Titles in Ancient Egypt

Publication of the stela of Seshen-Nefertem, dated to the end of XXX dynasty or to the beginning of the Ptolemaic Period. The stele, found in the tomb of Sheshonq (Dyn. XXVI), high steward of the god's wife, in the Asasif (TT 27), bears many titles, some of them with particular writings. The name of the owner seems to be unattested.

This paper publishes three shabti figures of the vizier Paser held in the Petrie Museum of the Egyptian Archaeology (UC39724-39726), together with another nineteen shabtis which are dispersed in four Museums (Egyptian Museum Berlin, Louvre Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Penn Museum). It presents a set of criteria by which to distinguish the shabtis of Paser from those of other individuals who have the same name. It also investigates the archaeological context of these three shabtis missing from Petrie’s publication in 1935 and, using these parallels, attempts to identify their provenance. The function of the shabtis of the vizier Paser is also examined

Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt: January 2016, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 303-320

The Old Kingdom viziers bore the composite title tAyty TAty (n) zAb. Further hieroglyphic signs, such as the phallus-sign and the addition mAa, were appended in some cases to this title. The form of the vizier’s title with the phallus-sign occurred frequently in a limited period of time. For the understanding of the usage of the phallus-sign in the vizier’s title, contextualization is crucial. Analysis and comparison of the title sequences of both, the viziers with the phallus-sign and those without, brought proof of clear distinction in the structure of titles between these two groups and indicated that the occurrence of the phallus-sign within the highest administrative title coincides with the social change regarding the state administration and royal family.

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The title xntj-S occurs from the Old Kingdom down into the 18th Dynasty. The title has enjoyed a few short treatises on its meaning. However, no one has yet brought all the evidence for these individuals together in one study. Moreover, previous studies have all used a restricted size of sample in their analyses. Compiled here is a prosopography of 250 persons with a xntj-S title, all relevant textual material mentioning the xntjw-S, and an orthographic analysis of the title itself. The combination of these three methods of study, prosopographical, textual, and orthographical, has allowed the current researcher to put forth a more comprehensive study of the xntjw-S than has been attempted before. When one browses prior scholarship on this subject, one is frustrated by the lack of comprehensiveness. The goals of this thesis are: to consult all of the relevant narrative sources, which has not been done previously; to compile and analyze a respectable sample of individuals; and to delve into the orthography in order to produce a comprehensive description of the xntjw-S.

This study establishes three categories of xntjw-S, each with very different responsibilities and realms in which they operate—xntjw-S pr-aA, pyramid-compounded xntjw-S, and non-compounded xntjw-S. The underlying connection between the three categories is, of course, the presence of xntjw-S in each version of the title, suggesting a common evolutionary history. In summary, the results of this thesis advocate that, although there is an underlying connection between the three categories of xntjw-S, each category had its own distinct roles, which differed to such a degree that we must translate each title differently. xntjw-S pr-aA should be rendered “attendant,” pyramid-compounded xntjw-S should be rendered “tenant landholder of pyramid X,” and non-compounded xntjw-S should be rendered “royal mortuary complex attendants.”

This paper presents the first publication for the inscriptions of the statue of PiAy, perhaps from Memphis, dating probably to late Eighteenth or early Nineteenth Dynasty. The statue’s owner, his titles, and status, as well as deities’ epithets, are examined.

ABSTRACT

DuMars, Christine Michelle. M.A. The University of Memphis. May 2009. The First Intermediate Period Stela of Ikw and Merimat. Major Professor: Patricia V. Podzorski, PhD.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the unprovenienced First Intermediate Period limestone stela of Ikw and Merimat, which is currently owned and on display at the Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens in Jacksonville, Florida. This study will place the stela of Ikw and Merimat within the corpus of First Intermediate Period stelae by comparing the Cummer Museum stela to other published First Intermediate Period stela types using iconographical, epigraphical and palaeographical characteristics of various Upper Egyptian sites in order to ascertain a possible provenance of the stela. Additionally, an investigation into the titles held by the deceased, Ikw and Merimat will follow. Of particular interest is a title held by Merimat that has been previously translated as “overseer of the oasis dwellers,” which I will offer an alternative translation.

Since its discovery by Battiscombe Gunn, it is believed that Saqqara's Ostrakon is able to improve our understanding of how Egyptians designed curved elements, but the geometric significance of the hieratic values is still uncertain. Indeed, in order to obtain an indisputable result, the distance between the vertical ordinates is required, and this distance is not explicitly indicated on the limestone artefact.
But since there were no algebraic formulas at the time of the Pharaohs, a simple grid-based procedure was developed such as those used by the Egyptians to reproduce the scale drawings, to try to decipher the geometric meaning of the curve drawn on the find.
To conclude, this simple process permits to understand that the five hieratic values of the Saqqara Ostrakon describe a segmental arch whose span and rise correspond to the architectural proportions of several Egyptian tombs and arches, and that the numerical sequence of the artefact could be considered the most "ancient" mathematical formula of the circle.

The paper deals with the reign of Nyuserre, one of great Old Kingdom rulers who ruled in the mid-Fifth Dynasty. The gradual transformation of Egyptian society took place during this crucial period, and a number of innovations came about in various spheres (religion, society, administration, tomb architecture, etc.), mirroring a change in the participation in power. This situation was reflected primarily in dignitaries’ tombs dated to the given period, which became indicators of the transformation of society. The research is focused on an analysis of more than 100 tombs of high-ranking individuals and their family members, and particularly of their titulary, offering formulae, false doors, etc.
This treatise uses representative cases from social, administrative and religious areas to illustrate the innovativeness of the period of Nyuserre’s reign and the climate in which the concatenation of many changes came to pass, in order to provide a framework for a better understanding of the changes, innovations and processes which occurred.

Although the scientific discussion about the site and its monuments forms an independent research focus, the archaeological legacy of the Memphite necropolis of the second millennium BC remained uninvestigated for a very long time. The Memphite elite tombs of the New Kingdom (1539–1077 BC), which have been discovered and excavated during the past 45 years, eventually revealed much prosopographical data. Relevant texts and inscriptions are to be found not only on the walls of the tombs but also on different types of objects that were part of the tombs’ original equipment or decoration (e.g. coffins, stelae, statues, canopic jars, shabtis and decorated limestone blocks). By evaluating and comparing all prosopographical data, the Prosopographia Memphitica Project aims to attain a Memphite prosopography for the New Kingdom, which is intended to illuminate all identifiable social classes of the Memphite society and its relational patterns using historical network analysis.

Since its discovery by Battiscombe Gunn, it is believed that Saqqara's Ostrakon is able to improve our understanding of how Egyptians designed curved elements, but the geometric significance of the hieratic values is still uncertain. Indeed, in order to obtain an indisputable result, the distance between the vertical ordinates is required, and this distance is not explicitly indicated on the limestone artefact.
But since there were no algebraic formulas at the time of the Pharaohs, a simple grid-based procedure was developed such as those used by the Egyptians to reproduce the scale drawings, to try to decipher the geometric meaning of the curve drawn on the find.
To conclude, this simple process permits to understand that the five hieratic values of the Saqqara Ostrakon describe a segmental arch whose span and rise correspond to the architectural proportions of several Egyptian tombs and arches, and that the numerical sequence of the artefact could be considered the most "ancient" mathematical formula of the circle.

Depuis 50 ans, la Mission archéologique française de Saqqâra fouille inlassablement les sables du désert égyptien. Conçue en 1963 par ses deux éminents fondateurs, Jean Leclant et Jean-Philippe Lauer, elle s’est consacrée longuement à l’étude des Textes des Pyramides, enrichissant par ses découvertes régulières les travaux des premiers philologues.

Le dégagement continu de la nécropole de Pépy Ier a permis également d’élargir notre vision du monde funéraire tel que le concevaient les anciens Égyptiens. La multitude des monuments, des textes, des bas-reliefs ou des objets révèle des femmes et des hommes qui nous racontent un fragment de leur espérance d’éternité.

Les contributions de cet ouvrage rassemblent autour d’un même projet les acteurs passés et présents de la MafS. Leur richesse et leur variété témoignent de l’envergure et du dynamisme dont la mission a su faire preuve tout au long de son histoire.

For 50 years, the French Archaeological Mission in Saqqara tirelessly excavates the sands of the Egyptian desert. Started in 1963 under the impulse of its two eminent founders, Jean Leclant and Jean-Philippe Lauer, the mission goal was long devoted to the study of the Pyramid Texts, thus largely improving the work of the firts philologists.

The continuous clearing of the necropolis of Pepy I also widely allowed to broaden our understanding of the funerary world as conceived by the ancient Egyptians. The multitude of monuments, texts, reliefs or objects richness women and men who are sharing with us a fragment of their hope of eternity.

Contributions to this work gather past and present members of the FAMS around a common project. Their richness and variety testify of the scope and dynamism the mission has demonstrated throughout its history.

L’examen de la stèle de Minhotep Houtoutou (Musée du Caire 17/5/25/7 [S.R. 12041]) et la confrontation avec un passage du papyrus Ermitage 1116-B verso, (38)-(39), permettent d’assurer que Minhotep Houtoutou fut bien un contemporain d’Amenhotep III et qu’il participa même à l’un des jubilés du roi. Il en résulte que le papyrus du pErmitage 1116-B verso est plus récent que le règne d’Amenhotep II auquel il a toujours été attribué, ce que confirme la présence d’un cartouche de Thoutmosis IV au lieu de celui reconnu jusqu’à présent comme appartenant à Thoutmosis III aux lignes (61) et (66). Minhotep pourrait également être le père du grand pontife d’Amon sous Toutânkhamon Parennefer / Ounennefer dont la tombe thébaine a été retrouvée en 1990 par Fr. Kampp et K. Seyfried et être apparenté à l’intendant Sennefer dont la tombe, située au pied de la falaise du Bubasteïon a été localisée et fouillée par A.-P. Zivie.

The study of the stela of Minhotep Hututu (Cairo Museum 17/5/25/7 [SR 12041]) and comparison with few lines of papyrus Ermitage 1116-B verso, (38) - (39), make sure that Minhotep Hututu was indeed contemporaneous with Amenhotep III, and that he even participated in one of the kings jubilees. Consequently, papyrus Ermitage 1116-B verso is likely more recent than the reign of Amenhotep II to which it has always been attributed. This is also supported by two occurrences of a cartouche naming Thutmosis IV which were until now misinterpreted as cartouches of Thutmosis III [lines (61) and (66)]. Minhotep could also be the father of the high priest of Amun under Tutankhamun, Parennefer / Wenennefer, whose Theban tomb was found in 1990 by Fr. Kampp and K. Seyfried. He may also have been related to the steward Sennefer whose tomb, located at the foot of the Bubasteon cliff, was located and excavated by A.-P. Zivie.

"The main point is that when one takes into account what we know about ancient Egyptian mathematics (based primarily on the Rhind Papyrus) and what we know about the system of measuring lengths in terms of "cubits," "palms," and "fingers" , everything involves  the number 7 and its multiple.

The tomb complex of Princess Sheretnebty was discovered in the non-royal necropolis of Abusir South in the spring season of 2012. 1 The archaeological work on this monument continued in the fall season of 2012, when the whole burial complex was unearthed; 2 only the underground part of the tombs remained to be explored in the future.

Cet article traite de l’appellation matrona stolata / ματρῶνα στολᾶτα et de ses variantes, attestées sur des documents épigraphiques et papyrologiques. On examine la chronologie, entre la fin du IIe s. et la fin du IIIe s. (voire le début du IVe s.), et la diffusion géographique des témoignages, de la Gaule lyonnaise et l’Italie aux provinces orientales en passant par les régions du Limes, ainsi que l’extraction sociale des dames qualifiées de la sorte. Il en résulte qu’elles étaient ingénues et n’appartenaient pas à l’ordre sénatorial. Il s’agissait de femmes apparentées à des chevaliers, à des gradés de l’armée ou encore à des notables qui résidaient dans les capitales provinciales ou dans des cités situées sur des axes routiers importants. L’apparition de ce qualificatif, qui a pu détenir un caractère officiel, s’explique par l’influence des titulatures sénatoriales que seules les clarissimae avaient le droit de porter.
This paper deals with the denomination matrona stolata / ματρῶνα στολᾶτα and its variations, which are documented on epigraphic texts and papyri. We examine the chronology, from the end of the 2nd century to the end of the 3rd century (or up to the beginning of the 4th century), the geographic diffusion of the evidence, from Gallia Lugdunensis and Italy to the Oriental provinces with the Limes regions, as well as the social origin of the ladies called in that manner. As a result, it appears that they were ingenuae and that they did not belong to the senatorial order. Actually, they were women related to Roman knights, officers, or public figures who dwelled in the capitals of the provinces or in cities crossed by main highways. The emergence of these qualifying terms, which may have had an official nature, is explained by the influence of the senatorial titles which only the clarissimae had the right to bear.

A comprehensive illustrated reference guide to Egyptian funerary cones, including the transliteration and translation of the hieroglyphic texts of over 600 examples, together with a note of the tomb number where known. A detailed discussion on theories about the use and purpose of funerary cones, their geographical distribution and other salient aspects also receive attention.

Egyptology is becoming a strategic scientific discipline in that it is instructive for contemporary civilization and makes it possible to avoid critical mistakes in its development. However, classical Egyptology tools need to be supplemented by modern procedures that are more efficient in terms of the speed of the production of results and the processing of much more extensive data volumes, delivering more accurate and reliable evaluation of the findings. Since the time of Plato, cybernetics has been providing methods by which models based on observations of the environment or sensor data are created to reflect the properties of systems and environments, and actions that change the environment are generated. Many of these practices, which include elements of learning and deduction techniques, are developed within the field of artificial intelligence. Methods that specialize in analyzing relationships that can be modeled by graph theory are now widely developed within the framework of complex network analysis. To emphasize the increasing rate of application of these scientific methods to cover new challenges in processing ancient Egyptian data, the concept of cyber-Egyptology has been introduced recently. Cyber-Egyptology deals with the interpretation of ancient Egyptian data and Egyptologists’ observations using techniques based on the principles of cybernetics, artificial intelligence, and complex network analysis that might be modified to cope with a limited amount of complex structures containing uncertainties and missing entries. We offer an overview of a selected set of such methods and their application to Old Kingdom data.

This paper addresses nine shabtis for the ‘God’s Father’, Panebmontu. Five shabtis are kept at the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (UC40419, 402054–57). These figures were not published in Petrie’s catalogue of the shabtis of University College and the museum’s catalogue does not register their provenance or the acquisition date. The other four shabtis, having the same name, titles, and stylistic backgrounds, are preserved at the World Museum, Liverpool (52.55.106 and 36.119.116), Manchester Museum (4677), and a ninth is from a private collection, sold at Bonhams Lot 4774. This paper presents a description for these shabtis and investigates the inscriptions and the titles of the owner. This analysis, along with the search for other objects for the same person, may aid in re-establishing the archaeological context.

Workshop “Les célébrations-Hbw en Égypte ancienne :  aspects pratiques et rituels”

Université de Genève - Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Genève - 23-24 avril 2015

Le terme ḥb est le plus souvent traduit "fête", bien que ses différentes graphies et son champ d'action lexical permettent d'affiner un peu sa traduction.

During the reign of Amenhetep III Egypt became a powerful state dictating its policy to neighboring lands and nations. The pharaoh succeeded in creating a well-functioning administrative machine in the capital city. The desire to imitate the king gave rise to a certain lifestyle, and a number of high-ranking officials bore the name Amenhetep after their ruler. Of course, in pharaoh’s inner circle
were a lot of officials with this name.
One of these high-ranking officials was Amenhetep called Ḥuy, whose tomb is located in Saqqara. G. Bagnani first paid attention to importance of the surviving pieces of information left by the official on the monuments. W. Hayes managed to trace the fate of many monuments. W. Helck collected
and published the most part of inscriptions retaining the name Amenhetep. The monuments belonging to Amenhetep and his family were also studied by E. S. Bogoslovskiy and N. B. Landa, who managed to enlarge the existing collection.
However, scarcity of the surviving information in inscriptions mentioning the name Amenhetep and dated to the reign of Amenhetep III and Amenhetep IV, as well as the fact that researchers do not distinguish the names of different self-governing parts of the ancient Egyptian capital, which were parts of officials’ titles, resulted in total equation of all officials bearing the name Amenhetep. The author, having carefully analyzed the information in the inscriptions ascribed to the official Amenhetep-Ḥuy, draws a conclusion that a number of monuments listed or described by the above mentioned researchers come from the official’s tomb and belong to him. However, some of them have nothing to do with Amenhetep-Ḥuy at all.

Článek se zabývá vybranými otázkami spojenými s institucí vezirátu a s titulem vezíra ve Staré říši. Ke kompozitnímu vezírskému titulu byly v několika případech připojeny další hieroglyfické znaky. Vezírský titul a přídavky jsou v egyptologické literatuře interpretovány několika způsoby. Tento příspěvek shrnuje transkripční způsoby titulu vezíra, nabízí novou interpretaci hieroglyfického znaku falu a pokouší se determinovat mezníky ve vývoji staroříšského vezirátu.

The archaeological works in Abusir South, planned for the spring season of 2012, were scheduled to continue in an area explored in 2010, i.e. to the southeast of the Sixth Dynasty tomb of the vizier Qar. 1 In 2010, the tomb of the chief physician, Neferherptah, in the shape of a mastaba, was discovered (AS 65), which had limestonecased chapel in the eastern part, a mud brick courtyard on the southern side, and two burial shafts. 2 The layout of the tomb, with access probably from the west, indicated that older structures must have existed on the site before its construction.