Mechanism in Biology

Robotic technology has become more interested field to safely interact with the human. Therefore, there is a need to continuously improve the mathematical models and flexibility of robot arm when subjected to a collision force in order to reduce environmental impact, but maintain very high stiffness otherwise. To implement these requirements, adjustable compliant mechanism (ACM), which consists of flat plate spring (FPS), two thin disks, ball bearing and stepper motor, is proposed in this research. The ACM has advantages of variable stiffness which can be achieved only by passive mechanical elements. The theoretical relation between spring stiffness and rotational angle was derived for rectangular cross section. Comparison was made between three types of materials used for FPS which were AISI Steel 4340, Brass and Aluminum 6061 T6. The steel spring exhibited the best flexibility and good rigidity as well. Several of impact forces showed the variable stiffness of the FPS, but an abrupt drops in the stiffness when rotational angle was 90° under various impact forces. Furthermore, the stiffness and impact force can be set to any value depending on the application.

The goal of this paper is to highlight the advantage fulfilled by a novel engine mechanism, the concept of which is based on an oscillating arm relative to the classical engine mechanism. Further, the results of this paper demonstrate the benefits of a novel type of mechanism and the major advantages in terms of functioning parameters of an engine. Their performances highly depend on the joint positions of the oscillating arm. The increases in the functional performances rate of success (i.e., piston stroke, volume of the combustion chamber or compression ratio) enable a superior engine power parameter (higher power, torque) and bring some additional improvement on the eco parameters of the engine related to consumption, emission, etc.

Resonance, a powerful and pervasive phenomenon, appears to play a major role in human interactions. This article investigates the relationship between the physical mechanism of resonance and the human experience of resonance, and considers possibilities for enhancing the experience of resonance within human–robot interactions. We first introduce resonance as a widespread cultural and scientific metaphor. Then, we review the nature of “sympathetic resonance” as a physical mechanism. Following this introduction, the remainder of the article is organized in two parts. In part one, we review the role of resonance (including synchronization and rhythmic entrainment) in human cognition and social interactions. Then, in part two, we review resonance-related phenomena in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). These two reviews serve as ground for the introduction of a design strategy and combinatorial design space for shaping resonant interactions with robots and AI. We conclude by posi...

Researchers of the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences have carried out a large number of current injection experiments using a 4.2 km long dipole at the Bishkek Research Station in the Chu valley area of the Kyrgyz mountains (northern Tien Shan). The current is generated using Pulsed Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) generators that can produce 2800

With the social and economic development, confl ict among the shortage of resources, environmental de- struction and economic development is ever more pronounced. In this context, the circular economy was gradually accepted. Guided by sustainable development concept and promoted by six external forces, tourism circular economy take tourism micro-cycle model as the core, implement in corporate and social levels, improve resource utilization effi ciency, reduce tourism's adverse impacts on the surrounding environment through recycling, reducing and reusing resources, achieve economic, social and environmental development of the organic unity.

Now a days there is large amount of information is available with the world and is stored in the databases and applications. These databases may be centralized or distributed depending on the need of application but the primary concern here is to store such a large amount of data or information efficiently and effectively. Thus there is also an important aspect that has to be kept in mind while dealing with such a large volume and vast amount of data that is how it can be access whenever that data or information is in a distributed database. However it is also a challenging task that these things can be conveniently done without any hurdles. There is need to develop necessary operations and applications which can work over this situation. The most important aspect of this scenario which we are going to discuss here is the issue related to the security of such vital and crucial information in terms of the various methods and parameters. Thus the proposed system tries to provide the highest level of security to the very large amount of information with great efficiency in terms of block chain technology.

This research focuses on the psychology of a character in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes. There are two objectives in this study; 1). To find out the types of anxiety experienced by the character in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes and; 2). To explain how self-defense mechanism works to overcome anxiety in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes. This study uses Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory regarding anxiety and defense mechanism; the methodology employed is qualitative research in which the researcher tried to present the issues descriptively. The main data sources in this study were taken from the form of dialogs, descriptions, and sentences contained in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes. The results of this study, the researcher concluded that there were three types of anxiety experienced by the character in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes, namely neurotic, moral and realistic anxiety. To overcome these anxiety the character uses four types of defense mechanisms namely displacement, reaction formation, rationalization, and sublimation. The most effective type of self defense mechanism to overcome the anxieties that arises in character is rationalization, because an individual where the reality that is lived is all based on logic and rational.

The author reviews neoclassical theories and models of migration. The mobility theory, which concerns the impact of local labor markets on migration, is discussed in the Polish context. A general model of the regional labor market and a multicausal model are developed to explain the patterns of internal migration. The period of a managed economy (1949-1980) is contrasted with the period since the implementation of a new economic system in 1983.

A b s t r a c t: Тhe source mechanism of the earthquake occurred on September 1, 1994, with local magnitude ML = 5.2, in the Bitola region in the south-western part of the Republic of Macedonia, was studied in details. The studies included P-nodal planes determination for the earthquake, synthesizing of P-wave traces with the two P-nodal planes taken separately as fault planes, locating of adjacent earthquakes, as well as a comparison of all the obtained results with the results of the previous macroseismic studies of the earthquake and the neotectonic conditions in the Bitola region. A normal left-lateral fault striking toward WNW was confirmed as a source mechanism of the earthquake. That fault can be associated with the neotectonic Pelister fault, the last being the northern border of the mountain Baba.

Skip cycle is a working strategy for spark ignition engines, which allows changing the effective stroke of an engine through skipping some of the four stroke cycles. This study proposes a new mechanism to achieve the desired skip-cycle strategy for internal combustion engines. The air and fuel leakage, which occurs through the gas exchange, negatively affects the efficiency of the engine at high speeds and loads. An absolute sealing is assured by direct use of poppet valves, which are kept in fully closed position during the skipped mode. All the components of the mechanism were designed according to the real dimensions of the Anadolu Motor's gasoline engine and modeled in 3D by means of CAD software. As the mechanism operates in two modes, two dynamically equivalent models are established to obtain the force and strength analysis for critical components.

The aim of the article is to study the identity construction in Ukrainian sector of Facebook social network through the prism of defense mechanism “overcompensation”. Psycholinguistic research methods, namely discourse analysis, the method of contextual and intuitive logical interpretation analysis are used in this empirical, inductive study. The study identified that the most desirable characteristics for an individual are hardline attitude, self-confidence, self-control, persistence, buoyancy, ambition for self-development and self-actualization, steadfastness, rebelliousness, adventurism, humanity, kindness. The Ukrainian social network users are strongly attracted by such gender roles as “real man” and “strong woman” as well as such situational social roles as “powerful man”, “rebel”, “learner”, “cynic”, “expert-adviser”, “nihilist”, “sage”, “leader”, “hedonist”. We argue that an individual who constructs his/her personal identity through the defense mechanism “overcompensation”...

The main objective is to facilitate quicker and safer evacuation of passengers in case of frontal and rear impact of bus by automatic opening of emergency windows. The integrated magnetic release mechanism controlled by various sensors like piezo sensor, accelerometer sensor, temperature sensor and poison gas sensor installed at various locations inside the bus, helps in releasing the emergency windows during an impact. This reduces the time the passenger takes to exile the bus as the need for break opening of the windows is avoided. This system also facilitates increased number of exit points for the passengers by changing all windows into exit windows. At normal situations, the metal beaded windows are held firmly in position by the magnet, whereas during impact it releases the windows without damaging them which increases the longevity of the system.

Inhibition of nucleoside metabolism is an important principle in cancer therapy as evidenced by the role of fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and antifolates in the treatment of many cancers. TAS-102 is an oral combination therapy consisting of trifluridine (FTD), a thymidine-based nucleoside analog, plus tipiracil hydrochloride (TPI), a novel thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor that improves the bioavailability of FTD. TAS-102 has demonstrated efficacy in 5-FU-refractory patients based on a different mechanism of action and has been approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in Japan. This review describes the mechanism of action of TAS-102, highlighting key differences between TAS-102 and 5-FU-based therapies. While both FTD and 5-FU inhibit thymidylate synthase (TS), a central enzyme in DNA synthesis, sufficient TS inhibition by FTD requires continuous infusion; therefore, it is not considered a clinically relevant mechanism with oral dosing. Instead, the primary cytotoxic mechanism with twice-daily oral dosing, the schedule used in TAS-102 clinical development, is DNA incorporation. FTD incorporation into DNA induces DNA dysfunction, including DNA strand breaks. Uracil-based analogs such as 5-FU may also be incorporated into DNA; however, they are immediately cleaved off by uracil-DNA glycosylases, reducing their ability to damage DNA. Moreover, the TPI component may enhance the durability of response to FTD. With its distinct mechanism of action and metabolism, TAS-102 is a promising treatment option for patients resistant to or intolerant of 5-FU-based fluoropyrimidines.

BackgroundThe game of interest is the root cause of the non-cooperative competition between urban and rural medical and health institutions. The study investigates competition and cooperation among urban and rural medical institutions using the evolutionary game analysis.MethodsWith the evolutionary game model, analysis of the stable evolutionary strategies between the urban and rural medical and health facilities is carried out. A numerical simulation is performed to demonstrate the influence of various values.ResultsThe result shows that the cooperation mechanism between urban and rural medical Institutions is relevant to the efficiency of rural medical institutions, government supervision, reward, and punishment mechanism.ConclusionsSuggestions for utilizing the government's macro regulation and control capabilities, resolving conflicts of interest between urban and rural medical and health institutions is recommended. In addition, the study again advocates mobilizing the int...

The trend in conducting successful biomedical research is shifting from individual academic labs to coordinated collaborative research teams. Teams of experienced investigators with a wide variety of expertise are now critical for developing and maintaining a successful, productive research program. However, assembling a team whose members have the right expertise requires a great deal of time and many resources. To assist investigators seeking such resources, the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (Indiana CTSI) created the Project Development Teams (PDTs) program to support translational research on and across the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University, Purdue University, and University of Notre Dame campuses. PDTs are multidisciplinary committees of seasoned researchers who assist investigators, at any stage of research, in transforming ideas/hypotheses into well-designed translational research projects. The teams help investigato...

The objective of the paper is to calculate the kinematic and dynamic behaviour of the shaker mechanism and compare the theoretical with the following SolidWorks Motion results: the positional analysis, kinematic analysis of velocities, kinematic analysis of accelerations and kinetostatic analysis.

To determine a suitable kinematic structure for a specific application is a complex task. Some available methods may provide a list of possible architectures for a robot wrist. However, a systematic method for selecting one among others is still an open problem. The paper presents a qualitative procedure for topological synthesis based on criteria that consider wrist design requirements and parallel mechanism peculiarities. The performance of chosen topology is evaluated according to desired requirements.

The unplaced Fragment D of the Antikythera Mechanism with an unknown operation was a mystery since the beginning of its discovery. The gear-r1, which was detected on the Fragment radiographies by C. Karakalos, is preserved in excellent condition, but this was not enough to correlate it to the existing gear trainings of the Mechanism. The suggestion that this gear could be a part of the hypothetical planet indication gearing is still a hypothesis since no mechanical evidence has been preserved. After the analysis of AMRP tomographies of Fragment D and its mechanical characteristics revealed that it could be part of the Draconic gearing. Although the Draconic cycle was well known during the Mechanism’s era as represents the fourth Lunar cycle, it seems that it is missing from the Antikythera Mechanism. The study of Fragment D was supported by the bronze reconstruction of the Draconic gearing by the authors. The adaptation of the Draconic gearing on the Antikythera Mechanism improves i...

Inspired by the natural anchoring mechanism of the tree root system, the authors have investigated the possibility of developing a new foundation configuration in this paper. For this study, a foundation to support an onshore wind turbine, a structure that resembles a coconut or palmyra tree, was considered. First, simplified configurations of the new foundation were developed with a different number of primary piles (primary root) and secondary piles (secondary root) resembling a tree root system. These configurations consisted of six, twelve, and eighteen primary piles arranged and inclined symmetrically about the vertical axis. Each configuration consisted of a vertical pile at the center of the root bulb/ball representing the taproot. Two secondary piles were added to each primary pile in each configuration resulting in a total of six configurations. Additional three configurations were developed by increasing the length of the primary pile. Each model was analyzed in ABAQUS by applying three different vertical compression and tension loads. The results showed a reduction in vertical settlement of the foundation when the number of the primary pile and secondary pile was increased. However, the contribution of the second pile was not as significant as primary pile. The highest and the lowest Mises stresses were observed at the top and bottom of the pile, respectively. The configurations with increased length of primary pile resulted in a lower vertical settlement for the same load. However, for the configuration with six primary piles, the longer length did not affect the vertical settlement when subjected to higher two loads. Further investigation is necessary to understand the effective and efficient configurations thoroughly.

The synthesis tool presented here utilizes the complex number method, any other synthesis scheme (graphical or analytical) could accomplish the same end product. The examples in this paper indicate the great span of applications of kinematic synthesis. The solutions are by no means optimal solutions, but are solutions which are the best within the constraints posed by each group of students

The unplaced Fragment D of the Antikythera Mechanism with an unknown operation was a mystery since the beginning of its discovery. The gear-r1, which was detected on the Fragment radiographies by C. Karakalos, is preserved in excellent condition, but this was not enough to correlate it to the existing gear trainings of the Mechanism. The suggestion that this gear could be a part of the hypothetical planet indication gearing is still a hypothesis since no mechanical evidence has been preserved. After the analysis of AMRP tomographies of Fragment D and its mechanical characteristics revealed that it could be part of the Draconic gearing. Although the Draconic cycle was well known during the Mechanism’s era as represents the fourth Lunar cycle, it seems that it is missing from the Antikythera Mechanism. The study of Fragment D was supported by the bronze reconstruction of the Draconic gearing by the authors. The adaptation of the Draconic gearing on the Antikythera Mechanism improves i...

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The article analyzes prospects for implementing mechanisms of closed-loop economy (circular economy) at local level based on strengthening material and financial base of communities, expanding their managerial powers due to decentralization. Relevant changes in the approaches to form communities’ socio-economic sphere aimed at gradual transition to circular economy have been pointed out, as well as main priorities in the framework of such transition are identified and characterized. Main directions and measures are suggested, which are aimed at achieving resource efficiency, waste processing, using secondary raw material and minimizing environmental damage in the framework of social and economic activities. Methodological principles for the study were methods of system analysis (to analyze circular economy as holistic system of interconnected elements with specific functions), generalization (to outline main directions and applied propositions for implementing circular economy at th...

Emission enhancement and its mechanism of Alq3 by Ag nanotriangle array 北見工大 1,室蘭工大 2,北大院情報科学 3 ○(M2)矢ノ目 和樹 1,(M1)増井 一晃 1,木場 隆之 1, 川村 みどり 1,阿部 良夫 1,金 敬鎬 1,高瀬 舞 2,高山 純一 3,村山 明宏 3 Kitami Inst. of Technol.1, Muroran Inst. of Technol.2, Grad. School of IST, Hokkaido Univ.3 ○Kazuki Yanome1, Kazuaki Masui1, Takayuki Kiba1, Midori Kawamura1, Yoshio Abe1, Kyung Ho Kim1, Mai Takase2, Junichi Takayama3, Akihiro Murayama3

The McPherson column name comes from the inventor of this Earle S. MacPherson solution, which was first manufactured at the Ford plant in 1949. This is one of the most commonly used types of front suspension in popular passenger cars. The advantage of this type of suspension is a compact construction, but the disadvantage is. The influence of the damping motion on the position of the steering wheel may result in an unintentional change of direction of travel. At the same time, there is a slight additional tilt of the wheels when the "spring" movement. In the proposed solution, partial elimination of this type of incorrectness is proposed by changing the type of connection of the steering rod end to the steering wheels of the vehicle. The introduced change consists in replacing one of the spherical joints in these joints into two rotary joints. Such a change introduces a mathematical model describing the behavior of the suspension under the influence of the depreciation of ...

In this paper, Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) is used to specify and verify the event processor EP/3, which is a multi-threaded pipeline processor capable of executing parallel programs. We first give the high level specification of the EP/3 with emphasis on the interlock mechanism. The interlock mechanism is used in processor design especially for dealing with pipeline conflict problems. We prove that the specification satisfies certain safety and liveness properties. An advantage of ITL is that it has an executable part, i.e., we can simulate a specification before proving properties about it. This will help us to get the right specification.

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