Self-Care

Objetivamos, em nosso ensaio, examinar o direito à proteção de dados pessoais à luz da prática do cuidado de si, existente na Grécia antiga e teorizada por Michel Foucault, de forma a verificar em que medida a nova formulação da privacidade enquanto autodeterminação informativa pode ser entendida como possibilidade de construção de novas identidades.

We intend to examine the personal data protection right in light of the practice of the "care of the self" adopted by the ancient Greece and theorized by Michel Foucault, in order to verify to what extent the new formulation of privacy as "informational self-determination" can be understood as a possibility for the construction of new identities.

Introduction: The low level of participation in cardiac rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction is one of the most important problems in cardiology. Participation in the cardiac rehabilitation process depends on many diverse factors and one of the fundamental ones is a self-care attitude. It is very important to find predictors which can effectively influence this attitude. If we can understand some of the self-care attitude predictors, we might be better prepared to lead a more effective and much faster form of rehabilitation. The presented studies relate to the above mentioned issues. Methods: The studies were performed on a group of 127 patients, 28 women and 99 men, after myocardial infarction, who were subjected to cardiac rehabilitation. The studies comprised filling out a questionnaire that appraises self-care and personal data. Theresults were then subjected to statistical analysis and discussion. Results: The study found that there is no correlation between the self care, age and socioeconomic status of the patients after myocar-dial infarction. There is a correlation between educational level and self care (0.01) and mental self care and gender (0.05). There is no correlation between general self care and gender. Conclusion: It resulted from the studies that along with the level of education the level of self care increases. Results suggest that the education of the patients after myocardial infarction can be an important factor influencing people's self care. Results also indicate that women have a higher level of mental self care than men do. Although there was no relation between self care, age and socioeconomic status, the results show that there is a trend in this connection that might be important. Further research into this problem should be encouraged.

The identification of nursing diagnoses in patients with morbid obesity contributes to the planning of interventions, through a systematized and scientifically grounded care. This study aimed to identify nursing diagnoses in morbidly obese patients treated in outpatient care using the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®), version 2.0.

This study explores the perceived benefits and barriers of participating in a monthly oncology nurse support group. Ten oncology nurses participated in an average of seven support group meetings over a one-year period. Interviews were conducted, transcribed, analyzed, and thematized using qualitative descriptive methods. Clear benefits for oncology nurses are indicated; participants described a reduction in end-of-life care stress, an increase in self-care, and improved patient and team care. Barriers include scheduling and compensation, as well as group leadership labors. This study provides further confirmation that oncology nurses receive multiple benefits from the support group structure. Peer support groups for oncology nurses seem a promising and economical communication intervention for mitigating burnout, professional dissatisfaction, patient care distress, and interprofessional communication deficits.

Nell’ultimo decennio, la cosmesi naturale e biologica ha mostrato un notevole incremento di interesse, sia da parte dei consumatori che da parte delle aziende, passando da prodotto merceologico di nicchia a prodotto di diffusa commercializzazione.  L’aggettivazione “biologico” nasce in abito agroalimentare e va ad indicare un prodotto derivato dalla natura e ottenuto senza l’impiego di pesticidi e fertilizzanti e trasformato con metodologie che non prevedono l’aggiunta di additivi, conservanti sintetici e coloranti artificiali.  Il presente elaborato ha l’obiettivo di analizzare il “fenomeno” dei cosmetici naturali attraverso una prospettiva sociologica, in quanto è sempre più facile imbattersi in articoli, più o meno specialistici, che fanno riferimento a temi quali la cosmesi naturale, mentre risulta difficile trovare testi che affrontino l’argomento dal punto di vista teorico e applicativo.  A fare da contesto allo sviluppo di tale fenomeno sono i cambiamenti avvenuti nell’ambito della domanda del consumatore. La saturazione dei bisogni di base è andata di pari passo con la forte crescita d’importanza dei bisogni a carattere sociologico. Ecco perché è opportuno che il presente testo prenda le mosse da una breve rassegna delle attuali esigenze dei consumatori, all’interno di teorie sociologiche.  Questa tesi, quindi, si propone di indagare quelle che sono le motivazioni che spingono i consumatori di oggi a preferire sempre di più i cosmetici biologici a quelli tradizionali, di capire quali sono i meccanismi che intercorrono nelle loro scelte, se c’è un bisogno etico o anche un bisogno relativo al corpo. Si è scelto di indagare quest’aspetto attraverso delle interviste a quindici testimoni privilegiati, consumatori quindi di cosmetici biologici.  Tale trattazione non può eludere dal considerare la crescente attenzione rivolta al prodotto cosmetico biologico anche da parte delle Imprese, non solo in termini di utilizzo di materiali che devono risultare dal basso impatto ambientale, ma anche in termini di rapporto con il consumatore.  Ciò ha spinto a considerare anche quest’aspetto nel presente lavoro di ricerca, seguendo un percorso circolare che partisse dai consumatori e si chiudesse con le aziende cosmetiche passando inoltre per il punto vendita. Si è scelto quindi di intervistare due aziende cosmetiche biologiche e una bioprofumeria. In ultimo, si è voluto indagare un fenomeno che sta emergendo sempre di più tra i consumatori di cosmetici biologici: l’autoproduzione.  Attraverso un’attenta scelta della letteratura, questa tesi andrà prima a mostrare un quadro di riferimento dell’epoca in ci troviamo a vivere e in cui agisce il consumatore critico: l’epoca postmoderna. Si passerà poi a definire quelle che sono le caratteristiche della nuova epoca, e anche le caratteristiche di questo


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“nuovo” consumatore. La nuova epoca di cui parliamo, ha portato ad un cambiamento di valori che ha condotto il consumo ad affermarsi anche come attenzione al proprio benessere e al proprio corpo, in particolare con l’uso dei cosmetici.  Con l’aiuto di alcune teorie sociologiche come quelle di Foucault, Bourdieu o di Goffman, si andrà ad indagare l’aspetto preminente dell’individuo postmoderno: l’attenzione al proprio corpo. Si mostrerà come, attraverso il proprio corpo e attraverso il mantenimento di esso con i cosmetici, l’individuo riesce più facilmente a sentirsi sicuro nelle relazioni con gli altri, sentendo però l’esigenza di adeguare e modificare il proprio corpo anche a partire da canoni e regole prefissate dalle istituzioni o dal potere, secondo per esempio l’idea di Foucault. L’uso dei cosmetici inoltre per il mantenimento del proprio corpo, è utile anche, come afferma Goffman, per la formazione dell’auto-identità.  Il mantenimento e la cura del proprio corpo però può anche essere un trend che ha importati riflessi sui consumi. Ed è per questo che si è scelto di approfondire le dinamiche relative al consumo dei cosmetici biologici, in particolare soffermandosi sulla definizione del consumatore critico e dell’uso dei cosmetici naturali e biologici.  Nell’ultima parte teorica, ci si è soffermati sul fenomeno del green marketing, che sta esplodendo sempre di più, e che è collegato al consumo dei cosmetici biologici e in particolare all’adeguarsi da parte delle aziende cosmetiche alle esigenze dei consumatori.  Questo scenario teorico ci servirà quindi per inquadrare la ricerca empirica  effettuata che verrà esplicitata nel capitolo conclusivo di questo elaborato.

Sağlık okuryazarlığı, bireylerin değişen sağlık politikaları karşısındaki değişime ayak uydurabilme düzeyini etkilerken; öz bakım gücü de bireylerin kendilerine bakabilme ve hastalığın yönetimi hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu çalışma; Isparta ili merkezinde yaşayan bireylerin sağlık okuryazarlığı ve öz bakım düzeyini belirlemek ve sağlık okuryazarlığı ile öz bakım gücü arasındaki ilişkiyi ölçmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Isparta ili merkezinde yaşayan bireylerin sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyini ölçmeye ilişkin Sezer ve Kadıoğlu'nun (2014) "Yetişkinlerde İşlevsel Sağlık Okuryazarlığı" ve öz bakım gücü düzeyini ölçmek için Nahcivan'ın (1993) "Öz Bakım Gücü" ölçeklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma 18-65 yaş arası, 324'ü kadın ve 296'sı erkek olmak üzere 620 katılımcı üzerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları doğrultusunda; sağlık okuryazarlığı ve öz bakım gücü düzeyi arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bireylerin yaşı, çocuk sayısı ve meslekleri her iki bağımlı değişkende de etkiliyken, bu bağımsız değişkenlere sağlık okuryazarlığında eğitim, öz bakım gücünde ise cinsiyet eklenmektedir. Ayrıca, alternatif/tamamlayıcı tıbbı kullananların sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyi daha yüksektir.


Health literacy affects on the level of compliance of individuals with changing health policies, while self care agency informs about individuals' self-care ability and disease management. This study is prepared for the purpose of determining the level of self care ability and health literacy of individuals who live in the center of Isparta and measuring the relationship between health literacy and self care ability. In this context, "Functional Health Literacy on Adults" (done scale by Sezer and Kadioglu in 2014) was used to measure the health literacy level of Isparta residents and Nahcivan's "Self Care Ability" scale was used to measure worth of self care ability. This research was conducted among 620 respondents, including 324 women and 296 men in the 18-65 age range. Following the research, it has been determined that there is a positive relationship between health literacy and self care ability. As age, number of children and occupation of individuals are effective on both dependent variables, education in health literacy and gender in self care ability are added to those variables. Moreover, the health literacy level of those who use complementary/alternative medicine is higher.

Self-care is fundamental to mental health practitioner training and professional efficacy.  Expressive writing about stressful events has been researched and shown to have positive physical and psychological effects. Mindfulness, an embodied approach to clinical practice and education, has also been studied and documented as an effective self-care approach.  Embodied education integrates experiential history with current learning, which may influence future practitioner performance and client outcomes.  This self-care exercise is designed to promote awareness and acceptance among counselors and counselors-in-training, as well as among clients, through use of a mindfulness-oriented written self-disclosure task that may facilitate meaning-making, and may enhance psychological well-being and therapeutic efficacy.  It aligns with CACREP and ACA Code of Ethics standards addressing counselor self-care as a necessary facet of ethical practice.

The theme of self-cultivation closely relates to the theme of self-knowledge, a topic which has recently engaged many analytical philosophers. In these concluding remarks, we will discuss the connection of self-cultivation to self-knowledge, focusing especially on substantial self-knowledge: knowledge of such things as one's own values, character traits, and what makes one happy. Substantial self-knowledge is an important theme in ancient philosophy, and in the work of later figures such as Spinoza, Nietzsche, and Foucault. The main aim will be to clarify the relationship, if indeed there is one, between substantial self-knowledge and what the authors in this volume refer to as self-cultivation. In Self-Knowledge for Humans (2014), Cassam argues that although contemporary philosophers often focus on what could be called 'trivial' selfknowledge (such as access to my current mental states, or the question of how I know whether I'm wearing socks), it is also possible to construct an account of 'substantial' self-knowledge which is philosophically interesting. When various contributors to this volume claim that self-knowledge is an important requirement for self-cultivation, they interpret self-knowledge as substantial self-knowledge, i.e. knowledge of one's own values, character traits, and what makes one happy, rather than the relatively mundane claims regarding my mental states. We believe these authors are right to regard substantial self-knowledge as meriting serious philosophical attention. The neglect of substantial self-knowledge in contemporary philosophy should therefore be deplored, and we should ask: how did this sad state of affairs come about? This question will be revisited at the end of this epilogue. Understanding the connection between self-cultivation and self-knowledge requires us to address three clusters of questions:

This dissertation aims at correlating the use of the self with the social work field. The self was amalgamated with the social work profession as it is the main instrument used by social workers (Kaushik, 2017). A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was carried out. Ten social workers were interviewed and questioned about their personal experiences working in the field. In total, five different themes were identified, through the conducted interviews. The first theme looked at the participants’ personal characteristics which have helped them in their work as social workers. The second theme which emerged shed light on the skills which have been found most useful in this field, especially during client interventions. The third theme expressed the importance of adopting values which are intrinsic to the social work profession, in order to provide an adequate service to the clients. Despite no direct questions about it being asked, self-awareness was emphasised as fundamental by all the participants, as this characteristic was found useful to develop awareness of one’s own perceptions and mental schemas. In the fourth theme, the respondents outlined certain challenges which arise on the field, such as burnout, boundaries, countertransference and transference and pondering about service users after office hours. The final theme which emerged diverted its focus towards implementing coping strategies such as supervision and the significant need of developing self-care techniques. The main recommendation which was outlined is the importance of developing self-care techniques, both as social work students and when becoming social workers.

Keywords: the self, social workers, personal characteristics, values, skills, social work challenges, supportive techniques

This essay engages Gandhi’s thought in two staged conversations.  The first brings his writings on dietary self-cultivation into conversation with contemporary discourses of food politics.  The second brings his preoccupation with self-care into conversation with Foucault’s later work on practices of the self. Gandhi and Foucault's respective conceptualizations of self-care might productively supplement one another while responding to the peculiar pathologies of neoliberalism.  Foucault’s “practices of the self” contain friendly amendments that allow us to understand Gandhi’s yogic self-control as a response to power relations; while Gandhi’s call to political action ensures that work on the self is not overly-individualized or apolitical.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to design an Iranian cultural adaptable questionnaire for the
assessment of self-care in the elderly.
Methods & Materials This methodological study was conducted in 2 phases. In the first phase, items
and primary categories of the new instrument were identified from the review of the studies based on
Orem’s theory. In the second phase, the psychometric properties of the instrument such as face validity,
content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency were determined. In this phase, 225 elderly
people in Uremia City, Iran were randomly selected from nursing homes and the Elderly Center of Uremia
to participate in the study.
Results Forty-five items of the questionnaire were identified from the review of the studies based on
Orem’s theory. After determining face and content validity in qualitative and quantitative terms, the
questionnaire items reduced to 40. The results of the exploratory factor analysis on the questionnaire
indicated the existence of 5 factors. These 5 factors explained nearly 79.936% of the variance of the
questionnaire. Also, the internal consistency (Cronbach α) was 0.864.
Conclusion Based on the results, we concluded that the assessment self-care questionnaire for the elderly
with 40 items appears to be a promising tool and provides reliable and valid data helping to determine
elderly self-care in different settings such as clinical setting and research environments by health
care providers.

Background: As for high prevalence and incidence of heart failure, it can impose huge
health, economic, and social burden on society. Education and self-care are important aspects
of management in patients with heart failure, which can control the disease complications.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of family-centered education approach on self-care
behaviors of the patients with heart failure.
Methods: This research is a randomized clinical trial. The study has been conducted on 72
patients with heart failure hospitalized in Shahid Rajai cardiovascular, medical, and research
center, Tehran, Iran, in 2015. Patients were randomly assigned into the intervention (familycentered)
and control groups. The self-care behaviors were measured before and two months
after intervention using questionnaires of the self-care behaviors. Data analysis was done using
paired t test and independent t test by SPSS.
Results: Before intervention, mean (SD) values of self-care scores were 23.88 (4.71) and 21.50
(3.30) in the control and family-centered groups, respectively, with no statistically significant
difference between two groups (P=0.064). Two months after the intervention, mean (SD)
values of self-care scores in control and intervention groups were 22.94 (4.71) and 42.31 (4.60),
respectively. Statistical analysis showed that self-care behaviors in the family-centered group had
a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Education with family-centered approach has a positive impact on the self-care
behavior of patients with heart failure. With regard to our culture and the importance of family, it
is suggested that this approach be used in addition to other training methods to improve self-care
behaviors in patients with chronic diseases such as heart failure.

Background: The aging population is undoubtedly an optimum success created by changes in mortality decline, as well as social and economic processes. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between personality-based psychological well-being variables and the mediation of self-care, spiritual experiences, and death anxiety. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present correlational study included all elderly individuals, who were being taken care of in private and public centers in Tehran, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. A total of 300 elderly people (76 males and 224 females) were selected by the systematic stratified random sampling method. Ryff's psychological well-being inventory, daily spiritual experiences scale, and NEO five-factor personality traits inventory were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by SPSS V. 22 and Amos 22, using multiple regression, path analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: Personality variables (five-factor) predicted psychological well-being. Personality variables both directly and indirectly had a significant relationship with psychological well-being through spirituality and death anxiety. Conclusion: The predictive model of elderly psychological well-being based on personality with the mediation of self-care, spiritual experiences, and death anxiety has fitness.

This article is based on the author’s PhD thesis at the University of
Newcastle Australia. The study is a product of original research. The
original contribution of the study includes the first historical
literature review on creativity in social work practice. The study also
contributes by theorizing on the dimensions and process of creativity
in social work practice. In this article, the author focused on results
and portions of the theorizing relevant to mental health and self-care.
It contributes to knowledge of self-care as preparation for creative
practice, and overall, understanding the role of creativity in social
work practice. Purpose: This paper discusses part of the findings of
the author’s graduate thesis research at the University of Newcastle,
NSW ‘Articulating creativity in social work practice’. It aims to
describe how self-care and health, as part of the preparation for
creative practice, assists in the promotion of mental health both for
the practitioner and the service user. The paper aims to give an
overview of the factors that promote and inhibit creativity in social
work but focuses on the personal and professional factors where selfcare and health are discussed. Subsequently, it introduces the form
of creativity that social workers identified in the study and focuses
on the integrative-reflexive level and presents a beginning theory
how self-care and health are related to creative practice. Methods
and Procedures: The author interviewed 18 social workers from 8
countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Israel, New
Zealand, UK and US) using Skype as medium and asked of their
understanding of creativity, ideas of creative practice, how social
workers are creative in their work, meanings of creativity, conditions
for creativity, valuing creativity, and factors holding creativity in the
margins. The author introduced creative critical phenomenology
which combined phenomenology and critical realism to highlight the
lived experiences of the participants on creativity and self-care and
explain the connection of self-care and mental health to creativity in
social work practice by re-examining literature on creativity and self-care. New Results: All participants revealed a paradox behind
the facilitating and hindering factors of creativity in social work
practice. Participants identified wellbeing and mental health as one
of the major factors that could influence the practitioner’s creativity.
Several participants experienced being most creative during periods
of optimum health. Conclusions: Self-care as preparation for
creative practice is achieved through the combination of the use of
personhood, engaging in creative activities, healthy living, and
developing creative habits. Self-care and being healthy help prepare
the social worker for creative practice and at the same time creative
practice leads the social worker to self-care and creative living. This
paper provides recommendations for practitioners in developing
creative habits and mental health in preparing for creative practice
and discusses implications for human and social development. In
turn, it shows how 10 habits of creative social workers promote
mental health and self-care.

El presente artículo da cuenta de los procesos de autoatención en la vejez avanzada, en localidades rurales del sur de Chile. La autoatención, en este caso, responde también a un contexto más amplio de provisión de cuidados a la vejez en el espacio doméstico. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, se utilizó una estrategia etnográfica para la aproximación al conocimiento de las experiencias de envejecer, desde la longevidad. Esta aproximación permitió obtener datos desde las propias personas longevas y sus familiares, en sus palabras, y de su conducta observable y sus interacciones en contextos familiares, sociales e institucionales. Se busca comprender cómo el fenómeno de la autoatención se configura en la ruralidad para atender los padecimientos de sujetos de más de 90 años de edad. Los resultados dan cuenta de que las transformaciones de las estructuras familiares producto de los cambios sociales y demográficos de las últimas décadas, así como la relación que las personas longevas y sus cuidadores establecen con la institucionalidad de salud, y las trayectorias biográficas de medicalización de estos sujetos, son factores importantes en la configuración de la autoatención en un contexto de longevidad en la ruralidad. Tanto la realidad familiar como la institucional se conjugan en procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención a través de la configuración de la autoatención. Examinar los padecimientos en la longevidad permitió acceder a las dimensiones personales, sociales y colectivas de la autoatención y la provisión de cuidados en esta etapa de la vida.

Abstract: This article describes the processes of self-care practiced by people of a very old age in rural localities in southern Chile. Self-care, in this case, is also a response to a wider context of the provision of home care for the elderly. Using a qualitative approach, we implemented an ethnographic strategy to study the experiences of aging and longevity. This approach allowed us to obtain data from the long-lived individuals themselves and their families, in their own words, and their observable behavior and interactions in family, social and institutional contexts. The present article aims to understand how the phenomenon of self-care is shaped in rural areas in order to deal with illness in subjects aged 90 or more. The results show that the transformations of family structures resulting from the social and demographic changes of the last decades; the relationship that long-lived people and their caregivers establish with health institutions, and the biographical trajectories of medicalization of these subjects are important factors in shaping the nature of self-care in the context of longevity in rural areas. The reality of both the family and the relevant institutions combine to play a role in processes of health/illness/care through the shaping of self-care. Examining illnesses long-lived persons suffer from allowed us to gain insights into the personal, social and collective dimensions of self-care and the provision of healthcare at that stage of life.

Resumo: O presente artigo evidencia os processos de autoatenção na idade avançada, em áreas rurais do sul do Chile. Nesse caso, a autoatenção responde também a um contexto mais amplo de prestação de cuidados na velhice no espaço doméstico. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, foi utilizada uma estratégia etnográfica para a aproximação ao conhecimento das experiências de envelhecer, desde a longevidade. Essa aproximação permitiu obter dados das próprias pessoas idosas e de seus familiares, em suas palavras, e de seu comportamento observável e suas interações em contextos familiares, sociais e institucionais. Pretende-se compreender como o fenômeno da autoatenção se configura na ruralidade para atender aos padecimentos de sujeitos com mais de 90 anos de idade. Os resultados demonstram que as transformações das estruturas familiares, produto das mudanças sociais e demográficas das últimas décadas, bem como a relação que as pessoas longevas e seus cuidadores estabelecem com a institucionalidade de saúde, e as trajetórias biográficas de medicalização desses sujeitos são fatores importantes na configuração da autoatenção num contexto de longevidade em áreas rurais. Tanto a realidade familiar quanto a institucional são conjugadas em processos de saúde-doença-atenção por meio da configuração da autoatenção. Avaliar os padecimentos na longevidade permitiu ter acesso às dimensões pessoais, sociais e coletivas da autoatenção e da prestação de cuidados nessa etapa da vida.

In this article, I used Black feminist–womanist storytelling to weave together stories from my childhood and early years on the tenure track to illuminate how Black female language and literacy practices and the strongblackwoman trope develop across a life span. Through these stories, I illustrate how I existed, resisted, and persisted during my first 3 years on the tenure track as a Black woman and emerging language and literacy scholar with a family. This research is significant as scholarship that centers Black women literacy researchers' lived experiences is missing from the field. As such, this work contributes to presenting a fuller narrative of Black women literacy researchers' experiences and working lives within and beyond the academy. This research also expands the field's knowledge of what counts as literacy research by understanding the complex racial and gendered life span literacies of a literacy researcher of color. It is important for institutions and organizations to consider the knowledge, experiences, and stories I include in this article as recommendations to sustain Black women in academic spaces and shift the culture of academia to better support Black women's work and journeys.

В статье анализируется автобиография знаменитого русского философа, богослова и учёного Павла Флоренского, а также те его тексты, которые сохраняют следы воспоминаний о прошлом. Согласно убеждению Флоренского, личная биография опирается на историю рода и продолжается в детях. Своим детям он и адресует собственную биографию. Воспоминания, основанные на дневниковых записях, оформлены как дневник памяти, то есть как материал для будущих воспоминаний. В автобиографии прошлое становится актуальным, превращается в разновидность настоящего времени. Прошлое, с точки зрения своей реализации в настоящем, получает осмысленность и значимость. Автор активен в отношении собственного прошлого, превращая его из набора разрозненных фактов в последовательность событий. Только с дистанции человек может видеть подлинный смысл таких событий. Поэтому философ помнит не столько обстоятельства своей жизни, сколько внутренние впечатления от встречи с реальностью. Наиболее сильные впечатления, формирующие личность, связаны с детством. Даже момент рождения может решающим образом повлиять на склад характера человека и круг его интересов. Именно в детстве закладываются основы мировоззрения личности. Флоренский не просто пишет воспоминания о себе, но и старается при этом анализировать проблемы времени и памяти. Человек погружён в течение времени, но способен перемещаться в прошлое благодаря памяти и в будущее благодаря вере. Автобиография никогда не может быть написана до конца, потому что её автор продолжает жить. Однако, достигая глубин жизни, он способен так выстроить свой путь, чтобы в конце этого пути соединиться с полнотой времён, с вечностью.

The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The author is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a sequence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes memoirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobiography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

The paper studies two fundamentally different forms in which the concept of care makes its comeback in twentieth-century thought. We make use of a distinction made by Peter Sloterdijk, who argues that the ancient and medieval ‘ascetic’ ideal of self-enhancement through practice has re-emerged in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, particularly in the form of a rehabilitation of the Hellenistic notion of self-care (epimeleia heautou) in Michel Foucault’s late ethics. Sloterdijk contrasts this return of self-care with Martin Heidegger’s concept of being-in-the-world as ‘total care’ (Sorge), an utterly ‘secularized’ understanding of the human being as irreducibly world-embedded that rejects the classical ascetic ideal of world-secession. We examine further the historical roots and emergence of these contrasting contemporary reappropriations of care in the Western tradition of thought and show them to be rooted in two different ontologies and ethics of the self as either world-secluded or world-immersed, autonomous or constitutively relational. The historical point of divergence of these two approaches to care, we argue, can be found in the Christian transformation of Hellenistic ethics.

Objective: this study aimed to assess of self-care activities among diabetic patients' type II and to find out the relationship between self-care activities and their demographic and clinical data. Methodology:Descriptive Cross-Sectional Design was adopted in the current study in order to assess of self-care activities among diabetic patient type II. A Non-Probability (Purposive Sample) of (200) Diabetes Mellitus patients with type II. Data collected through using of a well-designed questionnaire consist of three parts, part I consists of demographic data , part II consists of clinical data , and part III consists of self-care activities , Data collected by direct interview method with diabetic patients'. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and Inferential Data Analysis. Results: The findings indicate that the patients' responses are high at medications domain. Poor at the exercise and monitoring domains. In addition, moderate at the remaining domains. also there is a highly significant relationship between the patients (self-care activities) and their (levels of education, treatment, health education, sources of health education, complications). while there is a non-significant relationship with remaining demographic and clinical data.Conclusion: The study conclude that moderate self-care activities is the main level for most of the patients. Also study concludes that large number of the patient with TIIDM have cardiovascular diseases as a complication that can affect their self-care activities. Recommendation: The study recommends an education program should be designed and implemented to increase patient's information about self-care regimen for diabetes mellitus in order to reduce or prevent complications.

Self-care skills are one of the independent life skills, the foundations of which are laid during the preschool period, and which should be acquired by children at an early age. It is important for children to use their self-care skills in order to get involved and gain acceptance into society. Today, the importance given to the constructivist approach, that children are active in the learning process and that new information is built into previous learning, has also become apparent in preschool period. Thus, it has become important for children to express their opinions about their own life skills. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the opinions of preschool children about self-care skills, part of the independent life skills of children. A qualitative, phenomenological research design was used in the study. The universe of the study consisted of children aged 5-6 years old, who were in independent preschools in the city center of Malatya Province; the sample of the study consisted of 60 children who were selected from the universe using the random sampling method. The data were collected in two ways: visually and in written form. The data were analyzed by using the methods of descriptive analysis and content analysis; NVivo software was also used. As a result, more than half of the children were found to pay attention to not eating junk food; to realizing the importance of washing their hands; to showing concern about gathering their toys in terms of neatness; the children were also found to have difficulties tightening or loosening their shoelaces. Also, they were careful about selecting a safe seat on the school bus.

Right after the presentation of Hyginus’s fable in §42 of Being and Time comes a note in which Heidegger affirms that the orientation about care as the being of Dasein (§41) arose in the context of the interpretation of Augustinian anthropology and the foundations obtained by the analysis of Aristotelian ontology. Why such a mention and why is it placed precisely after proving the pre-ontological origin of care as the being of Dasein? Assuming such problem, this paper does not aim only at offering a reading key that justifies such note, but at presenting the importance of the factical and pre-ontological aspects presented, respectively, in Book X of The Confessions of Augustine and in the fable of Hyginus for Heidegger&#39;s elaboration of care as an ontological category. For this purpose, three lecture courses will be assumed, especially: Augustine and Neo-Platonism (1921), which will make it possible to perceive the always factical aspect of care, thus evidencing the historical en...

Although patients who undergo weight‐loss surgery (WLS/bariatric surgery) must follow severe eating restrictions in a manner similar to that of dieting, professionals strive to demarcate distinctions between the approaches and methods of WLS and diet. Drawing from ethnographic research, this study focuses on the content and interpretative dimensions of professionals' boundary work as well as its meaning and implications for patients. The post‐surgical body is revealed as a site of dispute. Professionals portray the logic of diet as one that assumes individuals ought to discipline themselves – and not ‘give in’ to pleasure – in order to achieve an ideal body. In contrast, WLS is depicted as a more advanced and balanced method that negotiates pleasure and control. Professionals construct boundaries by shifting the causes for obesity from the individual to the context, by expanding the meaning of success and by portraying food as healing. These findings join recent critical literature that shows that the lived experiences of care practices contest the prevailing framing of obesity care as solely about exerting disciplinary power and control. WLS professionals negotiate fat stigma and question dominant discourses regarding body size, thin ideals and responsibility.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a disorder associated with obesity. Compared with men, postmenopausal women are at higher risk of being affected by this chronic disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of self-care education program on anthropometric indicators in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.

Abstract: The article presents the results of research on the relationship between social support and self-care of people with
myocardial infarction. 127 patients treated in a rehabilitation centre participated in the study. The Inventory of Socially
Supportive Behaviours (ISSB) and the Self-care Questionnaire (KTS) developed by the author, were used. The findings
suggest that persons receiving little support are characterised by lower level of self-care than people with medium and
high level of support. No such difference was noted between people with medium and high support level. This suggests that
social support is of considerable importance for the changes in the level of self-care only in the case of people previously
receiving little support. The research also indicates that informational support is related to higher level of self-care
whereas instrumental support is related to lower level of self-care. Emotional support was significant only for the care
for social functioning.
Key words: social support, self-care, myocardial infarction

The elderly are exposed to psychological and social harms due to various physical, occupational, and social limitations and the symptoms of depression are common during this period that can increase their vulnerability. Consequently, The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and emotion efficacy therapy on the level of depression and self-care ability in non-clinical depressed elderly. The design of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included all the elderly with depressive symptoms who were members of Jahangidegan House of Sari, Iran in 2019, Among whom, 45 were selected using purposive sampling method as well as inclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two experimental and one control group (15 people in each group). The experimental groups underwent eight 90-minute metacognitive therapy and emotion efficacy therapy. Data collection tools included Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage et al.) and the Elderly Self-Care Questionnaire (Hemati maslak pak & Hashemloo). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS-21 software. The results showed that metacognitive therapy and emotion efficacy therapy are effective in improving depressive symptoms and self-care ability of non-clinical depressed elderly (P <0.05), but there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatments. According to the results of this study, metacognitive therapy and emotion efficacy therapy can be effective interventions in improving depressive symptoms and strengthening self-care ability in the depressed elderly.

The process of aging seems inevitable to all living creatures, including humans. Self-care and life expectancy are two main concepts in aging and have good results in providing, maintaining and promoting elderly health. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral activation intervention in increasing self-care behaviors and life expectancy in the elderly. A quasi-experimental research method with pretest, posttest and control group with a 3-month follow-up was used in this study. The statistical population of the study included all elderly people over 60 in Tehran. The participants included 24 individuals and were selected through purposive method according to the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (n=12). The experimental group received 8 sessions of behavioral activation intervention and the control group did not receive any intervention. Hemmati Maslak Pak's questionnaire on the self-care ability of the elderly and Schneider's life expectancy questionnaire were used to collect the required data. Finally, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 software in two levels of descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate analysis of covariance). Statistical results showed the significant effectiveness of behavioral activation intervention on increasing the life expectancy of the elderly and increasing their self-care behaviors; these results were consistent after a 3-month follow-up (p < 0.05). According to the findings of the study, behavioral activation intervention can be considered as one of the effective psychological interventions in increasing self-care behaviors and life expectancy in the elderly.

Introduction: One of the factors which increase the rehabilitation efficacy and accelerate the convalescence and return to society of the patients after myocardial infarction may be the self-care attitude. Therefore it seems justifiable to seek such factors which will affect the self-care level. Self-estimation belongs to the most important determinants of coping efficacy and undertaking health behaviours. Considering that health behaviours may be treated as a behavioural manifestation of
the self-care attitude, it is probable that the correlation between the self-image and self-care attitude appears to be strong.
Aim: The aim of the research was determination of the strength of the correlation between the level of self-image and selfcare attitude as well as the care types in patients after myocardial infarction. Methods: The study involved 127 persons who had myocardial infarction for the first time and did not undergo any other severe concomitant illnesses. The study covered 28 women and 99 men aged from 39 to 81, with the average age 57.74. The study consisted in completing the KTS questionnaire measuring the self-care level and OS questionnaire measuring the self-image level. The results were analysed statistically
and discussed. Results: Analysis of the levels of self-care and self-image in patients after myocardial infarction showed a strong correlation between those variables at the 0.01 significance level. It is a linear correlation which means that the higher the self-image level, the higher the self-care level. This rule applies to each of the care dimensions, i.e. responsibility, involvement and future perspective as well as each of the types of self-care.
Conclusions: The research indicated a strong correlation between the self-care level and types and the self-image level in those who underwent myocardial infarction. It appeared that the higher the self-image level after myocardial infarction, the higher the self-care level and the fuller
the self-care. Therefore the self-acceptance level should be increased in the patient, because in the case of those who underwent myocardial infarction it is extremely important for development of the self-care attitude. A change in the self-image from negative into positive may be directly translated into an increase in the self-care level.

Background: Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) or insulin-dependent diabetes is the most common endocrine disease of childhood and adolescence. Self-management is the ultimate goal of nursing in children with diabetes is and gives a sense of control over disease to children and their families.
Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of self-care education on self-management behaviors of children with T1D.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 68 children with T1D were participated and divided randomly into two groups of intervention (n=34) and control (n=34). The intervention group received self-care education by face-to-face and telephone for 10 weeks. The data were collected using a demographic form and the Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents questionnaire which was completed before and after the intervention. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V.16 software using descriptive statistics and inferential tests including paired t-test and ANCOVA.
Findings: The majority of children were girls (70.59%‌ in intervention group and 55.88% in the control group). There was a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores of self-management (P<0.001) and between the two groups in self-management scores after intervention (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Self-care education can improve the self-management skills of school-age children with T1D, which can lead to reduced economic costs, disability and mortality rates and increased the lifespan.

The American College of Physicians' position paper on state physician health programs (PHPs) claims to have the best interests of physicians at heart. However, this is difficult to believe when the authors do not inform physicians of their rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to be free from unwarranted medical inquiries and referrals to
PHPs for evaluation. We suspect that state PHPs (as well as associated medical boards) have repeatedly failed to notify physicians of these rights in part because this legislation provides clear rules that would prevent many unwarranted referrals to these programs.

Background: In a context where there is no treatment for the current COVID-19 virus, the combination of self-care behaviours together with confinement, are strategies to decrease the risk of contagion and remain healthy. However, there are no self-care measures to screen self-care activities in general population and which, could be briefly in a lockdown situation. This research aims to build and validate a psychometric tool to screen self-care activities in general population. Methods: Firstly, an exploratory factor analysis was performed in a sample of 226 participants to discover the underlying factorial structure and to reduce the number of items in the original tool into a significant pool of items related to self-care. Later a confirmatory factor analyses were performed in a new sample of 261 participants to test for the fit and goodness of factor solutions. Internal validity, reliability, and convergent validity between its score with perceived stress and psychological well-being measures were examined on this sample. Results: The exploratory analyses suggested a four-factor solution, corresponding to health consciousness, nutrition and physical activity, sleep, and intra-personal and inter-personal coping skills (14 items). Then, the four-factor structure was confirmed as the best model fit for self-care activities. The tool demonstrated good reliability, predictive validity of individuals' perception of coping with COVID-19 lockdown, and convergent validity with well-being and perceived stress. Conclusions: This screening tool could be helpful to address future evaluations and interventions to promote healthy behaviours. Likewise, this tool can be targeted to specific population self-care's needs during a scalable situation.

Computer generated self-care advice systems are used in health care to support self-management and to respond to an increasing demand for care. Web-based triage is an innovative system aimed at empowering patients and saving costs while maintaining the same or better quality of care. Such systems consist of a symptom driven questionnaire for minor ailments based on the criteria: high frequency, no physical contact required to assess medical situation, and the possibility to rule out emergencies. We evaluated the feasibility of such a system for self-care. A retrospective analysis was carried out among 6538 patients by investigating the frequencies of complaints that have been entered to the system and the frequencies of the kinds of generated advice; online surveys (n=192) based on behavioral theories were held to determine factors influencing compliance with generated self-care advice. Web-based triage can promote selfmanagement for minor ailments, especially for patients who have a positive attitude towards computer-generated advice. This positive attitude leads to intentions to follow up the advice and to actual follow up. To reduce unnecessary doctors' visits and to lower health care costs the system has to be brought more in to line with users' needs because the systems are more medical driven than user-centered.

Drawing on science and technology studies (STS), and specifically the concept of infrastructure as conceptualised by , this paper argues and empirically demonstrates that self-care may be considered a practice that is thoroughly sociotechnical, material, distributed and de-centred. Comparing the practices related to medication in the treatment of asthma, type 2 diabetes and haemophilia, we show that in practice there is no 'self' in self-care. More specifically, the 'self' in self-care is an actor who is highly dependent on, and intertwined with infrastructures of care, in order to be self-caring. Infrastructures of care are the more or less embedded 'tracks' along which care may 'run', shaping and being shaped by actors and settings along the way. Obtaining prescriptions, going to the pharmacy, bringing medication home and administering it as parts of daily life are commonplace activities embedded in the fabric of life, especially for those living with a chronic condition. However, this procurement and emplacement of medication involves the establishment and ongoing enactment of infrastructures of care, that is, the connections between various actors and locations that establish caring spaces and caring selves.

"Objective: Everyday challenges to “live well” with a rare disorder, anorectal anomaly, was the starting point to design a social-software environment, called RareICT, to help patients and family members in their everyday, additional un-paid work.

Participants: Persons with the rare disorder, family members and health providers were recruited to elaborate challenges to daily living given this condition.

Methods: An exploratory study was designed, and we set up a series of participatory design workshops to explore challenges to everyday living with a rare medical condition.

Results: Anorectal anomaly has few visible outward signs, and is often surrounded with secrecies. Findings shed light on efforts to maintain physical functioning, psychosocial and emotional wellbeing. For an affected person to “live well” modifications to everyday routines, along with management work, support work and planning work are required. Accumulating practical strategies, everyday experiences and knowledge, along with virtual access to peers may augment such health maintenance work if integrity, accountability and trust, confidentiality and privacy are maintained.

Conclusion: A social-software environment was set up to offer co-evolving content and augment health-related decision-making at home. To evaluate the project will focus on interest in maintaining participation determined and how users benefit from services such as RareICT."

This study compared 3 models of association between personality, personal model beliefs, and self-care in a cross-sectional design. These models were as follows: (a) Emotional stability determines self-care indirectly through personal model beliefs, and conscientiousness is a direct predictor of self-care; (b) emotional stability determines self-care indirectly through personal model beliefs, and conscientiousness moderates the association between beliefs and self-care; (c) both emotional stability and conscientiousness determine self-care indirectly through personal model beliefs. Participants ( N = 358, aged 12—30 years) with Type 1 diabetes completed measures of personality, personal model beliefs, and self-care. Structural equation modeling indicated that Model C was the best fit to the data.

Sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon palvelujen eheyttäminen on nousemassa keskeiseksi teemaksi yhteiskunnallisessa keskustelussa ja tutkimuksessa sekä käytännön kehitystyössä. Espoon terveyskeskuksessa kehitetyn pitkäaikaissairaiden hoidon eheyttämiseen tähtäävän omahoitomallin ja siihen sisältyvien välineiden käyttöönoton voidaan odottaa muuttavan hoitosuhdetta. Jotta tätä muutosta voidaan ymmärtää eri toimijoiden näkökulmasta, esitämme tässä artikkelissa kehittämämme analyysivälineen, jonka avulla analysoimme hoidon kohteen ja välineiden käytön laajenemista. Esitämme alustavia tuloksia omahoitomallin käytöstä mallin kehittäjien, työntekijöiden ja potilaiden näkökulmista sekä tarkastelemme, miten omahoitomalli välittää asiakaslähtöisyyttä.
Tutkimuksemme toiminnanteoreettisena lähtökohtana on Vygotskyn (1978) välittyneisyyden käsite, jonka mukaan tekijän ja kohteen suhde on sosiaalisesti, kulttuurisesti ja historiallisesti välittynyttä. Tähän perustuen oppimista ja kehitystä on mielekästä tutkia kulttuuristen artefaktien käyttöönoton ja käytön näkökulmasta. Kehittämämme analyysikehikon avulla tarkastelemme välineen eli omahoitomallin välittämän toiminnan laajuutta ja siihen liittyvää kehittävää potentiaalia kahdella ulottuvuudella. Ensinnäkin tarkastelemme, keiden toimintaa väline palvelee ja mikä on välineen merkitys hoidon eri osapuolille. Toiseksi tarkastelemme, mitä varten väline on käytössä ja minkälaista toiminnan kohdetta sitä käyttämällä voidaan hallita. Analyysin löydösten
valossa tarkastelemme, minkälaista asiakaslähtöisyyttä omahoitomalli ja sen käyttö välittävät. Tutkimusaineistoa olemme keränneet havainnoimalla ja videoimalla pitkäaikaissairaiden potilaiden (N=27) vuosikäyntejä terveyden- ja sairaanhoitajien vastaanotolla sekä haastattelemalla kehittäjiä, potilaita ja työntekijöitä.
Analyysimme perusteella omahoitomalli tarjoaa lupaavia asiakaslähtöisyyden näkymiä, joita tarkastelemme kolmen temaattisen esimerkin avulla: (1) vuosikäynti omahoidon välittäjänä, (2) potilaiden vastuu omahoidosta ja sen tavoitteista sekä (3) omahoitomalli potilaan arjen välittäjänä. Sekä potilaiden että työntekijöiden näkemyksissä tulee esiin se, että välineiden käyttöönotto on tuonut hoitosuhteeseen sellaisia elintapoja ja elämäntilanteita koskevia aiheita, tavoitteita ja kohteita, joiden käsittely ei pirstoutuneessa terveydenhuollossa yleensä ole mahdollista. Samalla on kuitenkin ilmeistä, että uuden mallin käyttöönotto myös synnyttää uusia tarpeita ja jännitteitä. Malli ja sen välineet eivät ole valmiita, vaan muuntuvat jatkuvasti käytössä.

AVAINSANAT: asiakaslähtöisyys, kulttuurinen artefakti, omahoito, pitkäaikaissairauden hoito, väline, välittyneisyys

El autocuidado de la salud constituye un primer escalón esencial en el mantenimiento de la salud y, en general, de la calidad de la vida de cada persona. Pero, además, cada vez es mayor la evidencia de que un adecuado autocuidado reduce la incidencia de patologías graves que suponen un elevado coste en recursos a nuestro sistema sanitario y la promoción de medidas que lo favorezcan constituye un objetivo de todos los gobiernos de los países desarrollados. Un adecuado autocuidado exige una educación sanitaria básica de la población en la que están implicados todos los agentes sanitarios, tanto las autoridades como los profesionales; en este sentido, el farmacéutico tiene una particular responsabilidad, dada su situación privilegiada de accesibilidad a los pacientes y al conjunto de la población, así como por su condición de experto del medicamento. Un autocuidado racional y seguro se fundamenta en un ciudadano bien informado y debidamente asesorado para que pueda asumir con garantías la responsabilidad sobre su propia salud.

Clinical chaplains are exposed to varying degrees of suffering and are not exempt from suffering themselves. This study took a phenomenological approach to examining self-compassion among 11 clinical chaplains, all of which had suffered from personal and/or professional hardships while providing spiritual care to medical staff, patients, and families. The three elements of self-compassion are mindfulness, self-kindness, and common humanity. Results showed that clinical chaplains’ understanding of the aspects of self-compassion are limited or non-existent. Participants in this study ardently shared their experiences as they related to self-care activities during times of personal hardship. However, the intentional implementation of self-compassion practice was not displayed in these narratives.The need for education in this area would prove to enhance self-awareness and overall self-care within the profession of clinical chaplaincy.

El artículo sostiene que el intelectual posmoderno no aconseja, legisla ni profetiza ciertos poderes, al contrario, su labor más que reinar es gobernarse a sí mismo y a los otros. Formar al intelectual de hoy en el ejercicio de la justicia y el poder es la tesis a defender.

This article or document support that the postmodern intellectual does not adviSe, legislates or prophesies certain powers, to the contrary, his work is more than rule to govern themselves and others. Shape to intellectual of today in the exercise of justice and power,.lt's the thesis to defend.

BACKGROUND: Stress, anxiety, and depression are common psychological problems in prostatic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of designed self-care educational program on anxiety, stress, and depression in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing prostate surgery. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study including 33 participants in the intervention group and 34 participants in the control group. During the study demographic data and the rate of stress, anxiety, and depression were measured. In the intervention group, self-care educational program was presented in two sessions and was followed up one month after surgery. Stress, anxiety, and depression were measured before surgery, and during and one month after discharge using DASS-21, which is a standard questionnaire. Later data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Participants in the study were between 45-80 years of age. Student's independent t-test before the intervention revealed no significant difference in mean score of stress (P = 0.684), anxiety (P = 0.937), and depression (P = 0.727) between the two groups. Mean score of stress and anxiety significantly reduced in the intervention group on discharge (stress: P = 0.031, anxiety: P = 0.043), and a month after the operation (stress: P ≤ 0.001, anxiety: P = 0.016). However, mean score of depression revealed no significant difference on discharge (P = 0.514), and a month after operation (P = 0.221). CONCLUSION: The results showed that designed self-care educational program was effective in stress and anxiety reduction in patients under prostate surgery. Citation: Beyramijam M, Anoosheh M, Mohammadi E. Effect of designed self-care educational program on anxiety, stress, and depression in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing prostate surgery. Chron Dis J 2013; 1(2): 55-62.

El presente artículo pretende mostrar: 1) que la praxis filosófica epicúrea, con sus postulados conceptuales, son en gran medida aceptados por Nietzsche y afines a él; 2) que ese reconocimiento hacia Epicuro tiene que ver con su modelo de vida eudemonista, presentista y menos intelectualizante que el socrático-platónico; 3) que, aun desde la concepción nietzscheana de una cierta filosofía griega en cuanto vía de decadencia antiartística, el quehacer epicúreo se considera un programa de afirmación vital, capaz de soslayar en parte el carácter opresivo de la racionalidad y de conciliar al ser humano con la felicidad y la plenitud corporales. Para ello, se esboza el tratamiento nietzscheano de Sócrates con su doble perspectiva; se estudia la propuesta de cuidado anímico que hizo el maestro de Platón, inspiradora de la filosofía helenística, cuando el griego se convierte en individuo, súbdito y se recluye en sí mismo; se investiga luego la presencia y la doble consideración de Epicuro en las obras de Nietzsche, y se analizan, por último, los rasgos notables del cuidado anímico epicúreo y su recepción valorativa por parte del filósofo alemán, tomando en consideración la filiación socrática y los puntos de convergencia o divergencia que muestran los programas filosóficos del tábano y del samio.

Background and objective: The 1 to 2 hours for the first 24 hours after surgical operation is a crucial time to perform patient care. The study aimed to assess and compare quality of immediate post operation nursing care for patients undergoing surgeries in the public and private hospitals in Erbil City. 
Methods: A comparative study design was conducted on non-probability and purposive sample of 106 nurses (53 nurses of public hospitals and 53 nurses from private hospitals) in the surgical unit in all public and some private hospitals in Erbil city. The data was col- lected between February and July, 2019 by direct observation and using an observational questionnaire.
Results: The majority of the nurses were young adults who had graduated from a nursing institute who were of middle income and lived in an urban area. The duration of experi- ence as a nurse was between 1 to 10 years. The majority of the nurses (98.1%) in the pub- lic hospitals they practiced poor nursing care practice, while most of the nurses (69.8) in the private hospitals practiced good nursing care practices. Very high significant differ- ence found between immediate post operation nursing care in public and private hospi- tals (P <0.000). 
Conclusion: The study concluded that; postoperative nursing care is very important to improve health services, but the quality of the nursing care in the public hospitals as a generally was very poor when compared with the private hospitals. We recommended improving their skills by implementation job description, opening training course and monitoring of the nurses as well as awareness and follow-up.
Keywords: Quality of Immediate Postoperative; Nursing Care; Patient; Public Hospitals; Private Hospitals.

Psychological distress is especially common with any cancer diagnosis. This study examined the psychological distress in a cohort of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. A longitudinal study of a cohort of women (n=147) diagnosed with breast cancer (within the past 1 year), were conducted at University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Data were collected at baseline and at post 4-week intervention. Analysis of variance was conducted to examine for any significant differences in the change-scores between the experimental group (n=69) and the control group (n=78). Using the change scores, analysis of variances shows significant differences between groups for stress, F(1,140) =13.68, p<0.0001, anxiety, F(1,140) = 8.44, p<0.004, and depression, F(1,140) =11.57, p<0.0001. Levels of stress, anxiety and depression generally decreased significantly in the experimental groups (p<0.05), but either maintained or increased in the control group. This study indicates that the level of psychological distress of women with breast cancer can be ameliorated with a 4 week self management intervention. Lower stress was also found in women who reported engagement in higher physical activity than women with low physical activity. Future studies may examine role of physical activity in ameliorating distress.