Mental Health Promotion

Mental Health in Qatar: Challenges and Prospects is the first volume of its kind to explore in breadth and in-depth the field of mental health in Qatar. The development of mental health services and the support of mental health research are priority areas in the strategic vision of this country. Through the voices of experts in the field working in service of this vision, this volume covers everything from the history of mental health systems development, administrative and academic growth and challenges, the treatment of all ages and special populations, to mental health challenges at schools and in the workplace. Within each section, authors from across the range of mental health disciplines in Qatar discuss the developments and the challenges faced in this rapidly developing country. The book is suitable for practitioners, researchers, administrators, academics, students, and a general audience both within Qatar and beyond.

In order to better cope with the pressures and stresses of the current day, modern psychology is anxiously seeking to find new therapies to address the increasing disorders within the human psyche. In the process new fields of research, such as humanistic and transpersonal psychology, curiously appear to borrow more and more from the wisdom of the ages. This volume, containing eighteen articles by noteworthy expositors of the perennial philosophy such as Huston Smith, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, and Frithjof Schuon, presents the spiritual psychology of the wisdom traditions as a much-needed antidote to the current impasse in modern psychology.

Some Endorsements for Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy:

“[Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy] is more than an anthology. It is a wisely crafted collection of classic and contemporary scholarship noting that what many are seeking is what has always been, a perennial philosophy, that remains foundational. As one of the authors, Tage Lindbom, properly notes, ‘Secularization is a fish in troubled waters.’ This book claims the waters and is essential reading for all those who may have forgotten or are simply ignorant of the rich foundation provided by the perennial philosophy.”
—Ralph W. Hood, Professor of Psychology at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, past president of the Psychology of Religion division of the American Psychological Association, co-founder of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion and co-author of The Psychology of Religion

“A necessary and bracing critique of the assumptions and limitations of contemporary Western psychology, this generous volume is also a passionate call and learned guide towards a truer perspective that embraces man's spiritual nature.”
—Gabor Maté, M.D., and author of In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction

“Knowing the nature of the mind is perhaps the most difficult undertaking, especially in today’s world. To comprehend the nature of mind one needs to turn to the domain of religion and spirituality. Yet the truth of the mind and its complexity cannot explicitly be defined in words. Inner or transcendent wisdom sees the mind’s own nature without the duality of the seer. Suchness (tathatā) of mind is only experiential and not expressible. The words used to describe thought are themselves a product of thought, which is conditioned and limited. Thus, differences and contradictions are unavoidable. Therefore, a comparative study of different viewpoints and commentaries is immensely important to awaken the inner intelligence to see the mind as it is. Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy: Studies in Comparative Religion edited by Samuel Bendeck Sotillos is an outstanding effort in this direction.”
—Samdhong Rinpoche, former Prime Minister (Kalon Tripa) of the Tibetan Government-in-exile, author of Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World: Tibetan Buddhism and Today’s World

“The rise of psychology has impacted the study and practice of spirituality, the experiences and attitudes relevant to ultimate human values that transcend ordinary behavior. Each chapter of this remarkable book demonstrates this interaction in a unique and provocative way. But rather than using psychology to reduce and ‘psychologize’ spiritual topics, its authors demonstrate how directives from the spiritual traditions can enhance and even illuminate the enduring importance of psychology in the 21st century.”
—Stanley Krippner, Saybrook University, co-author of Spiritual Dimensions of Healing

“The work at hand is a thinking and debating man’s delight. If you have any interest at all in attempting to include an educated and enlightened view of man’s higher functions in your purview of the world, you will learn from and enjoy this collection of essays. If you already have some knowledge in this area, brace yourself: you may see some of your favorites sharply criticized. A thought-provoking work.”
—Bruce W. Scotton, University of California, San Francisco, co-editor of Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology

“This book, superbly edited by Samuel Bendeck Sotillos, is a masterful critique of the field of psychology and its loss of the sacred ground in which it once was rooted. It offers depth psychologists an opportunity to contemplate timeless truths echoed through the centuries by perennial philosophers who have always claimed psyche is subordinate to Spirit. Although ignored in depth psychology’s early years due to prejudice and lack of understanding, this is a message today’s psychotherapists must take seriously. Human beings need a deeper and wider transpersonal vision of who and what we are, which the saints and sages of the world’s spiritual traditions have always pointed to. In psychotherapy with a therapist committed to such a vision, patients penetrate into their unconscious depths and not infrequently awaken to the Ground of all Being. Their suffering itself occurred because they had turned away from Spirit. Above all, this volume passionately calls upon depth psychology to remember its origin in the perennial wisdom at the core of the great religions. There is something of a polemic in these pages. It deserves to be considered by depth psychologists of all persuasions.”
—Bryan Wittine, Transpersonal psychologist and Jungian psychoanalyst

“This anthology from Samuel Bendeck Sotillos is a must reference for anyone who is interested in psychology and its relationship to spirituality, and in developing an inclusive dialogue between disciplines that favor an integral outlook on the person and his or her potential. Selections in this anthology will inspire us to reexamine the metaphysical underpinnings of psychology, and remind us how important it is to rise above science’s attempt to reduce the human being to an epistemic object.”
—Sangeetha Menon, National Institute of Advanced Studies (Bangalore, India), Board Member of the International Transpersonal Association (ITA), author of The Beyond Experience: Consciousness in Bhagavad Gita

“This anthology has some of the most discerning essays and reviews on spirituality and psychology, which provide much-needed care and caution to all those engaged in bringing them together or who wish to do so in future. Therefore, it is a must-read for all those who teach, research, consult, or study in such frontier areas as transpersonal psychology, states of consciousness, mind-body relation, holistic health, Indian psychology, and so on. It will be an invaluable textbook for courses in these and other related areas. I congratulate the editor of the book.”
—Kiran Kumar K. Salagame, University of Mysore (India), Board Member of the International Transpersonal Association (ITA), author of The Psychology of Meditation: A Contextual Approach

“One of the finest collections of essays on the Perennial Philosophy—a must-read for all psychologists who are engaged with spirituality and transpersonal psychology. The essays which critique modern psychology (including transpersonal psychology, and the framework of Carl Jung), in the light of the Perennial Philosophy are a revelation and make compelling reading. The book serves as a corrective to the excesses of modern psychology, and to this end Sotillos has done a commendable job. I for one will include the book in some of the graduate courses that I teach.”
—Suneet Varma, University of Delhi, co-editor of Foundations of Indian Psychology

“To its credit modern science by-and-large is becoming more cognizant of the essential connection between spirituality and psychological health and well-being and most of all its positive implications within the field of psychology. While there is ample data to document this in a plethora of academic journals and books, this new book Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy adds a novel contribution to the dialogue between psychology and spirituality, which captures many nuances that for the most part go unnoticed within these discussions, and last but not least, it provides a keen eye of discernment to understand this intricate relationship on a deeper level that is crucially needed. This work will be a valuable asset to students and long term mental health practitioners and professors alike who seek to better understand the relationship between psychology and spirituality.”
—Harold G. Koenig, Duke University, Director of the Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health, co-author of The Handbook of Religion and Health

The Lapinlahti Hospital initiative in Helsinki has transformed a disused psychiatric hospital into an open site for mental health promotion. The current study uses qualitative methods to explore how the initiative may promote population mental health. The phenomenological study comprised of data from 7 focus group including 28 parti-cipants. Resulting data were thematically analysed to ar-ticulate how the initiative supports mental wellbeing indifferent ways. Mental health benefits were categorizedinto three themes; mental health value, civil values andcommon values which were comprised of nine subthemes;paradigm shift, social inclusion, personal meaning, re-generation, ambience, stigma, sustainability, democracyand environment. Mental health promotion emphasises theimpact of daily environments in which people live theirlives. Results from this study support the use of broadbased actions which promote different components ofmental wellbeing simultaneously. Psychiatric hospitals mayoffer historically meaningful sites for such actions.

In our second article, Vassiliki Karkou and Judy Glasman provide an illuminating overview of current debates about the place of the arts within education. They explore the emotional and social role of the arts in school, illustrating their discussion with insights gained from the Labyrinth Project, an arts-based prevention programme developed in schools in Hertfordshire and North London.

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Reviews previous studies of the universal approach to mental health promotion, and disease prevention programmes or interventions in schools. Over 8,000 publications were identified initially and 425 studies obtained for further review. The inclusion criteria were met by 17 (mostly US) studies investigating 16 interventions. Positive evidence of effectiveness was obtained for programmes that adopted a whole-school approach, were implemented continuously for more than a year, and were aimed at the promotion of mental health as opposed to the prevention of mental illness. Provides evidence that universal school mental health promotion programmes can be effective and suggests that long-term interventions promoting the positive mental health of all pupils and involving changes to the school climate are likely to be more successful than brief class-based mental illness prevention programmes.

Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a serious global health problem that has negatively impacted the mental health of students.Methods: We conducted an online descriptive cross-sectional study among 273 undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Zambia from August to September 2020. A partial proportional odds regression model was used to determine the predictors of anxiety. All statistical tests were set at 95% confidence level (p<0.05).Results: A response rate of 70% was obtained with the majority of the students being female 51.6%. Of the 273 respondents, 23.8% did not experience anxiety, 34.4% experienced mild anxiety, 24.9% experienced moderate anxiety while 16.9% experienced severe anxiety about COVID-19. It was also found that 61.2% of students reported that their attention to mental health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic whereas 44.3% reported an increased resting time with a significant reduction in relaxation 51.3% and physical activ...

A knowledge base is emerging on the effectiveness of mental health promotion which may be used to guide effective policy and practice. This paper considers the generic principles underpinning the practice of effective mental health promotion. Reviews of the evidence base are examined in order to identify evidence-based principles of effective practice. The characteristics of successful mental health promotion programmes and their application in practice are identified and discussed. The cross-cutting principles that guide the implementation of effective programmes are discussed, and their implications for future practice and policy developments are considered.

AIDS is a major public health problem with deep psycho-social consequences like stress, anxiety, depression, maladjustment and socioeconomic status. Ignorance of safe sexual practices is a major cause. The worldwide data show that adolescence and youth are most vulnerable to HIV / AIDS due to stress arising from psychological, economic and social environments. One of the characteristics of adolescence is unpredictable behavior. Use of tobacco, sex and alcohol combined with poverty make the situation more vulnerable. It is pointed out that anxiety and embarrassment about sex also prevent to protect them from risk behavior. Most of the women are at risk of HIV / AIDS because they have a very poor self-image and uncomfortable with their sexuality. On the basis of the results, it is pointed out in the present paper that HIV/AIDS is a chronic disease and serious threat to the humanity also no possible medication to it has been invented yet. The only tool we can use against it is the behavior modification and psychological Adjustment of the patient itself. Most important researches show that psychological factors such as personality types and psychological needs may underlie many mental illnesses are physical. Highly personalized and stigmatizing nature makes the present investigation highly sensitive one. Therefore, aim of the present investigation is to study the interrelationships among stress, adjustment and socioeconomic status.

Mental health has been a growing concern in society but recently has further come to light due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on societal well-being. With mental health issues such as depression on the rise, professionals need to implement new techniques that are effective in reducing psychological problems and enhancing psychological well-being. The integration of meditation and mindfulness techniques presents new methods for providing psychological intervention to alleviate psychological distress.

Clinical Applications of Meditation and Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Mental Health presents mindfulness-based interventions in clinical and non-clinical conditions. This book disseminates evidence-based practices in the area of meditation and mindfulness to mental health professionals for the advancement of the mental health discipline and the benefit of students and trainees. Covering topics including mindful parenting, mediation, trauma-informed work, and psychological trauma recovery, this book is essential for mental health practitioners, therapists, psychologists, counselors, meditation specialists, professionals, students, researchers, and academicians.

Nursing students experience potential sources of stress-inducing situations and emotions as they deal with patients in clinical areas. The study explored perceived stress in clinical areas and emotional intelligence among 135 baccalaureate nursing students from second year to fourth year attending College of Health Sciences, Bahrain. The Perceived Stress Scale and The Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale were adopted. The highest perceived stress experienced by the nursing students was from assignments and workload and was found among the fourth year students. Moderate to severe overall stress levels were experienced by all baccalaureate nursing students in clinical areas. The Post hoc analysis of F-test revealed signifi cant perceived stress levels from lack of professional knowledge and skills among the second year students. Emotional intelligence by gender and year of study was not statistically signifi cant. Overall perceived stress scores and emotional intelligence showed a negative correlation.

This presentation to a conference of employers, academics, businesses and researchers presents the rationale and evidence for why employee health is important. It preceded a further presentation where the outcomes from three years of work with employers was presented.

Researchers illuminate the mental health plight of correctional workers by demonstrating a high prevalence of mental health disorders among the group. Yet, structural barriers persist in preventing correctional staff from accessing treatment and support - barriers that may result in more prolonged and pronounced symptoms. We consider correctional staff perspectives on how mental health policies at the organizational level can foster better well-being outcomes for employees. Data are drawn from open-ended survey responses from provincial and territorial correctional employees (N = 870) in Canada. Responses collectively highlight the need for a correctional staff mental health paradigm that reflects the sources of stress among correctional workers, including access to specialized mental health services that are easily accessible, immediately available, and comprehensive in nature. Additional aspects of the work environment were identified as venues for important change, including improvements in work and schedule structures, improved manager-staff relations, and changes to the physical environment.

Objetivo: Acercarse al problema de la promoción de la salud mental en la experiencia familiar. Método: Se parte de la concepción clásica de familia, donde aparece como central la noción de estructura, representada por los conceptos de tipología y funcionamiento familiar. Se propone ampliar la idea de familia a la luz de los cambios que ha experimentado y de los planteamientos provenientes de la posmodernidad. Se postulan tres hipótesis que guían el abordaje al problema estudiado. Conclusiones: Se critica el sustrato estructural en la concepción de familia y se propone que esta sea pensada como confi guración. Al mismo tiempo, se asimila la confi guración familiar con el concepto de resiliencia familiar y se postula que en esto radican las posibilidades de promoción de la salud mental no sólo para la familia, sino para los sujetos que la componen.

This presentation is aiming at introducing the Axiological Model of Mental Health Promotion as being implemented in Greece and the UK based on  principles of Axiological Anthropology  (2002).
The Axiological model considers that the continuity among less or more adaptive and beneficial behaviours, can benefit the design of
materials and methods which are aimed at the fulfilment of
particular Mental Health Promotion requirements.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity on memory performance in preadolescents. Fifty-two students aged 11-12 years performed a test involving free-recall of items from a 20-item word list during three separate testing sessions at school. Two sessions directly followed physical education lessons (aerobic circuit training or team games) characterized by similar exercise intensities, but different cognitive and social interaction demands. A third, baseline session was not preceded by any lesson. For each session, the number of items recalled from the whole list and from its primacy and recency portions was recorded twice under conditions of immediate and delayed recall. Immediate recall scores in both primacy and recency portions were higher following the team games than in the baseline session, whereas delayed recall scores in the recency portion were higher after both team game and aerobic training. Results suggest that an acute bout of submaximal exercise, as performed by students during physical education class, may facilitate memory storage. The differential effects of qualitatively unique types of exercise on immediate and delayed recall suggest that memory storage processes may be facilitated not only by exercise-induced increases in physiological arousal, but also by the cognitive activation induced by cognitive exercise demands. Results are discussed highlighting the importance of relationships between acute exercise and memory storage for mental health promotion.

Mental health is the aggregation of emotional, social and psychological well-being of a person. These problems at workplace can lead to an increased amount of substance abuse, work errors, workplace accidents, poor decision-making, poor timekeeping and a general deterioration in planning and control of work, which all contribute to an overall reduction in work output. Mental Health Prediction application, a one stop solution for all the employees where they can check their mental health regularly Scope of mental health maintenance isn't solely a requirement of seeing a mental health professional, but rather creating a routine of self-check ins, and proper maintenance of our mental states.

In the past decade, a large number of studies have been conducted exploring the relationship between gratitude, psychological well-being and happiness. Empirical studies have indicated potential variations in the relationship between gratitude and well-being and few studies have even reported negative association between these constructs. The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between Gratitude, Psychological well-being and Happiness. The study was conducted on a sample of 200 college students. Participants were randomly selected and the sample consisted of both male (n = 67) and female (n = 133). Measures included The Gratitude Questionnaire, Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale, and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ). Findings suggest that there is a positive association among Gratitude, Psychological well-being, its dimensions and Happiness. Limitation and implications of the present study are discussed. The findings of the present study can lay a ground work for conceptualizing a theoretical model of Gratitude and its estimator variables. Further research can focus on intervention study to improve Gratitude among adolescence population by implementing Gratitude based therapy, and thereby enhancing their Psychological Well-Being.

Keywords: Gratitude, Psychological well-being, Happiness, Intervention, Mental Health

Abstract
This study was a pre-post experimental design that describes the outcomes from the
application of a health promotion model in combination with health locus of control (HLC)
to the development, implementation and evaluation of a participant-educational program
designed to improve mental health literacy and early help seeking among university
student from 2004 to 2007. 144 students in Gonabad and Birjand universities of medical
sciences were recruited into the study. The participants were pair-matched and randomly
assigned to intervention (71) and control groups (73). The data were collected by standard
and researcher–made questionnaires according to precede–proceed model in combination
with HLC. Afterwards the program was used based on HLC and the life skills framework
as a focus group discussion method in the sub-group of 10-12 participants. Then planned
and implemented program was evaluated including impact and outcome (after 3 months)
evaluation in two groups. Moreover, this is the first study that has examined the validity
and reliability of multidimensional HLC scale in Iranian subjects. The data analyses were
conducted through related soft ware and were performed by statistical methods e.g. factor
analysis, Pearson and Spearman-Brown correlations, ANOVA, regression, chi square, ttest.
The results showed that the reliability and validity of Persian Forms A and B were
acceptable and respectable. The path analysis revealed that model showed a good fit with
the data and there was a statistically significant difference in predictors and determinants
pre-post intervention in the groups (P<0.05). In impact evaluation, the External
components of HLC showed a significant decrease and the Internal HLC, knowledge, selfesteem,
and health-related behavior revealed a significant increase (P= 0.000). In outcome
evaluation students mental health showed a significant increase (P= 0.000). The findings
emphasized that the participant-educational program as a new project can empower and
improve HLC beliefs and finally continuous efficiency of the predictive behaviors that
cause mental health promotion of the students need to be followed and coordinated in inter
and intra sections.

Key words: Precede-Proceed, Health Locus of Control, Mental Health Promotion,
Student.

Reviews previous studies of the universal approach to mental health promotion, and disease prevention programmes or interventions in schools. Over 8,000 publications were identified initially and 425 studies obtained for further review. The inclusion criteria were met by 17 (mostly US) studies investigating 16 interventions. Positive evidence of effectiveness was obtained for programmes that adopted a whole-school approach, were implemented continuously for more than a year, and were aimed at the promotion of mental health as opposed to the prevention of mental illness. Provides evidence that universal school mental health promotion programmes can be effective and suggests that long-term interventions promoting the positive mental health of all pupils and involving changes to the school climate are likely to be more successful than brief class-based mental illness prevention programmes.

The aim of the study was to develop and preliminarily validate a selfcompleted questionnaire that could help in the assessment of families before and during psycho-educational interventions. The questionnaire was developed according to the cognitive-behavioural psycho-educational model. From an initial 38-item version of the questionnaire, a final shorter 24-item version was derived. The validation study of the final version was conducted on relatives of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: 31 for the test-retest reliability study and 92 for the confirmation of the subscales and convergent validity study vs. SF-36 and the questionnaire on Family Problems, PF. The final questionnaire showed good psychometric properties. The three-591 Ó 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC core dimensions of Problem-Solving, Communication Skills, and Personal Goals were clearly outlined in the items correlation analysis. The association with family burden and health-related quality of life was as expected. The FF provides a promising assessment of the family functioning pattern that is the object of psychoeducational family interventions. Further studies are needed to confirm the validity of the instrument, that could be helpful both in planning and in monitoring psychoeducational interventions and in mental health promotion projects.

In this chapter, we review some of the salient features of Indigenous contexts and characteristics that affect the well-being of Indigenous youth. We outline an approach to mental health promotion that takes into account historical, transgenerational, and contemporary contexts and seeks to build on the strength and resilience of Indigenous communities and youth. Our examples come from Canada but have broader application for Indigenous peoples in many countries as well as for youth from other marginalized communities that have faced historical loss and devaluation and must meet the challenges of globalization and ongoing culture change.

This paper reports on the evaluation of the JOBS programme (Caplan et al, 1989), an evidence-based intervention designed to promote re-employment and improve the mental health of the unemployed. While previous evaluations have examined the programme's effects on the recently unemployed, this study examines the programme with a mixed profile of participants, including those long-term unemployed. The JOBS programme was adapted as the Winning New Jobs (WNJ) programme and implemented in the Republic and North of Ireland. It employs a quasi-experimental design, and programme outcomes included re-employment, general and mental health, and job search behaviour followed up over 12 months. The programme has produced positive long-term results, particularly with regard to re-employment. Specifically, 47.7% of the intervention group were employed compared with 16.8% of the comparison group (p<0.001) at the one-year follow-up. WNJ also had a positive effect on reducing economic hardship and enhancing inoculation against setbacks.

Implementing Mental Health Promotion provides a comprehensive overview and practical guide to implementing mental health promotion programmes with different population groups across a range of settings. It shows how information from research can be used to inform programme development and best practice. The text is written from a 'how-to' perspective, combining an exploration of current research with practical advice to support the planning and implementation of programmes. The book provides examples of successful international programmes illustrating the process of implementation. Case studies of practical aspects of project development and delivery from different countries are included in order to illustrate the real life application of programmes.

[MAYROON LANG PO ITO KABANATA 1-3]

Ang salitang meme ay nagbago mula sa pagiging isang terminolohiya sa akademya, hanggang sa
isang mahalagang aspeto ng internet culture ngayon. Ang online memes ngayon, ayon kay Gil,
ay viral o relatable na imahe, bidyo, o teksto na nagbabahagi ng komentaryo tungkol sa
kulturang simboliko, ideyang panlipunan, o kasalukuyang pangyayari.
Ang isang sanggunian sa pananaliksik ay isang siyentipikong pag-aaral na ginawa ni Diaz
tungkol sa pagbibigay ng isang pormal na kahulugan ng online memes ngayong ika-21 na siglo.
Ang resulta sa kanilang cross-analysis ng mga iba’t ibang perspektibo tungkol sa kahulugan ng
salita sa larangan ng memetics ay ang online memes ay “ (Ang online memes ay) Isang yunit ng
impormasyon na kumokopya sa pamamagitan ng pagpasa sa Internet sa hugis ng hyperlink,
bidyo, litrato, o salita. Maaari itong maipasa bilang isang eksaktong kopya o maaaring magbago
at magbago. Ang pagbabago sa pagtitiklop ay maaaring sa pamamagitan ng kahulugan,
pinapanatili ang istraktura ng meme o kabaligtaran (97)”.
Ang online memes ay kumakalat sa pamamagitan ng mga plataporma sa social media kagaya ng
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Tiktok, at iba pa. Malawak ang saklaw ng online
memes; mayroong ibang kayang mapanatili ang mahabang panahon habang ang iba ay tinataglay
sa isang pangyayari o panahon lamang. Mayroon din mga memes na nagiging relatable para
lamang sa tiyak na grupo ng lipunan o edad. Dahil malawak ang saklaw ng mga online memes,
may mga memes din na hindi hinahangad ng lahat ng tao at maaaring insensitive sa iba. Dahil
dito, ang mga online memes ay sumisibol sa mga kabataang Pilipino ngayon.

See the video on voices' hearers with English subtitle Written by Voice a history of resistence by Elisabetta Angelillo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYOPYJfTz5c


La storia raccontata in questo libro comincia in Olanda, negli anni Ottanta. A innescare l’intreccio fu Pasty Hage, una paziente psichiatrica tormentata dalle voci. Queste voci cessarono di costituire un problema quando la signora
Hage ebbe la ventura di imbattersi nel libro di Jaynes, L’origine della coscienza e il crollo della mente bicamerale. In questo controverso volume, l’autore afferma che ciò che oggi chiamiamo coscienza sia un costrutto relativamente recente. Prima di allora gli uomini orientavano il proprio agire guidati dalla voce degli dei, che udivano nella loro mente, non diversamente dagli eroi dell’antica Grecia, cantati da Omero. Le vestigia di questa mente
primordiale – prosegue Jaynes – si possono rinvenire ancora oggi nelle persone che odono le voci. Forte di questo sapere, Pasty Hage ebbe l’opportunità di dare alla propria differenza un significato nobile: come gli eroi dell’Iliade, anche lei aveva il privilegio di udire la voce degli dei. La condivisione con altri pazienti di questo sapere diede il via alla nascita del movimento degli Uditori di voci. Un movimento internazionale che si contrappone alla medicalizzazione della differenza da cui sono abitati i suoi membri, al discorso egemone della psichiatria biologica, per la quale le voci sono nulla più che il sintomo di un disturbo cerebrale devastante. Di questo vasto movimento – con alcuni importanti distinguo – è parte anche il Gruppo Voci di Settimo Torinese, seguendo le cui vicende approdiamo alla fine della nostra narrazione. Il Gruppo Voci si costituisce nel febbraio del 2001, non già come un gruppo terapeutico, ma come un gruppo di ricerca sulle voci; un gruppo nel quale veniva riconosciuto agli uditori il compito di condurre in prima persona
uno studio sulle allucinazioni uditive, valorizzando il proprio «sapere per esperienza». Il gruppo si costituisce con un proposito che – a dieci anni dalla sua costituzione – trova finalmente compimento: la redazione di un libro col quale dar conto di questo singolare lavoro di ricerca."

Adolescence is a crucial period for developing and maintaining social and emotional habits thus mental health issue among youth is not a new concern. This silent crisis among teenagers is usually disregarded and untreated. As students adapt to online learning during the pandemic, students experience difficulties in their studies due to academic pressure in a new environment learning. The research shows the correlation between distance learning and the student's mental health. Additionally, this will exhibit strategies in coping up with mental stressors.

Background: Increasingly, mental health nurses are expected to base their clinical practice on evidence based knowledge and many of the practice traditions that have passed between generations of nurses must now be examined within this scientific context. Since 2000, there has been an increasing debate on what is best practice for the administration of intramuscular injections particularly in relation to site selection, needle size and technique. Weight gain associated with second generation long acting antipsychotics influences the site and needle size for effective medication delivery.

Aim: To determine intramuscular injecting practice choices made by nurses working in the mental health setting in 2006 compared to those made by a similar group of nurses in 2012.

Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study conducted across two time points: 2006 (93 participants) and 2012 (245 participants) utilising the same questionnaire designed to measure nurses' intramuscular injecting practice choices.

Results: Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 package. Six statistically significant practice changes were recorded related to needle size, site selection and the use of the Z-tracking technique. A continued higher usage of the dorsogluteal site was also reported in 2012 contrary to the recommendations in the current research for the ventrogluteal site.

Conclusion: Whilst some practice changes occurred, translation of research into evidenced based practice is challenging and definitive best practice in the administration of intramuscular injections remains unclear. Education and randomised controlled trials are needed to provide the evidence to ensure the delivery of safe and effective intramuscular injecting practice.

هدفت هذه الدراسة للتعرف على واقع استخدام التسويق الوافد في شركات تكنولوجيا المعلومات بقطاع غزة، حيث تم دراسة 6 أدوات رئيسية تستخدم في تنفيذ استراتيجية التسويق الوافد، والتي تمثلت في التسويق بالمحتوى، وتهيئة محركات البحث SEO، والموقع الالكتروني، والتسويق بالبريد الالكتروني، واستخدام منصات التواصل الاجتماعي، والمدونات.
ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم تحديد مجتمع الدراسة والمتمثل في الشركات الأعضاء في اتحاد شركات أنظمة المعلومات الفلسطينية " بيتا "، كما تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث تم دراسة هذه العوامل، ثم تصميم وتوزيع استبانة كأداة لجمع البيانات من مجتمع الدراسة، والذي تكون من 50 شركة، حيث تم جمع 45 استبانة بنسبة استرداد بلغت 90%.
أظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي استخدام أدوات التسويق الوافد بنسبة 66% وقد كانت أبرز الجهود المبذولة في مجال التسويق من خلال منصات التواصل الاجتماعي بنسبة 80.4%، وأما أقل الجهود فقد كانت في مجال المدونات بنسبة 35.11%، فيما أظهرت النتائج أن الشركات تطبق بعض أدوات التسويق الوافد دون ادراكها وتطبيقها للمفهوم الشامل للتسويق الوافد.
وأوصى الباحث شركات الاتصالات وتكنولوجيا المعلومات بتوظيف مختصين في التسويق الالكتروني ولو بشكل جزئي للمساهمة في تعزيز حضورها الالكتروني وتعزيز تنافسيتها عربياً وعالمياً، وأيضاً تعزيز الجهود المبذولة في مجال تهيئة محركات البحث وكتابة المحتوى والمدونات والبريد الالكتروني، وأن على الشركات تطوير المواقع الالكترونية واضافة الأدوات التي تساعد في جذب زوار جدد وتحويلهم إلى عملاء معروفين وعملاء ومروجين للعلامة التجارية.
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the reality of using inbound marketing in the information technology companies in the Gaza Strip. The study examined six main tools used in the implementation of the strategy of inbound marketing, which are content marketing, search engine optimization SEO, websites, e-mail marketing, social media platforms, and blogs.
To achieve the objective of the study, the study population consisted of the member companies of The Palestinian Information Technology Association of Companies (PITA). The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach to conduct this study. The researcher designed a questionnaire and distributed it as a tool for collecting data from the study population that consisted of 50 companies. 45 questionnaires were retrieved from the companies.
The findings of the study and the statistical analysis show that they use the inbound marketing tools by 66%. The most prominent efforts in the field of marketing is through the social media platforms, while the least efforts were in the field of blogs. The findings also show that the companies apply some inbound marketing tools without being aware of how to apply the comprehensive concept of inbound marketing.
The study recommends Information Systems companies to recruit specialists in e-marketing, at least in part, to contribute to enhancing their electronic presence and enhance their competitiveness in the Arab world and internationally. This is also to enhance efforts in the field of search engines and content writing, blogs and e-mail. The companies should develop websites and add tools that help attract new visitors and turn them into leads, customers and brand promoters.