Time Estimation

We aimed to examine the effects of socio-demographic factors on performance of adolescents on intelligence (intelligence quotient, IQ) task and short interval time estimation. 207 healthy randomly selected adolescent including males and females voluntarily participated in this study. Performance on IQ task was tested using Pass Along Test. Adolescent also produced 10 s interval prospectively. A significant gender difference was obtained in IQ score. The IQ score of high school students was higher than higher secondary. Adolescent belonging to joint family estimated 10-s interval near to accuracy than nuclear family. IQ score exhibited a significant negative correlation with age and chronotype, and a positive association with sunlight exposure duration. The 10-s estimation was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI). The socio-demographic factors, chronotype, and sunlight exposure seem to be the confounding modulators of the cognitive attribute IQ. The family structure and BMI might manipulate the time perception.
Keywords
Intelligence quotient, short-interval time estimation, pass along test, socio-demographic, body mass index, chronotype

Updated abstract; in this document i analysed Y-DNA from yfull and ftdna from the Maghreb. I concluded that the present descendants of E-M81 most likely originate from Phoenicia. The majority of males in the Maghreb has a Y-DNA that descends from a male line ancestor that lived in Carthage about 500 BCE. This founding father effect is extremely strong and a similar founding mother effect is absent. About 20% has a Y-DNA that originates in Hejaz (Arabia) and arrived at the Muslim Conquest of the Maghreb. The Berber population has a lower Y-DNA percentage from Hejaz. A timescale correction of yfull +10% is more likely than a timescale of yfull without correction or a timescale correction of yfull +20%.

In a second document (not yet stored), I conclude that it is more likely that the E-M81 male ancestor line has his origin near Carthage than originate in Phoenicia.

In this study, the influence of contemporaneous and retrospective recall of time pressure on the experience of time was examined. Participants (N = 868) first indicated how fast the previous week, month, year and ten years had passed. No effects of age were found, except on the ten-year interval. The participants were subsequently asked how much time pressure they experienced presently and how much time pressure they had experienced ten years ago. Participants who indicated that they were currently experiencing much time pressure reported that time was passing quickly on the shorter time intervals, whereas participants who indicated that they had been experiencing much time pressure ten years ago reported that the previous ten years had passed quickly. Cross-sectional comparisons of past and present time pressure suggested that participants systematically underestimated past time pressure. This memory bias offers an explanation why life appears to speed up as people get older.

The main purpose of this research was a) to test the
hypothesis which suggests that younger people are more
oriented towards the present hedonistic while adults
tends to be more future oriented and b) to assess retrospective
time estimation by asking how long it took to
answer the ZTPI and prospective time by asking people
to calculate 1 minute. The time was recorded in seconds.
The objective was to figure out if there are differences by
age in the estimation of time. The sample was composed
by 323 Buenos Aires’s residents. The participants were
divided into three groups according to their age (younger
people; young adults and adults). All participants answered
the Argentinian adaptation of ZTPI. Some of the
participants were asked to realize time estimation tasks
(N=125). The results shown no differences in the dimension
of the present hedonistic throughout the three age
groups. Furthermore the results show significant differences
in future oriented scores when comparing younger
people versus adults. Regarding time estimation, the
groups corresponding to younger people and young adults
had a better time estimation while adults were the worst
time estimators. No differences was found about retrospective
task. In conclusion, we were able to observe that
subjective time orientation as well as objective time
perspective presents significant differences depending on
the moment of the life cycle that the person is at. Further
investigation is needed to obtain a better understanding
of the previous results shown here.

The effect of different formats on the accuracy of dating news and the distribution of personal events was examined in four conditions. In the first, participants had to date events in the absolute time format (e.g., “July 2004”), and in the second, they had to date events in the relative time format (e.g., “3 weeks ago”). In the other conditions, they were asked to choose between the two formats. We found a small backward telescoping effect for recent news events and a large forward telescoping effect for remote events. Events dated in the absolute time format were more accurate than those dated in the relative time format. Furthermore, participants preferred to date news events with the relative time format and personal events with the absolute time format, as well as preferring to date remote events in the relative time format and recent events in the absolute time format.

Backward and forward telescoping are opposite timing biases. The former refers to misattributing events to earlier dates, whereas the latter refers to misattributing events to later dates. The present study investigated both biases in participants with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and healthy older adults, matched on age, sex, and education level. Participants were asked to recall the years when five remote and five recent public events had occurred. They were also assessed with a cognitive and clinical battery that included a context memory task on which they had to associate letters and locations. Results showed backward telescoping for recent events and forward telescoping for remote events in AD participants and older adults. Furthermore, poorer context recall was observed in AD participants and older adults displaying backward telescoping than in those displaying forward telescoping. These findings suggest an association between the amount of contextual information recalled and the direction of the timing bias. Backward telescoping can be associated with deficiencies in retrieving context characteristics of events, which have been associated with retrograde amnesia and pathological changes to the hippocampus in AD.

One of the most tangible effects of music is its ability to alter our perception of time. Research on waiting times and time estimation of musical excerpts has attested its veritable effects. Nevertheless, there exist contrasting results regarding several musical features’ influence on time perception. When considering emotional valence and arousal, there is some evidence that positive affect music fosters time underestimation, whereas negative affect music leads to overestimation. Instead, contrasting results exist with regard to arousal. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic investigation has not yet been conducted within the audiovisual domain, wherein music might improve the interaction between the user and the audiovisual media by shaping the recipients’ time perception. Through the current between-subjects online experiment (n = 565), we sought to analyze the influence that four soundtracks (happy, relaxing, sad, scary), differing in valence and arousal, exer...

The effect of different formats for dating news and personal events was examined in two experiments. In the first, subjects could choose between relative time (eg “three weeks ago”) and absolute time (eg “June 15, 2003”), whereas in the second, they were assigned to either format. We measured temporal displacement of news events and distribution of autobiographical memory ages. We found backward telescoping for recent news events and forward telescoping for older events.

One of the most tangible effects of music is its ability to alter our perception of time. Research on waiting times and time estimation of musical excerpts has attested its veritable effects. Nevertheless, there exist contrasting results regarding several musical features’ influence on time perception. When considering emotional valence and arousal, there is some evidence that positive affect music fosters time underestimation, whereas negative affect music leads to overestimation. Instead, contrasting results exist with regard to arousal. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic investigation has not yet been conducted within the audiovisual domain, wherein music might improve the interaction between the user and the audiovisual media by shaping the recipients’ time perception. Through the current between-subjects online experiment (n = 565), we sought to analyze the influence that four soundtracks (happy, relaxing, sad, scary), differing in valence and arousal, exerted on the time estimation of a short movie, as compared to a no-music condition. The results reveal that (1) the mere presence of music led to time overestimation as opposed to the absence of music, (2) the soundtracks that were perceived as more arousing (i.e., happy and scary) led to time overestimation. The findings are discussed in terms of psychological and phenomenological models of time perception.

La demora de la gratificación (DG) es considerada una medida satisfactoria de la capacidad de auto-control. A partir de los estudios de Mischel con el Marshmallow Experiment, se pudo comprobar que la DG es, además, un excelente predictor de logros escolares y sociales a largo plazo. El experimento de Mischel consistía en ofrecer al niño una golosina y darle la opción de elegir una recompensa inmediata (comerse la golosina ya), o elegir una recompensa mejor, pero bajo la condición de esperar (comer la golosina después y recibir una más de recompensa). Así la habilidad para la DG implica la aceptación de un tiempo prolongado de espera por lo que conjeturamos que, para comprender el auto-control, es necesario considerar también la habilidad para el procesamiento del tiempo. El objetivo de esta presentación es analizar la asociación entre la habilidad para demorar la gratificación y para realizar estimaciones temporales (ET) en niños. Método: Se está realizando un estudio de tipo experimental 2 x 2 (DG – NO DG/ ET correcta – ET incorrecta) en un grupo de 15 niños de entre 6 y 12 años, sin antecedentes psiquiátricos ni de retraso mental que asisten a escuelas comunes. La DG se evalúa a través del experimento de Mischel (dejar a un niño solo en una habitación con una golosina pero proponerle que, si espera a que el investigador regrese sin comerse la golosina, se le dará una más), y la ET mediante tareas de estimación de tiempo retrospectiva (estimación del tiempo empleado en la tarea experimental) y prospectiva (cálculo de un minuto). Los resultados esperables son encontrar una asociación significativa entre la habilidad para la DG y para realizar estimaciones temporales retrospectivas y prospectivas en niños en edad escolar.

Because the general population may be familiar with the phenomenon that life appears to speed up as people become older, participants’ preconceptions may affect how they answer questionnaires about the subjective experience of time. To be able to account for these preconceptions in future research, we assessed laypeople’s beliefs about the phenomenon. Participants (N = 313) were asked whether they were familiar with the phenomenon, whether they experienced the phenomenon themselves, and what they thought that the cause or causes of the phenomenon may be. More than 80% of the participants had read or heard about the phenomenon prior to the study, suggesting that the phenomenon is well-known among the general population. Furthermore, although most participants experienced the phenomenon themselves, familiarity with the phenomenon affected whether they felt that life appeared to speeding up and whether time passed fast for them. Familiarity also affected whether participants attributed the phenomenon to changes in objective or subjective time but not the endorsement of the phenomenon’s causes. Finally, participants also had preconceptions about what time periods represent ‘the present’ and ‘the past’. Whereas nearly all participants considered the past to have lasted more than one year, two-third of the participants felt that the present represented a period less than one year.

El Experimento de la Golosina fue desarrollado para estudiar la demora de la gratificación (DG) en niños. Se comprobó que es una medida satisfactoria de la capacidad de auto-control y un predictor de logros escolares y sociales. El experimento consiste en ofrecer al niño una golosina y darle la opción de elegir una recompensa inmediata o una mejor, pero mediata. La capacidad de DG implica la aceptación de un tiempo prolongado de espera. Para comprenderla es necesario considerar también el procesamiento del tiempo. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la asociación entre la habilidad de DG y realización de estimaciones temporales (ET) en niños. Se replica el experimento de la DG para evaluar su replicabilidad y la posibilidad de diferencias culturales. Método: estudio de tipo experimental 2 x 2 (DG – NO DG/ ET correcta – ET incorrecta) en un grupo de 30 niños entre 6 y 12 años. Los resultados indican que el 60% de los niños pudo esperar y el 40% no pudo; a medida que aumenta la edad, aumenta la capacidad de demorar la gratificación; estos resultados coinciden en parte con los originales. Los niños que no demoraron la gratificación fueron los únicos en subestimar el tiempo retrospectivo.

Many people believe that life appears to speed up as they become older. However, age differences are only found studies in which participants compare recent with remote time passage. They are not found in studies in which younger participants’ impressions of recent time passage are compared to older participants’ impressions of recent time passage. Approaching the phenomenon as a memory issue allows for the discrepancy between these findings. In this study, two memory accounts for the phenomenon were examined. Whereas the results of the first experiment did not support the account that attributes the phenomenon to the difficulty with which events are retrieved from different lifetime periods, the results of the second experiment supported the account that attributes the phenomenon to the perceived time pressure in different lifetime periods. People are able to recall many recent instances in which they were very busy, had to rush, and did not have time to complete things, but these mundane and everyday events are often forgotten from more remote lifetime periods. People who have the impression that they are currently experiencing more time pressure than they were experiencing in the past will have the feeling that time has recently passed more quickly for them than time had in the past.

Relationship Between Time Estimation, Cost Estimation, and Project Performance by Eyas Nakhleh MS, University of Liverpool, 2011 BS, Applied Science University, 1996 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University October 2019 Abstract Although the project management role is increasing, project failure rates remain high. Project time and cost are 2 project factors that can affect the performance of the projects. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between time estimation, cost estimation, and project performance. Data collection involved a purposive sample of 67 project sponsors, managers, and coordinators in Qatar. TheAlthough the project management role is increasing, project failure rates remain high. Project time and cost are 2 project factors that can affect the performance of the projects. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relat...

Cognitive abilities are often reported to decline across the lifespan, particularly when assessed with working memory (WM) measures such as the auditory backward digit span and complex N-back tasks. However, some debate still exists regarding which aspects of cognition are most susceptible to the aging process and which may remain intact. Additionally, time estimation, though a complex psychological dimension, is often studied in relative isolation and is particularly neglected in traditional studies of WM, with little research from the viewpoint of retrospective temporal estimation. In particular, research seldom considers whether the ability to accurately estimate time retrospectively, is correlated with performance on traditional memory and processing speed measures in healthy populations. Thus, we chose to investigate performance of comparably educated young and older adult groups on both classical memory tasks including auditory and visual digit spans, N-back, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-based measures of processing speed (i.e., Symbol Search [SS] and Coding [Cod]) and a temporal measure of WM with a focus on retrospective time estimation. Our sample included 66 university students (58 F, 8 M) between the ages of 18-29, and 33 university-educated healthy older adults (25 F, 8 M) between the ages of 60-81. Results indicated that older adults performed significantly worse on auditory but not the visual digit span tasks, as well as on both the SS and Cod, though performed equally well on the N = 1 back task. Results also showed that retrospective time estimation was not significantly different between young and older adults, with both groups substantially underestimating duration of a simple task. Retrospective time estimation was not significantly correlated to any memory or processing speed measure, emphasizing the need for future research into the specific cognitive domains underlying the subjective estimation of a temporal interval.

Introduction Emotions and cognition are tightly bound entities that have clear functional and organic basis [1]. Both of them can be disturbed in hospitalized patient. Negative emotions, like fear and anxiety infl uence the patients undergoing anaesthesia regardless of age, and this impact has been extensively discussed in the literature [2–4]. On the other hand, cognition is affected by perioperative stress and anaesthesia infl u-encing the quality of life which has also been well described by Steinmetz et al. [5]. Emotions and cogni-tion are also engaged in the process of time production [6]. We know from the previous studies that anxiety and depression affect the intestinal motor function [7, 8]. These facts inspired us to construct the study assessing the relationship between emotional and cognitive aspect of time perception in relation to intravenous anaesthesia for endoscopic procedures. Especially that brain regions responsible for the interval timing (corticostriatal circuits and dopamine neu-rons) are closely related to cognitive phenomena and can be discussed as a part of human cognitive func-ABSTRACT Introduction. The basic goals of the study were to analyze how patients receiving intravenous anaesthesia for endoscopy produce one-minute time intervals after anaesthesia, and to characterize the relationship between attitude towards time and the production of one-minute intervals. Material and methods. Twenty four intravenously anesthetized patients constituted the Anaesthesia Group and 25 nonanesthetized patients formed the Control Group. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Sense of Coherence Meaningfulness Subscale were used to recognize the problem of dementia and depression, the Time Metaphors Questionnaire was used for the assessment attitudes toward time. Time production of one-minute was measured three times in each of four sessions. Results. The tested participants of both groups shortened the one-minute intervals. Duration of anaesthesia did not affect the time production. Perceiving time as empty and meaningless was related with misestimating time after colonoscopy. Conclusions. Time interpretation by using metaphors and time production are related with each other.

The present study examined the effect of performance feedback on interval timing. Time production tasks with start-stop procedures were performed in two experiments that consisted of three phases. Experiment 1 investigated whether the feedback effect persisted after it had been withdrawn (learning effect). Participants had to produce 10-second intervals in all three phases, but they received the feedback only in the second phase. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four feedback groups (accurate, 80%-feedback, 125%-feedback, no-feedback). Produced interval times shifted according to the feedback in the second and third phases, thus showing the learning effect on interval timing. Experiment 2 examined the generalization effect of feedback with a longer target duration in the third phase. The feedback effect was also observed when participants had to produce 30-second intervals in the third phase, suggesting that the feedback effect can be generalized to different intervals. With the biological internal clock model, these results are interpreted that feedback affects not only specific temporal representations but also other representations in the reference memory.