Exploratory Factor Analysis

Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder (NEGPD), listed in Appendix B of the DSM-IV, is not an officially recognized personality disorder. Its future as a discrete disorder is uncertain (Widiger, 2003). Yet, NEGPD occupies a role in some theoretical formulations of personality pathology (Millon & Davis, 1996), and many clinicians believe that passive-aggressive traits are not adequately represented by other PDs (Westen, 1997). In this study, 1158 psychiatric outpatients were assessed for Axis I and Axis II disorders. Thirty-five (3.02%) met criteria for NEGPD. Participants with NEGPD did not differ significantly from those without NEGPD on demographic variables. The internal consistency of the DSM-IV's seven NEGPD items was 0.50. Corrected itemtotal correlations for the 7 criteria averaged 0.27. Participants with NEGPD had higher rates of lifetime anxiety disorders, and almost 90% had an additional PD. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a twofactor solution that accounted for 43.4% of the variance. The first factor reflected the belief that life is unfair, while the second factor seemed to reflect modes of anger expression. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model fit the data better than a unidimensional model. We discuss implications of these results for the future of the NEGPD diagnosis. Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder (NEGPD) has a long history in the classification of mental disorders. In fact, descriptive features that typify the disorder have been depicted in significant detail by many prominent clinicians for nearly a century under a variety of headings (Millon & Radovanov, 1995).Years before World War II, clinical theorists portrayed diversely labeled "characters" and "dispositions" whose characteristics might now be classified under the passive-aggressive personality disorder designation (Millon, 1993).

In an effort to more rapidly develop their infrastructure, economies and living standards, many newly industrialized countries, such as Thailand, have embarked on a series of international Technology Transfer (TT) initiatives within the construction and other industries. However, these initiatives have not immediately translated into enhanced capabilities and competitiveness within indigenous firms, resulting in a sustained reliance on foreign firms. With few clues as to why TT ventures have not created expected outcomes for the indigenous construction industry, newly industrialized countries lack direction on how to more rapidly diffuse best-practice technology. Management philosophies such as benchmarking and performance measurement have become essential activities for firms, across all industry sectors, to achieve continuous process improvement and maintain competitiveness in the global market. In an attempt to better diagnose the health of TT ventures and ultimately improve rates of TT, this paper promotes benchmarking as a tool for measuring baseline and future performance across a wide range of TT perspectives. Utilizing the results from a questionnaire survey of 162 industry professionals from Thailand, a TT performance measurement framework, consisting of eight diverse perspectives was formulated through exploratory factor analysis. These perspectives represent the enablers and outcomes of the TT process, namely: (1) technology characteristics; (2) government influence; (3) relationship building; (4) transferor characteristics; (5) transferee characteristics; (6) economic advancement; (7) knowledge advancement; and (8) project performance. The framework was utilized to provide a baseline benchmark index of TT performance in Thailand. A benchmark score of 70% was determined, implying that up to 2005, construction TT ventures in Thailand have been operating moderately to highly effectively/successfully. Moreover, the TT performance of individual transferor nationalities operating in Thailand was compared. The study provides some evidence that Japanese construction firms are not only the leading exporter of construction services to Thailand but also perform slightly higher across TT performance perspectives influenced by the transferor.

Counselling self-efficacy is an important construct for research and evaluation in counsellors' competencies and training effectiveness. Larson, Suzuki, Gilliespie, Potenza, Bechtel, & Toulouse (1992) developed the Counselling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE) for counsellors in America and examined its factor structure using exploratory factor analysis. They recommended a five-factor model (Microskills, Counselling Process, Difficult Client behaviour, Cultural Competence, and Awareness of Values) and the use of the COSE for future research. However, little research has investigated the validity of the COSE in the context of counselling Chinese students in schools. In the present study, the factor structure of responses to the Chinese version of the Counselling Self-Estimate Inventory in a sample of 578 Hong Kong secondary school guidance teachers was examined using the EQS approach to confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that while a five-factor model was fairly able to fit the data, the deletion of items related to the Awareness of Values factor yielded a better fitting model. The discussion of potential uses and limitations of the C-COSE in the context of preparing and supervising school guidance personnel in student counselling is relevant to counselling psychologists and researchers in Hong Kong and other parts of the world.

We used exploratory and confirmatory statistical approaches to study the severity of neuropsychological (NP) impairment in 42 crack/cocaine addicted subjects and in 112 comparison subjects (40 alcoholics and 72 controls). Twenty neuropsychological test indices most reliably defining predetermined cognitive domains were submitted to exploratory factor analysis. A four-dimensional model of neurocognitive function was derived: Verbal Knowledge, Visual Memory, Verbal Memory, and Attention/Executive functioning accounted for 63% of the variance. We then examined this model's association with resting glucose metabolism in the brain reward circuit measured with 2-deoxy-2[ 18 F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography. Results revealed that (1) cocaine addicted individuals had a generalized mild level of neurocognitive impairment (<1 S.D. below control mean); and (2) controlling for age and education, relative metabolism in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly predicted the Visual Memory and Verbal Memory factors and relative metabolism in the anterior cingulate gyrus significantly predicted the Attention/Executive factor. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether metabolic changes in these regions are associated with addiction. Our results also suggest that compared to cocaine, alcohol has a more detrimental effect on Attention/Executive functioning, as assessed with traditional NP measures. We conclude that relative to other psychopathological disorders (such as schizophrenia), the severity of neuropsychological impairment in cocaine addiction is modest, albeit not indicative of the absence of neurocognitive dysfunction. The impact of such small differences in performance on quality of life, and possibly on craving and relapse, may be substantial. Tasks that simulate real-life decision-making or that target specific putative cognitive-behavioral or motivational-emotional mechanisms might offer greater sensitivity in characterizing the changes that accompany addiction to drugs. Obtaining valid estimates of alcohol use in cocaine addicted subjects is essential in characterizing neurocognitive functioning in individuals addicted to drugs.

Responses to the CMUQ by parents/primary care givers in this Australian sample indicate that pharmacists are considered an important and reliable source of information on children's medicine • Paediatric medicines use should be a focus of continuing and undergraduate pharmacy education.

A pervasive hypothesis in the timing literature is that temporal processing in the milliseconds and seconds range engages the basal ganglia and is modulated by dopamine. This hypothesis was investigated by testing 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), both 'on' and 'off' dopaminergic medication, and 20 healthy controls on three timing tasks. In a seconds range (30-120 s) time production task, patients tested 'on' medication showed a significantly different accuracy profile compared to controls and when tested 'off' medication. However, no group or on vs off medication differences in accuracy were found on a time reproduction task and a warned reaction time task requiring temporal processing within the 250-2000 ms range. Variability was measured using the coefficient of variation, with the performance of the patient group on the time reproduction task violating the scalar property, suggesting atypical temporal processing mechanisms. The data suggest that the integrity of the basal ganglia is necessary for 'typical' time production in the seconds range as well as for time reproduction at shorter intervals. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that the time production task uses neural mechanisms distinct from those used in the other two timing tasks. The dissociation of the effects of dopaminergic medication and nature of task on performance in PD raises interesting questions about the pharmacological mediation and task-specificity of deficits in temporal processing.

Fostering is a process used by sheep farmers for the rearing of abandoned lambs or in the incidence of triplets, providing the surplus lamb a surrogate ewe. Historically, research has assessed the varying success rates of different fostering methods and evaluated them using the latency to accept the alien lamb. There are no current studies on the frequency of use of the different methods, nor the farmers' perception of the effects of the methods on ewe behaviour and welfare. The aim of the survey was to identify which fostering methods are currently in use in the UK and to gain an insight into farmers' attitudes towards them, in relation to the ewe's behaviour and welfare. Data were collected using paper and online questionnaires that were distributed with the help of stakeholders such as the English Beef and Lamb Executive (EBLEX) and at events such as the Royal Show and the NSA Sheep event. Seventy five farmers responded and results showed that they used birth fluids and restraint more often than other methods. Farmers believed that restraint methods can have negative welfare implications as determined by the ewe's behaviour and the lamb growth rate. There was also a significant relationship between the foster method and breed type. The farmers also suggested that the birth fluid method was preferred by the animals compared to all of the other methods as it was less disruptive and restricting to the ewes. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified two main factors influencing the farmers' choice of foster methods; these were the 'ewes health and welfare' and 'the farmers previous knowledge and success of the method'. The former had a significantly greater influence than the latter signifying that farmers are concerned for the animal's welfare during this process. Overall, farmers acknowledged that the selection of the appropriate foster method is a means to increase lamb productivity which can influence their return. They also recognised that the display of positive or negative ewe behaviours plays a vital role in the selection process of the fostering technique.

Research on technostress has been extensively conducted in various fields. However, research on technostress is still lacking in the context of university online learning, specifically in Malaysian public universities. This study aims to develop a technostress-related instrument that suits the context of university students. This study has adopted and adapted the instrument of technostress from the previous researchers and validated the construct using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 338 undergraduate students in all UiTM branches in East Malaysia, using a simple random sampling method. A structured survey was used to gather the necessary information. The final analysis found that no items were omitted. Based on EFA, this study finalised the instrument to twenty-two (22) items yielding only four dimensions, i.e., techno-overload (9 items), techno-complexity (6 items), techno-insecurity (4 items), and techno-uncertainty (3 items). The high-reliability standards shown in Cronbach's alpha for each component explain that the proposed instrument is reliable and suitable for measuring technostress constructs. The results have statistically proven that these items have a high level of validity and reliability and can be used to measure technostress among university students. This instrument developed in this study can be considered for future research to measure technostress in the context of university students as a better alternative than using existing instruments used on employees in ICT organisations.

Globally Tourism is the fastest growing industry for which competitive destinations are trying their best to promote their tourism products by developing appropriate brand strategies for marketing their products. Identification of Brand Personality is one of the strategies where Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) are focusing upon. This study aims to explore the brand personality traits of the first world heritage site of India i.e. Ellora caves situated in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra State of India. Though the site is having potential for Tourism, minimal efforts are taken by the stakeholders for branding Ellora. Primary data was collected using interview schedule and questionnaires from 23 tourism stakeholders of Aurangabad region and 90 domestic tourists at Ellora respectively. Factor Analysis is done to reduce the perceived brand personality traits and developing the most relevant ones. Further Cronbach's Alpha was used for testing the reliability. Factor Analysis is done to reduce the perceived brand personality traits and coming up with the most relevant ones. 18 new traits were identified which were not seen in marketing literature of Ellora like Intelligent, resourceful, Astute, Senile Surest, Shrewd, Hygiene etc. These identified new traits will help to target new segment of tourists like Millennial's, Eco Tourists etc. The implications of this paper are dual which are related to academic contribution and policy making for the stakeholders relating to branding of Ellora.

Person-organization fit is often measured by the congruence of a person's values and the values that he or she ascribes to the organization. A popular instrument used in this context is the Organizational Culture Profile . The OCP scales its 54 items on eight factors, derived by exploratory factor analysis. We investigate the extent to which the OCP can be embedded into Schwartz's Theory of Universals in Values (TUV) that is formulated in terms of a circumplex in MDS space. To address this question, we develop a nonstandard MDS method that enforces a TUV-based axial regionality onto the solution space together with a permutation test that assesses the consistency of the side constraints with the MDS representation. We find that the OCP can indeed be largely embedded into the TUV. The practical implication is that P-O fit can at least be approximated by the congruence of the person's and the organization's positions on two value dimensions, risk vs. rules and results vs.

The heterogeneity of the clinical presentation of panic disorder (PD) has prompted researchers to describe different subtypes of PD, on the basis of the observed predominant symptoms constellation. Starting from a dimensional approach to panic disorder, an instrument to assess lifetime panic-agoraphobic spectrum (PAS) available in interview or self-report form (SCI-PAS, PAS-SR) was developed which proved to have sound psychometric properties and the ability to predict delayed response to treatment in patients with mood disorders. However, the structure of the instrument was defined a priori and an examination of its empirical structure is still lacking. Aim of the present report is to analyse the factor structure of the PAS taking advantage of a large database of subjects with panic disorders (N = 630) assessed in the framework of different studies. Using a classical exploratory factor analysis based on a tetrachoric correlation matrix and oblique rotation, 10 factors were extracted, accounting overall for 66.3% of the variance of the questionnaire: panic symptoms, agoraphobia, claustrophobia, separation anxiety, fear of losing control, drug sensitivity and phobia, medical reassurance, rescue object, loss sensitivity, reassurance from family members. The first two factors comprise the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder and agoraphobia. The other factors had received limited empirical support to date. We submit that these symptoms profiles might be clinically relevant for tailoring drug treatments or psychotherapeutic approaches to specific needs. Future perspectives might include the use of these factors to select homogeneous subgroups of patients for brain-imaging studies and to contribute to elucidating the causes and pathophysiology of panic disorder at molecular level.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine the underlying dimensions of supply chain management (SCM) practices and to empirically test a framework identifying the relationships among SCM practices, operational performance and SCM‐related organizational performance with special emphasis on small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachData for the study were collected from a sample of 203 manufacturing SMEs operating in the manufacture of fabricated metal products and general purpose machinery (NACE codes 28 and 29) within the city of Istanbul in Turkey. The research framework was tested using partial least squares method, which is a variance‐based structural equation modeling approach.FindingsBased on exploratory factor analysis (EFA), SCM practices were grouped in two factors: outsourcing and multi‐suppliers (OMS), and strategic collaboration and lean practices (SCLP). The results indicate that both factors of SCLP and OMS have direct positive...

This study investigated the connections between respondents' feelings about their partners (love), evaluations of their relationships (equity), perceptions of relationship alternatives, and commitment to remain in their present relationships. It was predicted that love and equity would be better predictors of commitment than would perceived relationship alternatives. Respondents were 297 university students who reported they were involved in close relationships-typically, steady dating relationships-when the data were collected. Results indicated that (a) commitment was moderately associated with love, equity, and alternatives; (b) respondents' perceptions of the quality of their available relationship alternatives explained more of the variance in commitment than either love or equity; and (c) commitment and alternatives loaded on the same factor in an exploratory factor analysis and thus were confounded. Implications of these findings are considered and directions for future research are suggested.

The study aims to develop and assess metric proprieties of the Portuguese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A sequential sample includes 1322 participants diagnosed with cancer, stroke, epilepsy, coronary heart disease, diabetes, myotonic dystrophy, obstructive sleep apnoea, depression and a non-disease group, which completed the HADS. The first step includes translation, retroversion, inspection for lexical equivalence and content validity, and cognitive debriefing. Then we reproduce oblique exploratory factor analysis and use confirmatory factor analysis. We explore the sensibility of the questionnaire. The validation process of the Portuguese HADS version shows metric properties similar to those in international studies, suggesting that it measures the same constructs, in the same way, as the original HADS form.

Dancing is a popular form of physical exercise and studies have show that dancing can decrease
anxiety, increase self-esteem, and improve psychological wellbeing. The aim of the
current study was to explore the motivational basis of recreational social dancing and develop
a new psychometric instrument to assess dancing motivation. The sample comprised
447 salsa and/or ballroom dancers (68% female; mean age 32.8 years) who completed an
online survey. Eight motivational factors were identified via exploratory factor analysis and
comprise a new Dance Motivation Inventory: Fitness, Mood Enhancement, Intimacy, Socialising,
Trance, Mastery, Self-confidence and Escapism. Mood Enhancement was the
strongest motivational factor for both males and females, although motives differed according
to gender. Dancing intensity was predicted by three motivational factors: Mood Enhancement,
Socialising, and Escapism. The eight dimensions identified cover possible
motives for social recreational dancing, and the DMI proved to be a suitable measurement
tool to assess these motives. The explored motives such as Mood Enhancement, Socialising
and Escapism appear to be similar to those identified in other forms of behaviour such
as drinking alcohol, exercise, gambling, and gaming.

Title: The Interpersonal Difficulty Scale for Adolescents: (EDIA): Factorial structure and reliability. Abstract: This main aim of this research was to analyze the factor structure and reliability of the Escala de Dificultad In- terpersonal para Adolescentes (EDIA), a new self-report devel- oped to assess interpersonal difficulty in adolescence. The questionnaire was applied to a random sample of 841 high school

Este estudo objetiva apresentar uma medida multi-fatorial de liberalismo / conservadorismo sexual. Partiu-se do Questionário de Atitudes Sexuais, sendo acrescentados novos itens. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos. No primeiro, os participantes responderam o Questionário de Atitudes Sexuais, dividido em duas sub-escalas (Self e Other), e questões demográficas. Os resultados das análises fatoriais exploratórias evidenciaram um fator geral de liberalismo / conservadorismo sexual. No segundo estudo os participantes responderam o Questionário de Liberalismo / Conservadorismo Sexual (QLCS), a Escala de Conservadorismo Moral, a Escala de Tradicionalismo Moral e questões demográficas. Mediante uma análise fatorial confirmatória, comprovou-se a estrutura multi-fatorial do QLCS, que revelou índices aceitáveis de bondade de ajuste. Os Alfas de Cronbach encontrados para os fatores de segunda ordem foram 0,88 (Self) e 0,90 (Other). Todos os fatores do liberalismo se correlacionaram entre si e com as escalas de conservadorismo e tradicionalismo moral, comprovando a validade convergente do instrumento psicométrico, que se mostrou adequado para utilização no contexto brasileiro. Palavras-chave: Liberalismo sexual; conservadorismo sexual; instrumento psicométrico.

The development and validation of a general measure of well-being: the BBC well-being scale ABSTRACT Purpose: The concept of maximising well-being, as opposed to merely treating mental disorder, is a powerful current theme in the area of mental health. Clearly this emphasises the need for appropriate valid and reliable measures of general well-being. This paper examines the appropriateness of a number of measures in this area and concludes that existing assessment tools fail to address the full range of aspects of personal well-being. This paper therefore presents the psychometric properties, validity and reliability of a new measure of well-beingthe BBC Well-being Scale. Methods: A total of 1940 participants completed the new measure, the Goldberg scales of anxiety and depression, the 'List of Threatening Experiences" life events scale, a modified version of the Response Styles Questionnaire and a modified version of the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire presented via the internet. Results: Exploratory factor-analysis suggested a three-factor solution including themes of psychological wellbeing, physical health and well-being and relationships. The total 24-item scale had good internal consistency (α = 0.935) and correlated significantly with key demographic variables and measures of concurrent validity. Conclusions: The new measure-the BBC Well-being Scale-is recommended for research and clinical purposes.

The report finds the prospects of the gaming community by accessing the gamer based upon age, ethnicity, occupation, annual household income and education qualifications. The data collected as part of this survey would require further investigation and remedial action by management as certain variables provided does not contribute to the overall variance percentage in factorial analysis.

The present study analyzed the factorial structure of the I 7 Impulsiveness questionnaire (Impulsiveness, Venturesomeness and Empathy) with a Spanish sample of 742 males and 1.075 females, through exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis. In relation to the original English data, a three-factor structure showed global congruency coefficients of 0.92 and 0.94 for men and women. Venturesomeness had a modest congruency for males (0.83). A cross-validation analytical strategy showed that the 24-item I 7 was invariant only for the female sample. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis with 24 items showed a sound factor structure. The 24-item version showed the best and most robust structure and similar internal consistency coefficients in regard to the 54-item version. No important differences were founded between I 7 long and short versions with impulsiveness scales of ZKPQ, BIS-10 and SPSRQ.

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of multiple factors on the green purchase intention of customers in Australia. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual model is proposed and was subjected to empirical verification with the use of a survey of metropolitan and regional households in Victoria, Australia. The data were analyzed using both descriptive measures and

Learning a language means not only studying four skills of proficiency, but also understanding the system of rules underlying. In this respect, learners’ attitudes towards grammar are also of vital importance. The main objective of this descriptive study is to determine English language learners’ attitudes towards grammar and to analyze these attitudes in the framework of several variables (gender, age, faculty, time spent on learning English, and proficiency level). The data were collected from 293 students who have English language education in preparatory school of Anadolu University in six different proficiency levels (beginner, elementary, pre-intermediate, intermediate, upper-intermediate, pre-faculty) during 2014-2015 spring semester. The scale designed by the researchers to investigate the attitudes of learners towards learning grammar was determined as a reliable and valid tool including two factors. The analyses revealed that gender, age, time spent on learning English, an...

The development of the 29-item Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory (AARRSI) is presented. In the first study, data from 161 Asian American respondents were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, which yielded 3 subscales composed of Socio-Historical Racism (14 items), General Racism (8 items), and Perpetual Foreigner Racism (7 items). The data also revealed initial evidence of AARRSI's reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity. In the second study, data from 142 Asian American respondents were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, which provided support for the factor structure derived from the first study. Additional evidence of AARRSI's reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity were also found. In the third study, data from 38 Asian American respondents yielded evidence of AARRSI's test-retest reliability.

Digital games appear to motivate players intrinsically. Of various game features, fantasy in particularly plays a crucial role in enhancing motivation and is a key factor in immersion in gameplay. As with its inherent value, fantasy also plays a vital role in distinguishing digital games itself from other media. Despite its significance, fantasy has received little attention, and this concept is still ambiguous to define with any certainty. This study thus aims to create a framework to explore a dimension of fantasy and to develop a scale to measure a state of fantasy in digital games. As a result, four factors were extracted, which were 'identification', 'imagination', 'analogy', and 'satisfaction', to account for fantasy state in digital gameplay. Based on these factors, a fantasy scale in digital games (FSDGs) included 16 items was developed.

Why do firms seek the ISO 14001 certification? This study presents a survey with 63 Brazilian companies from the chemical, mechanical and electronic industries. A Structural Equations Model (SEM) analyzed the relations between motivations and benefits related to the certification. An exploratory factor analysis identified four sources of motivation: reaction to pressures from the external stakeholders; proaction in expectation of future business concerns; legal concerns; and internal influences. Four dimensions characterized the benefits of an ISO 14001 certification: operational changes; financial impacts; relationship with business stakeholders (customers, competitors, suppliers); and relationship with societal stakeholders (government, society and NGOs). The motivations appear in two levels. Internal and legal motivations are the first level (antecedents), while reactive and proactive motivations are second level (consequents). Internal motivations explain reactive and proactive motivations and production benefits. Legal motivations explain proactive motivations, financial benefits, and benefits in relationships with societal stakeholders.

The contribution of this work is a classification of corporate social action underlying the Social Ratings Data compiled by Kinder Lydenburg Domini Analytics, Inc. We compare extant typologies of corporate social action to the results of our exploratory factor analysis. Our findings indicate four distinct latent constructs that bear resemblance to concepts discussed in prior literature. A key finding of our research is that positive and negative social action are both empirically and conceptually distinct constructs and should not be combined in future research. Additionally, we recommend that some prior research results be reconsidered to determine whether these newly derived measures might clarify some previous findings.

The Caregiver Reaction Assessment Scale (CRA) is an instrument designed to assess speci®c aspects of the caregiving situation, including both negative and positive dimensions of caregiving reactions. This paper addresses the psychometric qualities of the CRA in a multicenter study among partners of colorectal cancer patients (n = 181). No problems in feasibility were observed. Five dimensions of caregiver reactions were identi®ed through exploratory factor analysis: the impact of caregiving on disrupted schedule, ®nancial problems, lack of family support, health problems and the impact of caregiving on caregiver's self-esteem. Reliability analyses showed that standardized Cronbach's a's varied between 0.62 and 0.83 for the separate subscales, indicating sucient internal consistencies. Construct validity was supported. The CRA proves to be a feasible, reliable and valid instrument for assessing both negative and positive reactions to caregiving among partners of patients with cancer. #

The Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was developed by Bagby et al.(1994a) and is a revised version of the earlier 26-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS; Taylor,Ryan, & Bagby, 1985). The TAS-20 has demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In the initial validational study, exploratory factor analysis of the TAS-20 with a student sample yielded a three factor structure congruent with the theoretical construct of alexithymia: (F1) difficulty identifying feelings and distinguishing between feelings and the bodily sensations of emotional arousal; (F2) difficulty describing feelings to others; (F3)
externally-oriented thinking. Despite the absence of items on the TAS-20 directly assessing daydreaming and other imaginal activity, which were included on the TAS-26, the third factor, together with factor 2, seem to reflect the pensée opératoire (operatory thinking) component of
the alexithymia construct, viz., a cognitive style that shows a preference for the external details of everyday life rather than thought content related to feelings, fantasies, and other aspects of a person's inner experience (Marty & de M'Uzan, 1963; Nemiah et al., 1976). Subsequent
research showed that the externally-oriented thinking factor correlates significantly and negatively (r = -0.45, p < 0.01) with the fantasy subscale of the openness to experience dimension in the NEO Personality Inventory (Bagby, Taylor, & Parker, 1994b). Given that high scores on the fantasy subscale reflect a vivid imagination and capacity to create an interesting inner world, this finding indicates that the externally-oriented thinking factor of the TAS-20 adequately assesses the constricted imaginal processes facet of the alexithymia construct.

Tonic immobility (TI) is an involuntary component of the fear response that is characterized by freezing or immobility in situations involving extreme fear coupled with physical restraint. The present investigation evaluated the factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS; Forsyth, J. P., Marx, B., Fusé, T. M. K., Heidt, J., & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (2000). The Tonic Immobility Scale. Albany, NY: Authors)-a newly developed measure to assess components of TI in female sexual assault survivors. Study 1 (N = 88) consisted of an Exploratory Factor Analysis of sexual assault survivors' responses on the TIS, whereas Study 2 (N = 191) involved a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a second independent sample of female sexual assault survivors. Findings from both studies suggest that the TIS is comprised of two independent factors: physical immobility and fear. Findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and practical implications of the factor solution obtained, particularly with regard to evaluating TI in adult survivors of sexual assault. #

We explored the applicability of the standard scoring of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), a widely used nursing-home derived instrument, to community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Item responses to the CMAI were gathered from participants in two large clinical studies, one of which specifically included patients with behavioral disturbances. Confirmatory factor analysis in these two groups of well-characterized AD patients suggested that conventional CMAI subscoring did not adequately describe the responses of these two groups. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the four CMAI subscores, based on a verbal-physical and aggressive-non-aggressive conceptualization of behavioral disturbance, did not fit community dwelling persons with AD. Based on cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, there was suggestive evidence for three behavioral clusters, but these clusters did not achieve statistical significance Overall, the CMAI seemed best suited to describe the overall level rather than the specific subtypes of behavioral dyscontrol in community-dwelling persons with AD.

This article identifies the underlying dimensions of a guest's hotel experience. Data are collected through a web-based survey using a sample from a Midwest hotel and conference center. This study investigates the extent to which results obtained in exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study can be replicated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the same data set. These scale-development procedures result an 18-item index consisting of four factors: Environment, Accessibility, Driving Benefit, and Incentive. This four-factor structure of Hotel Experience Index (HEI) also shows evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity. Implications for management and future research are presented.