Social Factors

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico dos notificados para hepatite B e a imunização contra a doença. Métodos: Estudo com dados de notificação de hepatite B na vigilância epidemiológica de município de Minas Gerais, entre 2007 a 2015, conduzido no Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde. Estatística descritiva e analítica, com nível de significância p<0,05.  Resultados: Notificou-se 132 casos; dois óbitos. A idade dos notificados variou de zero a 87 anos, média de 35,8 (±14,0) anos. Maior freqüência para homens (52,3%) e baixa escolaridade (64,8%). A maioria não vacinou (81,8%) e teve resultado da sorologia HSBsAg positivo (90,1%); a imunização não se associou ao perfil sociodemográfico (p>0,05). Conclusão: Idade, escolaridade e sexo não foram associados à imunização, no esquema vacinal e no teste HSBsAg. A ausência de vacinação entre os notificados sugere necessidade de educação em saúde junto à população, orientando-na sobre possibilidade de proteção pela imun...

Suicide represents a significant public health challenge with far-reaching consequences. It stands as one of the leading causes of death across the globe, with a complex web of factors contributing to this dire outcome. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 800,000 individuals succumb to suicide annually, translating to one person every 40 seconds [1]. The ramifications of suicide are profound, extending beyond the individual to touch families, friends, and communities, leaving behind enduring psychological, social, and economic impacts.

Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.

Introduction. Among the leading causes of deaths in young people aged 15-29, interpersonal violence
is the third most common cause, and suicide – the fourth one. Autoaggression and heteroaggression are
considered as interrelated phenomena conditioned to a great extent by biological and personality factors.
For more effective diagnostics, it is important to pay attention not only to the psychological characteristics
of the adolescent but also to the social aspects of his/her life.
The aim of the study was to develop a questionnaire for identifying autoaggressive and heteroaggressive
tendencies in adolescents.
Materials and methods. A total of 606 respondents took part in the study – 58.8% girls and 41.2% boys.
The respondents’ ages ranged from 13 to 19. Autoaggressive tendencies were investigated using the
Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire. Aggressive behaviour was assessed using the Bass-Perry Aggression
Questionnaire. Due factors were identified using the principal components method. The reliability was
confirmed by Cronbach’s α coefficient; the validity was verified by Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results. A proprietary questionnaire was developed to identify autoaggressive and heteroaggressive
tendencies in adolescents. Target indicator responses were set for each measured parameter (levels of
heteroaggression and autoaggression) amidst all possible answers to the questionnaire. The overall arithmetic
score was a basis for calculating the autoaggression and heteroaggression indexes. The mean value of the
autoaggression index was 7.7841. The distribution of answers showed that 19.5% of the respondents had an
autoaggression index value of 12 and higher, which determined the choice of this value as the limit of the
norm. The proven correlation between predisposition to aggression and increased risk of suicidal behaviour
allows using the index of 20% to assess the prevalence of heteroaggressive tendencies in the population. The
mean value of the heteroaggression index was 9.0767. The heteroaggression index value was 13 and higher
in 19.7% of the respondents, which determined the choice of this value as the limit of the norm. Besides,
it is necessary to take into account that, when completing the questionnaire, the respondent tends to give
socially approved answers. Therefore, a person who scored 0 is included in the risk group.
Conclusions. The sociological method makes it possible to identify the most disadvantaged groups that
need preventive and corrective work. The developed questionnaire allows a school psychologist or a
class teacher to assess the prevalence of certain tendencies in the class and to individualise help at the
next stage.

Only a few birds besides domestic pigeons and poultry can be described as domesticated. Therefore, keeping a pet bird can be challenging, and the human-avian relationship will have a major influence on the quality of this cohabitation. Studies that focus on characterizing the owner-bird relationship generally use adapted cat/dog scales which may not identify its specific features. Following a sociological approach, a concept of human-animal relationship was developed leading to three types of human-animal relationship (impersonal, personal, and close personal). This concept was used to develop a 21-item owner-bird-relationship scale (OBRS). This scale was applied to measure the relationship between pet bird owners (or keepers) (n= 1,444) and their birds in an online survey performed in Germany. Factor analysis revealed that the relationship between owner and bird consisted of four dimensions: the tendency of the owner to anthropomorphize the bird; the social support the bird provide...

Background: The Ministry of Health has prioritized social health interventions to enhance the social capital within health systems. This study analyzes the implementation of Iran's Ministry of Health's social health policies based on Kingdon's model.
Methods: This qualitative study, conducted in 2022, utilized Kingdon's (2003) model as the research framework. Data were collected through in-depth personal interviews with 15 managers and scientific and executive experts from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Interior, the governorate, universities of medical sciences, and non-governmental organizations. Sampling was purposive, and interviews were analyzed using the frame analysis method.
Results: The findings were categorized into three main themes and ten sub-themes which include the problem, policy, and the political stream. The problem stream, focus on definition of social health among stakeholders, addressing the nature of social health, exploring the impacts of social health on society members' roles, duties, and social activities, and clarifying communication regarding the concepts of social health for ministry managers and employees. The policy stream, emphasized on people's participation is a primary health care (PHC) principle, Laws highlighting the social dimension of health, and the potential utilization of NGO capacities within the country. The political stream highlighted the Social Vice-Chancellorship in the Ministry of Health with the onset of the 11th government, and the formation of the General Directorate of Non-governmental Organizations within the Social Vice-Chancellorship.
Conclusion: Despite the critical need for social health policies and the requirements set by upstream laws, the complexity and multi-dimensionality of social health have hindered successful policy implementation. To attract interdisciplinary leadership and cross-sectoral support, it is recommended that a dedicated trustee within the Ministry of Health be appointed and practical measures for promoting healthy social behaviors be implemented by identifying and monitoring social health indicators be implemented.

This conceptual paper investigates the intricate landscape of organizational stress, emphasizing the complex interplay between economic reforms, job security, and employee distress within contemporary workplaces. As organizations face increasing pressures to adapt to economic shifts, job insecurity emerges as a predominant factor influencing employee well-being. Internal organizational demands, coupled with external economic fluctuations, create a volatile environment where employees navigate high workloads, role ambiguity, and shifting job expectations, all contributing to heightened stress levels. This paper examines both positive stress (eustress) and negative stress (distress), presenting a balanced view of how adaptive stress responses may lead to resilience while adverse stress reactions can impair mental and physical health. By exploring the multifaceted dimensions of organizational stress, the paper underscores the importance of addressing both systemic and individual factors to foster an environment that supports employee well-being amidst economic and structural change.

In 1971 "Le Théâtre du Nouvel Ontario" was founded in Sudbury (in the Northeast of Ontario) by a group of university students, willing to answer the questions "Who are we?" by the means of the arts and, specially, theatre. Those pieces of work were based on the everyday life (they talked about traditions and discrimination, but also about the possibility of a change for the better), were addressed to the young and the working class, and were written in the language of the region. Later, the authors as well as the public preferred more universal topics, and going to the theatre became an artistic experience. Nowadays, according to sociologists Laflamme and Mainville (2007), in order to get to know the people who go to the theatre, it is necessary to ask them about their likes, opinions and feelings. This methodology has been applied as the frame of work for the analysis of some data collected through field work among the French-speaking community of Sudbury in 2006.

The exponential increase in internet usage in India has driven the swift growth of e-commerce, with women playing a crucial role in this expanding digital economy. This research presents a thorough literature analysis and framework to examine the factors affecting the online purchasing behaviour of women in India. The study specifically attempts to examine the influence of psychological, social, cultural, economic, privacy and security, and technological aspects on the purchasing decisions of female consumers. This research underscores the difficulties women encounter in online purchasing, especially in apparel and cosmetics, providing a gender-specific perspective frequently overlooked in existing studies. This study's originality stems from its integrative methodology, synthesising findings from established consumer behaviour theories and applying them to the context of women's online buying practices in India, an area that has been insufficiently explored. By addressing these gaps, the study enhances the theoretical comprehension of women’s digital consumer behaviour and establishes a foundation for future practical strategies that businesses, marketers, and policymakers can utilise to improve the online shopping experience for Indian women.

Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine Weiterverbreitung-keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution-no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.

The article under consideration deals with the concept of “social stress” from the point of view of the impact of various stressors, such as: human abilities and capabilities; competencies and constraints emanating from group practices and traditions; means provided by the social environment and the norms regulating their use (D. Mechanic), living conditions (S. Levine and N.A. Scotch), self-concept, stress coping styles and social support (L.I. Pearlin), insufficient resources (T. Șova, M. Cojocaru-Borozan), job search (M.R. Leary, A.B. Allen), etc.

ABSTRACT
Introduction. As a demographic aging result, societies have experienced effects such as the increase of functional limitations in older adults and high demand for social and health care. The objective is to analyze factors associated with the functional level of daily life activities and socio-family risk factors of older adults in an urban population in Bucaramanga-Colombia. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional secondary data study. 196 older adults were studied after excluding individuals with incomplete records. The Barthel and the Lawton Index were used for functional status, and Socio-Family Assessment Scale for social risk. The STATA software was used for doing the logistic regression that helped to determine association between variables. Results. Above half of older adults presented functional limitations when performing daily life activities (59.69%). The prevalence of a socio-family risk was 47.45%. Functional limitation was associated with age, cognitive dysfunction and falls risk. Discussion. The study demonstrated lower scores in the Barthel Index and high scores in risk and social problematic situations compared to other studies. Moreover, results support that high blood pressure is a risk factor for functional limitations situations. Conclusion. It is important to continue interventions about health status in older people to identify risk factors, such as cognitive dysfunction, high Falls risk and chronic diseases control.
Keywords:
Aged; Functional Status; Activities of Daily Living; Social Factors; Geriatrics

RESUMEN
Introducción. Como consecuencia del envejecimiento demográfico las sociedades han experimentado efectos tales como, el aumento de adultos mayores con limitaciones funcionales y la alta demanda de atención socio sanitaria. El objetivo es analizar los factores asociados al nivel funcional para las actividades de la vida diaria y los factores de riesgo sociofamiliares de los adultos mayores en una población urbana de Bucaramanga, Santander-Colombia. Método. Estudio transversal analítico de datos secundarios, se estudiaron 196 adultos mayores después de excluir a los individuos con registros incompletos. Se utilizó el Índice de Barthel y Lawton para evaluar el estado funcional y la Escala de Evaluación Sociofamiliar para el riesgo social. Se utilizó el software STATA para realizar la regresión logística que ayudó a determinar la asociación entre variables. Resultados. Más de la mitad de los adultos mayores presentaron limitaciones funcionales para realizar actividades de la vida diaria (59.69%). La prevalencia de riesgo sociofamiliar fue 47.45%. La limitación funcional se asoció con la edad, la disfunción cognitiva y el riesgo de caídas. Discusión. El estudio demostró puntajes bajos en el Índice de Barthel y puntajes altos en situaciones de riesgo y problemática social en comparación con otros estudios. Además, los resultados apoyan a la hipertensión arterial como un factor de riesgo para el deterioro funcional. Conclusión. Es importante continuar con intervenciones sobre la salud de los adultos mayores con el fin de identificar factores de riesgo, como la disfunción cognitiva, el riesgo de caídas y el control de enfermedades crónicas.
Palabras clave:
Anciano; Estado Funcional; Actividades Cotidianas; Factores Sociales; Geriatría

RESUMO
Introdução. Como consequência do envelhecimento demográfico, as sociedades têm experimentado efeitos como o aumento de idosos com limitações funcionais e elevada procura de atendimento sócio-sanitário. O objetivo é analisar os fatores associados ao nível funcional para atividades de vida diária e os fatores de risco sociofamiliares de idosos em uma população urbana de Bucaramanga, Santander-Colômbia. Método. Estudo transversal analítico de dados secundários, foram estudados 196 idosos após exclusão dos indivíduos com prontuários incompletos. Foi utilizado o Índice de Barthel e Lawton para avaliar o estado funcional e a Escala de Avaliação Sociofamiliar para risco social. O software STATA foi utilizado para realizar a regressão logística que ajudou a determinar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados. Mais da metade dos idosos apresentou limitações funcionais na realização das atividades de vida diária (59.69%). A prevalência de risco sociofamiliar foi de 47.45%. A limitação funcional foi associada à idade, à disfunção cognitiva e ao risco de queda. Discussão. O estudo demonstrou pontuações baixas no Índice de Barthel e pontuações altas em situações de risco e problemas sociais em comparação com outros estudos. Além disso, os resultados apoiam a hipertensão arterial como fator de risco para deterioração funcional. Conclusão. É importante dar continuidade às intervenções sobre a saúde dos idosos, a fim de identificar fatores de risco, como disfunção cognitiva, risco de quedas e controle de doenças crônicas.
Palavras-chave:
Idoso; Estado Funcional; Atividades Cotidianas; Fatores Sociais; Geriatria

Attention towards topics such as environmental pollution, climate change, or biodiversity has strongly increased in the last years. The struggles to balance market powers and ecological sustainability somehow evoke memories of the early days of European welfare states, when social protection emerged as a means to prevent industrial capitalism from disruptive social tensions due to excessive social inequalities. In fact, social and environmental crises are inseparably intertwined, as ecological destruction is likely to be followed by social deprivation, and a lack of social security can be a crucial barrier for ecologically sustainable action. Our paper seeks to provide a step towards such an integrated perspective by studying problem pressure and public interventions in the area of green welfare, that is, in social and environmental protection. By using available data from Eurostat and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) databases, we contrast environmental and social performances...

The purpose of the present study is to explain the foundations and factors of the realization of social change in the Second Step Statement of the Revolution. The method of this research is qualitative content analysis and in this regard, the necessity and the foundations of the social changes in the statement (including justice and fight against corruption, spirituality and ethics, independence and freedom) and the factors in the statement change (including human resources, science and Research examines the use of natural resources and the economics of resistance). Research findings show that the leader of the revolution believes that the revolution should not be considered passive in all respects and concerned about change; principles such as justice, spirituality and independence can prevent passivity and self-loathing while accepting change. Another point was the fundamental difference between the revolutionary leader's view of the field of change and that of some social thinkers in the field; the genuine principles of justice, spirituality, ethics, and national independence as the basis of the changes in the Second Step Statement of the Revolution, while these have been taken into consideration. Many sociologists in the field of change have little or no support for change. The leader of the revolution has highlighted the role of the youth in the realization of the second step of the revolution.

Morbidity, prevalence, and mortality are key epidemiological indicators that help to assess the health of young people and draw conclusions about the state of their well-being. The aim of this study is to determine the main trends in morbidity, prevalence, and mortality among youth aged 14 to 28 years for the period from 2018 to 2021. Based on population-based data on cases of diseases and fatalities in the age group 14-28 years in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2018-2021, the dynamics of morbidity (total and primary) and mortality rates were analysed and studied. The period from 2018 to 2021 in the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by a decrease in prevalence (from 72,267.9 to 62,112 per 100,000; b=-3,770.6; p=0.05) and morbidity (from 46,117.4 to 37,648.6 per 100,000; b=-3,035.4; p=0.029), and an increase in mortality (from 52.7 to 75.8 per 100,000; b=7.67; p=0.153). The main conclusion that can be drawn is that in the dynamics in the period of 2018-2021 in the youth population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a reliable decrease in the prevalence and morbidity rates and a statistically insignificant increase in the mortality rate. Data on the health status of the young generation can be applied to the development and implementation of preventive programmes and educational activities aimed at minimizing risks and raising awareness of young people about a healthy lifestyle.

Teenagers living in dysfunctional families face difficulties in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Understanding the relationship between the social status of the family and the healthy lifestyle of the younger generation is important in the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between the social status of the family and the healthy lifestyle of the younger generation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. A survey and questionnaire of 1,200 adolescents from disadvantaged families in the Mangystau Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan were conducted and a thorough statistical analysis of the results was carried out. The analysis showed that the level of self-assessment of adolescent health does not depend on the social status of the family or other factors considered that affect their healthy behavior. However, family affluence has an impact on life satisfaction in boys, and in girls, a link was found between the frequency of brushing teeth and family affluence. The boys also found a link between injuries requiring medical intervention and family wealth. However, the level of family wealth does not significantly affect other aspects of a healthy lifestyle, such as the frequency of breakfast consumption, consumption of sugary soft drinks, fruit consumption, smoking, and physical activity. The results of this study have practical significance for the development of social support for adolescents living in dysfunctional families. They can be used to develop protocols and programs aimed at improving the health and well-being of the population according to the economic stratification of the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan with an emphasis on clusters of people with below-average income.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el grado en que se estan expendiendo los antibioticos sin la presentacion de la receta medica en el centro historico de la ciudad de Trujillo. Es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado de Mayo a Junio del 2013. A traves de un caso clinico y mediante la aplicacion de la tecnica del paciente simulado se pudo recaudar la informacion necesaria. Se estudio 49 establecimientos farmaceuticos, debidamente registrados en la Direccion General de Medicamentos Insumos y Drogas (DIGEMID). Cada establecimiento fue encuestado tres veces en distintos horarios. Para analizar la dependencia de variables se empleo la prueba estadistica Chi cuadrado con significancia del 5%. El 67.3% del total de establecimientos no cumple con la ley vigente y expende antibioticos sin receta medica. Ademas se pudo determinar que existe relacion significativa entre el mencionar los sintomas del paciente y la venta de antibioticos sin receta medica. El 51% de...

BACKGROUND: Juvenile delinquency appears to be the most widespread social issue in comparison to other social issues. Social factors and conditions have a significant impact on the prevalence of delinquency. Individuals who engage in criminal behavior before reaching the age of 18 are commonly referred to as juvenile offenders. The aim of this study is to comprehensively elucidate the research and work carried out on juvenile offenders, with a specific focus on the critical role played by social factors in all facets of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, this research seeks to investigate the social roots and influences that contribute to the criminal behavior of young offenders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article uses a literature review methodology to analyze research on social factors influencing juvenile delinquency. It synthesizes and evaluates prior findings to understand the complex interplay between social factors and young individuals' involvement in delinquent behaviors. The study analyzed 80 articles from reputable online databases, focusing on juvenile delinquency, offenders, crime, and social factors. Out of the 80 articles, 53 were cited, meeting inclusion criteria, including publication within 2000-2023, rigorous peer-review, and reputable database indexing. RESULTS: As per the findings of the research, it has been observed that children who grow up in households that exhibit affection, hospitality, and encouragement are comparatively less susceptible to the manifestation of societal maladies. Children who have experienced parental abandonment are at heightened risk of developing delinquent behaviors. CONCLUSION: The presence of negative family dynamics and associations with delinquent peers are widely recognized as significant contributors to the development of drug abuse behavior. It is imperative for policymakers and preventive initiatives to have a comprehensive understanding of this complex relationship. Therefore, this literature review presented a distinct overview of the influence of social factors on juvenile offenders in India.

Objectives: This study aims to examine the patterns in juvenile delinquency based on factors including age, gender, offence type, and characteristics used in NCRB reports and to comprehend the various factors that contribute to juvenile crime. Methods: This study was done using the secondary data which was collected from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports in the year of 2017 to 2021 by the Government of India. Result and discussion: The analysis of the aforementioned data reveals that there is a higher level of juvenile crimes in India especially in various states. It also shows that a significant proportion of juvenile individuals have unfortunately fallen victim to a multitude of socioeconomic pressures, including poverty, inadequate parental guidance, limited access to education, and the influence of peer groups. The crime rate in India has exhibited a notable upward trend over the years, accompanied by a concerning decline in the rate of convictions. Conclusion: The issue of juvenile delinquency necessitates focused consideration and an approach that prioritizes the well-being of children, with an emphasis on safeguarding and proactive measures to prevent their involvement in deviant behaviour. Research Implications: The findings can have implications for policymakers and educators in the realm of pedagogy development. Additionally, it bears relevance for family members and other stakeholders who play a crucial role in fostering the comprehensive growth and development of children.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund In epidemiologischen Studien ist die standardisierte Erfassung soziodemografischer Merkmale von hoher Bedeutung, da Variablen wie Geschlecht, Alter, Bildung oder Erwerbsstatus wichtige Einflussfaktoren auf Gesundheitschancen und Krankheitsrisiken darstellen. In der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie werden zentrale Faktoren aus diesem Themenbereich berücksichtigt. Ziel der Arbeit Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund und die konkrete Erhebung soziodemografischer Angaben in der NAKO. Zudem werden die Verteilung einzelner Merkmale sowie Zusammenhänge mit gesundheitsassoziierten Maßen exemplarisch vorgestellt. Material und Methoden Anhand der Daten zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung (n = 101.724) wurde die Verteilung soziodemografischer Merkmale dargestellt und Zusammenhänge mit beispielhaft ausgewählten Gesundheitsindikatoren (Body-Mass-Index, selbst berichtete Gesundheit) analysiert, um die Validität der Messung soziodemografischer Angab...

Traditional Iranian poetry has a history of more than a thousand years. This kind of completely melodious and rhythmic poetry has always taught us moral, divine, mystical and social themes, correct lifestyle and the way to reach evolution and happiness, which can be a sign of Persian rich culture and civilization. The mission and commitment of poetry and poets is to serve people and guide them to happiness. The contemporary classical poetry of Iran is the continuation of the thousand-year-old Persian classical poetry that despite preserving its principles and appearance or form, it has been completely dynamic in terms of content and has adapted itself to the times so as not to neglect its mission, i.e., to raise human awareness. A number of miscellaneous factors have had an impact on Iranian classical poetry, and this article, while examining the mentioned factors tries to introduce some important and prominent poets of the contemporary classical poetry of Iran and refers to their thoughts and sociopolitical activities in brief, so that, the pave will be grounded for new helpful similar further researches. As such, the study presents a brief overview of Persian classical poetry in the past one hundred and fifty years and investigates the thoughts and sociopolitical effectiveness of the most prominent contemporary Iranian poets.

Background: Research suggests that diagnostic procedures for Autism Spectrum Disorder are not consistent across practice and that diagnostic rates can be affected by contextual and social drivers. The purpose of this review was to consider how the content of clinical practice guidelines shapes diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the UK; and investigate where, within those guidelines, social factors and influences are considered. Methods: We electronically searched multiple databases (NICE Evidence Base; TRIP; Social Policy and Practice; US National Guidelines Clearinghouse; HMIC; The Cochrane Library; Embase; Global health; Ovid; PsychARTICLES; PsychINFO) and relevant web sources (government, professional and regional NHS websites) for clinical practice guidelines. We extracted details of key diagnostic elements such as assessment process and diagnostic tools. A qualitative narrative analysis was conducted to identify social factors and influences. Results: Twenty-one documents were found and analysed. Guidelines varied in recommendations for use of diagnostic tools and assessment procedures. Although multidisciplinary assessment was identified as the 'ideal' assessment, some guidelines suggested in practice one experienced healthcare professional was sufficient. Social factors in operational, interactional and contextual areas added complexity to guidelines but there were few concrete recommendations as to how these factors should be operationalized for best diagnostic outcomes. Conclusion: Although individual guidelines appeared to present a coherent and systematic assessment process, they varied enough in their recommendations to make the choices available to healthcare professionals particularly complex and confusing. We recommend a more explicit acknowledgement of social factors in clinical practice guidelines with advice about how they should be managed and operationalised to enable more consistency of practice and transparency for those coming for diagnosis.

In recent years Polish historiography has ob served an increasing interest in the functioning of the family in the past. Nevertheless, present knowledge of the issue still seems relatively insufficient. This paper is an attempt to present the circumstances of family creation rather than its functioning and failure. We aim to emphasise some social, religious and territorial differences concerning families be tween 16th-18th centuries in the kingdom of Poland, which was the 5th biggest country in Europe before the partitions (1772-1795). Doing this, we want to approach our ances tors' marriage strategies, their material status and other fac tors influencing them. On the basis of parish and judicial registers are presented the age of newly-married couples, their previous marital status and their social and territorial background. The analysis of the last mentioned aspects over those 300 years should give us an idea of the extent to which parish borders were crossed when choosing a ...

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes y sus características, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se entrevistó a 400 gestantes que acudían a control prenatal en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima. El 10,5% (42 pacientes) se automedicó durante la gestación, el 64,6% opinó que la automedicación puede producir malformaciones congénitas a sus bebes. Los medicamentos consumidos por las gestantes estuvieron en categoría A y B de la clasificación de la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de EUA (FDA); principalmente, consumieron paracetamol (47,6%) y amoxicilina (16,7%). Todas las mujeres que se automedicaron durante la gestación lo habían hecho antes de estar embarazadas. De acuerdo con estos resultados concluimos que la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes del estudio es baja, comparado con la literatura internacional.

The main objective of the study is to examine the social causes of diseases. The association among social determinants and diseases is intended to find out because in our society, importance of social factors is not fully recognized. The questionnaire based survey was conducted at public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Fifteen hundred in home patients were interviewed to gather the required data. It is found that there is a strong association between disease and social determinants. Stress causes a negative effect on a person's health. It is also found that low literacy rate and inadequate health care facilities are the major factors impacting the health status. Majority of areas have medical facilities but most of these medical facilities are not fully facilitated.

The main objective of the study is to examine the social causes of diseases. The association among social determinants and diseases is intended to find out because in our society, importance of social factors is not fully recognized. The questionnaire based survey was conducted at public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Fifteen hundred in home patients were interviewed to gather the required data. It is found that there is a strong association between disease and social determinants. Stress causes a negative effect on a person’s health. It is also found that low literacy rate and inadequate health care facilities are the major factors impacting the health status. Majority of areas have medical facilities but most of these medical facilities are not fully facilitated.

The main objective of the study is to find out the social and economic determinants of cardiovascular disease. A cross sectional survey was conducted at the public cardiology wards and private cardiologist clinics. Saturation sampling technique was utilized to gather information. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that high blood pressure and low fruits consumption are the major causes of cardiovascular disease for all age groups. Stress, smoking, education and physical inactivity are also causes of cardiovascular disease.v

Background: Preventive home visits (PHV) may contribute to identify risks and needs in older people, and thereby delay the onset of functional decline and illness, otherwise often followed by home care or admission to hospital or nursing homes. There is a need to increase knowledge about which factors are associated with different risk areas among older people, so that the PHV questionnaire focuses on relevant tests and questions to make the PHV more specific and have a clear focus and purpose. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine associations between five kinds of risks: risk of falls, malnutrition, polypharmacy, cognitive impairment, and risk of developing illness and factors related to lifestyle, health, and medical diagnoses among older people living at home. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was applied. PHV were conducted by nurses among 77-year-old people in an urban municipality and among ≥75-year-old people in a rural municipality. A questionnaire including tests and a risk assessment score for developing illness was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics including regression models were analyzed. Results: The total sample included 166 persons. Poor perceived health was associated with increased risk of developing illness and risk of fall, malnutrition, and polypharmacy. Lifestyle and health factors such as lack of social support, sleep problems, and feeling depressed were associated with risk of developing illness. Risk of falls, malnutrition, polypharmacy, and cognitive impairment were also associated with increased risk of developing illness. None of the independent factors related to lifestyle, health, or medical diagnosis were associated with risk of cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Poor perceived health was associated with health-related risks in older persons living at home. Preventive health programs need to focus on social and lifestyle factors and self-reported health assessment to identify older people at risk of developing illnesses.

The main purpose of this study was to know how proud the youth are of being a Filipino. Socio-demographic characteristics also play a role in determining the national pride of Filipino youth. The level of pride similarly varied among domain-specific aspects. We used a structured survey questionnaire adopted and modified from the International Social Survey Programme from their National Identity study. For this study, a four-stage sampling was observed to get the sample. Sports was the top source of the Filipino youth's national pride, among the 12 domain-specific aspects. However, Politics and Democracy got the lowest level of national pride. Differences among sexes significantly varied in the aspect of Sports, Economy and Social Security, and Environment. Pride in Arts and Literature, Sports, Armed Forces, and History differ among religions. The difference in Educational Attainment affects the level of national pride of the youth in the aspect of Fair and Equal Treatment in All Groups. Moreover, the socio-demographic characteristics play a role in determining the national pride of the Filipino youth. The study used quantitative research approach, specifically descriptive. A self-administered survey was distributed to 400 randomly selected youth respondents of 15-29 years old in the National Capital Region, Philippines.

L"émergence de l"entrepreneur et de l"entreprise comme facteurs de développement économique dans les sociétés modernes a attiré l"attention des théoriciens dans le domaine du développement des nations. Ainsi, l"Entrepreneuriat renvoie à la dimension de l"agencéité versus structure dans l"action sociale car elle participe de l"esprit de l"aventure et de la prise du risque qui sont nécessaire pour la mobilisation des ressources structurelles à dessein du développement économique des nations. Mais, l"Entrepreneuriat n"est pas suffisant à elle-même afin d"assurer le développement économique. Elle a plutôt besoin d"un faisceau d"institutions juridiques garantissant la liberté d"entreprendre et le droit de jouir de la propriété privée. Cette modeste étude a pour objectif de traiter la place de l"entrepreneur dans la littérature juridico-économique tout en mettant la focale sur le rôle des institutions juridiques et

This article presents theoretical considerations regarding the concept of ‘brand’, identifying it as a value driver for customers and defining how important a brand is in the value creation process. Brand-related constructs (brand strength, brand value, brand equity, brand awareness, brand knowledge, brand reputation, brand image, and brand identity) found in the literature are defined, paying particular attention to brand equity as a construct more closely related to the concept of perceived value. The article also discusses the various levels of meaning of a brand and presents the concept of customer engagement (CE), identifying the relationships between a brand, the concept of perceived value, and customer engagement. The conclusions highlight the strong relationships between brands and the category of customer value. Additionally, the article presents the phenomenon of customer engagement as a theoretical perspective for brand identification in the process of customer value crea...

Die Schutzambulanz Fulda dokumentiert gerichtsverwertbar Verletzungen nach interpersoneller Gewalt und asserviert Beweismaterial, unabhängig von einer Strafanzeige. Das vom Land Hessen und dem Landkreis Fulda finanzierte Modellprojekt ist im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) angesiedelt. Zwischen dem 17.05.2010 und dem 06.06.2011 wurden 141 Verdachtsfälle bekannt. In einer Vollerhebung wurden Angaben zur betroffenen Person, zum Ort und zur Art des Ereignisses, zu den angreifenden Personen sowie den Gewaltfolgen statistisch erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Schutzambulanz erreichte überwiegend Opfer von Partnergewalt gegen Frauen und familiärer Gewalt gegen Kinder aus den städtischen Regionen des Landkreises Fulda. Mutmaßliche Angreifer waren überwiegend männlich. In 55 Fällen erfolgte eine gerichtsverwertbare Dokumentation. Verletzungen waren vor allem am Kopf und an den oberen Extremitäten erkennbar. In 35 Fällen erfolgte eine Vermittlung an die Polizei. Die Schutzambulanz scheint ih...

This study examines the associations of internet information literacy with two variables: (1) the ability to work with technical aspects of the internet (internet skill), and (2) attitudes about the need for qualitative necessities in the development of e-services. A hierarchical regressions software analyzes data from a national sample of 2134 internet users. In this paper, internet literacy is considered as a literacy which has two-dimensional aspects including information literacy and skill literacy. In an articulation as this, many of the capabilities associated with the internet such as technical, critical, analytical, and structural factors are studied. In addition, abilities that lead users to make distinctions between useful, safe and healthy data and fake, hateful and unhealthy data are taken into account. The analysis shows that the internet information literacy is positively related to internet skills. It is also shown that more internet information literacy leads to more...

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. While increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resilience refers to the maintenance of mental health despite adversity. In order to gain mechanistic insights about the relationship between described psycho-social resilience factors and resilience specifically in the current crisis, we assessed resilience factors, exposure to Corona crisis-specific and general stressors, as well as internalizing symptoms in a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 24 languages during the most intense phase of the lockdown in Europe (March 22nd to April 19th) in a convenience sample of N=15,970 adults. Resilience, as an outcome, was conceptualized as good mental health despite stressor exposure and measured as the in...

The purpose of the present study is to explain the foundations and factors of the realization of social change in the Second Step Statement of the Revolution. The method of this research is qualitative content analysis and in this regard, the necessity and the foundations of the social changes in the statement (including justice and fight against corruption, spirituality and ethics, independence and freedom) and the factors in the statement change (including human resources, science and Research examines the use of natural resources and the economics of resistance). Research findings show that the leader of the revolution believes that the revolution should not be considered passive in all respects and concerned about change; principles such as justice, spirituality and independence can prevent passivity and self-loathing while accepting change. Another point was the fundamental difference between the revolutionary leader's view of the field of change and that of some social thinkers in the field; the genuine principles of justice, spirituality, ethics, and national independence as the basis of the changes in the Second Step Statement of the Revolution, while these have been taken into consideration. Many sociologists in the field of change have little or no support for change. The leader of the revolution has highlighted the role of the youth in the realization of the second step of the revolution.

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos portadores de Hepatite C cadastrados em um Serviço de Referência Regional para Hepatites Virais no interior do Estado de Minas Gerais. Método: Estudo descritivo, documental, com análise quantitativa. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, com parecer n° 560.257.  Foram analisadas 128 fichas de notificação por hepatites virais no período de 2007 a julho de 2014. Resultados: 66% dos portadores são do sexo masculino de faixa etária entre 50 a 59 anos. 24,21% possui ensino fundamental completo e, 21,09% ensino superior completo. As exposições ao vírus mais relatadas pelos pacientes foram tratamento dentário (92,9%) e o uso de medicamentos injetáveis (67,9%). O genótipo 1 do vírus foi predominante seguido do genótipo 3. Conclusão: A maioria dos resultados encontrados pelo estudo condiz com o descrito na literatura. Acredita-se ser importante mais pesquisas nessa área.

The main purpose of this study was to know how proud the youth are of being a Filipino. Socio-demographic characteristics also play a role in determining the national pride of Filipino youth. The level of pride similarly varied among domain-specific aspects. We used a structured survey questionnaire adopted and modified from the International Social Survey Programme from their National Identity study. For this study, a four-stage sampling was observed to get the sample. Sports was the top source of the Filipino youth's national pride, among the 12 domain-specific aspects. However, Politics and Democracy got the lowest level of national pride. Differences among sexes significantly varied in the aspect of Sports, Economy and Social Security, and Environment. Pride in Arts and Literature, Sports, Armed Forces, and History differ among religions. The difference in Educational Attainment affects the level of national pride of the youth in the aspect of Fair and Equal Treatment in All Groups. Moreover, the socio-demographic characteristics play a role in determining the national pride of the Filipino youth. The study used quantitative research approach, specifically descriptive. A self-administered survey was distributed to 400 randomly selected youth respondents of 15-29 years old in the National Capital Region, Philippines.

Introduction: Despite the recent developments in the biology of addiction, a significant part of relapse and its management is still influenced by psychosocial factors and the interplay between them. This study aims at finding the extent of association of various psychosocial factors with relapse in patients of alcohol dependence. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional study of two groups of alcohol dependence patients: abstinence (n = 31) and relapse (n = 35). Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyses were aimed at finding the extent of association between various factors and relapse. Results: Demographic variables such as family history of substance dependence (odds ratio [OR] =2.09; confidence interval [CI] =0.74-5.90) and past history of ≥2 relapses (OR = 2.71; CI = 0.83-8.87) were associated with relapse in alcohol dependence. Clinical variables such as younger age of onset of dependence (Mean difference = −3.93; 95% CI = −7.66-−0.21; P = 0.038) and shorter time to develop dependence (Mean difference = −3.08; 95% CI = −5.53-−0.63; P = 0.014) were significantly associated with relapse. Of the psychosocial variables, coping behavior (OR = 6.54; CI = 1.17-36.74) had the highest association with relapse followed by relapse precipitants (OR = 1.42; CI = 1.16-1.74). Conclusion: Coping behaviors to adverse situations have greater association with relapse among psychosocial variables than the number of high-risk situations a patient experiences. Interventions targeted at improving coping skills can help patients stay abstinent.

This study explored and identified success social-technical factors related to the information security effectiveness in organizations. It explored these factors based on literature view, and documents, the study based on the Socio-Technical approach (STA) and the Security by Consensus (SBC) model. Quantitative analysis of the organizations’ employees’ experiences were analyzed and discussed to validate the questionnaire. The aim of this paper is to propose conceptual framework for understanding, clarification and investigation of the socio-technical factors involved in improving egovernment security effectiveness in developing countries.

Besides playing their role to produce competent graduates, university staff have the commitment to develop their career as their final objective. While determining the achievability of the objectives, university staff are exposed to various situations that could potentially cause emotional imbalance. This could lead to unhappiness among them. Henceforth, a research on psychosocial aspect and work environment ecology needs to be carried out to identify indicators that help to improve the happiness of the university staff that directly affects the performance of the organization. A total of 535 respondents were randomly selected to answer a questionnaire which was based on the Model of Happiness. The benchmark used to construct the Happiness Index among Staff at University A was based on the measurement used in the World Happiness Index. Cumulative Index showed that the staff happiness was at a moderate level with a score value of 72%. The finding serves as a platform for University A...

Happiness among employees can give significant impact on performance of any organization. Thus, it is important to know factors that lead to happiness at workplace. This study aims to identify domains that contribute to happiness at workplace among staff at University A. A total of 535 employees were selected using random sampling technique to fill out a questionnaire. Results analyzed using SPSS show that social domain is the main contributor to happiness among staff at University A with a mean value of 3.108. This is followed by individual domain (mean = 2.996) and organization domain (mean = 2.721). Therefore this study shows that social domain which refers to relationship among individual, family and society has a high impact on happiness among employees at workplace. Meanwhile job environment in individual domain and work environment in organization domain have a moderate impact on happiness among employees at workplace. Thus, this research suggests that organizations should co...