Sylhet

This report focuses on the Financial management procedure into the Leading University.
The main objective of the report is to identify the financial management process of Leading University which includes budgeting, cost minimizing, best utilization of available resources.
Descriptive research methodology has been followed to conduct the study. The relevant data were explained in details with necessary tables, figures, and written information. All the information used to prepare this report has been collected from both primary and secondary sources.
Leading University’s financial process maintain a circle of procedure which includes budgeting, cost minimizing and the study found some vital issues which will make the sense of how this intuition can reduce the operating cost, inventory (stationary) cost and ensure eco-friendly environment by reducing paper work.
Accounting & Financial Information Systems, Financial activities operations should be maintained through University Management Software via offline/manually and online software both. Manually operations also must be maintained in regular basis. Whenever financial data required so that it can be presented and disclosed to the authorized high officials. Each and every organization should have internal audit cells to check and verify or monitor financial operations time to time or whenever essential. Internal Audit cells chief can provide written data and their professional suggestion is needed to improve the financial concerned irregular activities.

The creation of Assam as a new province in 1874 and the transfer of Sylhet from Bengal to Assam provided a new twist in the shaping of the northeastern region of India. Sylhet remained part of Assam from 1874 to 1947, which had significant consequences in this frontier locality. This paper re-examines archival sources on political mobilization, rereads relevant autobiographical texts, and reviews oral evidence to discover the 'experienced' history of the region as distinct from the 'imagined' one. The sub-text of partition (Sylhet) is more intriguing than the main text (Bengal), because events in Sylhet offer us a micro-level study. Generations of historians-writing mostly in Bengali and relying on colonial archives-have tended to overlook the mindset of the people of Sylhet. This paper, on the basis of an examination of combined sources, argues that the new province was implicated in overlapping histories, across Bengal-Assam borders. The voice of the indigenous-mostly Hindus but partly Muslim-elites were dominant from 1874 onwards. However, the underdogs-particularly 'pro-Pakistani' dalits (lower-caste Hindus) and madrasa-educated 'pro-Indian' maulvis-emerged as crucial players in the referendum of 1947. Hardly any serious study, however, has focused on the Sylhet referendum-a defining moment in the region. This study of the Sylhet referendum will reveal a new dimension to the multiple responses to these issues and provide a glimpse of the 'communal psyche' of the people in this frontier district, rather than a binary opposition between 'religious' and 'secular' forces. * I am immensely indebted to the anonymous reviewers whose critical comments made it possible to put my arguments into proper perspective. This revised version of the paper was read by Professor Colin Heywood, Professor Fakrul Alam, and Dr Iftekhar Iqbal whose comments were also much appreciated. All limitations of course are mine.

The jaintiapur and its adjoining areas lie in between two contrasting structural set-ups, the uplifting Shillong Massif in the north and the subsiding Surma basin in the south. The studied area lies in the northern part of Surma basin, a sub-basin of the greater Bengal Basin, Located in the north-eastern part of Bangladesh.

This report deals with the Physiography, Petrography, Stratigraphy, Structure and economic importance of the rocks exposed in Jaintiapur and adjoining areas.

The exposed rock in this area has been classified into eight lithostratigraphic units. They are- Limestone unit, Black shale unit, Pinkish sandstone unit, Silty shale unit, Sandy shale unit, Yellowish sandstone unit, Molted clay unit and Variegated color sandstone unit. These rock unit correlated with the standard formation of Assam on the basis of gross lithology. They can be correlated with the Sylhet Limestone, Kopili Shale, Barail Formation, Bhuban Formation, Boka Bil Formation, Tipam Sandstone, Girujan Clay, and Dupi Tila Formation respectively. The depositional environment for these rock units is marked by both marine transgression and regression.
A major fault is recognized named Dauki Fault. Many sedimentary structures were found like nodular, wavy, lenticular, micro cross lamination, iron concretion.

This article presents a case study of the Fultoli tradition, an expression of Islam dominant amongst Bangladeshi migrants to the UK, but which in general terms has failed to communicate itself to British-born Muslims. It is also a denominational identity that has been overlooked in academic literature on British Muslims, and regularly mischaracterized. To correct this, the article presents an overview of Fultolir Sahib, the late founder of the tradition, and the theological distinctiveness of his teachings, before considering its movement to Britain. A varied methodological approach is adopted in order to explore the topic, combining a textual exploration of Fultoli sources with qualitative interviews with members of the Fultoli tradition, and also autoethnography drawing upon the authors' (who were both raised by Fultoli parents) experience of the tradition. The article argues that Fultolir Sahib's authority is constructed in an idiom that is inaccessible to British-born Muslims and that Fultoli institutions have failed to create leaders capable of preserving the tradition. It concludes that despite the diminishing numbers of Fultolis in Britain, it is still important for academics to recognize their unique role in the landscape of Muslim denominational diversity.

The study was conducted in the Sylhet City of Bangladesh. The purpose of the study is to explore the motivational factors behind bicycling habit in Sylhet. Analysis of secondary data and a focus group session with pioneer cyclists contributed in obtaining variables for the study. A sample of 100 respondents of Sylhet participated in this study. Judgemental sampling technique has been used to obtain data from self-administered structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses used in the survey are Exploratory Factor Analysis to identify factors and Frequencies for analysing demographic variables. The result of the study explains four factors. Findings show that the favorable factors towards cycling are Factor 1, Health and Factor 2, Convenience. Factor 3, Weather and Factor 4 Security are deterrent factors in cycling.The research findings provide wider scope for urban planning and catering of promotional strategies by bicycle marketers. In an overly populated country like Bangladesh, bicycling can give us a congestion free road and the plociy makers can grab this opportunity to make a better strategy for urban planning.

The fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus is a small to medium-sized felid that ranges
across southern Asia from Pakistan east to Vietnam and south to the island of Java.
To date very little is known about the ecology and natural history of this species.
Here we document an adult albino fishing cat believed to have been captured in the
Hail Haor region of Sylhet Division, Bangladesh and propose that albinism may be
well established among fishing cats in the Haor Basin. We are unaware of any other
aberrant pelage patterns that have been documented in fishing cats.

This paper justifies the potentiality of the women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. For this purpose, Sylhet is taken as a study area which can be the prospective sectors for the women entrepreneurs. Huge amount of foreign remittance comes here from abroad that can be utilized in this sector successfully, and the mindset of people are not so fundamental. All of these issues are supporting to work in this region. Besides these, studying in this sector it is found that the women entrepreneurs of this region are more industrious, self-confident, dynamic, ambitious, adaptable and possess risk taking capacity and last but not the least are creative and innovative. It is obviously profitable sector which is clear after analyzing the data. Attempts also have been made here to find out the characteristics and the contributions of the women entrepreneurs to prove themselves not only as the emerging tigers but also as the economically empowered, solvent, respected and above all a contributor in t...

Out of 492 rock pigeons the highest percentage were shown in blue bar (74.59) then blue checker (10.77). Other types are pied (5.89), black (2.64), white (2.24) and mealy bar (1.22). In Sylhet Shah Jalal Majar though there lot of pigeons but for mixing with other breeds especially tumbler and domestic breeds now this pure breeds are facing its purity and found only 57 pure rock pigeons. In Kushtia town (observed pigeons 150) in some old building and roadside wooden chambers which are provided by pigeon lovers are keeping this pigeons. Poradaha town and its Railway Station observed total pigeons were 97 and these pigeons take water adjacent from a pond. Some illegal and hawker of the platform captured the squab of rock-pigeon and take as meat in Ishwardi railway station (total pigeons 188). Highest pigeons, male and female were found in Ishwardi and lowest in Sylhet of Bangladesh. Observed adult rock pigeons there were some juveniles but those were not counted in sex ratio. All pigeons take food on the platform and when public gathers they go outside. With the wild rock pigeons, some domestic and tumbler breeds are mixed and living well for a long time. In Sylhet this study was performed on

Khasi is one of the major tree-crops-farming ethnic communities of NorthEast Bangladesh. In this paper, their farming and forestry knowledge is revealed in order to realize the importance of environmental preservation and conservation. What way Khasi administers hill farming practice with deeming locally derived knowledge and why they conserve forest and forestry in terms of agricultural extension without destroying the forest. To understand these issues local people's climate resilience farming practice and information has been collected through a qualitative method by applying observation, in-depth interview and collective discussion methods from local participants. Data has been analyzed following thematic and descriptive way and findings are conceptualized as research objectives. This study has explored that Khasis' integrated farming efforts that facilitate to uphold local peoples' subsistence, greenery landscape, and livelihood security, including essential eco-friendly forest conservation. The study findings also have shown how Khasi agroforestry and cultivation are developed by using local knowledge for improving the rural community, including tree crop farming with the conservation of bio-cultural diversity, and sustainable management of agro-ecosystem.

This article aims to understand the socio-economic and religious changes in early mediaeval Surma valley, and the role of Brahmanical and Buddhist religious institutions in effecting them. This valley was the most forested and marshiest part of Bengal. It received very heavy rains and was under substantial tribal influence. At the beginning of the period under study, it was a peripheral part of two fringe states. By the eleventh century ce a local state evolved, resulting from centuries of agrarian expansion. Brahmanical religious institutions played a very important role in effecting this transition. Well before the arrival of Islam in the eastern/north-easternmost sector of the Bengal delta, local society had devised its own ways to tame the jungle, cope with fluvial volatility, and cultivate rice, even in the marshy areas. These developments force us to question those historiographical models which explain the Islamization of eastern Bengal in terms of Islam being the ‘religion of the plough’ and ‘the harbinger of rice revolution’ in the region.

Among the incessant discussions about the comparability of grammatical categories within the field of linguistic typology (cf. Cristofaro, 2009; Haspelmath, 2007), one in particular seems to be especially controversial. Is there really such category as the irrealis? This term has been used extensively in descriptive works and grammars to name all kinds of grammatical morphemes occurring in various modal and nonmodal contexts. However, cross-linguistic evidence for a category that shares invariant semantic features has not been attested (Bybee 1998:266). Moreover, many scholars are in doubt of a universal cognitive distinction between realis and irrealis (Bybee 1998; Cristofaro 2012). The Indo-Aryan language Sylheti, like many of its relatives, feature a verbal category that is often referred to as ‘irrealis’. It occurs in various contexts, such as counterfactive conditionals, negations of the future tense and light verb constructions. Furthermore, the same form is used to mark verbs in the past habitual tense. While some scholars refer to those two main functions as separate grammatical categories (e.g. Plettner 2004), others attempt to find common features to justify the identical form (e.g. Masica 1991). This paper intends to investigate the various functions of a single form – the inflected t-form in Sylheti (inflT). It will discuss whether these functions share common semantic features that allow a unified analysis of the form as one grammatical category. To facilitate the discussion, inflT will be compared to cognate forms in other Indo-Aryan languages. Moreover, the general discussion about the existence of an ‘irrealis’ category will bring the Sylheti evidence into a broader context.

Bengal, comprising Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, is one of the world’s largest deltas, fed by two major rivers and countless smaller ones. It is thus a natural laboratory for studying riparian commons. The paper addresses aspects of local aquatic resource management, traditional and modern, and draws some tentative conclusions for current development efforts.
On the physical level, the processes that have formed and are continuing to form the delta are described. On the human level, the settlement history of the delta, including the process of trans-forming the physical landscape in order to increase agricultural productivity, is addressed. The importance of the British colonizing power in terms of enclosure of the riparian commons is discussed.
A case study from the haors (large perennial water bodies) area, based on anthropological field work in the mid-1980s and complemented by archival research, addresses the evolution and present situation in terms of local access to haors and other water bodies. Riparian commons, as they evolved, were overtaken by the expanding nation-state that established state property regimes, so-called khas land, throughout the area. Khas land, which includes haors, was open to everybody through a leasing system. In many places such khas land became, in effect, controlled by elites, thus barring access to the large majority of local people most of the year, and then only through costly sub-leases. The paper aims to understand the characteristics of present-day riparian commons in the study area through analyzing the settlement history, as well as the evolving relationship between local culture and natural endowments.
The accumulating knowledge of riparian commons in Bangladesh have potential practical implications. It can: (i) serve as models for efforts to establish viable and equitable fisheries management regimes, (ii) be a source of motivation and empowerment, and, (iii) function as a foundation and point of departure for participatory approaches. Towards this, selected large-scale water management schemes are discussed. Likewise, efforts to increase the productivity and sustainability of fisheries through involving local people and giving them use rights to local water bodies are addressed. The long-term goal of much of this work is to support or create local riparian commons.

The otherwise vast scholarship on British India's Partition has very little to say about India's Northeast. Udayon Misra needs to be congratulated for drawing our attention to the intricacies of Partition in this region. His focus is on Assam. Between four chapters and an introduction, Misra discusses how the complex political developments unfolded in Assam in the 1940s and "how the shadow of Partition continues to fall over the society and politics of Assam" (p. 2). Who is an Assamese and who is an "illegal immigrant" has been a burning question in Assam politics since the early twentieth century. This is the question around which Misra organizes his narrative.

The Surma River is one of the major rivers of the Surma-Meghna River system in Bangladesh. In this study, eleven hydrologic/meteorological parameters-rainfall, average temperature, relative humidity, actual vapor pressure, evaporation, solar radiation, actual sunshine hour, cloud cover, SOI, El Nino index, wind speed are selected for developing a runoff model for Surma River by a statistical approach. Data are collected from BWDB, BMD, BARC, and NOAA. From our study, it is found that the runoff of this study area is sensitive to only three independent variables e.g., rainfall, actual vapor pressure, and actual sunshine hour. The other eight selected variables are omitted from the equation as they are poorly correlated showing insignificant correlation values. From the correlation between the dependent variable and independent variable, the ones having the lowest correlation have been omitted in this case Evaporation, SOI, El-Nino Index, and Wind Speed were found to be the most poorly correlated with r values-0.048,-0.027, 0.093 and-0.026 respectively. Then, Average Temperature, Solar radiation, Cloud Cover are omitted depending on the correlation between independentindependent variables, In the next, regression analysis is done on the rest of the variables. Depending on Pvalue, R 2, and adjusted R 2 value, three independent variables e.g., rainfall, actual vapor pressure, and actual sunshine hour are found sensitive in the study. Finally, a linear and a nonlinear multiple regression equation is developed using solveradd-ins of Microsoft excel. The runoff model is calibrated for the year range of 2009 to 2010 at Kanaighat station. The calibrated model shows that the monsoon season gives a shift of the observed runoff than the regression runoff whereas pre-monsoon and late monsoon are well matched. Calibration is followed by validation for the same station for the year 2010 to 2011. Graphical plot and RMSD value show that the non-linear runoff equation gives a better prediction than the linear one. The runoff model developed in this study can be used for determining the runoff of the Surma River. While runoff estimation through numerical modeling is highly complex, time-consuming, and sometimes difficult to visualize, this kind of regression model is very simple, quick, easy to develop, and easily understandable as well. Besides, the predicted values for different hydrologic/meteorological variables like relative humidity, actual vapor pressure, evaporation, solar radiation, actual sunshine hour, cloud cover, SOI, El Nino index, wind speed, etc. are easily available for different RCP ensembles. Hence, this runoff model can be easily used for determining future runoff of the Surma River as well.

Surma, which is the lifeline of Sylhet region, travelling a long way from the Manipur state of India, divided at the border of Bangladesh and amongst them, one of flow northward that bestow prosperity. Commerce was flourished on the bank of the river and now-a-days, it is remaining as the livelihood center of this region. This river isn’t only important for human beings but also for biodiversity which lived in surrounding environment. So, it is needed to learn the morphological characteristics through geographical investigation to adapt with the change of river. To find out present condition, an experimental method was conducted on selected nine cross-sectional points of the Surma river. For trend analysis, selected Landsat and DEM images were purchasing from authentic sources. As well as depth and discharge data (1990 to 2014) were collected from BWDB. Remote sensing and geographic information system provide tools for quantitative and qualitative river morphological analysis. From ...

Companiganj is one of the resourceful upazila of Sylhet district, though no gas or oil field have not been found yet, renowned for its hard rock. Hard rock, one of the main geo-resources of Bangladesh after gas and coal, is very useful in construction sector and cement industry. The source of this rock is near Meghalaya of India. This part of India is relatively in higher than the ground level of Bangladesh. That’s why the rock comes down by gravity especially in the rainy season. The water is the main transportation media which brings these rocks. People normally use manual hand tools for rock extraction and use two type of crusher to crush these rocks. In this research paper, we tried to find the economic feasibility of extracting these rocks. Though the extraction method of this quarry is not technologically advanced, but after doing this research, we can say that this quarry is economically feasible.