Taiwan Archaeology

The comparative studies on the mining remains of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the aspects of production techniques and archaeological cultures can reveal the interrelationships among the areas and their cultural properties. Except for that of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the production techniques and cultural features of the Tonglüshan and Tongling Sites all had differences. Dalupu Culture was controlling the Tonglüshan Site from the beginning to the end, and influenced Tongling Site in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition to that of the local culture, the cultural elements of the Shang Culture, Dalupu Culture and Chu Culture have all appeared in Tongling Site.Down to the Warring-States Period, most of the mining sites were under the control of the Chu State. During the different periods, the obtaining of the copper materials of the dynasties in the Central Plains from the Yangtze River Valley was different.

For understanding a trade network of Asian wide area in the historical period, grazed ceramic shards found in archaeological sites can clearly explain its detail condition. Among the trade ceramics from every site, kind of container is more important meaning to understand the trade connection, because it had not been left out from really used position to other places due to poor value of beauty even though repeatedly functioned again. The Anping jar is a typical grazed ceramic small container, used around the 17 th century. This mass-produced inferior white porcelain was manufactured in the inland of Fujian, China, but named by Anping of Taiwan, the earliest port city after the beginning of the 17 th century, in where firstly this jar had been found by the 1920s. Without any document, as a container for something trade commodity this jar was brought from Fujian to everywhere of Taiwan in numerous numbers including aborigine villages during the 17 th century. At the same time, while the trade used this jar was quickly expanded to sea area of southern direction such as Manila in the Philippines,

Archaeological excavations at Guishan in the southern end of Taiwan have recovered more than a hundred glass beads dating to mid-1st millennium CE. This research investigates the exchange of glass beads between Guishan, eastern Taiwan and Southeast Asia, by analysing the styles, chemical composition and microstructure of 64 glass beads from Guishan, using SEM-EDS, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. The findings suggest that beads with an m-Na-Al glass and v-Na-Ca composition are the most common, supporting evidence for bead exchange between Guishan and Southeast Asia, originated in South Asia and Western Asia. Furthermore, most m-Na-Al glasses were coloured by copper, and different types of copper-based additives may have been used for different colours, indicating the beads may be derived from multiple production centres or workshops via Southeast Asia. Conversely, the glass bead compositions suggest that glass bead exchange between other contemporary sites in Taiwan is less evident at Guishan, except for one type of yellow glass bead containing bone ash which is different. This bone-ash containing yellow glass at Guishan is firstly identified in Iron Age Taiwan as well as around the South China Sea region. Its counterparts are also found from archaeological sites in southeastern and coastal eastern Taiwan, which might indicate small scale glass bead exchange. This evidence together suggests a dynamic glass bead exchange network between Guishan, eastern Taiwan, Southeast Asia and beyond.

Jicha is a Bronze Age settlement located next to the upper Mekong River in the Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan, southwest China. Recent excavations have revealed details of successive occupation and copperbase industrial activity. The site's position and chronology provide evidence of north-south demographic movement and technological transmission along the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau corridor.

The earliest farming communities in Taiwan practiced a distinctive bio-cultural marker of identity, in the form of deliberate anterior teeth extraction. This distinguishing body transformation can be traced back to 4800 years BP in Taiwan and associated with the first Austronesian communities, and it has endured among contemporary Austronesian speakers in Taiwan and extending across the Asia-Pacific region. Through a comprehensive exploration of archaeological and ethnographic evidence, our study highlights how this practice developed in Taiwan over nearly five millennia and furthermore establishes its role in relation to issues of group identity. The results can expand our understanding of cultural practice, identity-forming processes, and migration routes of
ancient Austronesian populations across the Asia-Pacific region.

Osud ostrova Formosa/Taiwan vždy osciloval mezi eurasijskou pevninou a oceánským životem Austronésie. Byl strategickou křižovatkou dálného východu a obětí opakovaných kolonizací. I dnes obyvatelé ostrova stále hledají svou identitu, budují demokratickou společnost a ekonomickou prosperitu. Taiwanská společnost dneška se potýká s geopolitickými mezemi růstu a i přes současnou nejistotu své existence věří ve svobodnou budoucnost a pokouší se o kritický pohled do své minulosti.

魯凱族好茶舊社在1991年經內政部公告為「二級古蹟」，是目前唯一被指定為國定古蹟的聚落，與舊筏灣、高燕、射鹿、老七佳等排灣族舊社同為臺灣重要的石板屋聚落建築，也因其珍貴的文化資產價值，在2016年時被聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)推動世界文化資產保存的單位「世界建築文物保護基金會（World MonumentsFund，WMF）」列入「世界文物守護」（World Monuments Watch）名單。這些列入世界與國家重要文化資產的原住民聚落，其重要的文資價值需要被整理、研究和加強保護，其意義不僅在於這些石板建築的美學，更重要的是它所陳現的地方環境地理特色、歷史脈絡與空間紋理、建築藝術形式以及營造技術，足以成為臺灣長期歷史演進重要的史蹟（許勝發、郭美芳、徐明福，2013）。然而，由於政府的漠視、族人的遷徙，加上耆老的凋零，傳統石板屋的建造知識與技術面臨嚴重的斷層，殊為可惜。

From a global perspective , two alternatives to archaeology exist , historically oriented or anthropologically oriented. What kind of relationship archaeology should have with history and anthropology , has been debated for long. Instead of the strong historiographical tradition in Mainland China , archaeology in Taiwan shares a closer bond with anthropology under various waves of theoretical impacts , partly because of complex historical factors and partly decided by the characteristics of local archaeological data. Based on the academic history and personal field observation , this article discusses how academic paradigms and social backgrounds affect the education of archaeology , and how education constructs the knowledge system in return. Taiwan is introduced as a case of anthropological archaeology , where archaeology has remained as a subfield of anthropology until today. Multiple anthropological concerns , such as theoretical and scientific interests , comparative perspectives , and ethical awareness are emphasized in educational practices , leading to its unique training framework , lecture styles , and public outreaches. However , some structural defects and practical problems also exist. Further dialogues between the two archaeological alternatives are encouraged for better research and education. Collaborative works of scholars across the Straits are required as well to tackle challenges hand in hand.

非由知名建築師設計、不強調原創性的「普通建築」長期乏人問津，但在近 30 年的城市史、建築史研究中成為新的焦點與研究趨勢。筆者觀察到臺灣在 1970 年代前後出現大批外觀看似大同小異的市政建築，乃以此為題，視建築為社會變遷的物質容器和表徵、分析其意欲透過空間形式傳達的象徵意義。本研究借鑒建築類型學和紮根理論的歸納、命名／譯碼、整合性分析方法，透過實地考察結合網路地圖應用，系統性地自遍佈全臺灣的 2116 座市政建築中篩選出 1009 個具備「水平向懸挑出簷」和「垂直向挑高列柱」等共同特徵的案例。繼而以此為基礎，在比較研究的視角下，將臺灣置於全球現代建築發展的脈絡中檢視、追溯形式意義的建構，進而解析支持、助長類型化市政建築湧現的政經環境、文化與技術條件。其中，隨美援傳入之現代建築技術與思潮，尤其是歐美現代建築師轉化古希臘民主城邦雅典Parthenon 神殿建築形式所蘊含的象徵意義甚為關鍵。這批典型的市政建築乃特定意識形態的意象化載體。

Dairy product can be process into ready to drink or ready to serve. Dairy product that needs to be dissolved first usually powdered by drying. The drying method could be done using the vacuum Drying Method. This study used a 3x3 factorial design in a randomized block design which consisted of 2 factors, namely factor T (sea flower powder concentration) which consisted of 3 levels, namely t1: 0.2%, t: 0.3%, and t3: 0.4%, dan factor P (variation of drying temperature) which consisted of 3 levels, namely p1: 50 °C, p2: 60 °C and p4: 70 °C. The responses tested in this study were chemical responses including water content, antioxidant activity, pH. Physical responses include dissolution time, insoluble, hygroscopicity, L* a* b* color intensity, yield amount, and viscosity. Organoleptic responses include color, aroma, taste, and viscosity. The effect of different sea flower powder concentration affects the antioxidant activity, pH, and color intensity. The variation of drying temperature affects the water content, dissolution time, insoluble, hygroscopicity, and color intensity. The interaction between sea flower powder concentration and variation of drying temperature affects the antioxidant activity and color intensity.

Dussubieux (ed.). 2021. Ancient glass of South Asia. Archaeology, ethnography and global connections. Singapore: Springer; 978-981-16-3655-4 hardback £119.99. Our understanding of ancient glass in the Old World has predominantly centred on regions around ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean and Europe. Until recently, South Asian glass has been largely overlooked in the global scholarship on glass. There are several noteworthy aspects which make South Asian glass unique and important to the study of archaeological glass. Firstly, South Asia's glass industry stands out due to its unique recipes and production technology. Unlike regions such as the above mentioned, which primarily focused on glass 'vessels', South Asian glass production places a significant emphasis on crafting glass 'ornaments', as evidenced in both archaeological findings and ethnographic accounts. Moreover, South Asia's strategic position at the crossroads of the maritime and overland 'Silk Roads', along with the widespread distribution of its glass products, underscores the region's pivotal role in these expansive exchange networks, revealing many details into ancient trade routes. This informative volume, which emerged from the 2019 Conference-cum-Workshop on Ancient Indian Glass in India, is the first comprehensive study of ancient South Asian glass in recent years. The volume is structured into five parts. Part 1, 'Glass origin and evolution', comprises four chapters. The first chapter delves into the glass exchange networks and production organisation of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia during the Late Bronze Age (mid-second millennium BC). The subsequent chapter shifts the focus to the changes in glass recipes and material circulation in the Middle East and Europe during the first millennium AD. While these two chapters do not directly pertain to South Asian glass, they offer a comparative study that facilitates an understanding of the similarities and differences between South Asian glass and its counterparts. The third chapter provides intricate insights into South Asian glazed steatite and faience technology, emphasising their local development, which diverges from contemporaneous West Asian and ancient Egyptian practices. Chapter 4 explores the production of glass beads and bangles, primarily through ethnographic records, thereby offering readers a glimpse into the craftsmanship of glass ornaments in South Asia. Part 2, 'Scientific study and conservation of glass', encompasses four chapters. The first two chapters furnish a succinct introduction to the principles and analytical techniques employed in elemental and isotopic analysis of glass, complemented by specific case studies concerning potential South Asian glass beads found in Kish, Iraq and isotopic assessments of South and Southeast Asian glass, respectively. The third chapter provides a concise overview of ancient glass object preservation methods. The fourth chapter establishes a

XPLANATIONS FOR THE cultural diversity found both ethnographically and archaeologically on Taiwan have been one of the key issues for anthropologists studying the island for the last 70 years (Chang 1969; Triestman 1972). Linguistically, three major groups with 16 subgroups have been delineated (Ferrell 1969: 69). Ethnologists have divided the peoples of the island into at least eight tribes according to marriage systems, house types, origin myths, and the presence or absence of traditions like tattooing or wood carving (Chen 1968; Hsieh 1964). Archaeologically, we see at least three spatially distinct areas in the north, the central and southern area, and the east coast. Temporally, we have possible Palaeolithic remains from the Chang-pin sea caves on the east coast (Sung 1969) and several Neolithic cultures on the west coast. Archaeological work was begun by the Japanese as early as 1896. Although several sites were located in the next 47 years, it was not until 1943 that the first stratified site was excavated at Ch'iang-t'ou in the northern part of the island (outside Taipei) by Kanaseki and Kokubu (1953). Since the end of World War II and the reestablishment of Chinese control over the island, more fieldwork has been carried out. Most of the major work has been carried out by the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, National Taiwan University, county historical commissions, and the Academia Sinica. In this paper we will look at three explanations for the ethnographic and archaeological diversity of Taiwan: first, the Chinese historians' view; second, K. C. Chang's case for cultural continuity with the Asia mainland; and third, Judith Treistman's suggestion that differences are due to different ecological adaptations. Results from the author's 1972-73 fieldwork will then be used to shed light on the explanations.

Glass beads and beadmaking waste have been excavated at the Iron Age site of Jiuxianglan (ca. third century BC-eighth century AD) in southeastern Taiwan. It was suggested that this site may be a production and exchange centre of glass beads in Iron Age Taiwan. This paper presents the analysis of 44 samples, to explore the relationship between glass beads and waste and the nature of bead production at Jiuxianglan. The analysis combines data on style, chemical composition, microstructure and distribution of glass beads and waste. The results do not show a compositional or structural match between the glass beads and glass waste, suggesting that the glass beads may not have been produced at this site.

運用花蓮平原(明義、北埔與慈濟)三處鑽井岩芯，富含植物微小化石(ca 20um)的生物地層研究，能鑑別13~7千年前(簡記為13~7 kyr BP)、穩定沉積環境中孢粉組成的氣候意義。生物層序觀點能提取以孢子、花粉的訊號意義，搭配北半球碳素資料庫IntCal20所提供的嶄新定年校正與貝葉斯機率模型解析。首先發現於明義井(MY 19~88m)的深度內，泥質地層完整保存古孢粉的連續分布。明義井亦可區辨出最顯著的地史事件，就是「全新世突涼暴雨事件(MY 50~55m, cal. 9722~10101 BP)」，沼澤中繁盛蕨類植被受激烈上游沖刷物破壞後再步入緩慢恢復。
北埔井的古生態學研究，則能觀測到深厚湖泊沉積物(BP 23~74m)。暖期內的持續海面上升，可見到「海進擾動縞狀泥層事件(BP 60.5m, cal. 13245 BP)」。最緻密的縞狀泥層(BP 60~64m)內原存有高達67%的蕨類佔比，但持續的海進讓接續泥層(BP 50~55m)只剩7~14%蕨類，伴隨的平行現象是半鹹水生鹵蕨(Acrostichum aureum, BP 45.6~63.8m)持續入侵古北埔湖；甚至(BP 46.5, 50.2m)出現紅茄冬(Bruguiera sp.)，顯示沼澤紅樹林植物約在cal. 13008, 13077 BP擴張至此。最終「海進最高點事件」出現於全新世初暖濕期，在北埔井(BP 30.6m, cal. 11598 BP)鹵蕨紀錄顯示海水持續湧入北埔河口，同時伴隨暴雨，成為未有人類遷移前的瀉湖環境。故以花蓮平原所得62個植物分類群，依其物候劃分為七大類氣候功能群；分別描述三處岩芯、採樣76層位的孢粉組成，依序描述五期的古氣候變遷。
總結花蓮濱海環境的地理演育，蕨類孢子的波動訊號反映出強降雨時期，可搭配暴雨沖刷移置超微化石的事件比對。半封閉濱海盆地所出現的鹵蕨、紅茄冬指標，對海進反應敏銳。檢視沉積岩相與古孢粉歷時紀錄，可標記突發的特殊氣候變遷事件。當13~7千年前由冷期進入全新世暖期，暴雨與海進兩大作用力，在花蓮海岸刻畫出眾多地史訊號。
Abstract: This study examines biological compositions, rich in small fossils (ca 20um) of plant pollen and fern spores, in the three drilled cores in the Hualien plain: Mingyi (MY), Beipu (BP) and Tzuching (TC). It explores a well-preserved paleo-environment from the glacial to the interglacial warm period (13~7 kyr BP). The spore-fern perspectives reveal the significant meaning of geological events, combined with the new dating correction according to the northern hemisphere carbon database IntCal20, and the Bayesian age-depth model of probability simulation. A total of 62 plant taxa were obtained from the Hualien drill wells, which were divided into seven climatic functional groups according to their phenology. The palynological examination of 76 horizons was carried out, and the climate description of five phases was obtained.
MY (19~88m) strata can identify the Event 1: "Holocene sudden cool rainstorm event (MY 50~55m, cal. 9722~10101 BP)", after the flourishing fern spores in the swamp. The river mouth was destroyed by an intense upstream erosion following a slow recovery.
BP (23~74m) had deep lake sediments after the Event 2, “Rising sea level disturbed the laminated sediments in the cold period (BP 60.5m, cal. 13245 BP)". The sea rising impacted the fern composition from 67% (BP 60~64m) to 7~14% (BP 50~55m). Mangrove indicators (Acrostichum aureum) invaded the brackish water with Bruguiera sp. into the BP Lake (BP 45.6~63.8m). Finally, Event 3, "The peaking sea rising" occurred in the warm humid period of the early Holocene (BP 30.6m, cal. 11598 BP). The seawater continued to pour into the lagoon environments before human migration.
To summarize the geographical evolution of the Hualien coastal environment, the fluctuation signal of spore-fern spores reflects the period of heavy rainfall, which can be compared with the events of displaced nanofossils. Ancient palynological records can mark sudden climate changes, indicating heavy rain and sea rising with many geohistorical signals along the coast of Hualien.

筆者修習卑南族織布技藝的契機始於2013 年，當時筆者想為自己織一件族服。
本文是筆者這五年修習道路上，所紀錄的資料加以彙整而成。
首先對卑南族做一個概括性的介紹，其次就拜師及謝師的禮儀介紹，第三部分則
是記述傳統卑南織布技藝的傳說故事、禁忌、工具、織造技法、傳習及織紋的解讀。
第四是針對中研院民族所博物館卑南族的傳統織品服飾典藏品，進行織品資料之綜合
整理分析，以建立卑南族織品研究傳習知識基礎，最後則是就卑南族傳統織布傳承、
保護和開發提出建議。
本文試圖將卑南族服飾中織紋用科學的方法來解析，並紀錄各個織紋的織法。期
能有系統以組織圖記錄即將流失的織布工藝，讓族人在從事傳統服飾再製工作時能有
所參考，透過尋回過往的記憶與技藝，以建立文化發展與傳承的脈絡，並藉由卑南族
傳統織布工序及工法的紀錄，以期將來有志於此的族人，能逐步學習，並透過實際織
作來延續卑南族的傳統織布文化。
The author's initiation of learning the weaving techniques of the Puyuma tribe began in 2013, when the author wanted to weave a tribal garment for themselves. This article is a compilation of the author's recorded data over the past five years of learning. It starts with a general introduction to the Puyuma tribe, followed by an explanation of the etiquette of seeking and thanking mentors. The third part describes the legendary stories, taboos, tools, weaving techniques, apprenticeship, and interpretation of patterns in traditional Puyuma weaving. The fourth part involves a comprehensive analysis and organization of textile data from the traditional Puyuma tribal garments and accessories in the Institute of Ethnology's museum, aiming to establish a knowledge base for the study and apprenticeship of Puyuma textiles. Finally, recommendations are made for the inheritance, protection, and development of traditional Puyuma weaving. This article attempts to scientifically analyze the patterns in Puyuma tribal clothing and document the weaving techniques for each pattern. The goal is to systematically record the vanishing weaving techniques through organized diagrams, providing references for tribal members engaged in traditional garment reproduction. By rediscovering past memories and skills, the article aims to establish a context for cultural development and inheritance. Through recording the traditional weaving processes and techniques of the Puyuma tribe, it is hoped that future generations interested in this craft can gradually learn and continue the traditional weaving culture of the Puyuma tribe.

This study examines the experiences of Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) beneficiaries. The TES program aims to remove financial barriers to higher education. Through a case study research design and purposive sampling, data was collected from beneficiaries across different courses. The main objective was to identify challenges faced by beneficiaries, their coping strategies, and insights gained from their personal experiences. Findings revealed that although the TES program effectively addresses financial needs, beneficiaries encounter specific difficulties. Challenges include delayed fund disbursement and personal/family issues. Despite obstacles, beneficiaries demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness in overcoming challenges. They expressed gratitude for the opportunities provided through the TES program and hoped for its continuation to support others facing financial constraints. The TES program has played a vital role in enabling the academic aspirations of many students. Its continuation will offer opportunities for individuals to realize their potential. This study provides insights into TES beneficiaries' experiences, informing policymakers and educational institutions to improve program implementation and support.

This study examines the experiences of Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) beneficiaries. The TES program aims to remove financial barriers to higher education. Through a case study research design and purposive sampling, data was collected from beneficiaries across different courses. The main objective was to identify challenges faced by beneficiaries, their coping strategies, and insights gained from their personal experiences. Findings revealed that although the TES program effectively addresses financial needs, beneficiaries encounter specific difficulties. Challenges include delayed fund disbursement and personal/family issues. Despite obstacles, beneficiaries demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness in overcoming challenges. They expressed gratitude for the opportunities provided through the TES program and hoped for its continuation to support others facing financial constraints. The TES program has played a vital role in enabling the academic aspirations of many students. Its continuation will offer opportunities for individuals to realize their potential. This study provides insights into TES beneficiaries' experiences, informing policymakers and educational institutions to improve program implementation and support.

The archaeological sites carry the ways that prehistoric people responded to their surrounding environment and develop their lifestyles. Through archaeological research, these can provide us as a reference for thinking about the contemporary issues like disasters, environmental changes, or sustainable development. Through the outreach project of environmental education, the public can not only better understand the environment they live in, but also exert their own strength to protect the environment and re-establish the close interdependence between people and the land.

整合操作鍊、實踐理論的技術選擇取徑，論述社群依照所處環境、傳統或者外在接觸所提供的種種可能性做出選擇，其總和反映在器物展現、個體行為上，便形成行為或技術風格；運用操作鍊分解器物製作過程，將其中的選擇加以顯示、數據化，可進而檢視社群之選擇傾向。結合技術選擇概念及屬性分析的應用，可依此初步辨識群體之間的細微差異，乃至於嘗試辨識、討論社群邊界。
本文選擇植物園文化的三個遺址為對象，透過上述理論取徑以及分析方法，觀察被歸類為相同文化的史前人群，在 面對不同環境資源時，會否在陶器製作上有因地制宜的情形，產生相同文化風格下之微地理變異。並以此比較結果為基礎，延伸探究社群間製作技術的偏好、對於製作傳統的堅持程度，乃至於社群認同、社群邊界等議題。研究結果顯示，遺址之間陶器製作呈現高度一致性，可能隱含著較高程度的社群認同。

This research applies the approach of technical choice that integrates the concept of chaîne opératoire and practice theory to discuss the choices a social group makes in response to their environment, tradition, and external contacts. The totality of these choices is reflected in artifacts and individuals and forms a technical and behavioral style.
The concept of chaîne opératoire allows us to break down the manufacturing process of an artifact and to accentuate and digitize the choices manifested in each step when we examine the preferences of a community. Using technical choices and attribute analysis, archaeologists are able to identify the subtle differences among communities and to discuss and identify possible social boundaries.
Focusing on three communities of Chihwuyuan (Botanical Garden) Culture at different sites, this study applies the abovementioned methodology to examine whether prehistoric groups of the same culture maintain similar pottery manufacturing traditions or make changes to adapt to different environments that eventually lead to local variation. Issues of technical preferences, the continuation of tradition, and social identity and boundaries are also explored. We find that the three communities maintained similar pottery manufacturing techniques and postulate a strong cultural group identity among the three.

Two distinct population models have been put forward to explain present-day human diversity in Southeast Asia. The first model proposes long-term continuity (Regional Continuity model) while the other suggests two waves of dispersal (Two Layer model). Here, we use whole-genome capture in combination with shotgun sequencing to generate 25 ancient human genome sequences from mainland and island Southeast Asia, and directly test the two competing hypotheses. We find that early genomes from Hoabinhian hunter-gatherer contexts in Laos and Malaysia have genetic affinities with the Onge hunter-gatherers from the Andaman Islands, while Southeast Asian Neolithic farmers have a distinct East Asian genomic ancestry related to present-day Austroasiatic-speaking populations. We also identify two further migratory events, consistent with the expansion of speakers of Austronesian languages into Island Southeast Asia ca. 4 kya, and the expansion by East Asians into northern Vietnam ca. 2 kya. These...

The global significance of archaeology in Island Southeast Asia has been recognized as central for understanding the diversity of ancient hominins, the evolution of modern humans, and the spread of Austronesian languages and cultures. It also illustrates multiple layers of migration, mobility of peoples from different ethnic backgrounds, and an emergence through trade into the Eurasian world system of the past two millennia. This entry introduces significant archaeological discoveries in Island Southeast Asia, dating from 1.5 million years ago through the early centuries CE.

A total of 146 glass samples from Daoye, Daoye South, and Wujiancuo in southwestern Taiwan were subjected to elemental analysis using LA-ICP-MS and SEM-EDS. These samples cover a time span from the first to the eighth century CE. The results provide evidence of the existence of multiple long-distance glass exchange networks that directly or indirectly connected Taiwan to Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and possibly the Mediterranean region. The predominance of the South Asian m-Na-Al glass sub-type 1 suggests that Taiwan mainly participated in the South China Sea maritime glass exchange network, while the identification of a newly recognised sub-type, m-Na-Al low Al low Ca, indicates the possibility of small-scale glass production workshops or a less controlled recipe for m-Na-Al glass production. Furthermore, this research reveals compelling evidence linking early v-Na-Ca glass found in Taiwan to origins in Mesopotamia or Sasanian territories, with the secondary production areas remain unclear. In addition, a potash glass and a Roman HIMT glass were also discovered. The chemical profiles of the potash glass do not align with those of early potash glass, while the HIMT glass can be attributed to the Roman Mediterranean. Taken together, these findings shed light on the intricate maritime exchange networks that operated over vast distances, spanning from the eastern part of the South China Sea to West Asia, covering over eight thousand kilometers. This study thus addresses a significant research gap regarding the maritime exchange of glass during the understudied period of the early to mid-1st millennium CE around the South China Sea and beyond.

Located on the southeast coast of China, Fujian is an important junction for the spread and migration of agriculture and populations from mainland Asia to Taiwan and the Island Southeast Asia. Research on the emergence of agriculture and its relationship with the regional environmental context is key to understanding the evolution of ancient human-land interactions in the coastal zone of China. This paper presents a detailed microfossil analysis of the Dapingding site, which is located in the lower reaches of the Min River on the southeast coast of China. We found a large number of phytoliths produced in rice stems and leaves from the cultural layers of this site, dated to 7,500 cal. a BP. In addition, we found rice husk impressions and rice phytoliths in the pottery sherds of these cultural layers. Among these phytoliths, rice bulliform phytoliths with ≥9 fish-scale patterns indicating the degree of rice domestication, accounted for 44%. This percentage is much higher than the established standard for wild rice bulliform phytoliths with fish-scale patterns, suggesting that rice cultivation had already occurred on the southeast coast of China approximately 7,500 years ago. Subsequently, the starting time of agricultural activity on the southeast coast of China was pushed from 5,000 to 7,500 years ago. Comparing the regional history of sea level and coastline changes in the early to mid-Holocene, we suggest that the emergence of early rice cultivation in Southeast China was associated with high sea levels in the mid-Holocene and the last transgression in the Fuzhou Basin. The 'Fuzhou Bay', formed by the retreating coastline and transgression driven by high sea levels, may have provided a sea channel for the southward movement of northern rice farmers.

The Austronesian language is spread from Madagascar in the west, Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) in the east (e.g. the Philippines and Indonesian archipelagoes) and throughout the Pacific, as far east as Easter Island. While it seems clear that the remote ancestors of Austronesian speakers originated in Southern China, and migrated to Taiwan with the development of rice farming by c. 5500 BP and onto the northern Philippines by c. 4000 BP (the Austronesian Dispersal Hypothesis or ADH), we know very little about the origins and emergence of Austronesian speakers in the Indonesian Archipelago. Using a combination of cranial morphometric and ancient mtDNA analyses on a new dataset from Gua Hairmau, that spans the pre-Neolithic through to Metal Period (5712-5591cal BP to 1864-1719 cal BP), we rigorously test the validity of the ADH in ISEA. A morphometric analysis of 23 adult male crania, using 16 of Martin's standard measurements, was carried out with results compared to an East and S...

A genetic history of China The history of human movements into and within China has been difficult to determine solely from archaeological investigations or genetic studies of contemporary peoples. Yang et al. sequenced DNA from 26 individuals from 9500 to 300 years ago from locations within China. Analyses of these individuals, along with previously sequenced ancient individuals and present-day genomes representing global populations, show a split between ancient humans in northern and southern China. Neolithic northern Chinese individuals are closest to modern-day East Asians, whereas ancient individuals from southern China are most closely related to modern-day Southeast Asians and show an affinity to modern-day Austronesian populations. These results indicate that there was a southward movement and admixture of peoples during the Neolithic that gave rise to modern-day populations in East Asia. Science this issue p. 282

In this paper I suggest that the system of verbal morphology hitherto reconstructed for Proto Austronesian (PAn) did not yet exist in PAn. Instead, the PAn system more closely resembled the pre-PAn system reconstructed by Ross (1995:749, 2002:40). Evidence in support of this suggestion is drawn mainly from the Formosan language Puyuma (Teng 2008a), which reflects the alleged pre-PAn system rather than the system previously reconstructed for PAn. Additional support is found in Tsou and Rukai, two other Formosan languages whose verbalsystems are more readily derived from the pre-PAn system than the PAn system. A corollary of demoting the reconstructed PAn system to a lower node in the Austronesian tree is that the languages that reflect it belong to a subgroup which excludes Puyuma, Tsou and Rukai. This subgroup, which I dub ‘Nuclear Austronesian’, includes all other Austronesian languages. That is, I claim (somewhat tentatively) that PAn underwent a primary four-way split into Puyuma...

年劍尖槍鎖管的漁獲量為例，其月別平均漁獲量可達380,000 公斤/ 月，平均「單位努力漁獲量」（catch per unit effort, CPUE）可達24 公斤/ 小時。冬末春初時劍尖槍鎖管的漁獲重心主要分布在彭佳嶼附近，之後逐漸往東北方移動至東經124 度暨北緯27 度附近水域；夏秋季時逐漸往西側陸棚水域和南側水域移動，到冬季時再回到彭佳嶼附近海域。根據「泛加成模式」（generalized additive model, GAM）和「算術平均棲地模式」（arithmetic mean model, AMM）的分析結果，劍尖槍鎖管棲地的最適環境條件是葉綠素濃度範圍在0.47mg/m3-0.64mg/m3、海表溫度範圍介於27.7℃ -28.7℃、而海表鹽度落在33.8psu-34.4psu 之間的水域。

湧升流的形成是由於風或地形變化所導致的由下往上的海流，同時帶來豐富的營養鹽。湧升流的形成會使水體的垂直結構改變，使混合層深度變淺，甚至消失。全球有許多湧升流區，主要分布在陸棚區域。臺灣周邊的湧升流區有三個，分別是臺灣灘、澎湖和臺灣東北部。其中，臺灣灘與澎湖湧升流為南海海流進入臺灣海峽之後受地形影響而形成的，臺灣東北部的湧升流則為黑潮入侵流形成之渦流而產生。為了預測湧升流的發生，我們透過水平湧升流指標與垂直混合層深度的判定機制來預測湧升流，進行加權之後得到預報結果。將預報結果與葉綠素濃度分析做比對，湧升流出現機率高的區域與葉綠素濃度分布的區域大致相符合，但其結果仍因採取的模式不同而有差異。

The main purpose of designating reservoir buffer zone is to prevent improper land uses for reducing sediment deposition and water quality deterioration. With integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques, the land use pattern changes of reservoir buffer zones can be monitored accurately and instantaneously. (1) 國立嘉義大學土木及水資源工程學系講師 (2) 逢甲大學土地管理學系碩士在職專班研究生

Astringency caused by polyphenolic compounds, such as catechins, is a major factor for the quality of tea. Tea infusions mainly comprise two non-gallate type catechins, epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin (EGC), as well as two gallate type catechins, epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Gallate type catechins are derived from non-gallate type catechins via incorporation of a molecule of gallic acid by a specialized enzyme, and induce a relatively high astringent taste. Fresh tea leaves and their corresponding oolong tea granules prepared by Chin-Shin Oolong plants cultivated at different altitudes of Center Taiwan provide adequate sources to evaluate the effects of cultivation altitude on the characteristics of oolong tea. In our analysis, catechin contents in oolong tea infusions were found inversely correlated to the cultivation altitude. The degrees of catechin galloylation in both oolong tea infusions and their fresh tea leaves were also found inverse...

台北市愛國東路210巷銜接愛國東路與金華街之間，緊鄰中華郵政台北金南郵局西側，道路長約147公尺，原始寬約6公尺。在台北市政府工務局新建工程處所執行之《愛國東路210巷道路新築工程》計畫中，其工程目標為重新闢建目前的愛國東路210巷，將原來的6公尺寬巷道拓寬為12.74公尺道路，並把道路向西遷移約3.5公尺。新闢道路的施工範圍內，主要挖方工程除了將舊巷道的柏油路面刨除外以外，也同時在新闢道路兩側挖掘管線溝，管線溝開挖的寬度約1.8公尺（西）及1公尺（東），深度約1.3公尺（圖 1、圖 2）。
本項道路拓寬範圍位於原為日治時期台北刑務所西側官舍區的邊緣，為探究道路預定範圍內是否保存日治時期台北刑務所（官舍）的相關建築物遺留，故執行「台北市愛國東路210巷拓寬範圍之考古試掘」，其成果將作為基地開發過程中對於文化資產維護的評估參考。在本基地東側之特四、特五計畫區，曾於2020年6月至7月間執行考古試掘，於發掘結果中可見在現地表下30至70公分之間仍保存日治時期文化層，台北監獄的相關建築結構及文化遺留（見楊鳳屏等 2020、2021），而該項考古試掘調查結果亦也作為本計畫在執行考古試掘時的重要參考資料來源。
本計畫由合盛營造股份有限公司委託博典科技文化有限公司執行考古試掘工作，預定於愛國東路210巷的道路拓寬範圍執行考古試掘。相關試掘位置、面積以及試掘方法於下面章節做詳細說明。

宜蘭的丸山文化和花蓮的花岡山文化，是二、三千年前臺灣島內唯二同時使用甕棺和石板棺的史前文化，這兩種不同的葬式同時存在於宜蘭和花蓮地區這點，在當時的史前臺灣社會是相當特殊的情形。生老病死是人生大事，面對親人的死亡，生者常會以自身文化認為最好的方式來埋葬死者，其背後隱含了對死者在來世的祝福，和讓生者藉著葬儀完滿而得以釋懷，使得生者得以走出悲傷繼續生活，同時撫慰死者的靈魂。由於埋葬方式涉及到深層的文化結構，也因此，不同地區的史前人們會採取相同的埋葬方式（甕棺、石板棺）這點，透露出兩者間可能存在著人群遷徙、通婚、客居等多種人類移動之行為模式，不僅只是「宗教概念」、「葬俗」等的單純模仿。
另一方面，人獸形玉玦是臺灣二、三千年前首次出現的特殊型飾物，以上方的一隻側身橫站的獸，來連接下方的兩人。人獸形玉玦的分布範圍極廣，包括北部、宜蘭、花蓮、臺東、屏東、臺南等地，但數量大多僅零星數件或單件，卻在宜蘭丸山遺址和北部芝山岩遺址均各達十多件，在人獸形玦的數量比例上呈現獨特的空間分布情形。而即使如此廣大的分布區域，所有的人獸形玉玦均使用花蓮玉礦產區的閃玉製作，且均為上方的一獸和下方的二人之組合圖案。當時人們堅持以「玉」製作和一獸兩人的組合體這兩點，反映出其背後應存在著重要的跨區域之文化和宗教意義。但是，為何一定要使用閃玉？是因為玉本身獨特的美感和宗教意涵？還是人獸形玉玦的出現，與這個時期掌控玉礦產區的花岡山文化人和不同區域間的文化互動有關？本文亦擬透過跨區域比較研究的視點，對丸山遺址出土的人獸形玉玦進行內涵的檢視。

Excavations at the stone sarcophagus burial site of Pangkung Paruk on Bali have yielded the largest collection of Roman gold-glass beads in early Southeast Asia found to date, together with elaborate gold ornaments and two Han Chinese bronze mirrors. Unprecedented in Island Southeast Asia, these artefacts find parallels at Oc Eo in Vietnam, at other sites in the Mekong Delta and on the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Analyses of these new finds and comparison with others from across the region provide insights into the early to mid first-millennium AD trans-Asiatic networks that linked Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Roman world and China.

This short article report about the new findings of finely made dentate-stamped and lime infilled potteries from the Goa Topogaro site in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Most of them are red-slipped pottery decorated with dentate-stamped, lime infilled, and can be identified as burial potteries as they are excavated with secondly burials of the Early Metal Age possibly dated around 2000-1800 years ago. When comparing these finds with common decorative patterns seen in early dentate-stamped pottery assemblages in the Philippines, Mariana Islands, and early Lapita sites, the Topogaro dentatestamped pots lack some common early patterns, but exhibit a wider variety of designs. It is now argued that dentate-stamped decorations at Lapita sites mainly disappeared by around 2800 BP or at least by 2000 BP in the Pacific, but the Topogaro dentate-stamped sherds may indicate that this pottery tradition continued and further developed in Island Southeast Asia or Sulawesi at least until the Early Metal Age. The detailed analysis of these new finds and further comparative study on production technique, variety of design, forms, and styles of both dentate-stamped ceramics in Southeast Asia and Oceania is required.

The most westerly Pacific island chain, running from Taiwan southwards through the Philippines, has long been central in debates about the origins and early migrations of Austronesian-speaking peoples from the Asian mainland into the islands of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Focusing on the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon in the Philippines, the authors combine new and published radiocarbon dates to underpin a revised culture-historical synthesis. The results speak to the initial contacts and long-term relationships between Indigenous hunter-gatherers and immigrant Neolithic farmers, and the question of how the early speakers of Malayo-Polynesian languages spread into and through the Philippines.

S HAM WAN (l*tlf, "deep bay" in Chinese) is situated on the southern, sparsely inhabited half of Lamma Island (Fig. 1). Evidence of preh.istoric activity on this site was first reported by William Meacham in March 1971. Although there were no surface finds, several small test pits yielded prehistoric material, and the concentration of artifacts at 60 ern and below indicated an undisturbed cultural deposit. In May 1971, three trial pits were excavated by the Hong Kong Archaeological Society. A geological investigation and a survey of the site were carried out by C. L. So, T. N. Chiu, and students from the Department of Geology and Geography at Hong Kong University, and a full-scale excavation was undertaken in November and December of that year. As the excavation proceeded, it became apparent that a sequence of prehistoric and protohistoric cultures was observable at this site, and that there was regular habitation or activity in the area from recent times back as far as pe...

For the purpose of evaluating aesthetic quality of soil and water conservation engineering constructions in mountain areas, this paper employed Scenic Beauty Estimation Method (SBE), one of psycho-physical methods, developed by Daniel and Boster (1976). At first, we selected 20 photos of constructions from interior and (1)國立中興大學水土保持學系博士班研究生(通訊作者 e-mail:[email protected]) (2)建國科技大學空間設計系助理教授 (3)國立中興大學水土保持學系特聘教授兼農業暨自然資源學院院長 水土保持學報 45 (4): 831 – 846 (2013) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 45 (4): 831 – 846 (2013) 832 foreign soil and water conservation engineering. Those 20 photos were categorized to 4 groups and then all were reordered randomly in the slide. Within a limited period, subjects were asked to view arranged slides continuously and then rated the preference scores 0~9, 0 means least preference, 9 means most preference, and finally wrote down individual characteristics such as gender, backgrounds. All of 224 Subjects in this paper are students in Chienkuo Technology U...

The excavation of the Man Bac site (c. 3800-3500 years BP) in Ninh Binh Province, Northern Vietnam, yielded a large mortuary assemblage. A total of 31 inhumations were recovered during the 2004-2005 excavation. Multivariate comparisons using cranial and dental metrics demonstrated close affinities of the Man Bac people to later early Metal Age Dong Son Vietnamese and early and modern samples from southern China including the Neolithic to Western Han period samples from the Yangtze Basin. In contrast, large morphological gaps were found between the Man Bac people, except for a single individual, and the other earlier prehistoric Vietnamese samples represented by Hoabinhian and early Neolithic Bac Son and Da But cultural contexts. These findings suggest the initial appearance of immigrants in northern Vietnam, who were biologically related to pre-or early historic population stocks in northern or eastern peripheral areas, including Southern China. The Man Bac skeletons support the 'two-layer' hypothesis in discussions pertaining to the population history of Southeast Asia.

Glass beads and beadmaking waste have been excavated at the Iron Age site of Jiuxianglan (ca. third century BC-eighth century AD) in southeastern Taiwan. It was suggested that this site may be a production and exchange centre of glass beads in Iron Age Taiwan. This paper presents the analysis of 44 samples, to explore the relationship between glass beads and waste and the nature of bead production at Jiuxianglan. The analysis combines data on style, chemical composition, microstructure and distribution of glass beads and waste. The results do not show a compositional or structural match between the glass beads and glass waste, suggesting that the glass beads may not have been produced at this site.

This chapter describes the many portable artefacts found during the Batanes investigations, with the exceptions of pottery (chapter 6), spindle whorls (chapter 7) and nephrite (chapter 9). The main categories discussed in this chapter are ground, polished and hammer-dressed stone, baked clay (for earrings), shell, bone, and other relatively young archaeological materials such as glass and metal. The portable artefacts from the Batanes archaeological sites come from both excavated and surface contexts. Surface finds came from all sites investigated, perhaps most prolifically from the site of Anaro on Itbayat. The surface finds from here are difficult to date individually since Anaro was occupied for perhaps 2000 years or more (1000 BC to later than AD 1000), and everything has become mixed up in falling down the slopes around the site. The material collected by the Kumamoto team from Sunget on Batan in 1982 was also mostly surface-collected from a road cutting, although in this case only a single occupation dating between 1200 and 800 BC is attested from our subsequent excavations at Sunget, so it seems reasonable to assume that the artefacts collected in 1982 also belong to this period. At Savidug Dune Site, many important surface finds were recovered from the road cutting next to the excavations, but most came clearly from the lower layer in the site (1200 BC to AD 1), since the upper cultural layer is ephemeral in this location. Table 8.1 shows the distributions of specific classes of non-pottery artefact by depth and trench at Savidug and Anaro. In terms of raw material, the portable artefacts fall into several categories: stone, metal (rare in Batanes), glass (for beads), bone, baked clay (a bracelet and several penannular ear ornaments), and shell. This chapter uses raw material rather than presumed function as the primary classifier for artefacts. Stone artefacts These fall into 7 major classes: adzes with asymmetrical bevels (axes with symmetrical bevels do not occur in Batanes), flaked and hammer dressed "hoes", bark cloth beaters, sawn and ground Taiwan slate points and knives, grindstones, pendants, and side-notched pebble sinkers. Surprisingly, definite examples of stone beads were not found. 124 4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange terra australis 40 Table 8.1. Distributions of chronologically diagnostic excavated artefacts by square and depth at Savidug Dune Site and Anaro. Savidug Dune Site, all squares depths in cm. Dates Turbo marmoratus edge-chipped opercula Trochus niloticus bracelets Conus bracelets Turbo marmoratus pendants Double side-notched pebble sinkers Taiwan slate knife nephrite lingling-o Biconical baked clay spindle whorls Circle stamped pottery Baked clay penannular ear ornaments Imported stoneware, celadon Sherds with internal fabric impressions Iron Anaro 3, all squares depths in cm. Dates (asterisked dates are presumed to reflect disturbance) Nephrite

臺灣史學者習慣以17世紀以後的文獻記載，去想像數萬、數千年前的史前時代為「原始、封閉、一成不變」生活樣貌；尤其容易以現今的地景去推測過去的人文生態，但卻忽視了海岸線、河川、湖泊的位置和水位，在漫長的史前時代之不同時空中，是有很大的變動的。以「今」直接論「古」，不僅容易誤判不同時空的地景差異，也容易以晚近300年的短淺文獻理解，去嚴重誤讀史前時代的人與土地之關係。
透過百年來考古學的研究成果，可知臺灣的史前時代，依時空不同存在著相當多元多彩的豐富內涵。臺灣的考古學發展，與北部的遺址發現與研究有相當大的關聯。如1896年的芝山岩遺址、1897年的圓山遺址之陸續發現，開啓了考古學研究的序幕；而十三行遺址的大規模發掘出土煉鐵作坊、大量鐵塊，說明史前人類的工藝技術層面，從打磨石器進展到煉製鐵器，也對當時的社會生活和貿易網絡等造成相當大的影響。最近，筆者於植物園遺址的大規模發掘中，出土栽培稻米和小米的豐富遺留（屬訊塘埔早期文化，北京大學鄧振華教授鑑識），是繼臺南的南關里、南關里東遺址之栽培作物出土之後，另一處發現栽培作物的同時期重要遺址。農耕涉及縝密的土地利用、種植、用水、收割、定居、相關祭儀等一連串的相關體系，可以取得較穩定而較可預期的收穫量，意味著臺灣新石器時代早期的人們已有相當複雜的農耕技術體系與定居生活。
本文擬以北部史前時代各考古文化為例，透過縱時限的文化演變視點，來呈現數千年來的人文生態與聚落型態變遷。約自距今六千年前「古臺北湖」水位逐漸退出、臺北盆地的陸地出露之後，開始有訊塘埔早期文化（大坌坑時期，新石器時代早期），經訊塘埔晚期文化（續大坌坑時期，新石器時代中期）、圓山文化（新石器時代晚期）、植物園文化（新石器時代末期），至金屬器時代的十三行文化，以瞭解數千年來臺灣北部的人文生態與聚落型態的變遷樣貌，期能為北部史前時代的生活樣相，提供不同的視點與思考。

Several rockfalls caused damages on Highway No.2 during an intensive rainfall on August 31, 2013, in Keelung. One of the rockfalls hit a car and the event was captured by a camera. This study analyzes the mechanism of the rockfall based on the video and field investigation. Two major joints which led to the hazard, one was parallel to the coast and the other was perpendicular to the coast. Both of them were almost vertical and cut the rock into several blocks. Weathering processes may have lead to the extension of joints during the heavy rainfall; the infiltration and the surface runoff took the weathered material away, making the rock unable and ultimately leading to the rockfall. The process of this hazard can be divided into topple, roll, fall, bounce and roll. The rockfall took about 23 seconds in total. This paper focuses on the results of field investigation and the mechanism of the rockfall is also discussed.