrasonic pulse compression system in which real-time is needed. However, it is applicable in any multi-sensor or communication system where the goal is to make simultaneous emissions from different independent sources, minimizing mutual interference.

The 2015 targets: a progress report 18 Education and health 29 Education and income-poverty 42 Education and globalisation 52 Education, democracy, and empowerment 63 2 Education for all: promises and progress 71 The education targets 72 The quantitative targets 74 The quality of education 101 3 Inequalities in education 122 North-South inequalities 123 Inequalities between developing countries 134 National inequalities in education 148 4 National barriers to basic education 171 Constraints on poor households 172 Public investment in education 206 Financial decentralisation and privatisation 224 5 International cooperation: the record since Jomtien 233 The record on aid 235 The debt crisis as a barrier to education for all 253 Structural adjustment and the role of the IMF in poor countries 275 Lessons from the East Asia crisis 285 6 Partnerships for change 295 State action for universal primary education 297 States and non-government organisations 309 Partnerships in action: five case studies 320 7 An agenda for action 331 From Jomtien to Dakar 332 Action at the national level 334 International action 340 Towards a global initiative 344 Appendix 1 The Education Performance Index (EPI) 347 Appendix 2 List of background papers 351 Notes 353 Index 386 Contents iv The Oxfam Education Report Tables 3.1 The Education Performance Index and income rankings 138 5.1 Human-development indicators in heavily indebted poor countries 255 A1 Consolidated data for the Education Performance Index: net enrolment rates, completion rates, and gender equity at the primary-school level for 104 countries 352 1.1 Child deaths: 2015 targets and projected outcomes 18 1.2 Trends in child deaths in sub-Saharan Africa 19 1.3 Poverty-reduction trends: numbers living on less than $1 per day 22 1.4

In the present growing world of emerging technology, the micro machining process has demanding operation in various sectors like aerospace, oil, defence, automobile, biomedical science and many industries at micro and nano levels of manufacturing and designing. In various different types of micro machining, micro drilling is one of the tool based micro machining operation. Generally micro drilling is used to fabricate micro holes in micro products. Main emphasis is drilling speed (R.P.M) and the feed rate of the spindle. In this study, the cutting speed and feed rate will be taken as process parameters. We tried to increase the accuracy by giving feed to drill spindle through lead screw instead of direct feed. Here are some aspects which are considered in the design of universal micro radial drilling machine.

In this paper we provide a study about crime scenes and its features used in criminal investigations. We argue that the crime scene provides a large set of features that can be used to corroborate the conclusions emitted by the experts. We also propose a set of features to classify the violent crime considering two classes: attack from inside or outside of the scene. The classification stage is based on conventional MLP (Multiple-Layer Perceptron) Neural Network and SVM (Support Vector Machine). The experimental results reveal an error rate of 30.3% (MLP), 22.8% (SVM-linear), and 19.4% (SVM-polynomial) using a database composed of 400 crime scenes. This paper presents an experiment based on a stereoscopic projection that allows to experts analyze and take decisions about the crime scene and its dynamic.

The contribution of this paper is twofold. First we investigate the use of the confusion matrices in order to get some insight to better define perceptual zoning for character recognition. The features considered in this work are based on concavities/convexities deficiencies, which are obtained by labelling the background pixels of the input image. Four different perceptual zoning (symmetrical and non-symmetrical) are discussed. Experiments show that this mechanism of zoning could be considered as a reasonable alternative to exhaustive search algorithms. The second contribution is a methodology to define metaclasses for the problem of handwritten character recognition. The proposed approach is based on the disagreement among the characters and it uses Euclidean distance computed between the confusion matrices. Through comprehensive experiments we demonstrate that the use of metaclasses can improve the performance of the system.

In this paper we provide a study about crime scenes and its features used in criminal investigations. We argue that the crime scene provides a large set of features that can be used to corroborate the conclusions emitted by the experts. We also propose a set of features to classify the violent crime considering two classes: attack from inside or outside of the scene. The classification stage is based on conventional MLP (Multiple-Layer Perceptron) Neural Network and SVM (Support Vector Machine). The experimental results reveal an error rate of 30.3% (MLP), 22.8% (SVM-linear), and 19.4% (SVM-polynomial) using a database composed of 400 crime scenes.

This special issue presents a collection of papers from the last Workshop on Formal Specifications of Computer-Based Systems (FS-CBS 2003) that took place in Huntsville, Alabama in April 2003. Similar workshops were previously organized by devoted people-Charles Rattray (UK), Jerzy Rozenblit (USA), and Miroslav Sveda (CZ)-in Edinburgh, Scotland (2000), Washington, D.C. (2001) and in Lund, Sweden (2002) as parts of the annual IEEE International conferences on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS). The Huntsville workshop was attached to the 10 th ECBS conference. Since computer-based systems (CBS) are ubiquitous and get ever more diversified and sophisticated, the need of formal methods and especially formal specifications becomes more acute and urgent than ever. Subsystems labeled as embedded, real-time, intelligent, adaptive, re-configurable, fuzzy, autonomic and the like (beside mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic subsystems) can all be found within CBS. It is clear that finding a common general description of such heterogeneous systems, particularly the use of formal notations to describe assumptions, requirements and a design of CBS, is a great challenge that is worth of every effort. That is why FS-CBS Workshops came into being. The Formal Specifications Working Group within the IEEE Computer Society (TC-ECBS) is a forum for researchers and practitioners from industry and academia. In the last workshop, as also in the previous ones, discussions focused on completed work as well as on work-in-progress related to FS CBS, on software, hardware and mixed hardware/software applications. Authors of presented contributions from Europe and North America extended their submissions to full papers and after the reviewing process the best 5 have been selected for this Special issue of the J.UCS.

Using the long exact sequence of nonabelian derived functors, an eight term exact sequence of Lie algebra homology with Λ/qΛ coefficients is obtained, where Λ is a ground ring and q is a nonnegative integer. Hopf formulas for the second and third homology of a Lie algebra are proved. The condition for the existence and the description of the universal q-central relative extension of a Lie epimorphism in terms of relative homologies are given.

Adjoint functors between the categories of crossed modules of dialgebras and Leibniz algebras are constructed. The well-known relations between the categories of Lie, Leibniz, associative algebras and dialgebras are extended to the respective categories of crossed modules.