Social Tourism

„Turystyka społeczna” w ostatnich latach stała się za sprawą Unii Europejskiej (Śledzińska 2010) jednym z bardziej popularnych i wywołujących żywe reakcje słów-kluczy branży turystycznej. Może to budzić pewne zdziwienie – wszak bez wątpienia cała turystyka jest zjawiskiem społecznym: jest wytworem społeczeństwa na pewnym (wysokim) poziomie jego rozwoju, jest też przyczyną powstawania wielu innych zjawisk i procesów społecznych. Dlaczego więc tak chętnie dodatkowo podkreśla się jej społeczny charakter?
„Wytłumaczenie może być tylko jedno: pewne formy turystyki są «bardziej społeczne» niż inne, pełniej (skuteczniej) realizują pożądane cele społeczne, czy też są planowo wykorzystywane jako narzędzie osiągania ważnych z punktu widzenia całego społeczeństwa efektów.” (Stasiak 2010). Takimi strategicznymi celami są np.: indywidualny rozwój każdego człowieka (obywatela) czy też ogólnie rozumiane dobro publiczne. Dlatego wspólnocie opłaca się wspierać wypoczynek części swoich członków.
Gdyby jednak chodziło wyłącznie o zwykłe dofinansowywanie podróżowania, można byłoby pozostać przy pojęciu „turystyka socjalna”, choć jak twierdzi B. Włodarczyk (2010, s. 25) jest to już „termin przestarzały, nieatrakcyjny, zdewaluowany i mocno zamortyzowany psychologicznie”.
Turystyka społeczna wydaje się jednak rzeczywiście zjawiskiem szerszym, bardziej wielowymiarowym i… bardziej społecznym.
Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi próbę identyfikacji głównych grup działań podejmowanych w ramach turystyki społecznej, a także najbardziej istotnych barier ograniczających jej rozwój w Polsce. Ich skuteczna likwidacja wiąże się z potraktowaniem turystyki społecznej jako elementu ogólnej polityki społecznej państwa – swoistego narzędzia realizacji celów wybranych polityk szczegółowych. Propozycja takiego systemowego podejścia do wsparcia podróżowania znajduje się w końcowej części artykułu.

En la presente conferencia queremos cuestionar algunos de los elementos que generan esta ceguera escotomática alrededor del turismo. Y para eso vamos a exponer y analizar algunas de las distorsiones que genera. Todo el mundo conoce uno o más ejemplos en el que el turismo despilfarra recursos naturales, genera marcos favorables para la corrupción institucional, mercadea con las expresiones culturales, transgrede los derechos de los trabajadores o deteriora ecosistemas. Sin embargo, esa fe en la capacidad del turismo como motor al desarrollo hace que se vean como casos concretos resultado de una mala gestión, de la codicia de algunos individuos, o de coyunturas incontrolables. Lo que pretendemos mostrar es que muchas veces hay pautas comunes en todos estos casos que permiten trascender el análisis de caso.

Para ello nos vamos a acercar al fenómeno turístico considerándolo un espacio de conflicto social; lo que en sociología se denomina una “arena política”. En torno a la gestión y a la elección del modelo de la actividad turística entran en competencia y contradicción diferentes intereses de sectores sociales diversos. Son conflictos de carácter redestributivo que se dan a dos niveles, y que ya hemos analizado en otra ocasión (Gascón, 2012a).

Although provision of holidays for families in need has been mainstreamed within the social care policies of many countries in the rest of Europe, ‘social tourism’ has yet to be adopted in the United Kingdom. This article reports on a scoping study of research and policy in this area. While there is limited robust research on the impact of holidays, emerging evidence supports a range of claims for benefits to children and families. The article concludes that both political emphasis on social inclusion and pan-European initiatives on ‘Tourism For All’ currently provide an opportunity for the provision of holidays for families in need to be placed firmly on the social care agenda.

El presente libro pretende echar luz sobre diferentes elementos que contribuyen al análisis científico y pedagógico de la política turística y del turismo social en América Latina, dos categorías escasamente abordadas por los cientistas sociales latinoamericanos. Está destinado a investigadores, estudiantes y formadores, así como a todas aquellas personas interesadas en explorar el apasionante y complejo entramado que circunscribe la realidad social latinoamericana.
A lo largo del recorrido de estas páginas, el turismo social se aborda como una política específica tendiente a facilitar el acceso a las prácticas turísticas de aquellos sectores que aún permanecen marginados de su disfrute. Sin omitir el caso europeo, que ha sido desde sus orígenes el epicentro de este tipo de políticas, el estudio se desarrolla atendiendo a la realidad latinoamericana, a partir de sus particularidades teóricas y prácticas. Referir al derecho al turismo desde América Latina implica hacerlo a un derecho relativo a una minoría, asociado a las tradicionales desigualdades sociales.
Desde esta realidad regional, el libro aborda la especificidad del sistema de turismo social argentino entendiendo tal política como un proceso, vinculado a la evolución de la estructura social y al desarrollo de determinadas políticas públicas, que supo ser referente en América, alcanzando un grado de desarrollo que no se repitió en ningún otro país de la región.

Reflexão sobre a real existência do turismo social na atual conjuntura socioeconômica brasileira, a partir de uma adequada compreensão de seu significado teórico e prático, baseada em levantamento bibliográfico das definições e das variáveis que caracterizam esta forma de turismo, apresentando como fio condutor uma visão diacrônica de suas definições e de suas práticas em alguns países, incluindo o Brasil, partindo das inter-relações que se estabeleceram entre trabalho e uso do tempo livre e objetivando perscrutar as necessidades e possibilidades do desenvolvimento dessa forma de turismo no Brasil. Abordam-se as questões relativas à nova ordem econômica que se impõe sobre o Brasil e o mundo, particularmente no que tange ao trabalho (redução da jornada de trabalho, fim do emprego tradicional etc.), que se refletem em alterações na divisão do tempo e, consequentemente, na dinâmica do tempo livre - utilizado para a prática do lazer e do turismo, entre outras atividades. Apresenta-se uma revisão das definições de turismo social criadas, revelando a confusão terminológica existente (turismo social, popular, subvencionado, de massas, estatal, associativo, beneficente etc.) e das práticas mais expressivas daquilo que se convencionou denominar "turismo social" no Brasil e no mundo. Por fim, discorre-se sobre a compreensão de seu real e adequado significado nos tempos atuais, sua importância como elemento de construção da cidadania (existência de uma demanda reprimida ávida por novas experiências turísticas) e sua possível viabilização através do engajamento do "terceiro setor" na atividade turística.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

Adopted in April 1999 and acknowledged by United Nations in 2001, the UNWTO Global Code of Ethics for Tourism serves as a framework for the tourism stakeholders to minimize the negative impact and maximize the benefits of tourism (UNWTO, 2016b). Articulated through 10 articles, this code of ethics is perhaps the only official guideline for the tourism entities on a global scale (Dimitriou, 2016, p. 46). However, considering the multitude of communities across the globe, hosts and tourists alike, even a distributive interpretation of this code can be challenging, nevertheless its procedural implication. More so, the success of tourism is often measured by tourist arrivals (Dimitriou, 2016, p. 45), and seldom by their conduct. No doubt, as asserted by Lomine (2012, p. 200), the global tourism industry is providing billions of enjoyable days for travellers and millions of jobs across the communities, without careful ethical consideration tourism's sustainability can be in limbo. Optimistically, as Fennell and Malloy (2007, p. 140) pointed out, a code of ethics is increasingly becoming a part of today's business firmament. However, regrettably, most adopt the code of ethics in the interest of financial viability and trust (Fennell & Malloy, 2007, p. 140). This article explores if such ethic-wash is also tainting the tourism industry. Based on secondary research, literature reviews to be precise, this article focuses on, a) assessing the influence of the Code of Ethics on different tourism entities, and b) address the need for awareness towards the compliance of the principles of the Code of Ethics for Tourism.

Publikacja jest wynikiem realizacji w latach 2006-07 projektu pt. „Opracowanie i wprowadzenie nowych metod szkoleniowych w sektorze turystycznym – Turystyka dla wszystkich przy udziale specjalistów przeszkolonych w diadach” w ramach programu Leonardo da Vinci. W przedsięwzięciu wzięło udział 12 podmiotów (instytucji pozarządowych, stowarzyszeń, ośrodków badawczych, uczelni) z 8 krajów europejskich (Belgii, Grecji, Hiszpanii, Niemiec, Polski, Rumunii, Szwecji i Włoch). Głównym celem projektu było stworzenie oraz wdrożenie nowego systemu szkoleniowego dla pracowników przemysłu turystycznego, przy jednoczesnym zaangażowaniu osób niepełnosprawnych. Jego końcowym efektem jest powstanie kompletnego zestawu materiałów szkoleniowych dla audytorów turystyki dostępnej. Jednym z podstawowych warunków aktywnego włączenia osób niepełnosprawnych w turystykę jest jej całkowita dostępność. Ale nawet w krajach, w których od dawna dostrzega się problemy tej części społeczeństwa (Szwecja, Niemcy, Wielka Brytania), występują bariery w podróżowaniu. Do najważniejszych z nich zalicza się: - ciągle jeszcze niewystarczający poziom dostosowania do potrzeb niepełnosprawnych obiektów bazy turystycznej, - brak wyczerpującej, a zarazem wiarygodnej informacji o dostępności środków komunikacji oraz elementów infrastruktury turystycznej, które mogą sprostać oczekiwaniom i potrzebom turystów niepełnosprawnych. Niniejsza publikacja – jako jedna z pierwszych w Polsce – zwraca uwagę na specyficzne wymagania osób z różnymi niepełnosprawnościami, a także wskazuje możliwości skutecznego kreowania oferty produktowej adekwatnej dla tego segmentu rynku. Podręcznik pomyślany jest jako materiał szkoleniowy dla diady: osoba pełnosprawna – osoba niepełnosprawna, która nie musi posiadać specjalistycznej wiedzy. Dlatego na wstępie omówiono podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące funkcjonowania rynku usług turystycznych oraz najważniejsze założenia polityki Unii Europejskiej mającej zapobiegać marginalizacji osób z różnymi dysfunkcjami. W kolejnym rozdziale dokonano charakterystyki niepełnosprawnych jako grupy docelowej dla sektora turystycznego. W rozwinięciu części I szczegółowo omówiono wymagania osób niepełnosprawnych (ruchowo, intelektualnie, niedowidzących i niewidomych, niedosłyszących i głuchych, alergików oraz osób starszych), a także niezbędne udogodnienia dla nich i wymagane techniki obsługi takich gości. Część II stanowi praktyczny poradnik audytora projektu DIADA oceniającego dostępność obiektów turystycznych dla niepełnosprawnych podróżnych. Publikacja powinna być pomocna w procesie kształcenia pracowników branży turystycznej, m.in. w zakresie oceny dostępności bazy turystycznej, udzielania praktycznych informacji na ten temat (z uwzględnieniem określonych ograniczeń w komunikacji), a także przygotowywania imprez turystycznych dla osób z różnymi dysfunkcjami i stosowania właściwych standardów obsługi takich gości.

Che cos'è un museo? Quali sono i suoi obiettivi? Quale è il senso del museo ed in che modo comunica?
La storia evolutiva dei musei è estremamente complessa, ma può essere tracciata seguendo, in parallelo, i mutamenti sociali che ne hanno determinato cambiamenti ed adattamenti. Questi ultimi sono  legati principalmente alle esigenze di coloro che al museo hanno dato “vita”;  ai mutamenti delle preferenze circa il gusto estetico; al mutamento della ricezione culturale, che da generale ha cominciato ad essere specifica.
Il fare museo sembra trovare le proprie origini proprio nella natura umana; la nascita del museo infatti, si deve forse alla tendenza o al bisogno espressi dall’uomo, fin dal principio,  di conservare la propria memoria, e di conseguenza, gli oggetti che ne hanno accompagnato la storia.
La seconda parte dell’elaborato è interamente dedicata alla suggestione emotiva esercitata dalla città ricoperta: Pompei.
Le scoperte archeologiche di Pompei e dell’area vesuviana, associate nel corso dell’Ottocento, alle prime campagne di scavo di natura scientifica, ad opera di Giuseppe Fiorelli, esercitarono un notevole influsso sull’immaginario dei pittori e dei scrittori del tempo, i quali ne restituirono la sua realtà sociale, politica e quotidiana, tanto da dare avvio ad una nuova corrente pittorica, definita “neopompeiana”.

Lampedusa, un’isola di circa 22 chilometri quadrati all’estremo sud del nostro Paese, spesso definita frontiera d’Europa in terra d’Africa. Luogo che per decenni è stato meta di viaggiatori, alcuni in cerca di una prospettiva di vita nel continente europeo, altri in cerca di svago, relax, vacanza. L’isola di Lampedusa raccoglie in sé le contraddizioni del nostro tempo ed è stato fatto di essa il palcoscenico perfetto per rappresentarle. In questo elaborato si vogliono esaminare le complicate interazioni tra immigrazione e turismo presso la maggiore delle isole Pelagie. Dopo aver stilato il quadro dell’evoluzione del turismo e del fenomeno dei così detti “sbarchi” sull’isola, è stata portata avanti un’analisi di come Lampedusa viene comunicata e si autorappresenta da entrambi questi punti di vista. Per questo scopo si sono raccolti dati e informazioni tramite interviste e questionari agli abitanti e sono stati analizzati articoli di quotidiani riguardanti le tematiche in questione. L’isola di Lampedusa è uno dei luoghi più rappresentativi e più rappresentati in tema di migrazioni e molti meccanismi sono già stati messi in moto per cercare di coniugare le due facce di questa medaglia. Dai risultati della ricerca si è creata una base per studiare la possibilità di sviluppo di un turismo sostenibile, prima che dal punto di vista ambientale, soprattutto da quello sociale.

The following study presents the proposal of a Local Tourist Production System LTPS that will contribute to the "sightseeing" creation in the municipality of Tezontepec de Aldama, in Hidalgo State to promote tourism within the locality.
The research demonstrates the pertinence of the theme and the contribution to tourism and local development, the methodological basis with which the project was developed, such as the research design, the steps to carry it out, the population and the sample, also refers to the contextual framework of Tezontepec de Aldama to have a broader view of the municipality and presents a review of previous research related to local development through clusters and LTPS, as well as the results additionally shows the regulatory framework for the tourism transportation operation in Mexico according to local and federal programmes.
To conclude the tools used are presented and the analysis of the information that permits to replicate this research in any town of the Mexican Republic, consequently the conclusions, results and the Local Production System proposal and the sightseeing, based in the findings obtained with the instruments and the proofreading

"No capítulo 13, “Turismo social e mediações: problematizando um
projeto de extensão da Universidade Federal Fluminense”, Bernardo
Lazary Cheibub discute o turismo como uma manifestação do lazer, com
destaque para o turismo social. Para isso, apresenta e problematiza um
projeto de extensão desenvolvido desde 2015 na Universidade Federal
Fluminense (UFF) que oportuniza vivências turísticas organizadas pedagogicamente na perspectiva da animação cultural" (Gomes; Debortoli; Silva, 2019: 6).

INTRODUCTION
It is well-known that the Federal Government of the United States played and is still playing a considerable part in the heritagization of its territories and tourism development; therefore, this process was essentially based on Euro-American culture. Since the XXth c. and especially since the application of NAGPRA law (1990), a transition is noticeable between the times where American heritage emanated from a vision and a European governance, became at the time a worldwide model, and a more recent period where this management shows signs of evolution, the same way it changed  in school history curriculums (Brun 2015), toward a management integrating more noticeable multicultural aspects, allowing native populations culturally affiliated to those heritage to influence the way these sites are presented to the public. Are we experiencing a new process of heritagization through the birth of new heritage values? This heritage construction extends beyond the heritage scenes of these National Parks and is affected by many other factors, ideological, historical, political, economic, memorial, but especially identity.
Thus, each participant involved in this heritage construction as an actor or "supposed" actant (native), contributes to change the gaze upon the descendants of those sites, through this process of heritage. This study proposes to investigate whether these recent cultural changes, which seem to affect the Native American heritage of New Mexico and Colorado and by inference the culture transmitted by the National Park teams, can be detected in the “one day” visitors’ approach; however, this belief seems mainly sustained by tourism stakeholders - private actors with their own multiculturalism in New Mexico and visitor centers from cities adjacent to the parks, eager to feed the imaginary of tourists.
In order to give an answer to this topic, I will summarize in the first and second parts  the national  and  the  local heritage processes since the creation of the National Park Service, as well as tourism development process on these territories during the same period, both responsible for establishing strong and persistent geographic imaginary; finally, a third chapter, exposing the results of my field research (PhD thesis), will analyze  the meeting with the tourists from these parks and how they appropriate this heritage and Native American history to which it is linked. Through the examples of the National Parks of Chaco Culture, Aztec Ruins (New Mexico) & Mesa Verde (Colorado)  will be exposed territorial dynamics since the origin of tourism in the south-west and how their accessibility and appropriation remain essential features in the imaginary of today's tourist.

Turizm endüstrisi için özel bir pazar olarak nitelendirilen engelli turizmi, turistik ülkelere sağladığı ekonomik katkıların yanı sıra sosyal yönü ile de güçlü bir turizm türüdür. Engelli bireylerin toplumun diğer bireyleri gibi turizm faaliyetine katılması onların toplum ile iç içe yaşamalarını sağlamakta, sosyal dışlanmışlıklarını azaltmakta ve toplumsal huzurun oluşmasına da imkân tanımaktadır. Hem turist alan ülkeler hem de turist gönderen ülke‐ ler açısından değerli olan bu turizm türü içinde bulunduğu sektörün yapısı itibariyle de sürekli değişen dış çevre koşullarından önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada en‐ gellilik ve engelli turizminin yanı sıra PESTEL Analizi kapsamında; politik, ekonomik, sosyo‐ lojik, teknolojik, çevresel ve yasal faktörler gibi dış çevre faktörlerinin turizme ve engelli turizmine olan etkileri literatür olarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Engelsiz Turizm, Engelli Turizm, Sosyal Turizm, Pestel Analizi. ABSTRACT Disability tourism, which is regarded as a special market for the tourism industry, besides economic contribution to touristic countries as well as a potent tourism type with social aspect. The participation of disabled people in tourism activities like the other people of society, provide them to live with the society, reduce their social exclusion and it also al‐ lows for the formation of social peace. This type of tourism, which is valuable for import and export tourist countries, due to the structure of the tourism industry is substantially affected by the constantly changing external environmental conditions. In this study has been mentioned disability, disability tourism and scope of Pestel Analysis; effects of exter‐ nal environmental factors such as political, economic, sociological, technological, envi‐ ronmental and legal factors on tourism and disability tourism have been analyzed in the literature.

El informe busca contribuir a los diferentes debates que atraviesan el turismo social a partir de una perspectiva latinoamericana. Para ello en un primer momento se identifican las principales concepciones que se han desarrollado en torno a la cuestión, para luego abordarlas en el contexto de América Latina, desde sus particularidades teóricas y prácticas. Abordar el turismo social es relevante, más aún en sociedades tan inequitativas como las Latinoamericanas, las más desiguales en términos de ingresos. En este marco, se describen las principales experiencias que impulsan el turismo social en la región, tanto las de gestión pública como privada, para indagar: ¿En qué términos se piensa el turismo social en América Latina? ¿Cómo se está desarrollando? ¿Cuáles son sus propósitos esenciales?

Bu çalışmanın temel konusunu sosyal turizm ve engelli turizmi oluşturmaktadır. Dünyada engelli bireylerin sosyal turizme katılımının teşvik edilmesi hususunda uygulamaların ele alınacağı çalışmada, ayrıca Türkiye için bazı değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır. Çalışmada bazı ülkelerin sosyal ve engelli turizmi konusunda oldukça başarılı olmalarının arka planında, "sosyal politikalar" geliştirmede lider ülkeler olduğunun altı çizilmektedir. Günümüzde bu alanda başarılı olan ülkelerdeki etkin engelli turizm faaliyetleri, sadece seyahate katılma durumuyla ilişkilendirilmemekte; bunun yanında sosyal politikaların ve temel insan haklarının tamamlayıcısı olarak da ele alınmaktadır.
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Social tourism, and disabled tourism are the main subjects of this study. This current study will seek  to analyze applications supporting participation of  people with disabilities to the  social  tourism  in  the world,  and  also will end  with evaluate the situation of Turkey in this context. Some countries (France, Spain, Belgium, the UK etc.) were choosen as the study subject not only because they are the most visited tourist destination in the world but also due to their reputation in effective social policies. Nowadays in these developed countries, development of  social and disabled tourism activities are no  more solely a matter of travel participation. Besides this people with disabilities participation to travel is considered as “integral part” of social policies and human rights.

Community-based tourism (CBT) offers both opportunities and challenges in the quest
for holistic community development. The evolution and development of CBT projects
can follow different trajectories. This conceptual paper’s main contribution is the
formulation of a comprehensive model of the development of CBT. The model
suggests that CBT projects can be initiated from within and outside the community by
the private, public and non-governmental sectors or a combination of these using a topdown
or bottom-up approach. It also posits that CBT projects can take a formal or
informal character depending on the conditions leading to their initiation. The paper
highlights the benefits and constraints to the scaling up or down of operations linked to
informality. It supports further research in analyzing the various aspects associated
with the shift from formality to the informality of CBT projects and vice versa

Desde la década pasada ha empezado a extenderse en varios destinos turísticos, sobre todo urbanos, una crítica contra la saturación turística liderada –en muchos casos– por colectivos sociales. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, la diseminación del turismo en barrios y centros urbanos ha ido generado lo que los angloparlantes definen como overtourism.
A pesar de que en el ámbito español los medios de comunicación hayan hecho eco del fenómeno nombrándolo como turismofobia, el asunto en cuestión es mucho más complejo de lo que parece. Por ello, el informe abordará algunas cuestiones sobre el fenómeno a partir del análisis de casos concretos.

El Programa Federal de Turismo fue creado por el Gobierno Nacional en vísperas de la crisis argentina del año 2001, con el objetivo de contribuir a la estabilidad económica del sector hotelero que manifestaba una marcada disminución de su demanda comercial. El impulso de esta iniciativa implicó un cambio sustancial en elsistema de turismo social argentino que mostraba cierta estabilidad desde su irrupción en la agenda pública hacía más de medio siglo. Los complejos vacaciones de Embalse y Chapadmalal, que desde su creación en el Primer Peronismo centralizaron las prestaciones de turismo social, pasan a complementarse con este nuevo Programa, que ofrece servicios subvencionados en diferentes destinos del país a partir de una articulación con el sector hotelero. A partir del enfoque de análisis de políticas públicas, la presente investigación busca responder: ¿Qué sucede con el Programa Federal una vez implementado? ¿Cómo se articulan los fundamentos económicos y sociales que le dieron origen? ¿Cómo se configura esta iniciativa en el territorio? ¿Cuál es su injerencia en el mapa turístico nacional? A dos décadas de su implementación, y habiendo destinado recursos públicos en el área de manera sostenida, aun no existen estudios que permitan identificar sus alcances y limitaciones.

To cite this article: Oliver Mtapuri & Andrea Giampiccoli (2013) Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community, South African Geographical Journal, 95:1, 1-15,

This thesis is not a goal-oriented work that aims to confirm the author’s idea about a topic of Japanese studies or anthropology. It’s intended as a journey of discovery which, touching in a more or less detailed way different topics of the classes of the M.A. course in Anthropological studies, could serve as basis and reference for future works about Japanese culture. The work sets around the theme of the loss of authenticity and the travel to furusato (the countryside) to find a glimpse of the vanishing traditions. In the first part, the author tries to understand how traditions are idealized and located outside the geographical and temporal modernity. To do so, we will underline it the role of Japanese ethnography (minzokugaku) and literature in creating idealized traditions. The second part analyze the way in which nostalgia pushed Japanese to travel toward furusato. Emphasis will be given to some commercials in which furusato play the part of the antithesis of modernity and the retainer of the “good old Japan”. A digression about satoyama will also explain the importance of the creation of a network that includes the cooperation of traditional and scientific knowledge, as much as furusato and cities, in the discourses about sustainability and tradition transmission. Loss in tradition it is comparable in the loss of biodiversity and it helps to create the sense of nostalgia and the fear of the vanishing that led to the growth of the desire of travel toward furusato. I will use the town of Tōno as an example of a positive cooperation between the actors active in the furusato’s network (local hosts and their interaction of the outsider guests, local government and academic or literature works), into a project of revitalization of a town. While this town can’t be taken as a scalable project, it can represent a model in the way guests-hosts’ relations can enhance a (re)creation of traditions and lead to sustainability. In the last section, I will analyze different forms of travel, which go from Japanese tabi to content tourism, passing through pilgrimages or other forms of tourism. All these forms of travel present a different engagement of guests with hosts or the object of the travel experiences. On one side there will be a wish of discovery in which the guests’ idea of the hosts and the location is the thinner as possible. The traveler in this case sees interactions as a mean of discovery, and of knowledge. On the other extreme, the guests’ preventive idealization of the object of the tourism leave no space for discovery. This kind of travel is a confirmation of preventive ideas in which everything that is not considered important to this confirmation it is obscured (hosts included). In the author’s idea, these forms of tourism may be a metaphor of ethnographic approaches. Since this work is not goal oriented, there are not real conclusions: the aim of this work is to allow further researches starting from one of the different topics analyzed in the writing.   

El turismo social se originó a mediados del siglo XX a partir del reconocimiento de las vacaciones como derecho humano. Esta modalidad turística surgió para coadyuvar a que ciertos colectivos vulnerables pudieran hacer efectivo su derecho tomar vacaciones. En las últimas décadas amplía su ámbito de actuación e incorpora aspectos asociados a la comunidad local, pasando a definirse como una perspectiva con un agregado valor moral, que tiene el objetivo de beneficiar al anfitrión y al visitante en la experiencia turística. La presente contribución aborda el turismo social en sentido específico,
echando luz en las principales conceptualizaciones y discusiones teóricas que circunscriben su campo de actuación, en torno a la perspectiva del visitante, que se centra en los beneficios que implica el acceso amplio y equitativo a la práctica turística en términos sociales, y también en torno a la oferta turística, que aborda sus impactos económicos, como generador de ingresos y empleo e instrumento desestacionalizador.

Desde sus inicios, hace cerca de un siglo, el turismo social se ha posicionado como un enfoque alternativo, que pone en evidencia otras formas de producir y consumir turismo, que no tienen el lucro entre sus objetivos centrales sino que surgen en pos de finalidades sociales esenciales. A partir de la bibliografía existente y de investigaciones propias, en este apartado se identifican los baluartes que lo sostienen como contracara del modelo masivo en diferentes momentos históricos. Finalmente, se alerta sobre los principales desafíos que afronta hoy en día ante el avance del capital y sus estrategias de acumulación.

En el contexto de las presidencias peronistas (1945-1955), la denominada "Región de los Lagos" y la "Suiza Argentina" que había sido promovida por la gestión de la Dirección de Parques Nacionales bajo la presidencia de Exequiel Bustillo (1934-1944), experimentó nuevas modalidades de promoción del turismo. El discurso peronista impulsó la idea de poner "las bellezas de la patria al alcance del pueblo". Buscamos discutir el impacto de estas narrativas en el sur argentino, específicamente en los Parques Nacionales. A partir del cruce de fuentes gráficas y fílmicas, memorias institucionales y estadísticas, propaganda, guías turísticas, publicadas por el Estado nacional, contrastamos el alcance e impacto del turismo social en la región y cuestionamos la idea de una actividad masiva describiendo entre otros aspectos, las prácticas que involucró, los actores vinculados y la infraestructura construida en estos años.

This dissertation aims to identify potential working opportunities for the graduated professionals in Tourism who intend to accomplish activities related with Social Sciences. The human focus specially given to this paper is due to the misjudged view taken by the society and by the touristic market itself that the graduated professionals in Tourism are prepared only to work in supportive, administrative or financial positions. This study evaluates currently curriculum offered at the Tourism graduation courses to check if these curriculum confer the necessary applied and social human skills to the Tourism professionals.
Discussions on the curriculum adequacy are based on classical postulates from Sociology and Tourism, like Human Behavior in Work. The field methodology comprehended a comparative analysis between the curriculum of Tourism graduation courses offered by two renown Universities with different cultural and goal approaches. Also an inquiry was called from laymen and Tourism professionals and students already working in activities
related to Social Sciences in order to compare their impressions and opinions about the Tourism usual duties and assignments. Data collected from the methodology applied above is a powerful instrument to know the real possibilities and Limits for the tourism´s professional work in social application areas.

El Primer Peronismo (1943-1955) cristalizó el turismo social en la agenda pública argentina como medida distributiva, tendiente a disminuir la inequidad en el acceso al ocio. Como un caso inédito en América, el Estado se convirtió en el principal promotor y articulador del turismo social. El golpe de Estado de 1955 interrumpió todas estas iniciativas, dando inicio a una reconversión de la cuestión como política pública. Más allá de las sucesivas alternancias de gobierno que circunscribieron este más de medio siglo, el periodo presenta una línea de continuidad centrada en el declive de la política de turismo social, para nunca repetir el desarrollo alcanzado en los años cincuenta. Desde el enfoque del análisis de políticas, la investigación analiza este último periodo que sienta las bases del sistema actual de turismo social argentino, abordando el mismo como parte de un proceso histórico.

Resumen
El turismo, entendido como práctica social, se enmarca en el campo de análisis de las Ciencias Sociales. En este contexto, la investigación analiza la participación turística de los argentinos, desde una perspectiva socio-económica. Particularmente aborda el periodo de expansión del turismo nacional que se origina luego de la crisis del año 2001. Los resultados comprueban que a pesar del crecimiento alcanzado, las prácticas turísticas en Argentina continúan siendo de acceso minoritario. El disfrute del turismo es parte de las inequidades que acumulan las personas ubicadas en las posiciones sociales más postergadas. A medida que se precariza el nivel de ingresos, la condición de ocupación y el nivel educativo del grupo familiar, disminuye la posibilidad de vacacionar.
Resumo
O turismo, entendido como prática social, faz parte do campo de análise das Ciências Sociais. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa analisa a participação turlarmente o período de expansão do turismo nacional que se origina após a crise de 2001. Os resultados mostram que, apesar do crescimento alcançado, as práticas de turismo na Argentina continuam sendo de acesso minoritário. O gozo do turismo faz parte das desigualdades acumuladas por pessoas localizadas nas posições sociais mais negligenciadas. À medida que o nível de renda se torna precário, a condição de ocupação e o nível educacional do grupo familiar diminuem a possibilidade de férias.
Abstract
Tourism, understood as social practice, includes social, cultural, economic, territorial and political dimensions as a field of study of the Social Sciences. In this context, the present research analyzes tourism consumption of the argentines, from a socio-economic perspective. Particularly analyzes the period of democratization that occurs after the crisis of 2001. The results prove that despite this expansion, tourism continues to be part of the inequities that accumulate the people in the most delayed positions of the social structure. As precarious income, employment status or level of educational decreases the possibility of people vacation.

Artykuł jest próbą wskazania głównych problemów związanych z definiowaniem, badaniem i określeniem możliwości rozwoju turystyki społecznej. W ciągu ostatnich lat
widać wyraźną ewolucję poglądów związanych z definiowaniem tej formy podróżowania, określaniem kręgu beneficjentów, a także roli i znaczenia turystyki społecznej w przestrzeni i gospodarce turystycznej regionu. Prowadzone dyskusje upoważniają do stwierdzenia, że w najszerszym rozumieniu pojęcia „turystyka społeczna” mieszczą się co najmniej trzy podstawowe zjawiska: turystyka społeczna (sensu stricto), przedsiębiorczość społeczna w turystyce i podróże turystyczne powiązane z projektami społecznie zaangażowanymi. Dotychczasowe nieliczne analizy dowodzą, że problematyka turystyki społecznej w Polsce jest jeszcze słabo rozpoznana i bez wątpienia wymaga dalszych pogłębionych badań.

RESUMEN Los adversos efectos socioeconómicos, psicológicos y ambientales del turismo convencional, o de masas, provocaron la aparición de nuevas formas de turismo como el turismo comunitario. Esta forma de turismo presenta características prometedoras y alternativas como el empoderamiento de la comunidad y la sensibilidad medioambiental que podrían aplicarse a los sistemas de clasificación (rating/grading) turísticos. Este artículo presenta un nuevo e innovador sistema de clasificación turística inspirado por estos principios del turismo comunitario. El artículo se basa en trabajos previos de los autores y en ideas provenientes de la literatura especializada y su contribución principal es una propuesta de modelo de clasificación turística que, inspirada en el turismo comunitario, incorpora aspectos como la equidad, la educación, el empoderamiento, el carácter endógeno y la sensibilidad ambiental como pilares y criterios para la clasificación turística. La aplicación de este sistema de clasificación requeriría de incentivos oficiales ya que la mayor parte de estos sistemas son de carácter voluntario.

ABSTRACT The adverse socioeconomic , psychological and environmental impacts of conventional/mass tourism prompted the emergence of new forms of tourism such as community-based tourism. This form of tourism manifests promising and progressive characteristics such as community empowerment and care for the environment with potential of these characteristics to be harnessed for rating/grading of facilities. This article presents a novel and innovative rating/grading system which leverages these CBT principles. The article is based on previous work and insights on grading systems from the extant literature. The major contribution of this article is the E-based model of facility classification system. The proposed classification system incorporates aspects such as Equity; Education; Empowerment; Endogenous; and the Environment as pillars/criteria for grading facilities. The operationalisation of this grading system has policy implications in that it requires incentives from the government given that most grading systems are voluntary. PALABRAS CLAVE sistemas de clasificación turística | turismo comunitario KEYWORDS classification | grading | rating system | community-based tourism

De ani buni, cetățeni români, totodată cetățeni ai UE, lucrează în Germania pe posturi ce necesită studii superioare, dar și ca muncitori caliicați sau în curs de calicare, lucrători pe cont propriu și muncitori sezonieri, beneeciind astfel de libera circulație a forței de muncă. De la 1 ianuarie 2014 pot munci în Germania, fără vreo îngrădire, și cetățeni români ce nu dețin vreo caliicare profesională atestată. Italia și Spania sunt, de departe, țările de destinație cele mai importante pentru emigranții români. Aceste state absorb împreună anual între 60 și 80 de procente din numărul total al emigranților români. La mare distanță urmează Germania, aată pe locul trei, devenind pentru români în ultima vreme însă mai atrăgătoare ca țară de imigrație. În Germania, cetățenii români sunt bine integrați pe piața muncii. În plus, românii se numără printre grupurile de migranți cu calicări profesionale. Prin comparație, numărul românilor din Germania ce solicită asistență socială este redus. În unele regiuni și sectoare economice, situația românilor pe piața muncii din Germania diferă de media la nivel federal. Problemele apar în mod concentrat în acele zone și ramuri economice, iar imigranții români din aceste zone problematice se confruntă cu situații de muncă precare. Sprijinirea comunităților locale afectate și luarea unor măsuri împotriva condițiilor nedemne de muncă și de viață pentru migranți sunt cele mai importante domenii de acțiune.

Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be financially unable to participate in holidays. The tourism products offered in social tourism vary between individual and group holidays, and day trips. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study with social tourism beneficiaries and social support workers, which explores via interviews and focus groups how these different tourism products can be tailored most effectively to the needs to the beneficiaries. The findings of the study highlight the important role of travel inexperience, and associated uncertainty, in travel decisions made by this target group. The findings show that (public sector or charitable) providers of social tourism can offer the most tailored and potentially most cost-effective tourism product to each beneficiary by closely considering previous travel experience and uncertainty levels before departure.

This paper tries to clarify the concept of social tourism by definition, features, forms of manifestation and materialization, as the concept of social tourism was not very clear for many people, being confused with mass tourism, popular tourism, tourism for people with disabilities etc.. The central objective of this form of tourism is to facilitate access to as many people as a holiday / vacation / tourist stay, guaranteeing them one of his fundamental rights. Research on the social determination Travel offers accessibility among Vâlcea County highlighted issues relating to the degree / frequency of the practice of tourism, travel preferences as practiced, season, time, motivation and preferred destinations, programs offer options for tourists government tourism office, the most appropriate means of such promotional offers, etc.. Regarding the usefulness of the research results should be noted that these can be used both for policy makers and industry and those who work in tourism. The information refers both to tourism issues, preference, motivation, satisfaction, etc., and issues on the most appropriate techniques, communication means or medium recommended to be used to promote effective social travel offers.

Kosmaczewska J.: "Turystyka socjalna jako narzędzie minimalizowania negatywnych skutków sezonowości w regionach turystycznych"[w: Potencjał turystyczny -zagadnienia ekonomiczne, (red.) Panasiuk A., Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług nr 53, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Szczecin-Międzyzdroje 2010, s. 149-159 Joanna Kosmaczewska Wielkopolska Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Zarządzania w Poznaniu TURYSTYKA SOCJALNA JAKO NARZĘDZIE MINIMALIZOWANIA NEGATYWNYCH SKUTKÓW SEZONOWOŚCI W REGIONACH TURYSTYCZNYCH Wprowadzenie Mimo pewnych zawirowań w konsumpcji usług turystycznych w 2009 roku, jakie spowodował światowy kryzys gospodarczy, można bez wątpienia stwierdzić, że turystyka posiada istotne znaczenie dla całej gospodarki europejskiej. Czynniki determinujące jej rozwój, a także pozytywne i negatywne skutki z owego rozwoju wynikające, nie ograniczają się zazwyczaj do granic terytorialnych, czy gospodarki wybranego państwa. Stąd zjawiska takie jak: sezonowość, nadmierna ekspansja turystyczna w sferze przyrodniczej i kulturowej, czy terroryzm stanowią wspólny problem. Turystyka bowiem w dzisiejszej rzeczywistości to "organizm posiadający macki" rozrzucone po kontynencie (i nie tylko), miedzy którymi musi zachodzić ciągła wymiana informacji, usług i towarów przy wykorzystaniu w kontaktach nowoczesnych technologii. Jakiekolwiek próby izolacji kraju, od tak zorganizowanej turystyki są jednoznaczne z rezygnacją z korzyści, jakie w sferze zatrudnienia i rozwoju gospodarczego ona przynosi. Dlatego też, dofinansowanie podróży turystycznych przestaje ograniczać się jedynie do zapewnienia powszechnego dostępu do turystyki dla mieszkańców własnego kraju, a staje się narzędziem kreowania popytu na dobra i usługi turystyczne w określonym miejscu i czasie, umożliwiając tym samym minimalizowanie sezonowości w regionach recepcji turystycznej.

An extension project has provided tourism experiences for university students/employees of the Fluminense Federal University who have some limitations. This article is the result of an investigation into how the tours offered by the project influenced the daily lives of the people who participated. This is an exploratory qualitative research, based on semi-structured interviews with tourists who visited some tourist places. The relevance of the study is to demonstrate that access to tourist leisure can bring physical, psychological and emotional benefits, as well as different perceptions of previously visited places, changes in habits and the possibility of experiencing contemplative moments to escape everyday problems. The results show that access to the different tourist attractions and cultural facilities of the places visited provided different contributions and perspectives for these people. Subject to the stress of the academic routine, the practice of tourist leisure helps them improve emotional / physical exhaustion and the feeling of belonging, in relation to the university and the places visited.

Tourism offers opportunities to explore new environments and to participate in new situations, which may originate several effects on tourists. The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical literature that analyses the effects of holidays for tourists, with the objective of identifying the key elements and dimensions to consider in this field. To accomplish this objective, electronic searches were conducted using a specialist research database, SCOPUS, resulting in eighteen scientific articles considered as directly relevant to the subject matter of the paper. From this review it can be concluded (i) a significant evolution of research on this topic since the 90’s; (ii) the predominance of quantitative methodologies for analysing the effects of vacation travel on tourists, particularly some effects that already have some scales developed for its measure; (iii) the existence of a gap in the study of the effects of tourism in families; and (iv) that the most frequently included...

Resumen
La investigación pretende echar luz en las dinámicas contrapuestas y cooperativas que impulsa la Nueva Ley de Turismo (25.997/05) en torno al impulso del turismo social y el fortalecimiento del turismo receptivo. A partir de la nueva normativa, el turismo es reconocido un derecho de las personas y en este marco se sientan las bases para el impulso de políticas de turismo social; al mismo tiempo que se destaca al turismo receptivo como actividad de exportación no tradicional, impulsando
diferentes herramientas para su fortalecimiento. Más allá de esta complementariedad institucionalizada, la investigación comprueba que la importancia creciente que adquiere el turismo receptivo (en la afectación y ejecución de recursos, la creación de organismos específicos y la designación de personal), va en detrimento de la política de turismo social, que termina ocupando un lugar marginal en la agenda turística.

Resumen. En el marco de la nueva concepción de turismo social que se expande en el contexto internacional, el Gobierno nacional argentino en pleno siglo XXI consolida una reformulación de la cuestión como política pública, la cual contempla las virtudes distributivas que históricamente fundamentaron su inserción en la agenda gubernamental argentina, además de virtudes económicas vinculadas a la generación de ingresos y empleo, a partir de una articulación con el sector privado. Desde el enfoque de análisis de políticas, la investigación evalúa los resultados de la política a más de una década de su implementación, haciendo especial hincapié en los actores beneficiados con la iniciativa. Palabras clave: turismo social; política turística; política pública; actividad económica; fomento del turismo; Argentina.
The social tourism of the 21st century: A policy for the consumers or the service providers? Argentine,  2000-2015
Abstract. Given the new conception of social tourism that is taking root internationally, in the 21st century the Argentine government has been reformulating the issue on the public policy level, considering the distributive virtues on which its inclusion on the government agenda have historically been founded, along with economic virtues linked to job and income creation through articulation with the private sector. Focusing on policy analysis, in this study we assess the policy outcomes more than a decade on from 1 La investigación es parte de los resultados obtenidos en la estancia posdoctoral realizada en la

Social tourism initiatives tend to facilitate access to tourism for groups who would otherwise be financially unable to participate in holidays. The tourism products offered in social tourism vary between individual and group holidays, and day trips. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study with social tourism beneficiaries and social support workers, which explores via interviews and focus groups how these different tourism products can be tailored most effectively to the needs to the beneficiaries. The findings of the study highlight the important role of travel inexperience, and associated uncertainty, in travel decisions made by this target group. The findings show that (public sector or charitable) providers of social tourism can offer the most tailored and potentially most cost-effective tourism product to each beneficiary by closely considering previous travel experience and uncertainty levels before departure.

Whereas social tourism does not have a precise definition on the record, onwards its implementation, what exactly signifies or what it encompasses, and whether it requires defining has been a controversial issue. Aside from many opinions and modeling illustrations, this is the explication that I understand or want to understand best: it is the concept that incorporates activities that provide a social benefit to each relevant component of the society in the field of tourism. Social and economic sustainability is what every element of society deserves, and social tourism solutions present this and have still being continued today have emerged from this need. I believe the benefits of social tourism, both economically and socially, are immense. However, understanding whether the commercial advantages or ethical importance of social tourism is a more prominent factor is a disputed issue. Besides, only the beneficiaries, such as the elderly, the disabled, and people whose income or health is not sufficient for any tourism activity, are considered as they get advantageous from social tourism activities. But also, the institutions and organizations that provide this service, the government, sector employees, and the others in the community can potentially benefit from development of social tourism. While considering social tourism as a need, I will speak about the positive impact of social tourism on all these parties.

Marketing is important for the survival of any business. Based on a review of the literature, this article observes that marketing is both a challenge and an opportunity for the development of Community-based Tourism (CBT) ventures. Marketing is crucially important for promoting and advertising such ventures as well as a way to gain competitive advantage. The adoption of Information Technologies opens possibilities for CBT ventures in isolated localities to connect in real time with the rest of the world via internet connectivity and to embrace e-commerce, e-marketing and e-CBT. Linkages across space are important. The article proposes a model which argues that marketing should pursue three main routes/pathways, firstly, an independent pathway, in which direct marketing to the source market is either done by a CBT umbrella organization or by CBT ventures themselves; secondly, the dependent partnership route in which marketing is done in partnership with the a CBT umbrella organization and/or CBT ventures including external entities (private sector, and government entities; industry groups/associations; and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)) individually or with a number of them; and thirdly, the fully dependent route in which marketing is directly done by private sector and government entities; industry groups/associations and NGOs (alone or with a number of them). The strengths and weaknesses of each strand/pathway are assessed. A strong CBT sector is good for community empowerment, community development and overall self-determination.