Unesco World Heritage Site

To cite this article: Steven Fabian (2013): East Africa's Gorée: slave trade and slave tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania, Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines, 47:1, 95-114 To link to this article: http://dx.

In this paper I examine the ‘heritage regime’ instituted at Hampi, Karnataka, India, consequent to its inscription as World Heritage, by analysing everyday material practices of conservation-management at the site through the lens of ‘care’. I argue that the regime is undoubtedly a bureaucracy as popularly imagined but of care premised on knowledge and not of apathy. I suggest that various on-going contestations amongst social actors is over the appropriateness of care, based on a particular visual aesthetic, which results in spatio-temporal material alienation of resident communities. Confusing consequence for cause, practice seeks to ‘engage’ with people whose alienation from ‘official’ heritage they are party to, which inevitably leading to everyday ‘heartbreak’ for experts, disillusionment among residents, and conflicted position for local heritage agencies, albeit unintentionally.

The redevelopment of the New Dutch Waterline, also known as the New Hollandic Waterline, was crucial to a change in public appreciation of Dutch military heritage and its connection to landscape design. Starting in 1980, new methods of revitalization combined preservation, renewal, and narrative approaches. At the same time, the work on the New Dutch Waterline changed; a nationally driven project became a series of local interventions. Throughout the effort, it was critical to success to have different actors understand and promote it as a heritage landscape of national importance. The project undertook not only to revitalize individual fortresses, but to enhance regional identity and tourism, a new scale in heritage debates. This chapter shows the importance of understanding and intervening in defence heritage as landscape–as well as individual objects. It also indicates how addressing these different scales can help in future spatial challenges. Finally, it addresses how understanding water heritage can help to tackle the imminent challenge of climate change at the scale of the landscape.

The demise and rebirth of states brings with it a set of very complicated legal issues, among which is the question of how to deal with that state's cultural heritage, whether within its boundaries or not. Through a historical analysis of state dissolution and succession and its impact on cultural heritage from 1815 to present day, the work will identify guiding principles to facilitate the conclusion of agreements on the status of cultural property following the succession of states. Studying primary materials and evidence of state practice that has not been available before, the work will propose a novel approach to state succession from the perspective of the emerging interest of the international community to safeguard cultural heritage. State succession is one of the most obscure areas of international law since its rules are characterized either by their absence or their inconsistency.

This book explores to what extent the principles and practice of state succession correspond to the evolution of the concept of cultural heritage in international law. It provides an extensive analysis of the alternations of the international practice and legal doctrine of state succession to tangible cultural heritage since the formation of the European nation-states in the nineteenth century - through the experience of decolonization to the post-Cold War dissolution of multinational states.

In 2001, the picturesque Toraja village of Ke´te´Kesu´was nominated for candidacy as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Situated in the South Sulawesi highlands in Indonesia, this hamlet is home to rice farmers, wood carvers, tourist vendors, government workers and sporadically-visiting anthropologists. Drawing on long-term anthropological field research in the village, I suggest that while world heritage sites may entail what UNESCO terms 'genius loci', they are, rarely the unchanging embodiments of tradition they are imagined to be. The paper illustrates how heritage landscapes such as Ke'te' Kesu' are, to some extent, products of local responses and and engagements with regional, national and global political, cultural and economic dynamics. Ultimately, I argue that the emergence of UNESCO world heritage sites is not a 'natural' process, but rather one borne out of complex exchanges, competitions and collaborations between local groups, as well as national and international entities.

Although there is a wealth of literature concerning residents' perceptions toward tourism, yet very little research has been conducted in the case of World Heritage Sites (WHS). In addition to that, existing studies were also in disagreement about the role of community attachment on residents' perceptions. Therefore, the purpose of this research, was to explore residents' perceptions towards the designation of Lenggong Valley as WHS and its association with community attachment. The data were collected using self-administered survey targeting households who live in Lenggong district. The data was then treated with statistical analysis including simple regression, t-test and ANOVA techniques. The outcomes of the study indicated that, residents' perceptions towards WHS can be divided into two dimensions, namely perceived benefits and perceived costs. In general, local residents were found to perceive the designation of Lenggong Valley as WHS in a positive manner. On top of that, community attachment was also found to positively influence residents' perceptions towards WHS. Further analysis also indicated that several socio-demographic variables, e.g. place of birth and length of residency play an important role in determining strength of community attachment amongst the local residents.

In 1992, UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention was the first global legal instrument to recognise and protect cultural landscapes, setting a precedent for adoption of the concept within numerous national and international conservation designations and conventions. However, despite its widespread recognition, there is no universal definition for what constitutes a cultural landscape. In response, this review disambiguates the concept as understood within internationalised conservation instruments. It begins with an examination of hegemonic Eurocentric heritage and conservation discourses, revealing how they construct culture and nature as separate entities with distinct value typologies. Using examples, the review then explores how cultural landscapes are interpreted by Australia ICOMOS’ Burra Charter and IUCN’s Category V Protected Areas. Subsequently, it outlays how cultural landscapes are constituted within the World Heritage Convention itself. It is revealed that while cultural landscapes offer a framework for understanding and protecting interlinkages between nature and culture, their realisation can be constrained by Eurocentric biases in discourses underpinning the processes of the World Heritage Convention. These biases are particularly problematic in recognising and inscribing the landscapes of Indigenous peoples.

This article highlights the role of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the preservation of cultural and natural heritage in the city of Jerusalem. The article presents an overview of the stages of UNESCO’s development and organizational structure, and proceeds to discuss the relationship
between UNESCO in Jerusalem and the decisions taken by the organization towards the city, the most important of which is the
inclusion of the city on the World Heritage List. In addition, the article defines the conflict in Jerusalem between Arabs and Israelis regarding concepts and terminology that reflect the forms of struggle over
sovereignty, heritage and historical sites in Jerusalem.

Safranbolu can be described as a Gem City which developed her crystallized beauty in long lasted negligence. With her more than 1200 registered historic monuments, she ranks in 3rd position afte• Istanbul and Bursa. Starting with the extensive academic surveys and researches in 60s as well as early 70s, Safranbolu became a model for historic city conservation in Turkey. Having been included in UNESCO World Cultural Heritage, in 1995 highlighted its name in intellectual spheres. Being acquainted with tourism started in 90s by the initiations of TTOK and opening of the first touristic hotel after the restoration of one of the largest mansions in Safranbolu. Although" towns like Beypazarı, Mudurnu, Taraklı, etc. this time. In this paper we will discuss the past 15 years of Safranbolu in cultural tourism parallel to the developments of conservation practice. There are about 40 historic mansions which were restored as hotels, almost all historic market turned to souvenir shops, and cityscape has been face lifted to satisfy the expectations of tourists. The development of cultural tourism and interaction with conservation will be discussed within the framework of ICOMOS - International Cultural Tourism Charter.

The article aims to present short review over the relations between the countries of South America regarding the policy of protection and safeguard of one of the most exceptional elements of cultural heritage of the indigenous peoples, represented by the pre-Columbian Andean Road System – Qhapaq Ñan. The first part describes the
road network and its meaning for the inhabitants of the Andean region from pre-Columbian to modern times.  Further section presents the process of the nomination and declaration of Qhapaq Ñan as a symbol of the World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO (2001–2014). The nomination was possible thanks to the effort of the representatives of six countries linked nowadays by the Trail: Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, and in official discourse on regional and international level was presented in terms of pan-Andean integration and cooperation (via structures of the Andean Community of Nations, OAS or CONSUR). The last part of the article offers some reflections about current condition of cultural politics and the process of implementation of the indigenous peoples’ rights regarding the right to participation and the management of their cultural heritage.

This study in environmental history takes its point of departure in the distinction between legal space and free space made by the social philosopher André Gorz; the former concept defined and upheld by public authorities and legal regulations, the latter upheld by common practice among citizens representing cultural values in the environment that transcend institutionally-applied borders. As regards to the free space, historical and aesthetic values are often important parts of it. Accordingly, authorities and agencies, which are defending cultural values and natural values related to specific sites (even when they are legally founded), often find themselves in conflict with other agencies in charge of the economic development of society. This conflict, which causes dilemmas in political decision making, is demonstrated using two examples – both very important motorway-construction projects, one in the southwest of Sweden (European route E6), the other in the north of the country (European route E4), both touching on areas with great historical significance: Tanum World Heritage, and Kvissle-Nolby-Prästbolet, a site of national interest for the cultural-heritage management. According to environmental legislation in Sweden, a developer must ask permission to realise its project, and must state the consequences of its land use. When there are conflicting interests in the area, the developer is obliged to present an analysis of the environmental consequences, and suggest how the damage caused in the area may be reduced. This is generally done by presenting alternative locations, in this case for for the motorways. However, even though, in the aforesaid examples, the important road projects touched upon unique cultural-heritage sites, it is shown that the values asserted by cultural-conservation authorities were given a low rating, compared to alternatives representing natural value and economic gains. The article thus shows how, in practice, a value hierarchy is sustained in and by means of the value attribution of the two important sites: at the top is economic value, followed by natural value, and then cultural value. For further information about the bibliography and historical sources, please follow the link to the website of Nordic Museology.

The paper suggests a more critical analysis of conflictual situations between stararchitecture and historic landscape. We show that their apparent antinomy is much more ambiguous than bibliography suggests.  More than the result of two opposing or even conflicting paradigms, the conservation of the historical urban landscape and the construction of iconic architectures are  the expression of a demand for the same "global urban product", aiming at creating a marketable image and at attracting the transnational elites (Sklair and Gherardi, 2012).
The paper is onranized in four sections. The first one analyses recent evolutions of the concept of Historic Urban Landscape and the shift from a strictly heritage approach to a more managerial view. The second presents the concept of iconic architecture and of "starchitecture" and their impact on contemporary cities. The third section analyses the conflicts that often characterize urban conditions in which iconic projects are considered to be threatening to the historical context. We focus on World Heritage UNESCO cities since UNESCO recommendations, and the risk of being on the “danger list”, or even lose UNESCO status, play a key role. The fourth section will finally propose a critical analysis of these conflicting situations. The paper will question their apparent antinomy, in order to identify and stress the common factors that are producing exclusive urban landscapes characterized both by "world-status heritage" and "world-status contemporary architecture".

‘UNESCO in Southeast Asia: World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspectives’ is a much-welcomed edited volume, which offers a broad overview of the management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS) in Southeast Asia. It presents a comparative approach to understanding the implications of UNESCO’s designation of WHS in Southeast Asia by exploring not only the transformations of the physical sites and their local communities, but also the wider local, national, and global eco-systems in which the sites are embedded. Based on in-depth analysis of a selection of WHS in seven Southeast Asian countries, the book offers a comparative approach to understand the variegated aspects of heritage representation, contestation, and management, bringing into questions issues of authenticity, nationalism, and identity, as well as heritage’s role in economic, social and community development, in Southeast Asia’s context.

Riassunto: A partire dalla prima edizione del 1955 la planimetria del nuraghe e del villaggio di Su Nuraxi di Barumini è stata pubblicata, con aggiornamenti e modifiche, in numerosi contributi scientifici e divulgativi. Le sigle adottate in cinque principali planimetrie edite evidenziano omissioni, variazioni e ripetizioni che si perpetuano nel corso delle varie stesure creando difficoltà alla lettura generale del complesso e alla particolare individuazione dei vani. Questo contributo si propone di verificare tali incongruenze allo scopo di redigere una nuova planimetria con una univoca segnatura degli spazi quale strumento utile alla ricostruzione delle vicende storiche del villaggio di Su Nuraxi. Parole chiave: Su Nuraxi di Barumini, Sardegna, Età Nuragica, Villaggio nuragico, Designazioni Abstract: Since 1955 five major plans of the nuragic village of Barumini have been published. The plans utilized different identification codes for the structures. This has led to some confusion and created difficulties in identify individual structures. This work presents a Comparison identify the various anomalies in the five published works and includes a new detailed plan of the site.

This article analyzes Hans van Houwelingen's Sluipweg project. It argues that the project needs to be seen against certain conventions of death that were implement in Europe following the Enlightenment. At play is also the philosophical problem of what is 'permanent' in the context of  a UNESCO heritage site.